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Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. An Update in Knowledge of Pigs as the Source of Zoonotic Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3281. [PMID: 37894005 PMCID: PMC10603695 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The available data indicate that the human world population will constantly grow in the subsequent decades. This constant increase in the number of people on the Earth will lead to growth in food demand, especially in food of high nutritional value. Therefore, it is expected that the world livestock population will also increase. Such a phenomenon enhances the risk of transmitting pathogens to humans. As pig production is one of the most significant branches of the world's livestock production, zoonoses of porcine origins seem to be of particular importance. Therefore, in this review, we aim to introduce the latest data concerning, among other things, epidemiology and available preventive measures to control the most significant porcine zoonoses of viral, bacterial, and parasitic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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2
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Zdolec N, Kiš M, Jankuloski D, Blagoevska K, Kazazić S, Pavlak M, Blagojević B, Antić D, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Pažin V. Prevalence and Persistence of Multidrug-Resistant Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 in Tonsils of Slaughter Pigs from Different Housing Systems in Croatia. Foods 2022; 11:1459. [PMID: 35627029 PMCID: PMC9140555 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is one of the priority biological hazards in pork inspection. Persistence of the pathogen, including strains resistant to antimicrobials, should be evaluated in pigs from different housing systems for risk ranking of farms. In this 2019 study, tonsils were collected from 234 pigs, of which 69 (29.5%) were fattened on 3 big integrated farms, 130 (55.5%) on 10 medium-sized farms, and 35 (15%) on 13 small family farms. In addition, 92 pork cuts and minced meat samples from the same farms were tested for the presence of Y. enterocolitica using the culture method. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the isolates were compared with previously collected isolates from 2014. The overall prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in pig tonsils was 43% [95% CI 36.7−49.7]. In pigs from big integrated, medium-sized, and small family farms, the prevalence was 29%, 52%, and 40%, respectively. All retail samples of portioned and minced pork tested negative for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica, likely due to high hygienic standards in slaughterhouses/cutting meat or low sensitivity of culture methods in these matrices. The highest recovery rate of the pathogen from tonsils was found when alkali-treated PSB and CIN agar were combined. The biosecurity category of integrated and medium farms did not affect the differences in prevalence of Y. enterocolitica (p > 0.05), in contrast to family farms. Pathogenic ail-positive Y. enterocolitica biotype 4 serotype O:3 persisted in the tonsils of pigs regardless of the type of farm, slaughterhouse, and year of isolation 2014 and 2019. PFGE typing revealed the high genetic concordance (80.6 to 100%) of all the Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates. A statistically significant higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates was detected in the tonsils of pigs from big integrated farms compared to the other farm types (p < 0.05), with predominant and increasing resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. This study demonstrated multidrug resistance of the pathogen in pigs likely due to more antimicrobial pressure on big farms, with intriguing resistance to some clinically relevant antimicrobials used in the treatment of yersiniosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevijo Zdolec
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Marta Kiš
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Dean Jankuloski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Institute, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (D.J.); (K.B.)
| | - Katerina Blagoevska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food Institute, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (D.J.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Marina Pavlak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Bojan Blagojević
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Dragan Antić
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
| | | | - Valerij Pažin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (V.P.)
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3
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Seidlova V, Syrova E, Minarova H, Zukal J, Balaz V, Nemcova M, Papezikova I, Pikula J, Schmidt‐Posthaus H, Mares J, Palikova M. Comparison of diagnostic methods for Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae detection in salmonid fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1147-1153. [PMID: 33837562 PMCID: PMC8360006 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic accuracy of pathogen detection depends upon the selection of suitable tests. Problems can arise when the selected diagnostic test gives false-positive or false-negative results, which can affect control measures, with consequences for the population health. The aim of this study was to compare sensitivity of different diagnostic methods IHC, PCR and qPCR detecting Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease in salmonid fish and as a consequence differences in disease prevalence. We analysed tissue from 388 salmonid specimens sampled from a recirculating system and rivers in the Czech Republic. Overall prevalence of T. bryosalmonae was extremely high at 92.0%, based on positive results of at least one of the above-mentioned screening methods. IHC resulted