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Abd El-Ghany WA, Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Elbestawy AR. Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a comprehensive review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:383. [PMID: 37889324 PMCID: PMC10611880 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, normally inhabits the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of poultry. However, under certain circumstances of immunosuppression, co-infection (especially with Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma), or various stressors, G. anatis caused respiratory, reproductive, and systemic diseases. Infection with G. anatis has emerged in different countries worldwide. The bacterium affects mainly chickens; however, other species of domestic and wild birds may get infected. Horizontal, vertical, and venereal routes of G. anatis infection have been reported. The pathogenicity of G. anatis is principally related to the presence of some essential virulence factors such as Gallibacterium toxin A, fimbriae, haemagglutinin, outer membrane vesicles, capsule, biofilms, and protease. The clinical picture of G. anatis infection is mainly represented as tracheitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, while other lesions may be noted in cases of concomitant infection. Control of such infection depends mainly on applying biosecurity measures and vaccination. The antimicrobial sensitivity test is necessary for the correct treatment of G. anatis. However, the development of multiple drug resistance is common. This review article sheds light on G. anatis regarding history, susceptibility, dissemination, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa A Abd El-Ghany
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, 22511, Egypt
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Upadhyaya N, Karki S, Rana S, Elsohaby I, Tiwari R, Oli M, Paudel S. Trend of Antimicrobial Use in Food-Producing Animals from 2018 to 2020 in Nepal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081377. [PMID: 37106940 PMCID: PMC10135152 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem and is primarily driven by the widespread overuse of antibiotics. However, antimicrobial use data in animals are not readily available due to the absence of a national database in many developing countries, including Nepal. This study was conducted to estimate the quantities of antimicrobials available in Nepal as an indicator of their use in food-producing animals between 2018 and 2020. Data were collected through surveys targeting major stakeholders: (i) the Department of Drug Administration (DDA), the Government of Nepal (GoN) for the authorized antimicrobials for veterinary use in Nepal, (ii) veterinary pharmaceuticals for antimicrobials produced in Nepal, (iii) the DDA and Veterinary Importers Association for antimicrobials bought by veterinary drug importers, and (iv) the Department of Customs, GoN, for antibiotics sourced through customs. Data showed that in the 3 years, a total of 96 trade names, comprising 35 genera of antibiotics representing 10 classes, were either produced or imported in Nepal. In total, 91,088 kg, 47,694 kg, and 45,671 kg of active ingredients of antimicrobials were available in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. None of the antibiotics were intended for growth promotion, but were primarily for therapeutic purposes. Oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, and sulfadimidine were among the most-used antibiotics in Nepal in 2020. Oxytetracycline was primarily intended for parenteral application, whereas tilmicosin was solely for oral use. Sulfadimidine was available for oral use, except for a small proportion for injection purposes. Aminoglycosides, fluroquinolones, nitrofurans, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines were mostly produced locally, whereas cephalosporins, macrolides and "other" classes of antimicrobials were imported. Amphenicols and penicillins were exclusively imported and nitrofurans were produced locally only. In general, except for tetracyclines, the volume of antimicrobials produced locally and/or imported in 2020 was lower than that in 2018, which corresponded to a decreasing trend in total antimicrobials available. Furthermore, the subsequent years have seen a decrease in the use of critically important antibiotics, particularly class I antibiotics. Finally, this study has firstly established a benchmark for future monitoring of antimicrobial usage in food-producing animals in Nepal. These data are useful for risk analysis, planning, interpreting resistance surveillance data, and evaluating the effectiveness of prudent use, efforts, and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Upadhyaya
- Veterinary Standards and Drug Regulatory Laboratory, Budhanilakantha, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Surendra Karki
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Sujan Rana
- Department of Livestock Services, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice (OHRP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ramanandan Tiwari
- Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development Nepal, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Manoj Oli
- Tulsipur Municipality, Tulsipur, Dang 22412, Nepal
