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Cai D, Shen Z, Tian B, Chen J, Zhang Y, Shen L, Wang Y, Ma X, Zuo Z. Matrine and icariin can inhibit bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication by promoting type I interferon response in vitro. J Vet Res 2024; 68:35-44. [PMID: 38525227 PMCID: PMC10960331 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) can cause diarrhoea (BVD) in an animal herd, leading to heavy economic losses. There are limited drugs available for treating and controlling BVD. This research aims to investigate the antiviral and immunoregulatory effects of two traditional Chinese herb extracts against BVDV infection. The extracts are matrine and icariin, which have been proved to have immunostimulant and antiviral effects. Material and Methods A cell counting kit-8 assay was used to analyse the toxicity of matrine and icariin to Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. The model of MDBK cells infected with BVDV was utilised to uncover the antiviral mechanism of matrine and icariin, which along with their immunoregulatory ability was evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and ELISA. Results The results showed that matrine and icariin can significantly inhibit the gene expression level of the BVDV 5' untranslated region through various pathways. Both matrine and icariin can statistically upregulate the gene expression level of interferon alpha, interferon beta (IFN-β), toll-like receptor 3, retinoic acid-inducible gene I and interferon regulatory factor 3, and raise the concentration of IFN-β after BVDV infection. Conclusion This study proves that both matrine and icariin have inhibitory effects on BVDV replication by activating IFN production and the IFN signalling pathway. The finding is promising and should open up the possibility of larger-scale in vitro research followed by in vivo experiments evaluating matrine and icariin as therapeutic agents in BVD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130Chengdu, China
| | - Zifan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130Chengdu, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Luoping County, 655800Qujing, China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130Chengdu, China
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Mucellini CI, Silva Júnior JVJ, de Oliveira PSB, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Novel genomic targets for proper subtyping of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2. Virus Genes 2023; 59:836-844. [PMID: 37589803 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis, the most suitable strategy for subtyping bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2, is not feasible for many laboratories. Consequently, BVDV isolates/strains have been frequently subtyped based on analysis of single genomic regions, mainly the 5' untranslated region (UTR). This approach, however, may lead to inaccurate and/or poorly statistically supported viral classification. Herein, we describe novel primer sets whose amplicons may be easily sequenced and used for BVDV subtyping. Initially, genomic regions previously described as the most suitable targets for BVDV subtyping were analyzed for design of high-coverage primers. The putative amplicons were analyzed in silico for their suitability to reproduce the phylogenetic classification of 118 BVDV-1 and 88 BVDV-2 complete/near-complete genomes (CNCGs) (GenBank). This analysis was also performed considering the region amplifiable by primers HCV90-368, 324-326 and BP189-389 (5'UTR), which have been used for BVDV diagnosis and/or classification. After confirming the agreement between the analyses of our primers' amplicon versus the CNCGs, we optimized the RT-PCRs and evaluated their performance for amplification of BVDV isolates/strains (n = 35 for BVDV-1; n = 33 for BVDV-2). Among the potential targets for BVDV subtyping, we designed high-coverage primers for NS3-NS4A (BVDV-1) (526 bp amplicon) and NS5B (BVDV-2) (728 bp). The classification based on these regions fully reproduced the subtyping of all CNCGs. On the other hand, subtyping based on the putative amplicons from primers HCV90-368, 324-326 and BP189-389 showed disagreements in relation the CNCG analysis. The NS3-NS4A and NS5B primers also allowed the amplification of all BVDV isolates/strains tested. Finally, we suggest the use of these primers in future phylogenetic and epidemiological studies of BVDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Isabela Mucellini
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Setor de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastian Britto de Oliveira
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63A, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Diao NC, Chen ZY, Shi JF, Wang Q, Sheng CY, Ma BY, Yang Y, Sun YH, Shi K, Du R. Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Ovine and Caprine Flocks: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:703105. [PMID: 34869710 PMCID: PMC8639873 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.703105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea. It can infect cattle, sheep, pigs, and other animals, causing diarrhea, miscarriage, and stillbirth, among other symptoms, and it can result in huge economic losses to animal husbandry. There are reports on BVDV infection rates in sheep and goat herds from all over the world and this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for BVDV in sheep and goats. Results: Using the data of 41,297 sheep and goats in 24 countries/regions to calculate a comprehensive prevalence rate for BVDV. The overall prevalence of BVDV infection in sheep and goats was estimated to be 8.6% (95% CI: 5.2-12.7) by immunological methods and 7.3% (95% CI: 2.7-13.7) by molecular methods. Analysis by national income level revealed that prevalence is higher in middle-income countries than in high-income countries (P < 0.05). The study also compared prevalence rates by species of BVDV, sampling year, and test species, but did not find significant differences. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to determine the global prevalence of BVDV in ovine and caprine flocks. The prevalence of BVDV in sheep and goat populations varies from region to region, and the situation is not optimistic in some countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi-Yang Chen
