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Flory A, Ruiz-Perez CA, Clavere-Graciette AG, Rafalko JM, O'Kell AL, Flesner BK, McLennan LM, Hicks SC, Nakashe P, Phelps-Dunn A, DiMarzio LR, Warren CD, Cohen TA, Chibuk J, Chorny I, Grosu DS, Tsui DWY, Tynan JA, Kruglyak KM. Clinical validation of a blood-based liquid biopsy test integrating cell-free DNA quantification and next-generation sequencing for cancer screening in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:665-673. [PMID: 38324993 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.10.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate the performance of a novel, integrated test for canine cancer screening that combines cell-free DNA quantification with next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. SAMPLE Retrospective data from a total of 1,947 cancer-diagnosed and presumably cancer-free dogs were used to validate test performance for the detection of 7 predefined cancer types (lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, leukemia, histiocytic sarcoma, primary lung tumors, and urothelial carcinoma), using independent training and testing sets. METHODS Cell-free DNA quantification data from all samples were analyzed using a proprietary machine learning algorithm to determine a Cancer Probability Index (High, Moderate, or Low). High and Low Probability of Cancer were final result classifications. Moderate cases were additionally analyzed by NGS to arrive at a final classification of High Probability of Cancer (Cancer Signal Detected) or Low Probability of Cancer (Cancer Signal Not Detected). RESULTS Of the 595 dogs in the testing set, 89% (n = 530) received a High or Low Probability result based on the machine learning algorithm; 11% (65) were Moderate Probability, and NGS results were used to assign a final classification. Overall, 87 of 122 dogs with the 7 predefined cancer types were classified as High Probability and 467 of 473 presumably cancer-free dogs were classified as Low Probability, corresponding to a sensitivity of 71.3% for the predefined cancer types at a specificity of 98.7%. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This integrated test offers a novel option to screen for cancer types that may be difficult to detect by physical examination at a dog's wellness visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Flory
- 1Medical and Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Todd A Cohen
- 1Medical and Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jason Chibuk
- 1Medical and Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ilya Chorny
- 2Information Technology, PetDx, La Jolla, CA
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McCleary-Wheeler AL, Fiaux PC, Flesner BK, Ruiz-Perez CA, McLennan LM, Tynan JA, Hicks SC, Rafalko JM, Grosu DS, Chibuk J, O'Kell AL, Cohen TA, Chorny I, Tsui DWY, Kruglyak KM, Flory A. Next-generation sequencing-based liquid biopsy may be used for detection of residual disease and cancer recurrence monitoring in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2023:1-8. [PMID: 38150822 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.07.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a next-generation sequencing-based liquid biopsy test for cancer monitoring in dogs. SAMPLES Pre- and postoperative blood samples were collected from dogs with confirmed cancer diagnoses originally enrolled in the CANcer Detection in Dogs (CANDiD) study. A subset of dogs also had longitudinal blood samples collected for recurrence monitoring. METHODS All cancer-diagnosed patients had a preoperative blood sample in which a cancer signal was detected and had at least 1 postoperative sample collected. Clinical data were used to assign a clinical disease status for each follow-up visit. RESULTS Following excisional surgery, in the absence of clinical residual disease at the postoperative visit, patients with Cancer Signal Detected results at that visit were 1.94 times as likely (95% CI, 1.21 to 3.12; P = .013) to have clinical recurrence within 6 months compared to patients with Cancer Signal Not Detected results. In the subset of patients with longitudinal liquid biopsy samples that had clinical recurrence documented during the study period, 82% (9/11; 95% CI, 48% to 97%) had Cancer Signal Detected in blood prior to or concomitant with clinical recurrence; in the 6 patients where molecular recurrence was detected prior to clinical recurrence, the median lead time was 168 days (range, 47 to 238). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Next-generation sequencing-based liquid biopsy is a noninvasive tool that may offer utility as an adjunct to current standard-of-care clinical assessment for cancer monitoring; further studies are needed to confirm diagnostic accuracy in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Chibuk
- Medical and Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Todd A Cohen
- Medical and Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | - Andi Flory
- Medical and Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA
