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Fleeman L, Gilor C. Insulin Therapy in Small Animals, Part 1: General Principles. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:615-633. [PMID: 36906469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pharmacology of insulin and how it relates to the pathophysiology of diabetes can lead to better clinical outcomes. No insulin formulation should be considered "best" by default. Insulin suspensions (NPH, NPH/regular mixes, lente, and PZI) as well as insulin glargine U100 and detemir are intermediate-acting formulations that are administered twice daily. For a formulation to be an effective and safe basal insulin, its action should be roughly the same every hour of the day. Currently, only insulin glargine U300 and insulin degludec meet this standard in dogs, whereas in cats, insulin glargine U300 is the closest option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Fleeman
- Animal Diabetes Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Chen Gilor
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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2
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OSHIMA A, ITO D, KATAKURA F, MIYAMAE J, OKANO M, NAKAZAWA M, KANAZONO S, MORITOMO T, KITAGAWA M. Dog leukocyte antigen class II alleles and haplotypes associated with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin in Chihuahuas. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:62-70. [PMID: 36418080 PMCID: PMC9887217 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis (NIME), which is thought to be an immune-mediated disease, is a common inflammatory disease in dogs. Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO), a subgroup of NIME, consists of necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME), necrotizing leukoencephalitis, and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. Recent studies have shown associations between disease development and dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II genes in NME in Pugs and in NIME in Greyhounds. This study focused on Chihuahuas, which have a high incidence of MUO and are one of the most common dog breeds in Japan. Because the development of MUO seems to be associated with DLA class II genes, we aimed to evaluate the association between DLA class II genes and MUO development in Chihuahuas. Blood samples were obtained from 22 Chihuahuas with MUO (MUO group) and 46 without neurological diseases (control). The allele sequences of three DLA class II loci were determined, and haplotypes were estimated from these data. In total, 23 haplotypes were detected. The frequency of one haplotype (DLA-DRB1*015:01--DQA1*006:01--DQB1*023:01) was significantly higher in the MUO group than in the control group (odds ratio, 7.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-36.81; P=0.0141). The results suggest that the development of MUO in Chihuahuas may be associated with DLA class II genes. Because the identified risk haplotypes differed from those of other breeds, the pathogenesis of NIME-related diseases may differ among dog breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka OSHIMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke ITO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan,Correspondence to: Ito D: , Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, Department
of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Fumihiko KATAKURA
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jiro MIYAMAE
- Faculty of Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaharu OKANO
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megu NAKAZAWA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi KANAZONO
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tadaaki MORITOMO
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masato KITAGAWA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Hulsebosch SE, Pires J, Bannasch MJ, Lancaster T, Delpero A, Ragupathy R, Murikipudi S, Zion T, Gilor C. Ultra-long-acting recombinant insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1211-1219. [PMID: 35621084 PMCID: PMC9308417 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in dogs, novel insulins with decreased injection frequency while maintaining safety and efficacy are desirable. Insulin fused with immunoglobulin-fragment-crystallizable (Fc) has an ultra-long plasma half-life because it recycles through cells, protected from proteolysis. HYPOTHESIS Glycemic control can be achieved in diabetic dogs with a recombinant fusion protein of a synthetic insulin and canine Fc (AKS-218d) administered subcutaneously once-weekly. ANIMALS Five client-owned dogs with naturally occurring DM. METHODS Prospective clinical trial in dogs with DM that were recruited from the UC Davis Veterinary Teaching Hospital and local veterinary clinics. Dogs previously controlled using intermediate-acting insulin q12h were transitioned to once-weekly injections of a preliminary construct identified as AKS-218d. The dose of AKS-218d was titrated weekly for 8 weeks based on clinical response and continuous interstitial glucose monitoring. Clinical signs, body weight, serum fructosamine concentrations, and mean interstitial glucose concentrations (IG) over the preceding week were compared between baseline (before AKS-218d) and during the last week of treatment. Data were compared using nonparametric paired tests. RESULTS Once-weekly AKS-218d, compared to baseline twice-daily insulin therapy, resulted in no significant changes in clinical signs, median (range) body weight (+0.4 kg [-0.5-1.1]; P = .6), fructosamine concentration (-75 mmol/L [-215 to +126]; P = .4), or mean IG (+81 mg/dL [-282 to +144]; P = .8). No adverse reactions were reported. CONCLUSION Control of clinical signs, body weight, and maintenance of glycemia was achieved with this once-weekly novel insulin construct in 4 of 5 dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Hulsebosch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jully Pires
- Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael J. Bannasch
- Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Todd Zion
- Akston BiosciencesBeverlyMassachusettsUSA
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA,Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, College of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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Gilor C, Fleeman LM. One hundred years of insulin: Is it time for smart? J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:645-660. [PMID: 35560042 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smarter understanding of diabetes pathophysiology and pharmacology of insulin therapy can lead to better clinical outcomes. Rather than looking for an insulin formulation that is considered "best" for a general population, it could be appropriate to seek the "smart" insulin choice, tailored to the specific clinical situation. Different treatment goals should be considered, with pros and cons to each. Ideally, insulin therapy in most diabetic dogs should mimic a "basal-bolus" pattern. The "intermediate"-acting insulin formulations might provide better "bolus" treatment in dogs than the rapid-acting formulations used in people. In patients with some residual beta cell function such as many diabetic cats, administering only a "basal" insulin might lead to complete normalisation of blood glucose concentrations. Insulin suspensions (neutral protamine Hagedorn, neutral protamine Hagedorn/regular mixes, lente and protamine zinc insulin) as well as insulin glargine U100 and detemir are "intermediate"-acting formulations that are administered twice daily. For a formulation to be an effective and safe "basal" insulin, its action should be roughly the same every hour of the day. Currently, only insulin glargine U300 and insulin degludec meet this standard in dogs, whereas in cats, insulin glargine U300 is the closest option.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gilor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - L M Fleeman
- Animal Diabetes Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Exploration of autoantibody responses in canine diabetes using protein arrays. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2490. [PMID: 35169238 PMCID: PMC8847587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine diabetes has been considered a potential model of human type 1 diabetes (T1D), however the detection of autoantibodies common in humans with T1D in affected dogs is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to compare autoantibody responses in diabetic and healthy control dogs using a novel nucleic acid programmable protein array (NAPPA) platform. We performed a cross-sectional study of autoantibody profiles of 30 diabetic and 30 healthy control dogs of various breeds. Seventeen hundred human proteins related to the pancreas or diabetes were displayed on NAPPA arrays and interrogated with canine sera. The median normalized intensity (MNI) for each protein was calculated, and results were compared between groups to identify candidate autoantibodies. At a specificity of 90%, six autoantibodies had sensitivity greater than 10% (range 13-20%) for distinguishing diabetic and control groups. A combination of three antibodies (anti-KANK2, anti-GLI1, anti-SUMO2) resulted in a sensitivity of 37% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17-0.67%) at 90% specificity and an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.66 (95% CI 0.52-0.80). While this study does not provide conclusive support for autoimmunity as an underlying cause of diabetes in dogs, future studies should consider the use of canine specific proteins in larger numbers of dogs of breeds at high risk for diabetes.
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Insulins for the long term management of diabetes mellitus in dogs: a review. Canine Med Genet 2022; 9:1. [PMID: 35152907 PMCID: PMC8842735 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-022-00114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The year 2021 marked the centenary of the isolation of a therapeutic form of insulin and its successful use in dogs. This was a landmark moment that subsequently and rapidly led to the commercial manufacture of insulin for use in humans. The impact of insulin was almost miraculous as those destined to die from their diabetes mellitus returned to life. Over the past 100 years, insulin formulations have been modified to attempt to provide a predictable and prolonged duration of action while avoiding the development of hypoglycaemia. This has led to an ever-growing variety of insulin types in human medicine, many of which have subsequently been used in dogs. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of available insulin types and their application to the chronic management of canine diabetes mellitus.