in a much lower detection rate (30.2%) than both PCR methods (qPCR32: 65.4%, PCR: 81.9%). While qPCR32 produced a good match with IHC (60.8%), all other methods differed significantly (p < .001) in the proportion of samples determined positive. Both PCR methods showed similar sensitivity, though specificity (i.e., the proportion of non-diseased fish classified correctly) differed significantly (p < .05). Sample preservation method significantly (p < .05) influenced the results of PCR, with a much lower DNA yield extracted from paraffin-embedded samples. Use of different methods that differ in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity resulted in random and systematic diagnosis errors, illustrating the importance of interpreting the results of each method carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Seidlova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and BeesFaculty of Veterinary Hygiene and EcologyUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and ApicultureMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Eva Syrova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and BeesFaculty of Veterinary Hygiene and EcologyUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive MedicineVeterinary Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Hana Minarova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and BeesFaculty of Veterinary Hygiene and EcologyUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive MedicineVeterinary Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate BiologyCzech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Vojtech Balaz
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and BeesFaculty of Veterinary Hygiene and EcologyUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Monika Nemcova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and BeesFaculty of Veterinary Hygiene and EcologyUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and ApicultureMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ivana Papezikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and BeesFaculty of Veterinary Hygiene and EcologyUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and ApicultureMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and BeesFaculty of Veterinary Hygiene and EcologyUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and ApicultureMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Heike Schmidt‐Posthaus
- Department of PathobiologyCentre for Fish and Wildlife HealthUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and ApicultureMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Miroslava Palikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and BeesFaculty of Veterinary Hygiene and EcologyUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and ApicultureMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
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Damodharan K, Palaniyandi SA, Suh JW, Yang SH. Probiotic Characterization of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei KNI9 Inhibiting Adherence of Yersinia enterocolitica on Caco-2 Cells In Vitro. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:600-607. [PMID: 31289994 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The study was aimed to characterize the probiotic properties of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei strain KNI9 and its antagonistic activity against Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. enterocolitica. The strain KNI9 was susceptible to antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and streptomycin recommended by European food safety authority (EFSA). Strain KNI9 exhibited tolerance to simulated oro-gastrointestinal (OGT) condition, adherence to Caco-2 cells, and antimicrobial activity against intestinal enteric pathogens such as Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. enterocolitica, Shigella boydii, and Listeria monocytogenes. Furthermore, the strain KNI9 inhibited the adherence and invasiveness of Y. enterocolitica subsp. enterocolitica to Caco-2 cell line. These results indicate that the L. paracasei subsp. paracasei KNI9 could be further developed into a potential probiotic strain after appropriate in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthiyaini Damodharan
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Sasikumar Arunachalam Palaniyandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Mepco Nagar, Mepco Engineering College Post, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, 626005, India
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do, 17058, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Meat Safety from Farm to Slaughter—Risk-Based Control of Yersinia enterocolitica and Toxoplasma gondii. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of the traditional meat safety control system has significantly contributed to increasing food safety and public health protection. However, several biological hazards have emerged in meat production, requiring a comprehensive approach to their control, as traditional methods of meat inspection at the slaughterhouse are not able to detect them. While national control programs exist for the most important meat-related hazards, similar data are still lacking for certain neglected threats, such as Yersinia enterocolitica or Toxoplasma gondii. The obstacle in controlling these hazards in the meat chain is their presence in latently infected, asymptomatic animals. Their effective control can only be achieved through systematic preventive measures, surveillance or monitoring, and antimicrobial interventions on farms and in slaughterhouses. To establish such a system, it is important to collect all relevant data on hazard-related epidemiological indicators from the meat chain, which should provide relevant guidance for interventions at the harvest and post-harvest stage. The proposed approach is expected to improve the existing system and provide many opportunities to improve food safety and public health.