| | - Surya Paudel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda D, Dhama K, Kumar Mariappan A, Munuswamy P, Iqbal Yatoo M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Bhatt P, Reddy MR. Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment of Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a review. Vet Q 2020; 40:16-34. [PMID: 31902298 PMCID: PMC7006735 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1712495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium of the Pasteurellaceae family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and mortality in hens thereby severely affecting animal welfare and overall productivity by poultry industries across Europe, Asia, America, and Africa. In addition, it has the ability to infect wider host range including domesticated and free-ranging avian hosts as well as mammalian hosts such as cattle, pigs and human. Evaluating the common virulence factors including outer membrane vesicles, fimbriae, capsule, metalloproteases, biofilm formation, hemagglutinin, and determining novel factors such as the RTX–like toxin GtxA, elongation factor-Tu, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has pathobiological, diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic significance. Treating this bacterial pathogen with traditional antimicrobial drugs is discouraged owing to the emergence of widespread multidrug resistance, whereas the efficacy of preventing this disease by classical vaccines is limited due to its antigenic diversity. It will be necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge on important virulence factors, pathogenesis and, concerns of rising antibiotic resistance, improvised treatment regimes, and novel vaccine candidates to effectively tackle this pathogen. This review substantially describes the etio-epidemiological aspects of G. anatis infection in poultry, and updates the recent development in understanding the pathogenesis, organism evolution and therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to counter G. anatis infection for safeguarding the welfare and health of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prakash Bhatt
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GovindBallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
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Rogers E, Todd SM, Pierson FW, Kenney SP, Heffron CL, Yugo DM, Matzinger SR, Mircoff E, Ngo I, Kirby C, Jones M, Siegel P, Jobst P, Hall K, Etches RJ, Meng XJ, LeRoith T. CD8 + lymphocytes but not B lymphocytes are required for protection against chronic hepatitis E virus infection in chickens. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1960-1969. [PMID: 31317546 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an important global disease, causing outbreaks of acute hepatitis in many developing countries and sporadic cases in industrialized countries. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection typically causes self-limiting acute hepatitis but can also progress to chronic disease in immunocompromised individuals. The immune response necessary for the prevention of chronic infection is T cell-dependent; however, the arm of cellular immunity responsible for this protection is not currently known. To investigate the contribution of humoral immunity in control of HEV infection and prevention of chronicity, we experimentally infected 20 wild-type (WT) and 18 immunoglobulin knockout (JH-KO) chickens with a chicken strain of HEV (avian HEV). Four weeks postinfection (wpi) with avian HEV, JH-KO chickens were unable to elicit anti-HEV antibody but had statistically significantly lower liver lesion scores than the WT chickens. At 16 wpi, viral RNA in fecal material and liver, and severe liver lesions were undetectable in both groups. To determine the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the prevention of chronicity, we infected 20 WT and 20 cyclosporine and CD8+ antibody-treated chickens with the same strain of avian HEV. The CD8 + lymphocyte-depleted, HEV-infected chickens had higher incidences of prolonged fecal viral shedding and statistically significantly higher liver lesion scores than the untreated, HEV-infected birds at 16 wpi. The results indicate that CD8 + lymphocytes are required for viral clearance and reduction of liver lesions in HEV infection while antibodies are not necessary for viral clearance but may contribute to the development of liver lesions in acute HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Stephanie Michelle Todd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Frank William Pierson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Scott P Kenney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Connie Lynn Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Danielle M Yugo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Shannon R Matzinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Elena Mircoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Irene Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Charles Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Michaela Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Paul Siegel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Peter Jobst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Karen Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Elbestawy AR, Ellakany HF, Abd El-Hamid HS, Bekheet AA, Mataried NE, Nasr SM, Amarin NM. Isolation, characterization, and antibiotic sensitivity assessment of Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica, from diseased Egyptian chicken flocks during the years 2013 and 2015. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1519-1525. [PMID: 29471426 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica constitutes a part of the normal microflora in the upper respiratory and genital tracts of healthy chickens, but it is also associated with different pathological conditions. In the current study, 102 commercial chicken flocks suffering from respiratory disease and/or drop in egg production were investigated for the presence of G. anatis during 2013 and 2015. These flocks comprised 8 breeder, 32 layer, and 62 broiler flocks. By culture method, 20 flocks were found positive: one isolate derived from broiler breeders, 6 isolates from layers, and 13 isolates from broilers. G. anatis biovar haemolytica was identified by phenotyping and PCR. Additionally, partial genome sequencing of 11 isolates (5 layer isolates of 2013 and 6 broiler isolates of 2015) based on 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA gene sequences was performed and revealed 96.5% to 100% genetic relatedness. Antibiotic sensitivity of these isolates revealed that the 2013 isolates were highly susceptible to florfenicol while the isolates of 2015 were highly susceptible to cefotaxime. Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica is a newly introduced bacteria in Egypt causing salpingitis, peritonitis, drop in egg production, and/or respiratory signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Hany F Ellakany
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Hatem S Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Sherif M Nasr
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
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Kidane FA, Mitra T, Wernsdorf P, Hess M, Liebhart D. Allocation of Interferon Gamma mRNA Positive Cells in Caecum Hallmarks a Protective Trait Against Histomonosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1164. [PMID: 29892298 PMCID: PMC5985309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Histomonosis is a parasitic disease of gallinaceous birds characterized by necrotic lesions in cacum and liver that usually turns fatal in turkeys while it is less severe in chickens. Vaccination using in vitro attenuated Histomonas meleagridis has been experimentally shown to confer protection against histomonosis. The protective mechanisms that underpin the vaccine-induced immune response are not resolved so far. Therefore, the actual study aimed to evaluate the location and quantitative distribution patterns of signature cytokines of type 1 [interferon gamma (IFN-γ)] or type 2 [interleukin (IL)-13] immune responses in vaccinated or infected hosts. An intergroup and interspecies difference in the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of cytokine mRNA positive cells was evident. Quantification of cells showed a significantly decreased percentage of IFN-γ mRNA positive cells at 4 days post-inoculation (DPI) in caeca of turkeys inoculated exclusively with the attenuated or the virulent inocula, compared to control birds. The decrement was followed by a surge of cells expressing mRNA for IFN-γ or IL-13, reaching a peak of increment at 10 DPI. By contrast, turkeys challenged following vaccination showed a slight increment of cecal IFN-γ mRNA positive cells at 4 DPI after which positive cell counts became comparable to control birds. The increase in infected birds was accompanied by an extensive distribution of positively stained cells up to the muscularis layer of cecal tissue whereas the vaccine group maintained an intact mucosal structure. In chickens, the level of changes of positive cells was generally lower compared to turkeys. However, control chickens were found with a higher percentage of IFN-γ mRNA positive cells in cecum compared to their turkey counterparts indicating a higher resistance to histomonosis, similar to the observation in immunized turkeys. In chickens, it could be shown that the changes of cytokine-positive cells were related to variations of mononuclear cells quantified by immunofluorescence. Furthermore, gene expression measured by reverse transcription quantitative real time PCR confirmed variations in organs between the different groups of both bird species. Overall, it can be concluded that a proportionally increased, yet controlled, allocation of IFN-γ mRNA positive cells in caeca hallmarks a protective trait against histomonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fana Alem Kidane
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Taniya Mitra
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Wernsdorf
