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Darpel KE, Corla A, Stedman A, Bellamy F, Flannery J, Rajko-Nenow P, Powers C, Wilson S, Charleston B, Baron MD, Batten C. Long-term trial of protection provided by adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing the PPRV H protein. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:98. [PMID: 38830899 PMCID: PMC11148195 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A recombinant, replication-defective, adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing the H surface glycoprotein of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) has previously been shown to protect goats from challenge with wild-type PPRV at up to 4 months post vaccination. Here, we present the results of a longer-term trial of the protection provided by such a vaccine, challenging animals at 6, 9, 12 and 15 months post vaccination. Vaccinated animals developed high levels of anti-PPRV H protein antibodies, which were virus-neutralising, and the level of these antibodies was maintained for the duration of the trial. The vaccinated animals were largely protected against overt clinical disease from the challenge virus. Although viral genome was intermittently detected in blood samples, nasal and/or ocular swabs of vaccinated goats post challenge, viral RNA levels were significantly lower compared to unvaccinated control animals and vaccinated goats did not appear to excrete live virus. This protection, like the antibody response, was maintained at the same level for at least 15 months after vaccination. In addition, we showed that animals that have been vaccinated with the adenovirus-based vaccine can be revaccinated with the same vaccine after 12 months and showed an increased anti-PPRV antibody response after this boost vaccination. Such vaccines, which provide a DIVA capability, would therefore be suitable for use when the current live attenuated PPRV vaccines are withdrawn at the end of the ongoing global PPR eradication campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Anna Stedman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3LS, UK
| | | | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Claire Powers
- Viral Vector Core Facility, Pandemic Sciences Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Steve Wilson
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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2
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Pan H, Liu YF, Luo Y, Chen L, Shen B, Song S, Liu M, Wang Z, Wu W, Li M, Zhang Y. Goats with low levels of AAV antibody may serve as candidates for large animal gene therapy. Exp Eye Res 2023; 233:109514. [PMID: 37207869 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
AAV vector-mediated gene therapy has been proposed as a feasible strategy for several eye diseases. However, AAV antibodies in the serum prior to treatment hinder the transduction efficiency and thus the therapeutic effect. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate AAV antibodies in the serum before gene therapy. As large animals, goats are more closely related to humans than rodents and more economically available than nonhuman primates. Here, we first evaluated the AAV2 antibody serum level in rhesus monkeys before AAV injection. Then, we optimized a cell-based neutralizing antibody assay for detecting AAV antibodies in the serum of Saanen goats and evaluated the consistency of the cell-based neutralizing antibody assay and ELISA for goat serum antibody evaluation. The cell-based neutralizing antibody assay showed that the percentage of macaques with low antibody levels was 42.86%; however, there were no macaques with low antibody levels when the serum was evaluated by ELISA. The proportion of goats with low antibody levels was 56.67% according to the neutralizing antibody assay and 33. 33% according to the ELISA, and McNemar's test showed that the results of the two assays were not significantly different (P = 0.754), but that their consistency is poor (Kappa = 0.286, P = 0.114). Moreover, longitudinal evaluation of serum antibodies before and after intravitreal injection of AAV2 in goats revealed that the level of AAV antibodies increased and transduction inhibition subsequently increased, as reported in humans, indicating that transduction inhibition should be taken into account at different stages of gene therapy. In summary, starting with an evaluation of monkey serum antibodies, we optimized a detection method of goat serum antibodies, providing an alternative large animal model for gene therapy, and our serum antibody measurement method may be applied to other large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yu-Fen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yuting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Bingyan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Shihan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhuowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wencan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Mengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Yikui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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3
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A recombinant capripoxvirus expressing the F protein of peste des petits ruminants virus and the P12A3C of foot-and-mouth disease virus. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:18. [PMID: 36670401 PMCID: PMC9863095 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and sheep pox and goat pox are three important infectious diseases that infect goats, sheep and other small ruminants. It is well-known that the prevention of three diseases rely mainly on their individual vaccines. However, the vaccines have a variety of different disadvantages, such as short duration of immunity, increasing the number of vaccinations, and poor thermal stability. The purpose of this study is to construct a recombinant goat pox virus (rGPV) capable of expressing the F gene of PPRV and the P12A3C gene of FMDV as a live vector vaccine. RESULTS The IRES, FMDV P12A3C and PPRV F genes into the multi-cloning site of the universal transfer plasmid pTKfpgigp to construct a recombinant transfer plasmid pTKfpgigpFiP12A3C, and transfected GPV-infected lamb testis (LT) cells with liposomes and produced by homologous recombination Recombinant GPV (rGPV/PPRVF-FMDVP12A3C, rGPV). The rGPV was screened and purified by green florescence protein (GFP) and xanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase gene (gpt) of Escherichia coli as selective markers, and the expression of rGPV in LT cells was detected by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence techniques. The results showed that the virus strain rGPV/PPRVF-FMDVP12A3C containing FMDV P12A3C and PPRV F genes was obtained. The exogenous genes FMDV P12A3C and PPRV F contained in rGPV were normally transcribed and translated in LT cells, and the expression products could specifically react with PPRV and FMDV antiserum. Then, the rGPV was intradermally inoculated with goats, the animal experiments showed that rGPV/PPRVF-FMDVP12A3C could induce high levels of specific antibodies against GPV, PPRV and FMDV. CONCLUSIONS The constructed rGPV induced high levels of specific antibodies against GPV, PPRV and FMDV. The study provides a reference for " one vaccine with multiple uses " of GPV live vector vaccine.