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Koskinen J, Keto-Timonen R, Virtanen S, Vilar MJ, Korkeala H. Prevalence and Dynamics of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 Among Finnish Piglets, Fattening Pigs, and Sows. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:831-839. [PMID: 31355682 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are considered the main reservoir of Yersinia enterocolitica, and hence, understanding the ecology of this foodborne pathogen at the farm level is crucial. We calculated Bayesian estimates for the ability of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) diagnostic test kit to detect antibodies against pathogenic Yersinia in pigs. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 75.4% and 98.1%, respectively. We also studied the dynamics of Y. enterocolitica infection in 3 farrow-to-finish pig farms by following the same 30 pens of pigs through their lifetime from farrowing unit to slaughterhouse. Each farm was sampled 4 times, and 864 fecal and 730 serum samples were collected altogether. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 was isolated from 31.6% of the fecal samples by culturing, and Yersinia antibodies were detected in 38.2% of the serum samples with the commercial ELISA test. The pathogen was not isolated from farrowing units or all-in/all-out weaning units. However, in the weaning and fattening units using continuous management systems, the pathogen was isolated from every pen at some point of the study. After the pigs were transported into slaughterhouse, 150 tonsils were collected and 96.7% were positive by culturing. Among the strains isolated from feces and tonsils, 56 different genotypes of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 were found by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). Finally, we collected tonsils of 266 sows from 115 farrowing farms, and Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 was detected in 6.0% of the samples by the culture method, whereas 77.1% of the tonsils were serologically positive; the estimate for true seroprevalence was 95.8%. In conclusion, sows may not be the main source of Y. enterocolitica for piglets, although sows may still play a role in maintaining Y. enterocolitica in pig farms. Instead, pigs appear to get this foodborne pathogen mainly during the fattening period, especially if continuous management is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Koskinen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Keto-Timonen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja Virtanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - María J Vilar
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Song W, Chung H, Kang D, Ha J. Microbial quality of reduced-sodium napa cabbage kimchi and its processing. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:628-635. [PMID: 30847142 PMCID: PMC6392845 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the microbial safety of reduced-sodium napa cabbage kimchi products by comparing with conventional kimchi samples. Five commercial kimchi samples were collected from different manufacturers in Korea. Total aerobic plate counts and coliforms counts between regular and reduced-sodium kimchi were not significantly (p > 0.05) different and major foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Yersinia enterocolitica were not detected in any sample. Bacillus cereus contamination among all kimchi samples was less than the regulation level (3.0 log CFU/g). However, high levels of coliforms were observed in both types of samples. To investigate microbial hazards of kimchi processing, we analyzed specific kimchi production processes and found five control points which can reduce coliform levels in kimchi samples. The results of this study could be helpful for the kimchi industry to produce safe reduced-sodium kimchi products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won‐Jae Song
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologyCenter for Food Safety and ToxicologyCenter for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ha‐Yull Chung
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Engineering, Food & Bio‐industry Research CenterHankyong National UniversityAnseong‐siKorea
| | - Dong‐Hyun Kang
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologyCenter for Food Safety and ToxicologyCenter for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jae‐Won Ha
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Engineering, Food & Bio‐industry Research CenterHankyong National UniversityAnseong‐siKorea
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Lorencova A, Babak V, Lamka J. Serological Prevalence of Enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in Pigs and Wild Boars from Different Production Systems in the Moravian Region, Czech Republic. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:275-9. [PMID: 26982547 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human yersiniosis caused by pathogenic Yersinia spp. is one of the most common reported zoonoses in the European Union and pigs are considered as the major reservoir of these bacteria. Serological testing represents a suitable method to obtain information about the prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in food animals. The prevalence of antibodies against enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. was studied in 319 slaughtered pigs and 135 wild boars from different production systems in the Moravian region (Czech Republic) using a commercially available ELISA test (an apparent prevalence). The seroprevalence was significantly associated with the type of breeding system, with the lowest seroprevalence being observed in household-raised pigs (13/29, 44.8%). No significant difference between the prevalence of anti-Yersinia antibodies in conventional (146/180, 81.1%) and organic pigs (92/110, 83.6%) was found. Antibodies were found in 65.9% (89/135) of wild boars without a significant difference between adult (23/41, 56.1%) and young (66/94, 70.2%) animals. Seropositivity was significantly higher in domestic (251/319, 78.7% in total) compared to feral pigs. A Bayesian approach taking into account the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test was used to estimate the true prevalence of anti-Yersinia antibodies in pigs and wild boars. According to our results, domestic pigs and wild boars proved to be an important reservoir of enteropathogenic Yersinia in the Czech Republic. Attention should be paid to good hygienic practice during slaughtering and handling of meat to prevent meat contamination and subsequently human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Lorencova