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Sanz CR, Sevane N, Pérez-Alenza MD, Valero-Lorenzo M, Dunner S. Polymorphisms in canine immunoglobulin heavy chain gene cluster: a double-edged sword for diabetes mellitus in the dog. Anim Genet 2021; 52:333-341. [PMID: 33621396 DOI: 10.1111/age.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin deficiency diabetes (IDD) in dogs is an endocrine disease similar to human type 1 diabetes. There are breeds more commonly affected, such as Yorkshire Terrier and Samoyed, suggesting an underlying genetic component. However, the genetic basis for canine diabetes mellitus (DM) is not fully established. We conducted both whole-genome scans for selection signatures and GWASs to compare the genomes of 136 dogs belonging to 29 breeds previously described at low or high risk for developing DM. Candidate variants were tested in dogs with a diagnosis of IDD and controls attending the Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The only genomic region under selection (CFA8:72 700 000-74 600 000; CanFam3.1) retrieved by our analyses is included in the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene cluster, which has already been related to human human type 1 diabetes susceptibility. This region contains two non-synonymous variants, rs852072969 and rs851728071, showing significant associations with high or low risk for IDD, respectively. The first variant, rs852072969, alters a protein poorly characterised in the dog. In contrast, rs851728071 was predicted to block the synthesis of an immunoglobulin variable (V) domain in breeds at low risk for DM. Although a large and diverse V gene repertoire is thought to offer a fitness advantage, we suggest that rs851728071 prevents the formation of an auto-reactive immunoglobulin V domain probably involved in the pathophysiology of IDD and, thus, decreases the risk for the disease. These results should be interpreted with caution until the functional roles of the proposed variants have been proved in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Sanz
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - N Sevane
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - M D Pérez-Alenza
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - M Valero-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - S Dunner
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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8
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Genetics of canine diabetes mellitus part 1: Phenotypes of disease. Vet J 2021; 270:105611. [PMID: 33641807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This two-part article discusses the mechanisms by which genetic variation can influence the risk of complex diseases, with a focus on canine diabetes mellitus. In Part 1, presented here, the importance of accurate methods for classifying different types of diabetes will be discussed, since this underpins the selection of cases and controls for genetic studies. Part 2 will focus on our current understanding of the genes involved in diabetes risk, and the way in which new genome sequencing technologies are poised to reveal new diabetes genes in veterinary species.
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9
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Denyer AL, Catchpole B, Davison LJ. Genetics of canine diabetes mellitus part 2: Current understanding and future directions. Vet J 2021; 270:105612. [PMID: 33641811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Part 1 of this 2-part review outlined the importance of disease classification in diabetes genetic studies, as well as the ways in which genetic variants may contribute to risk of a complex disease within an individual, or within a particular group of individuals. Part 2, presented here, describes in more detail our current understanding of the genetics of canine diabetes mellitus compared to our knowledge of the human disease. Ongoing work to improve our knowledge, using new technologies, is also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Denyer
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lucy J Davison
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Denyer AL, Massey JP, Davison LJ, Ollier WER, Catchpole B, Kennedy LJ. Dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) class II haplotypes and risk of canine diabetes mellitus in specific dog breeds. Canine Med Genet 2020; 7:15. [PMID: 33292601 PMCID: PMC7603736 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-020-00093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease in domestic dogs. A number of pathological mechanisms are thought to contribute to the aetiopathogenesis of relative or absolute insulin deficiency, including immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. DM risk varies considerably between different dog breeds, suggesting that genetic factors are involved and contribute susceptibility or protection. Associations of particular dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) class II haplotypes with DM have been identified, but investigations to date have only considered all breeds pooled together. The aim of this study was to analyse an expanded data set so as to identify breed-specific diabetes-associated DLA haplotypes. Methods The 12 most highly represented breeds in the UK Canine Diabetes Register were selected for study. DLA-typing data from 646 diabetic dogs and 912 breed-matched non-diabetic controls were analysed to enable breed-specific analysis of the DLA. Dogs were genotyped for allelic variation at DLA-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1 loci using DNA sequence-based typing. Genotypes from all three loci were combined to reveal three-locus DLA class II haplotypes, which were evaluated for statistical associations with DM. This was performed for each breed individually and for all breeds pooled together. Results Five dog breeds were identified as having one or more DLA haplotype associated with DM susceptibility or protection. Four DM-associated haplotypes were identified in the Cocker Spaniel breed, of which one haplotype was shared with Border Terriers. In the three breeds known to be at highest risk of DM included in the study (Samoyed, Tibetan Terrier and Cairn Terrier), no DLA haplotypes were found to be associated with DM. Conclusions Novel DLA associations with DM in specific dog breeds provide further evidence that immune response genes contribute susceptibility to this disease in some cases. It is also apparent that DLA may not be contributing obvious or strong risk for DM in some breeds, including the seven breeds analysed for which no associations were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Denyer