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun-Feng Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen-Yan Sheng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao-Yi Ma
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Han Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Li W, Mao L, Shu X, Liu R, Hao F, Li J, Liu M, Yang L, Zhang W, Sun M, Zhong C, Jiang J. Transcriptome analysis reveals differential immune related genes expression in bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 infected goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:516. [PMID: 31226933 PMCID: PMC6588900 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important viral pathogen of domestic and wild ruminants. Apart from cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) are also the susceptible hosts for BVDV. BVDV infection could interfere both of the innate and adaptive immunity of the host, while the genes and mechanisms responsible for these effects have not yet been fully understood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) play a pivotal role in the immune responses to viral infection, and these cells were the target of BVDV infection. In the present study, the transcriptome of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with BVDV-2 was explored by using RNA-Seq technology. Results Goat PBMCs were successfully infected by BVDV-2, as determined by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). RNA-Seq analysis results at 12 h post-infection (hpi) revealed 499 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, fold-change ≥ ± 2, p < 0.05) between infected and mock-infected PBMCs. Of these genes, 97 were up-regulated and the remaining 352 genes were down-regulated. The identified DEGs were found to be significantly enriched for locomotion/ localization, immune response, inflammatory response, defense response, regulation of cytokine production, etc., under GO enrichment analysis. Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TNF signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, etc., were found to be significantly enriched in KEGG pathway database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis indicated most of the DEGs related to innate or adaptive immune responses, inflammatory response, and cytokine/chemokine-mediated signaling pathway. TNF, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12B, GM-CSF, ICAM1, EDN1, CCL5, CCL20, CXCL10, CCL2, MAPK11, MAPK13, CSF1R and LRRK1 were located in the core of the network and highly connected with other DGEs. Conclusions BVDV-2 infection of goat PBMCs causes the transcription changes of a series of DEGs related to host immune responses, including inflammation, defense response, cell locomotion, cytokine/chemokine-mediated signaling, etc. The results will be useful for exploring and further understanding the host responses to BVDV-2 infection in goats. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5830-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Mao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Runxia Liu
- South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizong Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
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Spetter MJ, Uriarte ELL, Altamiranda EAG, Leunda MR, Pereyra SB, Verna AE, Odeón AC. Dual natural infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus -1 and -2 in a stillborn calf: tissue distribution and molecular characterization. Open Vet J 2018; 8:493-497. [PMID: 30775291 PMCID: PMC6356097 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual infections with both bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 and -2 seem to be unusual. The aim of this study was to describe an infection with both BVDV genotypes in a stillborn calf. Virus isolation and phylogenetic analyses of the 5´UTR and NS5B regions confirmed the presence of BVDV-1b and -2b in spleen and lung, whereas BVDV-2b was also detected in brain, heart, liver, kidney and, fluid of cavities. These results confirm that dual infections with both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 species can occur naturally and their tissue distribution can be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano J Spetter
- Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (FONCYT), Godoy Cruz 2370 2° piso, Buenos Aires (C1425FQD), Argentina.,Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina
| | - Enrique L Louge Uriarte
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina
| | - Erika A González Altamiranda
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires (C1033AAJ), Argentina
| | - María R Leunda
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina
| | - Susana B Pereyra
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina
| | - Andrea E Verna
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires (C1033AAJ), Argentina
| | - Anselmo C Odeón
- Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA Balcarce, Ruta 226, km 73.5 (CP 7620), Argentina
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7
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Chakraborty AK, Mukherjee P, Karam A, Das S, Barkalita L, Puro K, Sanjukta R, Ghatak S, Sakuntala I, Laha RG, Borah P, Ngachan SV, Sharma I, Sen A. Evidence of BVDV in Pigs from North Eastern Part of India- Genetic Profiling and Characterisation. Open Virol J 2018; 12:110-120. [PMID: 30288199 PMCID: PMC6142659 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The work has been attempted to detect and genetically characterise the nature of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) isolates from the porcine population of the north east. Methods and Material: The samples have been collected over a two year period and are from areas where there is a mixed and integrated rearing of livestock in close proximity. The isolates were identified, cloned and sequenced using BVD specific genomic primers for two important domains viz., E-2 and 5’ UTR. Results: Porcine BVD Sequences were analysed phylogenetically. Divergence in 3 sequences is noted in the 5’ UTR region that are forming a clear outlier group while E-2 sequences are coming close to BVDV group but forming a separate cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kr Chakraborty