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Kruglyak KM, O'Kell AL, Cohen TA, Marshall MA, Ruiz-Perez CA, Marass F, Tynan JA, Hicks SC, Lytle KM, Phelps-Dunn A, Brandstetter G, Warren CD, DiMarzio LR, Rosentel MC, Wong LK, McLennan LM, Rafalko JM, Grosu DS, Chibuk J, Chorny I, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Flory A, Tsui DWY. Detection of Age-Related Somatic Alterations in Canine Blood Using Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Liquid Biopsy: An Analysis of over 4800 Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:455. [PMID: 37505860 PMCID: PMC10384417 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related somatic genomic alterations in hematopoietic cell lines have been well characterized in humans; however, this phenomenon has not been well studied in other species. Next-generation sequencing-based liquid biopsy testing for cancer detection was recently developed for dogs and has been used to study the genomic profiles of blood samples from thousands of canine patients since 2021. In this study, 4870 client-owned dogs with and without a diagnosis or suspicion of cancer underwent liquid biopsy testing by this method. Copy number variants detected exclusively in genomic DNA derived from white blood cells (WBC gDNA-specific CNVs) were observed in 126 dogs (2.6%; 95% CI: 2.2-3.1); these copy number variants were absent from matched plasma cell-free DNA, and from tumor tissue in dogs with concurrent cancer. These findings were more common in older dogs and were persistent in WBC gDNA in over 70% of patients, with little to no change in the amplitude of the signal across longitudinal samples. Many of these alterations were observed at recurrent locations in the genome across subjects; the most common finding was a partial loss on CFA25, typically accompanied by a partial gain on the same chromosome. These early findings suggest that age-related somatic alterations may be present at an appreciable frequency in the general canine population. Further research is needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd A Cohen
- Medical & Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - John A Tynan
- Research Programs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Susan C Hicks
- Analytical Production, PetDx, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lilian K Wong
- Medical & Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Jill M Rafalko
- Medical & Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel S Grosu
- Medical & Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason Chibuk
- Medical & Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ilya Chorny
- Information Technology, PetDx, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Andi Flory
- Medical & Clinical Affairs, PetDx, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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O'Kell AL, Lytle KM, Cohen TA, Wong LK, Sandford E, Rafalko JM, Brandstetter G, DiMarzio LR, Phelps-Dunn A, Rosentel MC, Warren CD, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Fiaux PC, Marass F, Marshall MA, Ruiz-Perez CA, Kruglyak KM, Tynan JA, Hicks SC, Grosu DS, Chibuk J, Chorny I, Tsui DWY, Flory A. Clinical experience with next-generation sequencing-based liquid biopsy testing for cancer detection in dogs: a review of 1,500 consecutive clinical cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:827-836. [PMID: 36965477 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.11.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review ordering patterns, positivity rates, and outcome data for a subset of consecutive samples submitted for a commercially available, blood-based multicancer early-detection liquid biopsy test for dogs using next-generation sequencing at 1 laboratory. SAMPLE 1,500 consecutively submitted blood samples from client-owned dogs with and without clinical suspicion and/or history of cancer for prospective liquid biopsy testing between December 28, 2021, and June 28, 2022. PROCEDURES We performed a retrospective observational study, reviewing data from 1,500 consecutive clinical samples submitted for liquid biopsy testing. Outcome data were obtained via medical record review, direct communication with the referring clinic, and/or a patient outcome survey through October 16, 2022. RESULTS Sixty-four percent (910/1,419) of reportable samples were submitted for cancer screening, 26% (366/1,419) for aid in diagnosis, and 10% (143/1,419) for other indications. The positivity rate was 25.4% (93/366) in aid-in-diagnosis patients and 4.5% (41/910) in screening patients. Outcome data were available for 33% (465/1,401) of patients, and outcomes were classifiable for 428 patients. The relative observed sensitivity was 61.5% (67/109) and specificity was 97.5% (311/319). The positive predictive value was 75.0% (21/28) for screening patients and 97.7% (43/44) for aid-in-diagnosis patients, and the time to diagnostic resolution following a positive result was < 2 weeks in most cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Liquid biopsy using next-generation sequencing represents a novel tool for noninvasive detection of cancer in dogs. Real-world clinical performance meets or exceeds expectations established in the test's clinical validation study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd A Cohen
- 1PetDx, Medical & Clinical Affairs, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lilian K Wong