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Rojas JM, Sevilla N, Martín V. A New Look at Vaccine Strategies Against PPRV Focused on Adenoviral Candidates. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:729879. [PMID: 34568477 PMCID: PMC8455998 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.729879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a virus that mainly infects goats and sheep causing significant economic loss in Africa and Asia, but also posing a serious threat to Europe, as recent outbreaks in Georgia (2016) and Bulgaria (2018) have been reported. In order to carry out the eradication of PPRV, an objective set for 2030 by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), close collaboration between governments, pharmaceutical companies, farmers and researchers, among others, is needed. Today, more than ever, as seen in the response to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic that we are currently experiencing, these goals are feasible. We summarize in this review the current vaccination approaches against PPRV in the field, discussing their advantages and shortfalls, as well as the development and generation of new vaccination strategies, focusing on the potential use of adenovirus as vaccine platform against PPRV and more broadly against other ruminant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Xue X, Yu Z, Jin H, Liang L, Li J, Li X, Wang Y, Cui S, Li G. Recombinant adenovirus expressing vesicular stomatitis virus G proteins induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice and goats. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:36. [PMID: 33461549 PMCID: PMC7814712 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an acute, highly contagious and economically important zoonotic disease caused by the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). There is a need for effective and safe stable recombinant vaccine for the control of the disease. The human type 5 replication-defective adenovirus expression vector is a good way to construct recombinant vaccines. RESULTS Three recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) were successfully constructed that expressed the VSV Indiana serotype glycoprotein (VSV-IN-G), VSV New Jersey serotype glycoprotein (VSV-NJ-G), and the G fusion protein (both serotypes of G [VSV-IN-G-NJ-G]) with potentiality to induce protective immunity. G proteins were successfully expressed with good immunogenicity. The rAds could induce the production of VSV antibodies in mice, and VSV neutralizing antibodies in goats, respectively. The neutralizing antibody titers could reach 1:32 in mice and 1:64 in goats. The rAds induced strong lymphocyte proliferation in mice and goats, which was significantly higher compared to the negative control groups. CONCLUSIONS The three rAds constructed in the study expressed VSV-G proteins and induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice and goats. These results lay the foundation for further studies on the use of rAds in vaccines expressing VSV-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Xue
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hongyan Jin
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Tibet Vocational Technical College, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gang Li
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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6
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Zhao H, Njeumi F, Parida S, Benfield CTO. Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010059. [PMID: 33466238 PMCID: PMC7824732 DOI: 10.3390/v13010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary viral disease that threatens more than 1.74 billion goats and sheep in approximately 70 countries globally. In 2015, the international community set the goal of eradicating PPR by 2030, and, since then, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) have jointly developed and implemented the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for PPR. Here, data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database (FAOSTAT), the OIE World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS), Regional Roadmap Meetings, and countries' responses to PPR Monitoring and Assessment Tool (PMAT) questionnaires were analyzed to inform on current progress towards PPR eradication. OIE recorded the use of over 333 million doses of vaccine in 12 countries from 2015 to 2018, 41.8% of which were used in Asia and 58.2% in Africa. Between 2015 and 2019, a total of 12,757 PPR outbreaks were reported to OIE: 75.1% in Asia, 24.8% in Africa, and 0.1% in Europe. The number of global outbreaks in 2019 fell to 1218, compared with 3688 in 2015. Analysis of vaccine use and PPR outbreaks in countries indicates that disease control strategies, particularly vaccination campaigns and vaccine distribution strategies, still require scientific evaluation. It is imperative that vaccination is undertaken based on the epidemiology of the disease in a region and is coordinated between neighboring countries to restrict transboundary movements. Strengthening surveillance and post-vaccination sero-monitoring at the national level is also essential. The PPR vaccine stock/bank established by FAO, OIE, and other partners have improved the quality assurance and supply of vaccines. However, to achieve PPR eradication, filling the funding gap for vaccination campaigns and other program activities will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (C.T.O.B.)