- 1 Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Babak
- 1 Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Lamka
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague , Czech Republic
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Vanantwerpen G, Berkvens D, Van Damme I, De Zutter L, Houf K. Assessment of Risk Factors for a High Within-Batch Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Pigs Based on Microbiological Analysis at Slaughter. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:571-5. [PMID: 25884541 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to find farm-level factors influencing the bacteriological prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in pigs at time of slaughter. On 100 farms, data concerning a broad range of farm aspects (e.g., management and housing system, biosecurity, and hygiene measurements) were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire. At the slaughterhouse, tonsils of on average 70 slaughter pigs per batch were sampled to determine the infection status of pigs. After univariable mixed-effect logistic regressions, variables that were related to the Yersinia prevalence (p<0.05) were included in a multivariable model. In this model, the factors remaining positively associated with a higher Y. enterocolitica carriage in the tonsils (p<0.1) were an increasing number of piglet suppliers, a high density of pig farms in the area, and the use of semislatted floors in the fattening pig unit. The proper use of a disinfection bath before entering the stables and a poor biosecurity level were protective factors, although a higher prevalence was associated with a significant positive interaction between the presence of pets in the stables and a poor biosecurity level. Reducing the number of piglet suppliers, using a disinfection bath properly, and prohibiting pets inside the stables could be easily implemented by pig farmers to lower the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in pigs at slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerty Vanantwerpen
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dirk Berkvens
- 2 Unit of Veterinary Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Inge Van Damme
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
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Felin E, Jukola E, Raulo S, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Meat Juice Serology and Improved Food Chain Information as Control Tools for Pork-Related Public Health Hazards. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:456-64. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Felin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - S. Raulo
- Finnish Food Safety Authority; Zoonosis Centre; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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11
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Laukkanen-Ninios R, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Korkeala H. EnteropathogenicYersiniain the Pork Production Chain: Challenges for Control. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Univ. of Helsinki; P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki Finland
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12
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Arrausi-Subiza M, Ibabe JC, Atxaerandio R, Juste RA, Barral M. Evaluation of different enrichment methods for pathogenic Yersinia species detection by real time PCR. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:192. [PMID: 25168886 PMCID: PMC4152762 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yersiniosis is a zoonotic disease reported worldwide. Culture and PCR based protocols are the most common used methods for detection of pathogenic Yersinia species in animal samples. PCR sensitivity could be increased by an initial enrichment step. This step is particularly useful in surveillance programs, where PCR is applied to samples from asymptomatic animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the improvement in pathogenic Yersinia species detection using a suitable enrichment method prior to the real time PCR (rtPCR). Nine different enrichment protocols were evaluated including six different broth mediums (CASO, ITC, PSB, PBS, PBSMSB and PBSSSB). RESULTS The analysis of variance showed significant differences in Yersinia detection by rtPCR according to the enrichment protocol used. These differences were higher for Y. pseudotuberculosis than for Y. enterocolitica. In general, samples incubated at lower temperatures yielded the highest detection rates. The best results were obtained with PBSMSB and PBS2. Application of PBSMSB protocol to free-ranging wild board samples improved the detection of Y. enterocolitica by 21.2% when compared with direct rtPCR. Y. pseudotuberculosis detection was improved by 10.6% when results obtained by direct rtPCR and by PBSMSB enrichment before rtPCR were analyzed in combination. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in the present study indicate a difference in Yersinia detection by rtPCR related to the enrichment protocol used, being PBSMSB enrichment during 15 days at 4°C and PBS during 7 days at 4°C the most efficient. The use of direct rtPCR in combination with PBSMSB enrichment prior to rtPCR resulted in an improvement in the detection rates of pathogenic Yersinia in wild boar and could be useful for application in other animal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maialen Arrausi-Subiza
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio-Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Ibabe
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio-Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Raquel Atxaerandio
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio-Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio-Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Marta Barral
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio-Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