- 1PetDx, Medical & Clinical Affairs, La Jolla, CA
- 3Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Chibuk
- 1PetDx, Medical & Clinical Affairs, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ilya Chorny
- 5PetDx, Information Technology, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Andi Flory
- 1PetDx, Medical & Clinical Affairs, La Jolla, CA
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O'Kell AL, Davison LJ. Etiology and Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:493-510. [PMID: 36854636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Canine diabetes results from a wide spectrum of clinical pathophysiological processes that cause a similar set of clinical signs. Various causes of insulin deficiency and beta cell loss, insulin resistance, or both characterize the disease, with genetics and environment playing a role. Understanding the genetic and molecular causes of beta cell loss will provide future opportunities for precision medicine, both from a therapeutic and preventative perspective. This review presents current knowledge of the etiology and pathophysiology of canine diabetes, including the importance of disease classification. Examples of potential targets for future precision medicine-based approaches to therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Lucy J Davison
- Royal Veterinary College, Clinical Sciences and Services, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Tsui DW, O'Kell AL, Cohen TA, Lytle KM, Kruglyak KM, Marshall MA, Ruiz-Perez CA, Tynan JA, Hicks SC, Rafalko JM, Grosu DS, Chibuk J, Chorny I, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Flory A. Abstract A028: Incidental detection of age-related somatic genomic alterations in blood samples from dogs with and without cancer. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.agca22-a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The concept of age-related somatic alterations in the blood or bone marrow of humans, commonly referred to as clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) or age-related clonal hematopoiesis (ARCH), has been well characterized. In humans, these abnormalities tend to be associated with advanced age, often exhibit consistent signal over time, and typically involve recurrent locations in the genome. Though these somatic alterations may be associated with an increased risk of cancer, they do not originate from the tumor when cancer is concurrently present in the body. This study describes early findings that suggest similar age-related somatic alterations may also be present in dogs. Recently, next-generation sequencing-based liquid biopsy testing was developed for cancer detection in dogs. The clinical validation of this test involved 1,100 cancer-diagnosed and presumably cancer-free client-owned dogs. The test has also been performed commercially in thousands of additional dogs since 2021. This recent ability to test large numbers of dogs using liquid biopsy affords an unprecedented opportunity to study the genomic profiles of a broad population of canine subjects. Blood samples from over three thousand dogs ranging in age from 1 to >15 years were used in this analysis. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was extracted from the plasma, and genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from the white blood cells present in the buffy coat. Both cfDNA and gDNA were analyzed using next-generation sequencing to identify somatic genomic alterations. In a subset of patients, tumor tissue was also available for evaluation. Recurrent variants (e.g., involving CFA6 and CFA25, among others) were identified in the gDNA of a small fraction of patients. These findings occurred more commonly in older dogs and were typically persistent in gDNA across subsequent timepoints (when available) with no significant change in signal over time. When a clinical cancer evaluation was pursued, the majority of dogs with these findings had no evidence of cancer. For those in which cancer was identified, and tumor tissue was available for testing, the genomic profiles of the tumor tissue and gDNA were uncorrelated in almost all cases, suggesting the concomitant presence of age-related somatic alterations was incidental to the patient’s cancer. Additionally, regardless of whether cancer was present in the patient, the variants detected in gDNA were typically not encountered in cfDNA. These findings may be early evidence for the existence of age-related somatic alterations in dogs that potentially resemble the phenomenon of CHIP/ARCH previously observed in humans. Additional studies are ongoing to determine if these incidental findings may represent a risk factor for cancer development in dogs.
Citation Format: Dana W.Y. Tsui, Allison L. O'Kell, Todd A. Cohen, Katherine M. Lytle, Kristina M. Kruglyak, Maggie A. Marshall, Carlos A. Ruiz-Perez, John A. Tynan, Susan C. Hicks, Jill M. Rafalko, Daniel S. Grosu, Jason Chibuk, Ilya Chorny, Angela L. McCleary-Wheeler, Andi Flory. Incidental detection of age-related somatic genomic alterations in blood samples from dogs with and without cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Aging and Cancer; 2022 Nov 17-20; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;83(2 Suppl_1):Abstract nr A028.