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India.,Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, India
| | - Priyanka Mukherjee
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India.,Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, India
| | - Amarjit Karam
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Samir Das
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Luit Barkalita
- Department of Biotechnology, C.V.Sc, AAU, Khanapara, Assam, India
| | - Kekungo Puro
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Rajkumari Sanjukta
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Ingudam Sakuntala
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Ram Gopal Laha
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Prabodh Borah
- Department of Biotechnology, C.V.Sc, AAU, Khanapara, Assam, India
| | - S V Ngachan
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Indu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
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Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060128. [PMID: 28587150 PMCID: PMC5490805 DOI: 10.3390/v9060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally-distributed agent responsible for numerous clinical syndromes that lead to major economic losses. Two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, discriminated on the basis of genetic and antigenic differences, are classified in the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and distributed on all of the continents. BVDV-1 can be segregated into at least twenty-one subgenotypes (1a–1u), while four subgenotypes have been described for BVDV-2 (2a–2d). With respect to published sequences, the number of virus isolates described for BVDV-1 (88.2%) is considerably higher than for BVDV-2 (11.8%). The most frequently-reported BVDV-1 subgenotype are 1b, followed by 1a and 1c. The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent. Current segregation of BVDV field isolates and the designation of subgenotypes are not harmonized. While the species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 can be clearly differentiated independently from the portion of the genome being compared, analysis of different genomic regions can result in inconsistent assignment of some BVDV isolates to defined subgenotypes. To avoid non-conformities the authors recommend the development of a harmonized system for subdivision of BVDV isolates into defined subgenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Yeşilbağ
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Alpay
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute for Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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TUNCER GÖKTUNA P, ALPAY G, ÖNER EB, YEŞİLBAĞ K. Co-existence of bovine viral diarrhea and border disease viruses in a sheep flock suffering from abortus and diarrhea. TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/vet-1701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Saminathan M, Rana R, Ramakrishnan MA, Karthik K, Malik YS, Dhama K. Prevalence, diagnosis, management and control of important diseases of ruminants with special reference to indian scenario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.18006/2016.4(3s).338.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Distribution pattern of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 genome in lymphoid tissues of experimentally infected sheep. Vet Res Commun 2016; 40:55-61. [PMID: 26996785 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cellular localization and the distribution pattern of BVDV genome in lymphoid tissues during the course of experimental acute BVDV-1 infection of sheep was investigated. Tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen were collected on 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days post infection (dpi) from twenty 4-month-old lambs, experimentally inoculated intra-nasally with 5 × 10(5) TCID50 of a non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV-1 isolate, Ind-17555. Tissues collected from ten mock-infected lambs served as controls. In situ hybridization (ISH) was carried out in paraformaldehyde fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections using digoxigenin labelled riboprobe targeting 5'-UTR of BVDV-1. BVDV genome was detected at all the intervals from 3 dpi to 15 dpi in the lymphoid tissues with variations between the intervals and also amongst the infected sheep. During the early phase of acute infection, presence of viral genome was more in tonsils than MLN and spleen, whereas the distribution was higher in MLN during later stages. BVDV-1 genome positive cells included lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, reticular cells and sometimes crypt epithelial cells. Genome distribution was frequently observed in the lymphoid follicles of tonsils, MLN and spleen, besides the crypt epithelium in tonsils, paracortex and medullary sinus and cords of MLN. Most abundant and widespread distribution of BVDV-1 genome was observed on 6 dpi while there was a reduction in number and intensity of positive signals by 15 dpi in most of the infected animals. This is the first attempt made to study the localisation of BVDV-1 in lymphoid tissues of acutely infected sheep by in situ hybridization. The results show that the kinetics of BVDV-1 distribution in lymphoid tissues of experimentally infected non-pregnant sheep follows almost a similar pattern to that demonstrated in BVDV infected cattle.