| | - Camilla T. O. Benfield
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (C.T.O.B.)
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7
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Baron MD, Hodgson S, Moffat K, Qureshi M, Graham SP, Darpel KE. Depletion of CD8 + T cells from vaccinated goats does not affect protection from challenge with wild-type peste des petits ruminants virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3320-3334. [PMID: 33222411 PMCID: PMC9291567 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a severe disease of goats and sheep that is widespread in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. The disease is caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV); cell culture-attenuated strains of PPRV have been shown, both experimentally and by extensive use in the field, to be effective vaccines and are widely used. We have previously demonstrated that these vaccines elicit both serological (PPRV-specific antibody) and cell-based (PPRV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) immune responses. However, it is not known which of these responses are required for protection from PPRV, information that would be useful in the evaluation of new vaccines that are being developed to provide the capability to differentiate infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA capability). To begin to address this issue, we have used a complement-fixing monoclonal antibody recognizing caprine CD8 to deplete >99.9% of circulating CD8+ T cells from vaccinated goats. Animals were then infected with wild-type PPRV. Despite the absence of the CD8+ T-cell component of the vaccine-induced immune response, the vaccinated animals were almost fully protected, showing no pyrexia or viraemia, and almost no clinical signs. These data suggest that a virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response is not critical for protection against PPRV and that virus-specific antibody and/or CD4+ T cells are the main mediators of protection. We have also shown that the leucopenia caused by infection with wild-type PPRV affects all major classes of circulating leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia Hodgson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | | | - Simon P Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Murr M, Hoffmann B, Grund C, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Mettenleiter TC. A Novel Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored DIVA Vaccine against Peste des Petits Ruminants in Goats. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020205. [PMID: 32354145 PMCID: PMC7348985 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV, species: small ruminant morbillivirus) is the causative agent of the eponymous notifiable disease, the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in wild and domestic sheep and goats. Mortality rates vary between 50% and 100%, causing significant losses of estimated 1.5 to 2 billion US Dollars per year. Live-attenuated PPRV vaccine strains are used in the field for disease prevention, but the application of a more thermostable vaccine enabling differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) would be highly desirable to achieve the goal of global disease eradication. We generated a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) based on the live-attenuated NDV Clone 30 that expresses the surface protein hemagglutinin (H) of PPRV strain Kurdistan/11 (rNDV_HKur). In vitro analyses confirmed transgene expression as well as virus replication in avian, caprine, and ovine cells. Two consecutive subcutaneous vaccinations of German domestic goats with rNDV_HKur prevented clinical signs and hematogenic dissemination after an intranasal challenge with virulent PPRV Kurdistan/11. Virus shedding by different routes was reduced to a similar extent as after vaccination with the live-attenuated PPRV strain Nigeria 75/1. Goats that were either not vaccinated or inoculated with parental rNDV were used as controls. In summary, we demonstrate in a proof-of-concept study that an NDV vectored vaccine can protect against PPR. Furthermore, it provides DIVA-applicability and a high thermal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Murr
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1629
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Römer-Oberdörfer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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9
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Jia XX, Wang H, Liu Y, Meng DM, Fan ZC. Development of vaccines for prevention of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus infection. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104045. [PMID: 32035105 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and fatal disease of small ruminants, particularly sheep and goats. This disease leads to high morbidity and mortality of small ruminants, thus resulting in devastating economic loss to the livestock industry globally. The severe disease impact has prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) to develop a global strategy for the control and eradication of PPR by 2030. Over the past decades, the control of PPR is mainly achieved through vaccinating the animals with live-attenuated vaccines, e.g., rinderpest vaccines. As a closely related disease to PPR of large ruminants, rinderpest was eradicated in 2011 and its vaccines subsequently got banned in order to keep rinderpest-free zones. Consequently, it is desirable to develop homologous PPR vaccines to control the disease. The present review summarizes the objectives of PPR control and eradication by focusing on the homologous PPR vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Xia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Health Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Health Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Health Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Mei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Health Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Chuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Health Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Li L, Wu J, Liu D, Du G, Liu Y, Shang Y, Liu X. Transcriptional Profiles of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells in Response to Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040095. [PMID: 31795377 PMCID: PMC6958494 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is the causative agent of PPR, which can cause an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease of sheep and goats, resulting in significant economic losses for commercial animal husbandry due to its high mortality and morbidity. As professional antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a unique role in innate immunity. This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the transcriptional response of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) stimulated with PPRV. Results: Transcriptional profiling was performed using RNA sequencing. Herein, we reported that