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - J P Massey
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - L J Davison
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - W E R Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - B Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - L J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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O'Kell AL, Wasserfall CH, Henthorn PS, Atkinson MA, Hess RS. Evaluation for type 1 diabetes associated autoantibodies in diabetic and non-diabetic Australian terriers and Samoyeds. Canine Med Genet 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 33323126 PMCID: PMC7491469 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-020-00089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence for an autoimmune etiology in canine diabetes is inconsistent and could vary based on breed. Previous studies demonstrated that small percentages of diabetic dogs possess autoantibodies to antigens known to be important in human type 1 diabetes, but most efforts involved analysis of a wide variety of breeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) autoantibodies in diabetic and non-diabetic Australian Terriers and Samoyeds, two breeds with comparatively high prevalence of diabetes, in the United States. Results There was no significant difference in the proportion of samples considered positive for GAD65 or ZnT8 autoantibodies in either breed evaluated, or for IA-2 autoantibodies in Australian Terriers (p > 0.05). The proportion of IA-2 autoantibody positive samples was significantly higher in diabetic versus non-diabetic Samoyeds (p = 0.003), but substantial overlap was present between diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Conclusions The present study does not support GAD65, IA-2, or ZnT8 autoantibodies as markers of autoimmunity in canine diabetes in Samoyeds or Australian Terriers as measured using human antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. Future studies using canine specific assays as well as investigation for alternative markers of autoimmunity in these and other canine breeds are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, 2015 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paula S Henthorn
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Rebecka S Hess
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Hess R, Henthorn P, Devoto M, Wang F, Feng R. An Exploratory Association Analysis of the Insulin Gene Region With Diabetes Mellitus in Two Dog Breeds. J Hered 2020; 110:793-800. [PMID: 31587057 PMCID: PMC6916661 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Samoyeds and Australian Terriers are the 2 dog breeds at highest risk (>10-fold) for diabetes mellitus in the United States. It is unknown if the insulin (INS) gene is involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes in Samoyeds and Australian Terriers. It was hypothesized that the INS gene region provides a common genetic causality for diabetes in Samoyeds and Australian Terriers. We conducted a 2-stage genetic association study involving both breeds. In the discovery stage (Stage 1), Samoyeds with and without diabetes were compared in the frequencies of 447 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 2.5 megabases (Mb) up- and downstream of the INS gene on the Illumina CanineHD BeadChip. SNPs yielding a P-value < 0.005 were selected for further follow-up. In the validation stage (Stage 2), Australian Terriers with and without diabetes were compared in the SNPs genotyped by the Affymetrix GeneChip Canine Genome 2.0 Array and within 1 Mb up- and downstream of the selected SNPs from Stage 1. Two SNPs that were in high linkage disequilibrium (LD, r2 = 0.7) were selected from Stage 1. In Stage 2, among the 76 SNPs examined, 5 were significantly associated with diabetes after Bonferroni's correction for multiple comparisons. Three of these 5 SNPs were in complete LD (r2 = 1 for all associations) and the 2 remaining SNPs were in moderate LD (r2 = 0.4). In conclusion, an association between the INS gene region and diabetes was suggested in 2 dog breeds of different clades. This region could have importance in diabetes in other breeds or in canine diabetes at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka Hess
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paula Henthorn
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Rogen AJ, Moradi Rekabdarkolaee H. Retrospective review of cataract surgery outcomes in Miniature Schnauzers. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:552-559. [PMID: 32159283 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Miniature Schnauzers commonly develop both inherited and diabetic cataracts. Miniature Schnauzers also often present with concurrent metabolic disease at the time of cataract surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cataract surgery outcomes in Miniature Schnauzers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Eye Care for Animals electronic medical record database (2012-2018) was searched for "phacoemulsification" and "Miniature Schnauzer." A minimum follow-up time of 1 year was required for inclusion in the study. Clinical history, pre- and postoperative bloodwork, postoperative treatments, and visual outcomes were reviewed in all cases. RESULTS Cataract surgery was performed on 67 patients and 124 eyes. 93.5% (116/124) of operated eyes were visual 1 year following cataract surgery. At the time of surgery, 79.1% were diabetic, 64.2% had hypercholesterolemia, 55.2% had hypertriglyceridemia, 16.4% had hyperadrenocorticism, and 9% had a history of pancreatitis. Dorzolamide was used postoperatively in 61.2% of patients, and its use was significantly associated with postoperative cholesterol levels above reference range. Lipemic aqueous occurred in 13.4% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Miniature Schnauzers presenting for cataract surgery are frequently affected by metabolic diseases and dyslipidemia; however, cataract surgery outcomes were not significantly affected during the study period. Dietary management, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, and oral fibrates may reduce the incidence of lipemic aqueous in Miniature Schnauzers.