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12
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Identification and molecular characterization of border disease virus (BDV) from sheep in India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 44:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Kottwitz JJ, Ortiz M. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Zoos: A Perspective from the Veterinary Team. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1496. [PMID: 26779151 PMCID: PMC4701925 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The many different species in close proximity make zoological collections a unique environment for disease transmission. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is of special concern with zoos due to the numerous exotic ruminant species that this virus can infect. BVDV occurs as both a non-cytopathic and a cytopathic strain both of which are capable of infecting exotic ruminants. The cytopathic strain causes mucosal disease (MD) and death. Infection with the non-cytopathic strain may produce persistently infected (PI) animals. PI individuals may show vague clinical signs, including abortion. Management of BVDV in zoos should focus on identification of PI individuals and prevention of infection of other animals of the collection. Variability makes serological testing as the sole method of screening for BVDV infection undesirable in exotic ruminants. Combination testing provides a definitive answer, especially in sensitive wildlife. Use of a combination of antigen-capture ELISA (ACE) with haired skin, Real Time-PCR (RT-PCR) on whole blood, and antibody detection via serum neutralization has the greatest potential to identify PI animals. An animal that is positive on both ACE and RT-PCR, but is negative on serology should be considered highly suspicious of being a PI, and should be isolated and undergo repeat testing 4–6 weeks later to confirm positive status. This testing methodology also allows screening of pregnant and newborn animals. Isolation or culling may need to be considered in animals determined to be positive via combination testing. These decisions should only be made after careful consideration and evaluation, especially with endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Kottwitz
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Melissa Ortiz
- Wildlife Conservation Society-Queens Zoo Flushing, NY, USA
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Giammarioli M, Ridpath J, Rossi E, Bazzucchi M, Casciari C, De Mia G. Genetic detection and characterization of emerging HoBi-like viruses in archival foetal bovine serum batches. Biologicals 2015; 43:220-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Kalaiyarasu S, Mishra N, Rajukumar K, Nema RK, Behera SP. Development and evaluation of a truncated recombinant NS3 antigen-based indirect ELISA for detection of pestivirus antibodies in sheep and goats. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2014; 36:312-23. [PMID: 25118572 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.947433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an indirect ELISA using the helicase domain of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) NS3 protein instead of full-length NS3 protein for detection of BVDV and BDV antibodies in sheep and goats and its validation by comparing its sensitivity and specificity with virus neutralization test (VNT) as the reference test. The purified 50 kDa recombinant NS3 protein was used as the coating antigen in the ELISA. The optimal concentration of antigen was 320 ng/well at a serum dilution of 1:20 and the optimal positive cut-off optical density value was 0.40 based on test results of 418 VNT negative sheep and goat sera samples. When 569 serum samples from sheep (463) and goats (106) were tested, the ELISA showed a sensitivity of 91.71% and specificity of 94.59% with BVDV VNT. A good correlation (93.67%) was observed between the two tests. It showed a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 86.6% with VNT in detecting BDV antibody positive or negative samples. This study demonstrates the efficacy of truncated recombinant NS3 antigen based ELISA for seroepidemiological study of pestivirus infection in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- a High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
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Wang W, Shi X, Tong Q, Wu Y, Xia MQ, Ji Y, Xue W, Wu H. A bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1a strain in China: isolation, identification, and experimental infection in calves. Virol J 2014; 11:8. [PMID: 24444389 PMCID: PMC3901005 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important pathogens in cattle. Previously, BVDV sub-genotypes of 1b, 1c, 1d, and 1 m were detected in China. However, isolation of BVDV type 1a from cattle has not been reported in China. In 2010, twenty nasal swabs and blood samples were collected from the cattle suspected BVDV infection in Henan province, China. A BVDV isolate was isolated using cell culture, and the pathogenesis of the virus isolate was studied. Methods Virus isolation was performed on MDBK cells. The virus identification was conducted by RT-PCR, neutralization test and immunofluorescence assay. In order to determine the genotype of the newly isolated virus, the 5′ un-translated region (5′UTR) of the virus isolate was cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. To evaluate the virulence of the virus isolate, four BVDV sero-negative calves were intranasally inoculated with the virus suspension. Rectal temperatures and clinical signs were recorded daily. Blood samples were analyzed for changes in white blood cell counts, and tissue samples