compared to untreatedBMDCs, 4492 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified following PPRV stimulation, out of these DEGs 2311 were upregulated and 2181 were downregulated, respectively. A total of three gene ontology (GO) term clusters of biological process, cell component and molecular function were significantly enriched in 963 GO terms in the PPRV-stimulated BMDCs. These GO clusters were related to inflammatory response, cell division and vacuole, anchoring junction, positive regulation of cellular component and nucleoside binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of DEGs were enriched in a chemokine signaling pathway, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, cell cycle and mTOR signaling pathway. Additionally, identified DEGs of BMDCs were further validated by qRT-PCR and the results were in accordance with the change of the genes. This study suggested the effects of PPRV stimulation on the maturation and function of BMDCs. Conclusion: We found that the dramatic BMDCs transcriptome changes triggered were predominantly related to an inflammatory response and chemokine signaling pathway.
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Kamel M, El-Sayed A. Toward peste des petits virus (PPRV) eradication: Diagnostic approaches, novel vaccines, and control strategies. Virus Res 2019; 274:197774. [PMID: 31606355 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute transboundary infectious viral disease affecting domestic and wild small ruminants' species besides camels reared in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The virus is a serious paramount challenge to the sustainable agriculture advancement in the developing world. The disease outbreak was also detected for the first time in the European Union namely in Bulgaria at 2018. Therefore, the disease has lately been aimed for eradication with the purpose of worldwide clearance by 2030. Radically, the vaccines needed for effectively accomplishing this aim are presently convenient; however, the availableness of innovative modern vaccines to fulfill the desideratum for Differentiating between Infected and Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) may mitigate time spent and financial disbursement of serological monitoring and surveillance in the advanced levels for any disease obliteration campaign. We here highlight what is at the present time well-known about the virus and the different available diagnostic tools. Further, we interject on current updates and insights on several novel vaccines and on the possible current and prospective strategies to be applied for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amr El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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12
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Yan F, Banadyga L, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Schiffman Z, Huang P, Li E, Wang C, Gao Y, Feng N, Wang T, Wang H, Xia X, Wang C, Yang S, Qiu X. Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus-Like Particles Induce a Potent Humoral and Cellular Immune Response in Goats. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100918. [PMID: 31590353 PMCID: PMC6833106 DOI: 10.3390/v11100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants is a highly contagious acute or subacute disease of small ruminants caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), and it is responsible for significant economic losses in animal husbandry. Vaccination represents the most effective means of controlling this disease, with virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines offering promising vaccine candidates. In this study, a PPRV VLP-based vaccine was developed using a baculovirus expression system, allowing for the simultaneous expression of the PPRV matrix (M), hemagglutinin (H), fusion (F) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins in insect cells. Immunization of mice and goats with PPRV VLPs elicited a robust neutralization response and a potent cellular immune response. Mouse studies demonstrated that VLPs induced a more robust IFN-γ response in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than PPRV Nigeria 75/1 and recruited and/or activated more B cells and dendritic cells in inguinal lymph nodes. In addition, PPRV VLPs induced a strong Th1 class response in mice, as indicated by a high IgG2a to IgG1 ratio. Goat studies demonstrated that PPRV VLPs can induce the production of antibodies specific for F and H proteins and can also stimulate the production of virus neutralizing antibodies to the same magnitude as the PPRV Nigeria 75/1 vaccine. Higher amounts of IFN-γ in VLP-immunized animal serum suggested that VLPs also elicited a cellular immune response in goats. These results demonstrated that VLPs elicit a potent immune response against PPRV infection in small ruminants, making PPRV VLPs a potential candidate for PPRV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Manitoba, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Ziqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Zachary Schiffman
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Manitoba, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Pei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Entao Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huanan Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
- Xinxiang medical university, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Manitoba, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huanan Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Manitoba, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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13
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Proteomic analysis of murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells in response to peste des petits ruminants virus. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:195-204. [PMID: 31260839 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) poses a great threat to livestock husbandry, especially goat farming due to its high mortality and morbidity. Dendritic cells (DCs), as the principal stimulators of naive Th cells were widely used in antigen processing and presenting. In the previous study, we tested the effects of PPRV on murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) including surface markers and cytokines. While the aim of this study is to detect the proteomic profile of BMDCs stimulated with PPRV towards key proteins involved in. Following PPRV stimulation, 110 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified through iTRAQ labelling with LC-MS/MS approach, of which 94 DEPs were up-regulated and 16 DEPs were down-regulated, respectively. Among them 15 out of 110 DGPs were related to innate immune system, three were involved in cell apoptosis, RPS15a and Smox were related to translation of viral mRNA. Additionally, western blot analysis showed identical results to iTRAQ analysis. There will be profound significance for understanding antigen-presenting of BMDCs after stimulation with PPRV.