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14
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Lester M, O'Kell AL. Exploratory analysis of anti-insulin antibodies in diabetic dogs receiving recombinant human insulin. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:236-240. [PMID: 32012274 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify anti-insulin antibodies in diabetic dogs treated with recombinant human insulin and to determine if insulin dosage or duration of treatment differed between anti-insulin antibody-positive and -negative diabetic dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Descriptive preliminary study using serum from 24 client-owned diabetic dogs treated for a minimum of 2 weeks with recombinant human insulin, and 24 client-owned healthy control dogs without diabetes. Sera were analysed by radioimmunoassay for anti-insulin antibodies. The proportion of antibody positive dogs was compared between groups by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Four diabetic (16.6%) and no control dogs were anti-insulin antibody positive. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that treatment with recombinant human insulin may induce anti-insulin antibodies in dogs, although this finding needs to be re-investigated in a larger study to investigate the impact of anti-insulin antibodies on glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lester
- Small Animal Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
| | - A L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
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Gooch A, Zhang P, Hu Z, Loy Son N, Avila N, Fischer J, Roberts G, Sellon R, Westenfelder C. Interim report on the effective intraperitoneal therapy of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in pet dogs using "Neo-Islets," aggregates of adipose stem and pancreatic islet cells (INAD 012-776). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218688. [PMID: 31536503 PMCID: PMC6752848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that allogeneic, intraperitoneally administered “Neo-Islets,” composed of cultured pancreatic islet cells co-aggregated with high numbers of immunoprotective and cytoprotective Adipose-derived Stem Cells, reestablished, through omental engraftment, redifferentiation and splenic and omental up-regulation of regulatory T-cells, normoglycemia in autoimmune Type-1 Diabetic Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice without the use of immunosuppressive agents or encapsulation devices. Based on these observations, we are currently testing this Neo-Islet technology in an FDA guided pilot study (INAD 012–776) in insulin-dependent, spontaneously diabetic pet dogs by ultrasound-guided, intraperitoneal administration of 2x10e5 Neo-Islets/kilogram body weight to metabolically controlled (blood glucose, triglycerides, thyroid and adrenal functions) and sedated animals. We report here interim observations on the first 4 canine Neo-Islet-treated, insulin-dependent pet dogs that are now in the early to intermediate-term follow-up phase of the planned 3 year study (> 6 months post treatment). Current results from this translational study indicate that in dogs, Neo-Islets appear to engraft, redifferentiate and physiologically produce insulin, and are rejected by neither auto- nor allo-immune responses, as evidenced by (a) an absent IgG response to the allogeneic cells contained in the administered Neo-Islets, and (b) progressively improved glycemic control that achieves up to a 50% reduction in daily insulin needs paralleled by a statistically significant decrease in serum glucose concentrations. This is accomplished without the use of anti-rejection drugs or encapsulation devices. No adverse or serious adverse events related to the Neo-Islet administration have been observed to date. We conclude that this minimally invasive therapy has significant translational relevance to veterinary and clinical Type 1 diabetes mellitus by achieving complete and at this point partial glycemic control in two species, i.e., diabetic mice and dogs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gooch
- SymbioCellTech, LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhang
- SymbioCellTech, LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Zhuma Hu
- SymbioCellTech, LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Natasha Loy Son
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Avila
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Fischer
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory Roberts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rance Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christof Westenfelder
- SymbioCellTech, LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Aguiar BA, Orechio D, Fratini P, Carreira ACO, Castelucci P, Miglino MA. Isolation and Characterization of Pancreatic Canine Fetal Cells at the Final Stage of Gestation. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1409-1418. [PMID: 30332726 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus in dogs is increasing in recent years, mainly because of genetic and/or environmental factors, including endocrine disorders (like in humans); failure of suitable control of blood sugar levels, which triggers hyperglycemia; glycosuria and weight loss, which demands the development of innovative treatments to cure or treat this complex disease in dogs. The present study established for the first time a protocol to obtain and characterize cells derived from pancreas of canine fetuses. Those fetuses do not have a defined breed and were at the final stage of gestation. The protocol aims to provide morphological data to enable future applications of these cells for therapeutic approaches. In cell culture, pancreatic cells showed a fibroblast-like appearance with a mono-layered growth pattern and were not tumorigenic. They exhibited a positive expression for the pluripotent proliferation markers NANOG and PCNA and expressed PDX1, a transcription factor that is important for activation of the insulin gene promoter. In addition, Tyrosine Hydroxylase-positive (TH+) sympathetic nerve fibers were identified. Histologically, the pancreatic epithelium was developed, pancreatic glands in the fetuses were like those in the parenchyma of postconception dogs and pancreatic islets were unevenly distributed and organized in small clusters along the glands close to the vasculature. Staining with dithizone indicated the presence of insulin in the cells. A large number of beta cells were confirmed by immunofluorescence. In conclusion, the canine fetal pancreas cells could be an alternative and adequate source of cell lineages for stem cell therapies for diabetes treatment. Anat Rec, 302:1409-1418, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Andrade Aguiar