were taken for histopathology analysis. Results A new isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), named HN01, was isolated from the nasal swabs using MDBK cell culture. The HN01 strain caused cytopathic effect (CPE) in MDBK cell cultures after two passages. The virus specifically reacted to BVDV1-specific monoclonal antibody in an immunofluorescence assay. A fragment of 288 bp of genome from this isolate was amplified by the RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of 5′UTR indicated that the virus was BVDV 1a. In the pathogenesis study, four calves experimentally infected with the BVDV strain developed depression, cough and other clinical signs. Calves showed high temperature over 40°C, and white blood cell counts dropped more than 40%. Conclusions A new subgenotype 1a strain of BVDV was firstly isolated from dairy cattle in China. The experimental infection showed that the virus was moderate pathogenic to cattle and can be used as a BVDV challenge virus to evaluate the efficacy of BVDV vaccines in the target animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua Wu
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, CAAS, No, 4899, Juye Street, 130122 Changchun, PR China.
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Ratta B, Yadav BS, Pokhriyal M, Saxena M, Sharma B. Microarray chip based identification of a mixed infection of bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea 2 from Indian cattle. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:127-31. [PMID: 24026447 PMCID: PMC7080061 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVD2) are endemic in India although no mixed infection with these viruses has been reported from India. We report first mixed infection of these viruses in cattle during routine screening with a microarray chip. 62 of the 69 probes of BHV1 and 42 of the 57 BVD2 probes in the chip gave positive signals for the virus. The virus infections were subsequently confirmed by RT-PCR. We also discuss the implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Ratta
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Brijesh Singh Yadav
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Mayank Pokhriyal
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Meeta Saxena
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 India
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Abdel-Latif A, Goyal S, Chander Y, Abdel-Moneim A, Tamam S, Madbouly H. Isolation and molecular characterisation of a pestivirus from goats in Egypt. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:270-80. [PMID: 23661394 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nine fetuses and neonates from sheep and goats in Egypt were screened for pestiviruses using immunohistochemistry (IHC), virus isolation, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Two goat kids with typical border disease (BD) were positive for pestivirus infection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using polyclonal anti-BDV serum but not when four different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were used. On inoculation in MDBK cells, a cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was isolated from one of the two kids. PCR amplification followed by sequencing of the 5'-UTR region confirmed it as BVDV subtype 1b. Although the circulating virus in Egypt is considered to be BVDV 1a, this report confirms the existence of BVDV 1b in addition to BVDV 1a. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of a pestivirus from goats in Egypt and is probably the second report worldwide of a goat kid showing central nervous signs associated with border disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sagar Goyal
- 1 University of Minnesota Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Yogesh Chander
- 1 University of Minnesota Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | | | - Sabry Tamam
- 2 Beni-Suef University Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Hanafy Madbouly
- 2 Beni-Suef University Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Beni-Suef Egypt
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Bachofen C, Vogt HR, Stalder H, Mathys T, Zanoni R, Hilbe M, Schweizer M, Peterhans E. Persistent infections after natural transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus from cattle to goats and among goats. Vet Res 2013; 44:32. [PMID: 23675947 PMCID: PMC3660168 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an economically important pathogen of cattle worldwide. Infection of a pregnant animal may lead to persistent infection of the foetus and birth of a persistently infected (PI) calf that sheds the virus throughout its life. However, BVD viruses are not strictly species specific. BVDV has been isolated from many domesticated and wild ruminants. This is of practical importance as virus reservoirs in non-bovine hosts may hamper BVDV control in cattle. A goat given as a social companion to a BVDV PI calf gave birth to a PI goat kid. In order to test if goat to goat infections were possible, seronegative pregnant goats were exposed to the PI goat. In parallel, seronegative pregnant goats were kept together with the PI calf. Only the goat to goat transmission resulted in the birth of a next generation of BVDV PI kids whereas all goats kept together with the PI calf aborted. To our knowledge, this is the first report which shows that a PI goat cannot only transmit BVD virus to other goats but that such transmission may indeed lead to the birth of a second generation of PI goats. Genetic analyses indicated that establishment in the new host species may be associated with step-wise adaptations in the viral genome. Thus, goats have the potential to be a reservoir for BVDV. However, the PI goats showed growth retardation and anaemia and their survival under natural conditions remains questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Länggassstr, 122, P,O, Box 8466, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Providing acquired immune protection against infection with bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) is challenging due to the heterogeneity that exists among BVDV strains and the ability of the virus to infect the fetus and establish persistent infections. Both modified live and killed vaccines have been shown to be efficacious under controlled conditions. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are protective. Following natural infection or vaccination with a modified live vaccine, the majority of the B cell response (as measured by serum antibodies) is directed against the viral proteins E2 and NS2/3, with minor responses against the Erns and E1 proteins. Vaccination with killed vaccines results in serum antibodies directed mainly at the E2 protein. It appears that the major neutralizing epitopes are conformational and are located within the N-terminal half of the E2 protein. While it is thought that the E2 and NS2/3 proteins induce protective T cell responses, these epitopes have not been mapped. Prevention of fetal infections requires T and B cell response levels that approach sterilizing immunity. The heterogeneity that exists among circulating BVDV strains, works against establishing such immunity. Vaccination, while not 100% effective in every individual animal, is effective at the herd level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, PO Box 70, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Czopowicz M, Kaba J, Schirrmeier H, Bagnicka E, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Nowicki M, Witkowski L, Frymus T. Serological evidence for BVDV-1 infection in goats in Poland - short communication. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59:399-404. [PMID: 21727071 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2011.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A serological survey was conducted in 2007 in the breeding goat population in Poland to gain insights into the epidemiology of pestivirus infection. All breeding herds were included in the study and representative serum samples were taken in each herd to evaluate herd-level seroprevalence at 10% expected individual-level prevalence and 95% level of confidence. Altogether 1060 serum samples from 49 herds were tested with blocking ELISA and then the positive and inconclusive results were confirmed in a serum neutralisation test, which also allowed us to determine the pestivirus species responsible for seroconversion. Herd-level seroprevalence proved to be 10.2% and bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) was responsible for the seroconversion in seven out of eight cases. In the remaining serum sample the causative virus could not be identified due to a pronounced cross-neutralising activity possibly derived from multiple infections. This is the first report on the diagnosis of BVDV-1 infection in Polish goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Czopowicz
- 1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Department of Large Animal Diseases with the Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Nowoursynowska 159c 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- 1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Department of Large Animal Diseases with the Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Nowoursynowska 159c 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Horst Schirrmeier
- 2 Greifswald-Insel Riems Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology Berlin Germany
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- 3 Polish Academy of Sciences in Jastrzębiec Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding Wólka Kosowska Poland
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- 4 Warsaw University of Life Sciences Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Small Animal Diseases with the Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Warsaw Poland
| | - Mariusz Nowicki
- 1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Department of Large Animal Diseases with the Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Nowoursynowska 159c 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- 1 Warsaw University of Life Sciences Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Department of Large Animal Diseases with the Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Nowoursynowska 159c 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tadeusz Frymus
- 4 Warsaw University of Life Sciences Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Small Animal Diseases with the Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Warsaw Poland