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Flory A, McLennan L, Peet B, Kroll M, Stuart D, Brown D, Stuebner K, Phillips B, Coomber BL, Woods JP, Miller M, Tripp CD, Wolf‐Ringwall A, Kruglyak KM, McCleary‐Wheeler AL, Phelps‐Dunn A, Wong LK, Warren CD, Brandstetter G, Rosentel MC, DiMarzio LR, O'Kell AL, Cohen TA, Grosu DS, Chibuk J, Tsui DWY, Chorny I, Rafalko JM. Cancer detection in clinical practice and using blood-based liquid biopsy: A retrospective audit of over 350 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:258-267. [PMID: 36661398 PMCID: PMC9889684 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines-driven screening protocols for early cancer detection in dogs are lacking, and cancer often is detected at advanced stages. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To examine how cancer typically is detected in dogs and whether the addition of a next-generation sequencing-based "liquid biopsy" test to a wellness visit has the potential to enhance cancer detection. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs with definitive cancer diagnoses enrolled in a clinical validation study for a novel blood-based multicancer early detection test. METHODS Retrospective medical record review was performed to establish the history and presenting complaint that ultimately led to a definitive cancer diagnosis. Blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction, library preparation, and next-generation sequencing. Sequencing data were analyzed using an internally developed bioinformatics pipeline to detect genomic alterations associated with the presence of cancer. RESULTS In an unselected cohort of 359 cancer-diagnosed dogs, 4% of cases were detected during a wellness visit, 8% were detected incidentally, and 88% were detected after the owner reported clinical signs suggestive of cancer. Liquid biopsy detected disease in 54.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49.5%-59.8%) of patients, including 32% of dogs with early-stage cancer, 48% of preclinical dogs, and 84% of dogs with advanced-stage disease. CONCLUSIONS/CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Most cases of cancer were diagnosed after the onset of clinical signs; only 4% of dogs had cancer detected using the current standard of care (i.e., wellness visit). Liquid biopsy has the potential to increase detection of cancer when added to a dog's wellness visit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deirdre Stuart
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Devon Brown
- Bridge Animal Referral CenterEdmondsWashingtonUSA
| | - Kathy Stuebner
- Clinical Investigation CenterUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Brenda Phillips
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brenda L. Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - J. Paul Woods
- Institute for Comparative Cancer Investigation at the Mona Campbell Centre for Animal Cancer, Ontario Veterinary College, University of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Mairin Miller
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital of North CountySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Amber Wolf‐Ringwall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota, College of Veterinary MedicineSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
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Pascutti KM, O'Kell AL, Hill RC, Castro RA, Salute ME, Gilor C. The effect of capromorelin on glycemic control in healthy dogs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 81:106732. [PMID: 35689953 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capromorelin is a ghrelin-receptor agonist widely used as an appetite stimulant in dogs. Capromorelin disrupts glucose homeostasis in cats but information regarding its effects on canine glucose homeostasis is lacking. The study objective was to evaluate the effect of capromorelin on glucose homeostatic mechanisms in healthy dogs. Eight clinically healthy client-owned adult dogs were enrolled in this prospective, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. Dogs were randomized to receive capromorelin (Entyce, 3 mg/kg) or placebo, q24h for 3 d. A wk later, treatments were crossed over. Interstitial glucose (IG) concentrations were measured using a flash glucose monitoring system throughout. On d 1 of each treatment, blood glucose (BG), insulin, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations were measured before drug administration, then before and 30-120 min after feeding a glucose-rich diet (Ensure Plus, 21 kcal/kg). Data were analyzed as a 2-period crossover design using generalized least squares estimation. Capromorelin administration increased mean 48 h IG by10% and mean BG by 20% at 90 and 120 min post-prandially (P < 0.0001). Post-prandially, there was a time-by-treatment effect for insulin (P = 0.03) and GIP (P = 0.0002) because capromorelin doubled geometric mean insulin concentrations at 120 min and increased geometric mean GIP concentrations more rapidly than after placebo. There were no differences in glucagon or GLP-1 concentrations between treatment groups. The increase in post-prandial blood glucose was not the result of overt suppression of incretin hormone secretion. There was also no suppressive effect of capromorelin on insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Pascutti
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - A L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - R C Hill
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - R A Castro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - M E Salute
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - C Gilor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Guarino AL, Specht AJ, Beatty SSK, O'Kell AL. Comparison of biochemical and hematologic values obtained via jugular venipuncture and peripheral intravenous catheters in dogs. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1628-1640. [PMID: 36053877 PMCID: PMC9511059 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aria L. Guarino
- University of Florida Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Gainesville Florida USA
- Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners Rockville Maryland USA
| | - Andrew J. Specht
- University of Florida Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Sarah S. K. Beatty
- University of Florida Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Gainesville Florida USA
- Antech Diagnostics Fountain Valley California USA
| | - Allison L. O'Kell
- University of Florida Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Gainesville Florida USA
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O'Kell AL, Gallagher AE, Cooke KL. Gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs with liver disease. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:986-992. [PMID: 35312117 PMCID: PMC9151467 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver disease is frequently cited as a cause of gastroduodenal ulceration (GDU) in dogs but studies regarding GDU and liver disease are limited. Objectives To document the presence of GDU in dogs with liver disease. Animals Forty dogs that underwent liver biopsy, computed tomographic (CT) angiography or both at the University of Florida Small Animal Hospital to diagnose congenital or acquired liver disease. Methods Cross‐sectional study. Dogs had gastroduodenoscopy performed with photographic and video documentation in a standardized fashion. Lesions (hemorrhage, erosions, ulcers) in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum were scored based on a grading scale. Presence of esophageal varices was recorded. Dogs were categorized into 4 groups according to cause of liver disease (inflammatory disease, cirrhosis, congenital, other). Presence or absence of ulcers, erosions or both as well as total endoscopic scores were compared among groups. Results Forty dogs were enrolled with the following distribution: 13 congenital, 13 inflammatory, 3 cirrhosis, and 11 other. Four dogs had GDU (10%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3%‐24%) and 6 dogs had erosions (15%; 95% CI, 6%‐30%). No difference was found in total endoscopic score (P = .21) or in the proportion of dogs with ulcers, erosions or both versus those without (P = .25) among the groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Gastroduodenal ulceration was found in 10% of dogs with liver disease in this population. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these findings in larger numbers of dogs with specific disease etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Alexander E. Gallagher
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Kirsten L. Cooke
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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O'Kell AL, Wasserfall C, Guingab-Cagmat J, Webb-Robertson BJM, Atkinson MA, Garrett TJ. Correction to: Targeted metabolomic analysis identifies increased serum levels of GABA and branched chain amino acids in canine diabetes. Metabolomics 2021; 18:3. [PMID: 34923611 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Box 100116, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joy Guingab-Cagmat
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bobbie-Jo M Webb-Robertson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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O'Kell AL, Wasserfall C, Guingab-Cagmat J, Webb-Roberston BJM, Atkinson MA, Garrett TJ. Targeted metabolomic analysis identifies increased serum levels of GABA and branched chain amino acids in canine diabetes. Metabolomics 2021; 17:100. [PMID: 34775536 PMCID: PMC8693811 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dogs with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus represent a potential model for human type 1 diabetes, yet significant knowledge voids exist in terms of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the canine disorder. Untargeted metabolomic studies from a limited number of diabetic dogs identified similarities to humans with the disease. OBJECTIVE To expand and validate earlier metabolomic studies, identify metabolites that differ consistently between diabetic and healthy dogs, and address whether certain metabolites might serve as disease biomarkers. METHODS Untargeted metabolomic analysis via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed on serum from diabetic (n = 15) and control (n = 15) dogs. Results were combined with those of our previously published studies using identical methods (12 diabetic and 12 control dogs) to identify metabolites consistently different between the groups in all 54 dogs. Thirty-two candidate biomarkers were quantified using targeted metabolomics. Biomarker concentrations were compared between the groups using multiple linear regression (corrected P < 0.0051 considered significant). RESULTS Untargeted metabolomics identified multiple persistent differences in serum metabolites in diabetic dogs compared with previous studies. Targeted metabolomics showed increases in gamma amino butyric acid, valine, leucine, isoleucine, citramalate, and 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid in diabetic versus control dogs while indoxyl sulfate, N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid, kynurenine, anthranilic acid, tyrosine, glutamine, and tauroursodeoxycholic acid were decreased. CONCLUSION Several of these findings parallel metabolomic studies in both human diabetes and other animal models of this disease. Given recent studies on the role of GABA and branched chain amino acids in human diabetes, the increase in serum concentrations in canine diabetes warrants further study of these metabolites as potential biomarkers, and to identify similarity in mechanisms underlying this disease in humans and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Box 100116, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joy Guingab-Cagmat
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bobbie-Jo M Webb-Roberston