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14
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Liu F, Li J, Li L, Liu Y, Wu X, Wang Z. Peste des petits ruminants in China since its first outbreak in 2007: A 10-year review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:638-648. [PMID: 29322642 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly infectious disease of small ruminants and caused by small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV), formerly called peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). This disease is circulating in Africa (except most countries in southern Africa), the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, and Central, East and South-East Asia. Peste des petits ruminants is still regarded as an exotic disease in China, where its first outbreak was reported in the Ngari region of Tibet in 2007, but effectively controlled by slaughter, vaccination and animal movement restriction in PPR-infected areas. However, PPR re-emerged in Xinjiang of China in December 2013, rapidly spread into much of China in the first half of 2014, but since then was substantially inhibited countrywide. Phylogenetic analysis shows that SRMVs from China share the highest homology with others from its neighbouring countries, possibly indicating the transboundary transmission of SRMVs. In 2015, a national eradication program for PPR was issued and has been being implemented in China, expecting to achieve a PPR-eradicating aim countrywide by 2020. Here, we reviewed a 10-year history (2007-2017) of PPR in China, including two major outbreaks, its infection in wild species, development of diagnostics and vaccines, and implementation of the national eradication program.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - J Li
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Li
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Wu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Z Wang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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15
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Rojas JM, Avia M, Pascual E, Sevilla N, Martín V. Vaccination with recombinant adenovirus expressing peste des petits ruminants virus-F or -H proteins elicits T cell responses to epitopes that arises during PPRV infection. Vet Res 2017; 48:79. [PMID: 29157291 PMCID: PMC5697415 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an economically important disease that limits productivity in small domestic ruminants and often affects the livestock of the poorest populations in developing countries. Animals that survive PPRV develop strong cellular and humoral responses, which are probably necessary for protection. Vaccination should thus aim at mimicking these natural responses. Immunization strategies against this morbillivirus using recombinant adenoviruses expressing PPRV-F or -H proteins can protect PPRV-challenged animals and permit differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. Little is known of the T cell repertoire these recombinant vaccines induce. In the present work, we identified several CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes in sheep infected with PPRV. We also show that recombinant adenovirus vaccination induced T cell responses to the same epitopes, and led to memory T cell differentiation. T cells primed by these recombinant adenovirus vaccines expanded after PPRV challenge and probably contributed to protection. These data validate the use of recombinant adenovirus expressing PPRV genes as DIVA strategies to control this highly contagious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pascual
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Kumar N, Barua S, Riyesh T, Tripathi BN. Advances in peste des petits ruminants vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:91-101. [PMID: 28161212 PMCID: PMC7130925 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants that leads to high morbidity and mortality thereby results in devastating economic consequences to the livestock industry. PPR is currently endemic across most parts of Asia and Africa, the two regions with the highest concentration of poor people in the world. Sheep and goats in particularly contribute significantly towards the upliftment of livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in these regions. In this context, PPR directly affecting the viability of sheep and goat husbandry has emerged as a major hurdle in the development of these regions. The control of PPR in these regions could significantly contribute to poverty alleviation, therefore, the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) have targeted the control and eradication of PPR by 2030 a priority. In order to achieve this goal, a potent, safe and efficacious live-attenuated PPR vaccine with long-lasting immunity is available for immunoprophylaxis. However, the live-attenuated PPR vaccine is thermolabile and needs maintenance of an effective cold chain to deliver into the field. In addition, the infected animals cannot be differentiated from vaccinated animals. To overcome these limitations, some recombinant vaccines have been developed. This review comprehensively describes about the latest developments in PPR vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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17