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Behera SP, Mishra N, Vilcek S, Rajukumar K, Nema RK, Prakash A, Kalaiyarasu S, Dubey SC. Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2 isolated from cattle in India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 34:189-96. [PMID: 21112633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) subtype b is predominantly circulating in Indian cattle. During testing for exotic pestiviruses between 2007 and 2010, BVDV-2 was identified by real time RT-PCR in two of 1446 cattle blood samples originating from thirteen states of India. The genetic analysis of the isolated virus in 5' UTR, N(pro), entire structural genes (C, E(rns), E1 and E2), nonstructural genes NS2-3 besides 3' UTR demonstrated that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed highest similarity with BVDV-2. The entire 5' and 3' UTR consisted of 387 and 204 nucleotides, respectively, and an eight nucleotide repeat motif was found twice within the variable part of 3' UTR that may be considered as a characteristic of BVDV-2. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cattle isolate and earlier reported goat BVDV-2 isolate fall into separate clades within BVDV-2a subtype. Antigenic typing with monoclonal antibodies verified the cattle isolate also as BVDV-2. In addition, cross-neutralization tests using antisera raised against Indian BVDV strains circulating in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat and yak) displayed significant antigenic differences only between BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 strains. This is the first identification of BVDV-2 in Indian cattle that may have important implications for immunization strategies and molecular epidemiology of BVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sthita Pragnya Behera
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India
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Ridpath JF. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: global status. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2010; 26:105-21, table of contents. [PMID: 20117546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of regional bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) eradication programs, infections remain a source of economic loss for producers. The wide variation among BVDV results in differences in genotype, biotype, virulence, and types of infections. BVDV infect a range of domestic and wild ruminants. Clinical presentation varies depending on strain of virus, species of host, immune status of host, reproductive status of host, age of host, and concurrent infections. Recent advances in BVDV research and diagnostics have led to the development of regional eradication/control programs, the most efficacious of which focus on biosecurity, surveillance, and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Ridpath JF, Fulton RW, Kirkland PD, Neill JD. Prevalence and antigenic differences observed between Bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotypes isolated from cattle in Australia and feedlots in the southwestern United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:184-91. [PMID: 20224075 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is divided into 2 different species within the Pestivirus genus, BVDV type 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV type 2 (BVDV-2). Further phylogenetic analysis has revealed subgenotype groupings within the 2 types. Thus far, 12 BVDV-1 subgenotypes (a-l) and 2 BVDV-2 subgenotypes (a and b) have been identified. The purpose of the current study was to determine the prevalence of BVDV subgenotypes in the United States and Australia and to determine if there are detectable antigenic differences between the prevalent subgenotypes. To determine prevalence, phylogenetic analysis was performed on 2 blinded panels of isolates consisting of 351 viral isolates provided by the Elizabeth Macarthur Laboratory, New South Wales, and 514 viral isolates provided by Oklahoma State University. Differences were observed in the prevalence of BVDV subgenotypes between the United States (BVDV-1b most prevalent subgenotype) and Australia (BVDV-1c most prevalent subgenotype). To examine antigenic differences between the subgenotypes identified in samples from the United States and Australia, polyclonal antisera was produced in goats by exposing them at 3-week intervals to 2 noncytopathic and 1 cytopathic strain of either BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, BVDV-1c, BVDV-2a, or Border disease virus (BDV). Virus neutralization (VN) assays were then performed against 3 viruses from each of the 5 subgenotypes. Comparison of VN results suggests that there are antigenic differences between BVDV strains belonging to different subgenotypes. The present study establishes a foundation for further studies examining whether vaccine protection can be improved by basing vaccines on the BVDV subgenotypes prevalent in the region in which the vaccine is to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Ridpath
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Abstract
Infections with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are not limited to cattle, but may be detected in various species in the mammalian order Artiodactyla. Despite epidemiological evidence of BVDV infections in species other than cattle, current knowledge regarding the impact of BVDV on heterologous species is incomplete. In heterologous hosts, BVDV infections with clinical signs analogous to those in cattle have been described and include disease of multiple organ systems, most notably the reproductive tract and immune system. Clinical infections may negatively impact the health and well-being of heterologous species, including camelids and captive and free-ranging wildlife. Of additional importance are BVDV infections in small ruminants and swine where difficulties arise in laboratory testing for Border disease virus (BDV) and Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), respectively. Pestiviruses are antigenically closely related and their cross-reactivity requires additional efforts in virological testing. In cattle populations, persistently infected animals are considered the main source of BVDV transmission. This phenomenon has also been detected in heterologous species, which could facilitate reservoirs for BVDV that may be of great importance where control programs are in progress. This review summarizes the current epidemiological and clinical knowledge on heterologous BVDV infections and discusses their implications.