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Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in slaughter-aged pigs during a one-year survey, 2010–2011, France. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 174:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Virtanen S, Nikunen S, Korkeala H. Introduction of infected animals to herds is an important route for the spread of Yersinia enterocolitica infection between pig farms. J Food Prot 2014; 77:116-21. [PMID: 24406008 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Altogether, 369 pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica isolates from 1,118 fecal samples collected from 22 pig farms of different production types were characterized by biotyping, serotyping, and genotyping using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats analysis. We investigated the distribution of the different genotypes at the farm level and their association with different farm conditions. Pigs were found to carry and transmit Y. enterocolitica between farms, because the same genotypes were found on farms that had previously transported the pigs between them. The purchase of new animals for the farms associated significantly with the number of different multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats analysis types of Y. enterocolitica found within a farm. Some genotypes seemed to persist on farms for years. The results of this study show that pigs purchased from infected herds transmit Y. enterocolitica infection between farms. Certain pig farms may act as long-term sources of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Virtanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Nikunen
- The Association for Animal Disease Prevention/Sikava, P.O. Box 52, 41401 Lievestuore, Finland
| | - H Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Babu D, Crandall PG, Johnson CL, O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC. Efficacy of Antimicrobials Extracted from Organic Pecan Shell for Inhibiting the Growth ofListeriaspp. J Food Sci 2013; 78:M1899-903. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Babu
- Dept. of Food Science and the Center for Food Safety; Univ. of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72704 U.S.A
- Sea Star Intl; LLC; 2138 E. Revere Place Fayetteville AR 72701 U.S.A
| | - Philip G. Crandall
- Dept. of Food Science and the Center for Food Safety; Univ. of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72704 U.S.A
- Sea Star Intl; LLC; 2138 E. Revere Place Fayetteville AR 72701 U.S.A
| | - Casey L. Johnson
- Dept. of Food Science and the Center for Food Safety; Univ. of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72704 U.S.A
- Sea Star Intl; LLC; 2138 E. Revere Place Fayetteville AR 72701 U.S.A
| | - Corliss A. O'Bryan
- Dept. of Food Science and the Center for Food Safety; Univ. of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72704 U.S.A
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Dept. of Food Science and the Center for Food Safety; Univ. of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72704 U.S.A
- Sea Star Intl; LLC; 2138 E. Revere Place Fayetteville AR 72701 U.S.A
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16
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Vanantwerpen G, Houf K, Van Damme I, Berkvens D, De Zutter L. Estimation of the within-batch prevalence and quantification of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in pigs at slaughter. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Wutz K, Meyer VK, Wacheck S, Krol P, Gareis M, Nölting C, Struck F, Soutschek E, Böcher O, Niessner R, Seidel M. New route for fast detection of antibodies against zoonotic pathogens in sera of slaughtered pigs by means of flow-through chemiluminescence immunochips. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5279-85. [PMID: 23611726 DOI: 10.1021/ac400781t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The research on fast screening methods for antibodies against zoonotic pathogens in slaughter animals is important for food safety in farming and meat-processing industries. As a proof-of-concept study, antibodies against the emerging zoonotic pathogen hepatitis E virus (HEV) and enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. were analyzed in parallel using immobilized recombinant antigens (rAgs) of HEV genotypes 1 and 3 and Yersinia outer protein D (YopD) on a flow-through chemiluminescence immunochip. These rAgs are usually part of commercially available line immunoassays (LIAs) used for human diagnostics. In this study, sera from slaughtered pigs were tested on the microarray analysis platform MCR 3 to detect anti-HEV and anti-Yersinia IgG. The new method was characterized regarding signal reproducibility and specificity. The analytical performance was compared with in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a LIA based on recomLine HEV (Mikrogen) or the ELISA test kit pigtype Yersinia Ab (Qiagen), respectively. The immunochip revealed the highest analytical sensitivity and was processed in 9 min automatically on the MCR 3. A comparative screening of swine serum samples from Bavarian slaughterhouses regarding anti-HEV and anti-Yersinia IgG seroprevalence was conducted. By using the LIA, 78% of the sera were tested positive for HEV antibodies. The immunochip and the ELISA identified anti-HEV IgG in 96% and 93% of the tested samples using the O2C-gt1 and O2C-gt3 rAg, respectively. The screening for anti-Yersinia IgG resulted in 86% positive findings using the immunochip and 57% and 48% for the ELISA methods, respectively, indicating a higher detection capability of the new method. Serum samples of slaughtered pigs could be analyzed faster and in an automated way on the microarray analysis platform MCR 3 which shows the great potential of the new immunochip assay format for multiplexed serum screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wutz
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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18
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Funk JA, Abley MJ, Bowman AS, Gebreyes WA, Morrow WEM, Tadesse DA. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in antimicrobial-free and conventional antimicrobial use swine production. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:514-9. [PMID: 23614802 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine are the primary reservoir for foodborne illness associated with Yersinia enterocolitica. The use of antimicrobials in animal agriculture has been hypothesized as having a potential role in the increase in prevalence of zoonotic pathogens. The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of Y. enterocolitica fecal shedding in swine reared on farms with conventional antimicrobial use policies to farms that were antimicrobial free (ABF). Swine farms were selected from three regions in the United States. In each region, farms were categorized based on antimicrobial use policy. Fecal samples were collected from pigs on-farm within 48 h of harvest. The overall proportion of Y. enterocolitica and ail-harboring Y. enterocolitica-positive pigs was 10.9% and 4.0%, respectively. There were increased odds (odds ratio [OR] 6.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.46-13.28) for a pig to be Y. enterocolitica positive if it was reared on an ABF farm as compared to a conventional farm. There was no significant association between farm antimicrobial use policy and isolation of an ail-harboring Y. enterocolitica from an individual pig (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.90-3.61). The association of antimicrobial use policy with Y. enterocolitica shedding in feces should be interpreted cautiously, as antimicrobial use cannot be separated from other management factors (e.g., confinement or outdoor housing), which may be associated with risk of Y. enterocolitica in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Funk