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Hamilton K, O'Kell AL, Gilor C. Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity in dogs with diabetes mellitus. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1713-1719. [PMID: 34196025 PMCID: PMC8295701 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Concurrent exocrine pancreatic dysfunction and decreased pancreatic organ size are common findings in various stages of human type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is incompletely described in diabetic dogs. Objective To compare canine trypsin‐like immunoreactivity (cTLI) of diabetic dogs with that of healthy controls. A secondary aim was to evaluate the correlation between duration of DM and cTLI. Animals Thirty client‐owned diabetic dogs and thirty client‐owned control dogs. Methods Cross‐sectional study. Diabetic and healthy control dogs were included if they had no clinical evidence of pancreatitis and if serum samples obtained after food was withheld were available. Serum cTLI was measured at a reference laboratory and compared between groups. Canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) was analyzed concurrently as an indicator of pancreatitis. Results The median cTLI concentration in all diabetic dogs (36.4 μg/L [range, 7.0‐288 μg/L]) did not differ from control dogs (28.7 μg/L [range, 12.8‐58.6 μg/L]) (P = .07; difference −7.8 μg/L [95% Confidence Interval (CI), −23.5 to 0.6 μg/L]). There was still no difference in cTLI between groups after exclusion of dogs with cPLI consistent with pancreatitis (n = 8 diabetic dogs). There was no correlation between cTLI and DM duration in all diabetic dogs (r = −0.07, [95% CI, −0.43 to 0.3], P = .7). Conclusions and Clinical Importance There was no evidence of EPI as evaluated using cTLI in this cohort of diabetic dogs, but concurrent increases in cPLI suggest cTLI might not be the optimal indicator of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction in dogs with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Hamilton
- Small Animal Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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O'Kell AL, Wasserfall CH, Henthorn PS, Atkinson MA, Hess RS. Evaluation for type 1 diabetes associated autoantibodies in diabetic and non-diabetic Australian terriers and Samoyeds. Canine Med Genet 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 33323126 PMCID: PMC7491469 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-020-00089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence for an autoimmune etiology in canine diabetes is inconsistent and could vary based on breed. Previous studies demonstrated that small percentages of diabetic dogs possess autoantibodies to antigens known to be important in human type 1 diabetes, but most efforts involved analysis of a wide variety of breeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) autoantibodies in diabetic and non-diabetic Australian Terriers and Samoyeds, two breeds with comparatively high prevalence of diabetes, in the United States. Results There was no significant difference in the proportion of samples considered positive for GAD65 or ZnT8 autoantibodies in either breed evaluated, or for IA-2 autoantibodies in Australian Terriers (p > 0.05). The proportion of IA-2 autoantibody positive samples was significantly higher in diabetic versus non-diabetic Samoyeds (p = 0.003), but substantial overlap was present between diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Conclusions The present study does not support GAD65, IA-2, or ZnT8 autoantibodies as markers of autoimmunity in canine diabetes in Samoyeds or Australian Terriers as measured using human antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. Future studies using canine specific assays as well as investigation for alternative markers of autoimmunity in these and other canine breeds are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, 2015 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paula S Henthorn
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Rebecka S Hess
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Lester M, O'Kell AL. Exploratory analysis of anti-insulin antibodies in diabetic dogs receiving recombinant human insulin. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:236-240. [PMID: 32012274 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify anti-insulin antibodies in diabetic dogs treated with recombinant human insulin and to determine if insulin dosage or duration of treatment differed between anti-insulin antibody-positive and -negative diabetic dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Descriptive preliminary study using serum from 24 client-owned diabetic dogs treated for a minimum of 2 weeks with recombinant human insulin, and 24 client-owned healthy control dogs without diabetes. Sera were analysed by radioimmunoassay for anti-insulin antibodies. The proportion of antibody positive dogs was compared between groups by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Four diabetic (16.6%) and no control dogs were anti-insulin antibody positive. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that treatment with recombinant human insulin may induce anti-insulin antibodies in dogs, although this finding needs to be re-investigated in a larger study to investigate the impact of anti-insulin antibodies on glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lester
- Small Animal Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
| | - A L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION We recently identified variances in serum metabolomic profiles between fasted diabetic and healthy dogs, some having similarities to those identified in human type 1 diabetes. OBJECTIVES Compare untargeted metabolomic profiles in the non-fasted state. METHODS Serum from non-fasted diabetic (n = 6) and healthy control (n = 6) dogs were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Clear clustering of metabolites between groups were observed, with multiple perturbations identified that were similar to those previously observed in fasted diabetic dogs. CONCLUSION These findings further support the development of targeted assays capable of detecting metabolites that may be useful as biomarkers of canine diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, Box 100116, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - T J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - C Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - M A Atkinson