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Holzer B, Taylor G, Rajko-Nenow P, Hodgson S, Okoth E, Herbert R, Toye P, Baron MD. Determination of the minimum fully protective dose of adenovirus-based DIVA vaccine against peste des petits ruminants virus challenge in East African goats. Vet Res 2016; 47:20. [PMID: 26796101 PMCID: PMC4721059 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an economically important disease of sheep and goats, primarily in developing countries. It is becoming the object of intensive international control efforts. Current vaccines do not allow vaccinated and infected animals to be distinguished (no DIVA capability). We have previously shown that recombinant, replication-defective, adenovirus expressing the PPRV H glycoprotein (AdH) gives full protection against wild type PPRV challenge. We have now tested lower doses of the vaccine, as well as AdH in combination with a similar construct expressing the PPRV F glycoprotein (AdF). We show here that, in a local breed of goat in a country where PPR disease is common (Kenya), as little as 10(7) pfu of AdH gives significant protection against PPRV challenge, while a vaccine consisting of 10(8) pfu of each of AdH and AdF gives apparently sterile protection. These findings underline the utility of these constructs as DIVA vaccines for use in PPR control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Holzer
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | | | - Sophia Hodgson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Edward Okoth
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Rebecca Herbert
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a severe contagious disease of sheep and goats and has spread extensively through the developing world. Because of its disproportionately large impact on the livelihoods of low-income livestock keepers, and the availability of effective vaccines and good diagnostics, the virus is being targeted for global control and eventual eradication. In this review we examine the origin of the virus and its current distribution, and the factors that have led international organizations to conclude that it is eradicable. We also review recent progress in the molecular and cellular biology of the virus and consider areas where further research is required to support the efforts being made by national, regional, and international bodies to tackle this growing threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - A Diallo
- CIRAD, UMR Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (CMAEE), Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR CMAEE 1309, Montpellier, France
| | - R Lancelot
- CIRAD, UMR Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (CMAEE), Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR CMAEE 1309, Montpellier, France
| | - G Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (CMAEE), Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR CMAEE 1309, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus causes a highly infectious disease of small ruminants that is endemic across Africa, the Middle East and large regions of Asia. The virus is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world and has recently been targeted by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) for eradication with the aim of global elimination of the disease by 2030. Fundamentally, the vaccines required to successfully achieve this goal are currently available, but the availability of novel vaccine preparations to also fulfill the requisite for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) may reduce the time taken and the financial costs of serological surveillance in the later stages of any eradication campaign. Here, we overview what is currently known about the virus, with reference to its origin, updated global circulation, molecular evolution, diagnostic tools and vaccines currently available to combat the disease. Further, we comment on recent developments in our knowledge of various recombinant vaccines and on the potential for the development of novel multivalent vaccines for small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; National Institute for Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India.