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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19
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Novoslavskij A, Šernienė L, Malakauskas A, Laukkanen-Ninios R, Korkeala H, Malakauskas M. Prevalence and genetic diversity of enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in pigs at farms and slaughter in Lithuania. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:209-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Premaratne A, Wilson T, King N, Hudson JA. Growth of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis in Yersinia selective enrichment broth according to Ossmer. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 89:198-200. [PMID: 22450139 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruni Premaratne
- Food Safety Programme, Institute for Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch Science Centre, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J. Van Loo
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704; ,
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium;
| | - Walid Alali
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797;
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704; ,
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22
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Drummond N, Murphy BP, Ringwood T, Prentice MB, Buckley JF, Fanning S. Yersinia Enterocolitica:A Brief Review of the Issues Relating to the Zoonotic Pathogen, Public Health Challenges, and the Pork Production Chain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:179-89. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niall Drummond
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenda P. Murphy
- Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, Inniscarra, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Tamara Ringwood
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - James F. Buckley
- Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, Inniscarra, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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23
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Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for public health hazards to be covered by meat inspection of swine. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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24
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von Altrock A, Roesler U, Waldmann KH. Herd factors associated with the serological Yersinia prevalence in fattening pig herds. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1249-55. [PMID: 21939350 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that pork is an important source of yersiniosis in humans. Identifying risk factors and potential interventions in swine production that may decrease the risk of pork production contamination during harvest and processing is an important step before controlling Yersinia spp. Therefore, management strategies and production processes that might be associated with fattening pigs testing seropositive for pathogenic Yersinia spp. were investigated in 80 fattening pig farms. Although >70 farm characteristics were included in the risk assessment, there were only a few that seemed to be connected with serological prevalence: housing on a fully slatted floor and the use of municipal water were observed more often in herds with low serological Yersinia prevalence, whereas recurring health problems and a low daily weight gain compared with the mean of the herds included in the study were found in herds with a high prevalence. Besides, the Yersinia prevalence seemed to be inversely proportional to the herds' serological Salmonella status collected in accordance with German legislation. Additionally, the development of the serological Yersinia status of selected herds was assessed over a period of a year to gain knowledge of the dynamics of Yersinia infections in fattening pig herds. Three out of four serological negative herds maintained a low level of Yersinia prevalence, whereas one herd shifted between negative status and a prevalence of 100%. The reason for these considerable fluctuations could not be explained, and there was no direct association with the analyzed risk factors. Further research should be carried out to prove the given risk factors, especially the possible relation to the Salmonella prevalence before implementing a combined zoonoses surveillance and control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra von Altrock
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine, and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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25
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Factors related to the prevalence of pathogenicYersinia enterocoliticaon pig farms. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139:1919-27. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810003018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA survey of 788 pigs from 120 farms was conducted to determine the within-farm prevalence of pathogenicYersinia enterocoliticaand a questionnaire of management conditions was mailed to the farms afterwards. A univariate statistical analysis with carriage and shedding as outcomes was conducted with random-effects logistic regression with farm as a clustering factor. Variables with aPvalue <0·15 were included into the respective multivariate random-effects logistic regression model. The use of municipal water was discovered to be a protective factor against carriage and faecal shedding of the pathogen. Organic production and buying feed from a certain feed manufacturer were also protective against total carriage. Tonsillar carriage, a different feed manufacturer, fasting pigs before transport to the slaughterhouse, higher-level farm health classification, and snout contacts between pigs were risk factors for faecal shedding. We concluded that differences in management can explain different prevalences ofY. enterocoliticabetween farms.