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dailiany Orechio
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Fratini
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,NUCEL (Cell and Molecular Therapy Center), Internal Medical Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Castelucci
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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O'Kell AL, Wasserfall C, Catchpole B, Davison LJ, Hess RS, Kushner JA, Atkinson MA. Comparative Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diabetes in Humans, NOD Mice, and Canines: Has a Valuable Animal Model of Type 1 Diabetes Been Overlooked? Diabetes 2017; 66:1443-1452. [PMID: 28533295 PMCID: PMC5440022 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research in humans and mouse models of disease, substantial gaps remain in our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, translation of therapies from preclinical efforts capable of delaying or halting β-cell destruction has been limited. Hence, a pressing need exists to identify alternative animal models that reflect human disease. Canine insulin deficiency diabetes is, in some cases, considered to follow autoimmune pathogenesis, similar to NOD mice and humans, characterized by hyperglycemia requiring lifelong exogenous insulin therapy. Also similar to human type 1 diabetes, the canonical canine disorder appears to be increasing in prevalence. Whereas islet architecture in rodents is distinctly different from humans, canine pancreatic endocrine cell distribution is more similar. Differences in breed susceptibility alongside associations with MHC and other canine immune response genes parallel that of different ethnic groups within the human population, a potential benefit over NOD mice. The impact of environment on disease development also favors canine over rodent models. Herein, we consider the potential for canine diabetes to provide valuable insights for human type 1 diabetes in terms of pancreatic histopathology, impairment of β-cell function and mass, islet inflammation (i.e., insulitis), and autoantibodies specific for β-cell antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, U.K
| | - Lucy J Davison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Rebecka S Hess
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jake A Kushner
- McNair Medical Institute and Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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18
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Park JS, Withers SS, Modiano JF, Kent MS, Chen M, Luna JI, Culp WTN, Sparger EE, Rebhun RB, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ, Canter RJ. Canine cancer immunotherapy studies: linking mouse and human. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:97. [PMID: 28031824 PMCID: PMC5171656 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent major clinical breakthroughs in human cancer immunotherapy including the use of checkpoint inhibitors and engineered T cells, important challenges remain, including determining the sub-populations of patients who will respond and who will experience at times significant toxicities. Although advances in cancer immunotherapy depend on preclinical testing, the majority of in-vivo testing currently relies on genetically identical inbred mouse models which, while offering critical insights regarding efficacy and mechanism of action, also vastly underrepresent the heterogeneity and complex interplay of human immune cells and cancers. Additionally, laboratory mice uncommonly develop spontaneous tumors, are housed under specific-pathogen free conditions which markedly impacts immune development, and incompletely model key aspects of the tumor/immune microenvironment. The canine model represents a powerful tool in cancer immunotherapy research as an important link between murine models and human clinical studies. Dogs represent an attractive outbred combination of companion animals that experience spontaneous cancer development in the setting of an intact immune system. This allows for study of complex immune interactions during the course of treatment while also directly addressing long-term efficacy and toxicity of cancer immunotherapies. However, immune dissection requires access to robust and validated immune assays and reagents as well as appropriate numbers for statistical evaluation. Canine studies will need further optimization of these important mechanistic tools for this model to fulfill its promise as a model for immunotherapy. This review aims to discuss the canine model in the context of existing preclinical cancer immunotherapy models to evaluate both its advantages and limitations, as well as highlighting its growth as a powerful tool in the burgeoning field of both human and veterinary immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon S Park
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Sita S Withers
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Michael S Kent
- The Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Jesus I Luna
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - William T N Culp
- The Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- The Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Dermatology and Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA.,Department of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Robert J Canter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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