| | - M Muniraju
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - M Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - H Buczkowski
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB United Kingdom
| | - A C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB United Kingdom
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A suicidal DNA vaccine expressing the fusion protein of peste des petits ruminants virus induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. J Virol Methods 2015; 225:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Baron J, Baron MD. Development of a helper cell-dependent form of peste des petits ruminants virus: a system for making biosafe antigen. Vet Res 2015; 46:101. [PMID: 26396073 PMCID: PMC4579661 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of sheep and goats that is spreading through many countries in the developing world. Work on the virus is often restricted to studies of attenuated vaccine strains or to work in laboratories that have high containment facilities. We have created a helper cell dependent form of PPR virus by removing the entire RNA polymerase gene and complementing it with polymerase made constitutively in a cell line. The resultant L-deleted virus grows efficiently in the L-expressing cell line but not in other cells. Virus made with this system is indistinguishable from normal virus when used in diagnostic assays, and can be grown in normal facilities without the need for high level biocontainment. The L-deleted virus will thus make a positive contribution to the control and study of this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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Dunston CR, Herbert R, Griffiths HR. Improving T cell-induced response to subunit vaccines: opportunities for a proteomic systems approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:290-9. [PMID: 25708693 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prophylactic vaccines are an effective strategy to prevent development of many infectious diseases. With new and re-emerging infections posing increasing risks to food stocks and the health of the population in general, there is a need to improve the rationale of vaccine development. One key challenge lies in development of an effective T cell-induced response to subunit vaccines at specific sites and in different populations. OBJECTIVES In this review, we consider how a proteomic systems-based approach can be used to identify putative novel vaccine targets, may be adopted to characterise subunit vaccines and adjuvants fully. KEY FINDINGS Despite the extensive potential for proteomics to aid our understanding of subunit vaccine nature, little work has been reported on identifying MHC 1-binding peptides for subunit vaccines generating T cell responses in the literature to date. SUMMARY In combination with predictive and structural biology approaches to mapping antigen presentation, proteomics offers a powerful and as yet un-tapped addition to the armoury of vaccine discovery to predict T-cell subset responses and improve vaccine design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Dunston
- Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK; Mologic, Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedfordshire, MK44 2YP
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Liu F, Wu X, Zou Y, Li L, Wang Z. Peste des petits ruminants virus-like particles induce both complete virus-specific antibodies and virus neutralizing antibodies in mice. J Virol Methods 2014; 213:45-9. [PMID: 25486084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), an etiological agent of peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is classified into the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. In a previous study, a recombinant baculovirus has been constructed to co-express the PPRV matrix (M), haemagglutinin (H) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins in insect cells, causing budding of PPR virus-like particles (VLPs) from insect cell membranes by viewing of ultrathin section with a transmission electron microscope. In this follow-up study, these PPR VLPs were purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation for immunizing mice twice. Three weeks post-primary immunization and 2 weeks post-secondary immunization, all serum samples were obtained and subsequently subjected to indirect ELISA detection on complete virus-specific antibodies. In addition, all serum samples, which were collected 2 weeks post-secondary immunization, were used for virus neutralization test on PPRV neutralizing antibodies. The results showed that the purified PPR VLPs induced both types of antibodies mentioned above in mice, indicating a given potential of VLP-based vaccine candidate against PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No.369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No.369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No.369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Lin Li
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No.369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No.369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China.
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Liu F, Wu X, Liu W, Li L, Wang Z. Current perspectives on conventional and novel vaccines against peste des petits ruminants. Vet Res Commun 2014; 38:307-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-014-9618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Self-assembly and release of peste des petits ruminants virus-like particles in an insect cell-baculovirus system and their immunogenicity in mice and goats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104791. [PMID: 25117931 PMCID: PMC4130610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, febrile, viral disease of small ruminants that has a significant economic impact. For many viral diseases, vaccination with virus-like particles (VLPs) has shown considerable promise as a prophylactic approach; however, the processes of assembly and release of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) VLPs are not well characterized, and their immunogenicity in the host is unknown. In this study, VLPs of PPRV were generated in a baculovirus system through simultaneous expression of PPRV matrix (M) protein and hemaglutin in (H) or fusion (F) protein. The released VLPs showed morphology similar to that of the native virus particles. Subcutaneous injection of these VLPs (PPRV-H, PPRV-F) into mice and goats elicited PPRV-specific IgG production, increased the levels of virus neutralizing antibodies, and promoted lymphocyte proliferation. Without adjuvants, the immune response induced by the PPRV-H VLPs was comparable to that obtained using equivalent amounts of PPRV vaccine. Thus, our results demonstrated that VLPs containing PPRV M protein and H or F protein are potential “differentiating infected from vaccinated animals” (DIVA) vaccine candidates for the surveillance and eradication of PPR.