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26
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Laukkanen R, Ranta J, Dong X, Hakkinen M, Martínez PO, Lundén J, Johansson T, Korkeala H. Reduction of enteropathogenic Yersinia in the pig slaughterhouse by using bagging of the rectum. J Food Prot 2010; 73:2161-8. [PMID: 21219732 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of bagging of the rectum in mitigating the contamination of carcasses with enteropathogenic Yersinia at the slaughterhouse and to estimate the hidden prevalences of these pathogens in different farm types and capacities, samples from pigs, carcasses, and slaughterhouse environment were collected, and a Bayesian probability model was constructed. In addition, the contamination routes were studied with molecular typing of the isolated strains. According to the model, bagging of the rectum reduced carcass contamination significantly with pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, but not with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and alone it was insufficient to completely prevent the carcass contamination with enteropathogenic Yersinia. The hidden prevalence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was higher at high production capacity than it was in low production capacity, but the 95 % credible intervals overlapped. Slaughterhouse environments can contaminate carcasses with enteropathogenic Yersinia, but the plausible main contamination source is the pig carrying the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Laukkanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
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27
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Laukkanen R, Hakkinen M, Lundén J, Fredriksson‐Ahomaa M, Johansson T, Korkeala H. Evaluation of isolation methods for pathogenic
Yersinia enterocolitica
from pig intestinal content. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:956-964. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Laukkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Hakkinen
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Animal Diseases and Food Safety Research, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Lundén
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Fredriksson‐Ahomaa
- Institute of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich, Schönleutnerstrasse, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - T. Johansson
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Animal Diseases and Food Safety Research, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H. Korkeala
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Kijlstra A, Meerburg BG, Bos AP. Food safety in free-range and organic livestock systems: risk management and responsibility. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2629-37. [PMID: 20003752 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.12.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal production systems that offer outdoor access to the animals have become increasingly popular in the Western world due to the growing general discontent of consumers with conventional bioindustrial farming practices. These open production systems offer improved animal welfare but may create new problems for animal health, resulting in increased food safety risks from bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections or environmental contaminants. Examples of these new problems include increased Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs and high dioxin levels in eggs from free-range hens. In this review, the relation between positive and negative points of free-range and organic livestock production systems is discussed with reference to production in The Netherlands. We investigated how proponents of more animal welfare friendly systems deal with potential negative issues in public and whether any risk communication is used. Generally, we found that the existence of a dilemma is disputed or avoided in communication with the consumer. This avoidance could be detrimental for public trust in alternative animal production systems, should problems occur. To prevent future problems, it will be necessary to communicate about the relevant types and sources of the food safety risks to the consumers. The responsibility for protecting food safety should be properly divided among the various parties involved: producers, processors, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kijlstra
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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29
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Poljak Z, Dewey CE, Martin SW, Rosendal T, Christensen J, Ciebin B, Friendship RM. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica shedding and bioserotype distribution in Ontario finisher pig herds in 2001, 2002, and 2004. Prev Vet Med 2009; 93:110-20. [PMID: 19926152 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in Ontario finisher pig herds. Our specific objectives were to estimate or test: prevalence of Y. enterocolitica shedding in finisher pigs, bioserotype distribution, agreement between the herd-level tests based on sampling pig and pooled fecal samples, whether bioserotypes cluster by farms, and whether Y. enterocolitica-positive herds cluster spatially. In total, 3747 fecal samples were collected from 100 farms over the years 2001, 2002, and 2004 (250 total herd visits). Fecal samples were tested by culture and positive isolates were biotyped and serotyped. Apparent pig-level prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was 1.8%, 3.2%, and 12.5% in 2001, 2002, and 2004, respectively. Estimated true pig-level prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was 5.1%, 9.1%, and 35.1% in 2001, 2002, and 2004, respectively. Herd-level prevalence was 16.3%, 17.9%, and 37.5% in 2001, 2002, and 2004, respectively. In all years, the most common bioserotype was 4, O:3, followed by bioserotype 2, O:5,27. Kappa between herd-level status based on pig and pooled samples ranged between 0.51 and 0.68 for biotype 1A and bioserotype 4, O:3, respectively. For 4, O:3, a significant bias in discordant pairs was detected, indicating that pig samples were more sensitive than pooled samples in declaring a herd as positive. Farms tended to be repeatedly positive with the same bioserotype, but positive study farms did not cluster spatially (suggesting lack of between herd transmission and lack of a common geographic risk factor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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30
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Laukkanen R, Martínez PO, Siekkinen KM, Ranta J, Maijala R, Korkeala H. Contamination of Carcasses with Human PathogenicYersinia enterocolitica4/O:3 Originates from Pigs Infected on Farms. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:681-8. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Laukkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pilar Ortiz Martínez
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jukka Ranta
- Risk Assessment Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Maijala
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
- Present address: European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Comparison of the prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens, potentially zoonotic bacteria and bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in organic and conventional poultry, swine and beef production: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:1217-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809002635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe prevalences of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic bacteria or bacteria resistant to antimicrobials in organic and conventional poultry, swine and beef production were compared using systematic review and meta-analysis methodology. Thirty-eight articles were included in the review. The prevalence of Campylobacter was higher in organic broiler chickens at slaughter, but no difference in prevalence was observed in retail chicken. Campylobacter isolates from conventional retail chicken were more likely to be ciprofloxacin-resistant (odds ratio 9·62, 95% confidence interval 5·67–16·35). Bacteria isolated from conventional animal production exhibited a higher prevalence of resistance to antimicrobials; however, the recovery of some resistant strains was also identified in organic animal production, where there is an apparent reduced antimicrobial selection pressure. Limited or inconsistent research was identified in studies examining the prevalence of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic bacteria in other food-animal species. There is a need for further research of sufficient quality in this area.