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, and Pediatrics, The University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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O'Kell AL, Lovett AC, Canales BK, Gower LB, Khan SR. Development of a two-stage model system to investigate the mineralization mechanisms involved in idiopathic stone formation: stage 2 in vivo studies of stone growth on biomimetic Randall's plaque. Urolithiasis 2018; 47:335-346. [PMID: 30218116 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-1079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic stone formers often form calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones that are attached to calcium phosphate (CaP) deposits in the renal tissue, known as Randall's plaques (RP). Plaques are suggested to originate in the renal tubular basement membrane and spread into the interstitial regions where collagen fibrils and vesicles become mineralized; if the epithelium is breached, the RP becomes overgrown with CaOx upon exposure to urine. We have developed a two-stage model system of CaP-CaOx composite stones, consisting of Stage (1) CaP mineralized plaque, followed by Stage (2) CaOx overgrowth into a stone. In our first paper in this series (Stage 1), osteopontin (and polyaspartate) were found to induce a non-classical mineralization of porcine kidney tissues, producing features that resemble RP. For the Stage 2 studies presented here, biomimetic RPs from Stage 1 were implanted into the bladders of rats. Hyperoxaluria was induced with ethylene glycol for comparison to controls (water). After 4 weeks, rats were sacrificed and the implants were analyzed using electron microscopy and X-ray microanalyses. Differences in crystal phase and morphologies based upon the macromolecules present in the biomimetic plaques suggest that the plaques have the capacity to modulate the crystallization reactions. As expected, mineral overgrowths on the implants switched from CaP (water) to CaOx (hyperoxaluric). The CaOx crystals were aggregated and mixed with organic material from the biomimetic RP, along with some amorphous and spherulitic CaOx near the "stone" surfaces, which seemed to have become compact and organized towards the periphery. This system was successful at inducing "stones" more similar to human idiopathic kidney stones than other published models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0247, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Archana C Lovett
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 210A Rhines Hall, P.O. Box 116400, Gainesville, FL, 32611‑6400, USA
| | - Benjamin K Canales
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0247, USA
| | - Laurie B Gower
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 210A Rhines Hall, P.O. Box 116400, Gainesville, FL, 32611‑6400, USA.
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0247, USA. .,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, JHMHSC D6‑33C 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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O'Kell AL, Garrett TJ, Wasserfall C, Atkinson MA. Untargeted metabolomic analysis in naturally occurring canine diabetes mellitus identifies similarities to human Type 1 Diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9467. [PMID: 28842637 PMCID: PMC5573354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While predominant as a disease entity, knowledge voids exist regarding the pathogenesis of canine diabetes. To test the hypothesis that diabetic dogs have similar metabolomic perturbations to humans with type 1 diabetes (T1D), we analyzed serum metabolomic profiles of breed- and body weight-matched, diabetic (n = 6) and healthy (n = 6) dogs by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profiling. We report distinct clustering of diabetic and control groups based on heat map analysis of known and unknown metabolites. Random forest classification identified 5/6 dogs per group correctly with overall out of bag error rate = 16.7%. Diabetic dogs demonstrated significant upregulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis intermediates (e.g., glucose/fructose, C6H12O6, keto-hexose, deoxy-hexose, (P < 0.01)), with significant downregulation of tryptophan metabolism metabolites (e.g., picolinic acid, indoxyl sulfate, anthranilate, (P < 0.01)). Multiple amino acids (AA), AA metabolites, and bile acids were also significantly lower in diabetic versus healthy dogs (P < 0.05) with the exception of the branched chain AA valine, which was elevated in diabetic animals (P < 0.05). Metabolomic profiles in diabetic versus healthy dogs shared similarities with those reported in human T1D (e.g., alterations in glycolysis/gluconeogensis metabolites, bile acids, and elevated branched chain AA). Further studies are warranted to evaluate the utility of canine diabetes to provide novel mechanistic insights to the human disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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O'Kell AL, Wasserfall C, Catchpole B, Davison LJ, Hess RS, Kushner JA, Atkinson MA. Comparative Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diabetes in Humans, NOD Mice, and Canines: Has a Valuable Animal Model of Type 1 Diabetes Been Overlooked? Diabetes 2017; 66:1443-1452. [PMID: 28533295 PMCID: PMC5440022 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research in humans and mouse models of disease, substantial gaps remain in our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, translation of therapies from preclinical efforts capable of delaying or halting β-cell destruction has been limited. Hence, a pressing need exists to identify alternative animal models that reflect human disease. Canine insulin deficiency diabetes is, in some cases, considered to follow autoimmune pathogenesis, similar to NOD mice and humans, characterized by hyperglycemia requiring lifelong exogenous insulin therapy. Also similar to human type 1 diabetes, the canonical canine disorder appears to be increasing in prevalence. Whereas islet architecture in rodents is distinctly different from humans, canine pancreatic endocrine cell distribution is more similar. Differences in breed susceptibility alongside associations with MHC and other canine immune response genes parallel that of different ethnic groups within the human population, a potential benefit over NOD mice. The impact of environment on disease development also favors canine over rodent models. Herein, we consider the potential for canine diabetes to provide valuable insights for human type 1 diabetes in terms of pancreatic histopathology, impairment of β-cell function and mass, islet inflammation (i.e., insulitis), and autoantibodies specific for β-cell antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, U.K