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Yu T, Zhu C, Chen S, Gao L, Lv H, Feng R, Zhu Q, Xu J, Chen Z, Jiang Z. Dietary High Zinc Oxide Modulates the Microbiome of Ileum and Colon in Weaned Piglets. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:825. [PMID: 28536569 PMCID: PMC5422713 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary zinc oxide (ZnO) at pharmacological level has been widely used to prevent and treat diarrhea in weaning piglets. Despite its importance for promoting animal health and performance, the influence of microbiome profiles in intestinal tracts by ZnO needs to be comprehensively investigated. In this study, we conducted a comparative microbial community analysis in the ileum and colon of piglets fed by either control diet, high ZnO (3,000 mg/kg) supplement or antibiotics (300 mg/kg chlortetracycline and 60 mg/kg colistin sulfate) supplement. Our results showed that both high dietary ZnO and in-feed antibiotics supplementations significantly increased 5 phyla of Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, Euryarchaeota, Verrucomicrobia, TM7, and reduced 1 phyla of Chlamydiae in ileal digesta. The relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens Campylobacterales were decreased while Enterobacteriales were increased in ZnO or antibiotics-supplemented group when compared to the control. In the colon, the phyla Euryarchaeota, the genus Methanobrevibacter, and the species Methanobrevibacter smithii were drastically increased by high dietary ZnO supplementation when compared with other groups. The microbial functional prediction analysis showed that high dietary ZnO and in-feed antibiotics had a higher abundance of transporter pathway enrichment in the ileum when compared with the control. While in the colon high dietary ZnO had a higher abundant enrichment of methane metabolism involving energy supply when compared with other groups. Both high dietary ZnO and antibiotics increased the microbiota diversity of ileal digesta while they decreased the microbiota diversity of the colonic digesta. Collectively, these results suggested that dietary ZnO and in-feed antibiotics supplementations presented similar effect on ileal microbiota, and mainly affected the non-predominant microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Cui Zhu
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Shicheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement of Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhou, China
| | - Hang Lv
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China), Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Ruowei Feng
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Xu
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Chen
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China), Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
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Abstract
1. Infectious diseases have a large impact on poultry health and economics. Elucidating the pathogenesis of a certain disease is crucial to implement control strategies. 2. Multiplication of a pathogen and its characterisation in vitro are basic requirements to perform experimental studies. However, passaging of the pathogen in vitro can influence the pathogenicity, a process targeted for live vaccine development, but limits the reproduction of clinical signs. 3. Numerous factors can influence the outcome of experimental infections with some importance on the pathogen, application route and host as exemplarily outlined for Histomonas meleagridis, Gallibacterium anatis and fowl aviadenoviruses (FAdVs). 4. In future, more comprehensive and detailed settings are needed to obtain as much information as possible from animal experiments. Processing of samples with modern diagnostic tools provides the option to closely monitor the host–pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hess
- a Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna , Austria
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Kidane FA, Bilic I, Mitra T, Wernsdorf P, Hess M, Liebhart D. In situ hybridization to detect and localize signature cytokines of T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 immune responses in chicken tissues. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 175:51-6. [PMID: 27269792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The avian immune system has been shown to possess a repertoire of cytokines directing T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 types of immune responses similar to that in mammals. The objective of this study was to establish in situ hybridization (ISH) for the localization of mRNA of selected signal cytokines, chicken interferon-γ (ChIFN-γ), chicken interleukin (ChIL)-4 and ChIL-13 in fixed tissues. RNA probes were generated to hybridize to 488, 318, and 417bp of the respective target mRNA. Probe concentrations ranging from 100ng/ml to 400ng/ml were shown to be suitable to label cells that expressed these cytokines. The specificity of every probe was verified using the respective sense probe. ChIFN-γ, ChIL-4 and ChIL-13 positive cells were observed in the lymphocytic infiltrations of liver and in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths of spleen collected from specific-pathogen-free chickens. ISH of these cytokines in a severely inflamed liver due to infiltration with the parasite Histomonas meleagridis revealed the expression of both ChIFN-γ and ChIL-13 mRNA in the mononuclear infiltrates. In conclusion, ChIFN-γ, ChIL-4 and ChIL-13 mRNA were efficiently localized by ISH, which supplies a valid technique to characterize immune responses in fixed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fana Alem Kidane
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivana Bilic
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Taniya Mitra
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Wernsdorf
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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