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32
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Fosse J, Seegers H, Magras C. Prevalence and risk factors for bacterial food-borne zoonotic hazards in slaughter pigs: a review. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56:429-54. [PMID: 19175574 PMCID: PMC7165994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Hygiene Package and Regulation EC-2160/2003 require information flow from farm to slaughterhouse to enhance European consumers protection in a 'farm to fork' approach. This obligation especially concerns food-borne zoonotic hazards transmitted to humans through pork consumption, such as thermophilic Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Yersinia enterocolitica. Prevalence estimates of these four hazards are affected by the sampling strategy and diagnostic procedure. Individual prevalence estimates for pig carriage (from digestive contents or lymph nodes collected at slaughterhouse) were higher than individual prevalence estimates for pig shedding (from faeces). Among risk factors described in the literature, poor pen cleaning and disinfection after pig departure to slaughterhouse and poor bio-security measures are of major significance. Moreover, whereas wet feed increases the risk of pig infection by L. monocytogenes, dry feed is a risk factor for Salm. enterica. Mixing batches of pigs, notably in fattening herds, represents a risk for the transmission of Salm. enterica and Y. enterocolitica. Whereas small herds are more infected by thermophilic campylobacters and Y. enterocolitica, higher prevalence of Salmonella is observed in large herds due to a more frequent mixing of batches. Antibiotic treatment during the finishing period increases the risk of transmission of Salm. enterica. The forenamed elements should be taken into account to characterize farms in a risk assessment approach and to improve zoonotic hazard management in the pork food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fosse
- Food Safety and Microbiology, Veterinary School of Nantes, National Institute of Agronomic Research, Nantes, France.
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33
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Transmission of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in the pork production chain from farm to slaughterhouse. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:5444-50. [PMID: 18641149 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02664-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in the pork production chain was followed from farm to slaughterhouse by studying the same 364 pigs from different production systems at farm and slaughterhouse levels. In all, 1,785 samples were collected, and the isolated Y. pseudotuberculosis strains were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The results of microbial sampling were combined with data from an on-farm observation and questionnaire study to elucidate the associations between farm factors and the prevalence of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Following the same pigs in the production chain from farm to slaughterhouse, we were able to show similar Y. pseudotuberculosis genotypes in live animals, pluck sets (containing tongue, tonsils, esophagus, trachea, heart, lungs, diaphragm, liver, and kidneys), and carcasses and to conclude that Y. pseudotuberculosis contamination originates from the farms, is transported to slaughterhouses with pigs, and transfers to pluck sets and carcasses in the slaughter process. The study also showed that the high prevalence of Y. pseudotuberculosis in live pigs predisposes carcasses and pluck sets to contamination. When production types and capacities were compared, the prevalence of Y. pseudotuberculosis was higher in organic production than in conventional production and on conventional farms with high rather than low production capacity. We were also able to associate specific farm factors with the prevalence of Y. pseudotuberculosis by using a questionnaire and on-farm observations. On farms, contact with pest animals and the outside environment and a rise in the number of pigs on the farm appear to increase the prevalence of Y. pseudotuberculosis.
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34
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Wesley IV, Bhaduri S, Bush E. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in market weight hogs in the United States. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1162-8. [PMID: 18592741 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.6.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are the major animal reservoir for Yersinia enterocolitica strains, which are potentially pathogenic for humans. The goals of this study were (i) to estimate the individual animal and on-farm prevalences of Y. enterocolitica in hogs based on tonsil samples collected during National Animal Health Monitoring System Swine 2002 study and (ii) to use these data with data previously published for fecal samples to determine on-farm risk factors for Y. enterocolitica. Tonsil swabs (1,218) and fecal samples (2,847) were collected on 124 farms located in the top 17 pork-producing states. Ten percent of tonsils (122 of 1,218 samples) were positive in irgasan-tiracillin-chlorate (ITC) enrichment broth by real-time PCR, but only 5.6% of samples (68 of 1,218) were positive after subculture on the more selective cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar. For tonsils, the on-farm prevalence based on real-time PCR detection of the ail gene in ITC enrichment broth cultures was 32% (32 of 100 premises sampled); the prevalence based on subculture in CIN agar was 19.6% (20 of 102 premises). Results of bacteriological isolation and real-time PCR analysis of tonsils and feces were combined to estimate prevalence (individual animal and farm), which was subsequently correlated with 40 farm management practices. Four factors and their accompanying odds ratios (ORs) were identified in the final regression model: location in a central state (OR = 0.3), vaccination for Escherichia coli (OR = 3.0), percentage of deaths due to scours (OR = 3.5), and presence of meat or bone meal in grower-finisher diet (OR = 4.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene V Wesley
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 2300 Dayton Road, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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