| | - Lucy J Davison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Rebecka S Hess
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jake A Kushner
- McNair Medical Institute and Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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O'Kell AL, Grant DC, Khan SR. Pathogenesis of calcium oxalate urinary stone disease: species comparison of humans, dogs, and cats. Urolithiasis 2017; 45:329-336. [PMID: 28361470 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-017-0978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis is a highly recurrent disease that is increasing in prevalence. Decades of research have not identified effective methods to consistently prevent the formation of nephroliths or induce medical dissolution. Idiopathic calcium oxalate nephroliths form in association with renal papillary subepithelial calcium phosphate deposits called Randall's plaques (RPs). Rodent models are commonly used to experimentally induce calcium oxalate crystal and stone formation, but a rodent model that conclusively forms RPs has not been identified. Both dogs and cats form calcium oxalate uroliths that can be recurrent, but the etiopathologic mechanisms of stone formation, especially renal pathologic findings, are a relatively unexploited area of study. A large animal model that shares a similar environment to humans, along with a shorter lifespan and thus shorter time to recurrence, might provide an excellent means to study preventative and therapeutic measures, along with enhancing the concepts of the one health initiative. This review article summarizes and compares important known features of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease in humans, dogs, and cats, and emphasizes important knowledge gaps and areas for future study in the quest to discover a naturally occurring animal model of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Urology, The University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David C Grant
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, 215 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Urology, The University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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O'Kell AL, Grant DC, Panciera DL, Troy GC, Weinstein NM. Effects of oral prednisone administration with or without ultralow-dose acetylsalicylic acid on coagulation parameters in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1569-76. [PMID: 23013182 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.10.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of oral prednisone administration with or without ultralow-dose acetylsalicylic acid on coagulation parameters in healthy dogs and to assess intraindividual variation in thromboelastography results. ANIMALS 14 healthy research dogs and 10 healthy client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES In a randomized controlled trial, research dogs underwent thromboelastography twice (3 days apart), and intraindividual variation in test results was calculated. Dogs were given prednisone (2 mg/kg/d, PO) plus acetylsalicylic acid (0.5 mg/kg/d, PO) or prednisone (2 mg/kg/d, PO) plus a placebo for 14 days, after which thromboelastography and other tests were repeated. Differences from preadministration (baseline) test results between and within groups were compared. In a separate trial, client-owned dogs also underwent thromboelastography twice 2 days apart to assess intraindividual variation in untreated dogs. RESULTS Intraindividual variation in thromboelastography results for research dogs was ≤ 10% for maximum amplitude (MA) and α angle. In the research dogs, MA and fibrinogen values significantly increased from baseline, whereas percentage lysis 30 minutes after attainment of the MA as well as antithrombin activity significantly decreased within each group. In the dogs that received prednisone plus a placebo, percentage lysis 60 minutes after attainment of the MA was significantly lower than at baseline. For all parameters for research dogs, there was no difference between groups for change from baseline. Intraindividual variation in findings for client-owned dogs was similar to the variation for research dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prednisone administration resulted in hypercoagulability in healthy dogs as indicated by an increase in MA and plasma fibrinogen concentration and a decrease in antithrombin activity. Concurrent ultralow-dose acetylsalicylic acid use had no effect on measured thromboelastography values. The high intraindividual variation in some thromboelastography parameters may preclude routine use of this technique in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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O'Kell AL, Ambros B. Accidental epidural injection of thiopental in a dog. Can Vet J 2010; 51:305-307. [PMID: 20514256 PMCID: PMC2822376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A 3-year-old Labrador retriever was presented to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine for a tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. While performing a pre-operative epidural, thiopental was inadvertently administered into the epidural space. Treatment included epidural saline flushing and intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate. No neurologic deficits were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4.
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