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Rojas JM, Moreno H, Valcárcel F, Peña L, Sevilla N, Martín V. Vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses expressing the peste des petits ruminants virus F or H proteins overcomes viral immunosuppression and induces protective immunity against PPRV challenge in sheep. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101226. [PMID: 25013961 PMCID: PMC4094465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants caused by the Morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Two recombinant replication-defective human adenoviruses serotype 5 (Ad5) expressing either the highly immunogenic fusion protein (F) or hemagglutinin protein (H) from PPRV were used to vaccinate sheep by intramuscular inoculation. Both recombinant adenovirus vaccines elicited PPRV-specific B- and T-cell responses. Thus, neutralizing antibodies were detected in sera from immunized sheep. In addition, we detected a significant antigen specific T-cell response in vaccinated sheep against two different PPRV strains, indicating that the vaccine induced heterologous T cell responses. Importantly, no clinical signs and undetectable virus shedding were observed after virulent PPRV challenge in vaccinated sheep. These vaccines also overcame the T cell immunosuppression induced by PPRV in control animals. The results indicate that these adenovirus constructs could be a promising alternative to current vaccine strategies for the development of PPRV DIVA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Valcárcel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Kumar N, Maherchandani S, Kashyap SK, Singh SV, Sharma S, Chaubey KK, Ly H. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: a comprehensive review. Viruses 2014; 6:2287-327. [PMID: 24915458 PMCID: PMC4074929 DOI: 10.3390/v6062287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. With morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, PPR is classified as an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed disease. Considering the importance of sheep and goats in the livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in Africa and South Asia, PPR is an important concern for food security and poverty alleviation. PPR virus (PPRV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) are closely related Morbilliviruses. Rinderpest has been globally eradicated by mass vaccination. Though a live attenuated vaccine is available against PPR for immunoprophylaxis, due to its instability in subtropical climate (thermo-sensitivity), unavailability of required doses and insufficient coverage (herd immunity), the disease control program has not been a great success. Further, emerging evidence of poor cross neutralization between vaccine strain and PPRV strains currently circulating in the field has raised concerns about the protective efficacy of the existing PPR vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advancement in PPRV replication, its pathogenesis, immune response to vaccine and disease control. Attempts have also been made to highlight the current trends in understanding the host susceptibility and resistance to PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Sunil Maherchandani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India.
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., Ste 295, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Herbert R, Baron J, Batten C, Baron M, Taylor G. Recombinant adenovirus expressing the haemagglutinin of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) protects goats against challenge with pathogenic virus; a DIVA vaccine for PPR. Vet Res 2014; 45:24. [PMID: 24568545 PMCID: PMC3941483 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that can cause severe disease in sheep and goats, characterised by pyrexia, pneumo-enteritis, and gastritis. The socio-economic burden of the disease is increasing in underdeveloped countries, with poor livestock keepers being affected the most. Current vaccines consist of cell-culture attenuated strains of PPRV, which induce a similar antibody profile to that induced by natural infection. Generation of a vaccine that enables differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) would benefit PPR control and eradication programmes, particularly in the later stages of an eradication campaign and for countries where the disease is not endemic. In order to create a vaccine that would enable infected animals to be distinguished from vaccinated ones (DIVA vaccine), we have evaluated the immunogenicity of recombinant fowlpox (FP) and replication-defective recombinant human adenovirus 5 (Ad), expressing PPRV F and H proteins, in goats. The Ad constructs induced higher levels of virus-specific and neutralising antibodies, and primed greater numbers of CD8+ T cells than the FP-vectored vaccines. Importantly, a single dose of Ad-H, with or without the addition of Ad expressing ovine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and/or ovine interleukin-2, not only induced strong antibody and cell-mediated immunity but also completely protected goats against challenge with virulent PPRV, 4 months after vaccination. Replication-defective Ad-H therefore offers the possibility of an effective DIVA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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Balamurugan V, Hemadri D, Gajendragad MR, Singh RK, Rahman H. Diagnosis and control of peste des petits ruminants: a comprehensive review. Virusdisease 2014; 25:39-56. [PMID: 24426309 PMCID: PMC3889233 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious, world organization for animal health (OIE) notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats associated with high morbidity and mortality and caused by PPR virus. PPR is considered as one of the main constraints in augmenting the productivity of small ruminants in developing countries and particularly severely affects poor farmer's economy. The disease is clinically manifested by pyrexia, oculo-nasal discharges, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea and bronchopneumonia. The disease can be diagnosed from its clinical signs, pathological lesions, and specific detection of virus antigen/antibodies/genome in the clinical samples by various serological tests and molecular assays. PPR is the one of the priority animal diseases whose control is considered important for poverty alleviation in enzootic countries. Availability of effective and safe live attenuated cell culture PPR vaccines and diagnostics have boosted the recently launched centrally sponsored control programme in India and also in other countries. This review article primarily focus on the current scenario of PPR diagnosis and its control programme with advancement of research areas that have taken place in the recent years with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Balamurugan
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - D. Hemadri
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - M. R. Gajendragad
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - R. K. Singh
- />National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - H. Rahman
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
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