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Broaddus CC, Lamm CG, Kapil S, Dawson L, Holyoak GR. Bovine viral diarrhea virus abortion in goats housed with persistently infected cattle. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:45-53. [PMID: 19112114 DOI: 10.1354/vp.46-1-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four border disease virus-seronegative, pregnant, mixed breed goats were experimentally comingled with 3 heifers persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2a (BVDV-2a). Twelve of the 24 exposed does aborted. Twenty-nine fetuses and 16 placentas from affected does were submitted to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for a necropsy examination. Infection with BVDV was confirmed with a combination of immunohistochemistry, BVDV-2 polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation in 19 of the 29 fetuses. On gross examination of the 19 fetuses and placentas in which BVDV-2a infection was confirmed, a mild placentitis (3/19), fetal mummification (1/19), and facial deformities (4/19) were noted. Histologically, placentitis (2/19), myocarditis (4/19), thymic depletion (5/19), choroid plexitis (3/19), encephalitis (2/19), and cerebral gliosis (1/19) were noted. Other causes of abortion in goats, including common bacterial and viral infections, were ruled out with histology, virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and aerobic bacteriologic cultures. As supported by the findings in this case, BVDV-2a should be included as a differential for abortion in goats. This is the first report of abortion in goats after exposure to persistently infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Broaddus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74076, USA.
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Prevalence of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antibodies among sheep and goats in India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1231-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nelson DD, Dark MJ, Bradway DS, Ridpath JF, Call N, Haruna J, Rurangirwa FR, Evermann JF. Evidence for persistent Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a captive mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:752-9. [PMID: 18987224 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) viruses are pestiviruses that have been isolated from domestic and wild ruminants. There is serologic evidence of pestiviral infection in more than 40 species of free-range and captive mammals. Vertical transmission can produce persistently infected animals that are immunotolerant to the infecting strain of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and shed virus throughout their lives. Seven species (white-tailed deer, mouse deer, eland, domestic cattle, alpaca, sheep, and pigs) have been definitively identified as persistently infected with BVDV. This study provides serological, molecular, immunohistochemical, and histological evidence for BVDV infection in 2 captive mountain goats from a zoological park in Idaho. The study was triggered by isolation of BVDV from tissues and immunohistochemical identification of viral antigen within lesions of a 7-month-old male mountain goat (goat 1). Blood was collected from other mountain goats and white-tailed and mule deer on the premises for BVDV serum neutralization, viral isolation, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. One 3-month-old mountain goat (goat 2) was antibody negative and BVDV positive in serum samples collected 3 months apart. This goat subsequently died, and though still antibody negative, BVDV was isolated from tissues and identified by immunohistochemistry within lesions. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis identified the isolates as BVDV-2. These findings provide evidence of persistent infection in a mountain goat, underscoring the need for pestivirus control strategies for wild ruminants in zoological collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Nelson
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Pullman, WA 99165-2037, USA.
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Mishra N, Rajukumar K, Vilcek S, Tiwari A, Satav J, Dubey S. Molecular characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 isolate originating from a native Indian sheep (Ovies aries). Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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