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Lu X, Ward MP. Spatiotemporal analysis of reported classical swine fever outbreaks in China (2005-2018) and the influence of weather. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3183-e3195. [PMID: 35007396 PMCID: PMC9787383 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a viral disease that causes enormous economic losses in the swine industry in endemic countries including China. The aims of the current study were to describe the spatial distribution of annual CSF reports in China from 2005 to 2018, identify spatiotemporal clusters of annual CSF reports during this time period and to investigate the correlations between climate factors (rainfall, wind speed, temperature, vapour pressure and relative humidity) and the occurrence of CSF outbreaks. The strongest (Moran's index > 0.19), significant (p < .05) spatial clustering of reported outbreaks was observed during the first 4 years of the study period. This clustering was apparent in the four southern provinces of Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. Five of the six significant (p ≤ .0001) spatiotemporal clusters occurred during the period 2005-2012. These were widely dispersed, with four clusters persisting for only 1 or 2 years, whereas two clusters (Jiangxi and Yunnan) persisted for 8 and 7 years, respectively. As a result of implementation of a national animal disease control plan and increasing coverage of vaccination, CSF outbreaks in China have generally been controlled and reduced, becoming sporadic in most provinces by 2018. We also confirmed that low relative humidity and high wind speed were significant weather variables associated with the occurrence of CSF. Furthermore, our study has confirmed that CSF is still endemic in some Chinese provinces, and we recommend that the national CSF control protocol be updated and standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneyCamdenAustralia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneyCamdenAustralia
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Panasiewicz G, Bieniek-Kobuszewska M, Lipka A, Majewska M, Jedryczko R, Szafranska B. Novel effects of identified SNPs within the porcine Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein gene family (pPAGs) on the major reproductive traits in Hirschmann hybrid-line sows. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:123-130. [PMID: 28371694 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study describing identification of SNPs within the multiple and polymorphic Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein gene family (PAGs) in the genome of the domestic pig (pPAGs). We identified pPAG-like (pPAG-L) genotypes in primiparous and multiparous farmed hybrid-line JSR Hirschmann (Hrn) sows (N=159), in which various novel associations with their phenotypes for the major reproductive traits have been discovered. Genomic DNA templates were isolated from the blood and different pPAG-L primers were used to amplify various regions by PCR. Electrophoretically-separated amplicons were selected, purified and sequenced. All identified SNPs were verified for possible pPAG2-L genotype associations with the major reproductive traits. In total, 196 SNPs were identified within the entire structure of the pPAG2-Ls, encompassing 9 exons and 8 (A-H) introns, resembling all aspartic proteinases. It was discovered that among all SNPs, one diplotype localized in exon 6 (657C>T/749G>C; pPAG2 ORF cDNA numbering; L34361) caused amino acid substitutions (Asp220→Asn and Ser250→Thr) in the polypeptide precursors and was associated with an increase in the number of live-born piglets (P≤0.05) in Hrn sows. In turn, co-localized SNP (504g>a; KF537535 numbering) in the intron F of the pPAG2-Ls, but only in the homozygotic genotype (gg), was associated with an increased number of live-born (P≤0.01) and weaned (P≤0.05) piglets in the Hrn sows. These results qualify the pPAG2-Ls as candidate genes of the main QTLs. The novel pPAG SNP profiles provide the basis for a diagnostic genotyping test required for early pre-selection of female/male piglets, presumably mainly useful in various breeding herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Panasiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland.
| | - Martyna Bieniek-Kobuszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Wojska Polskiego 30, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Lipka
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Marta Majewska
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Bozena Szafranska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
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Blome S, Moß C, Reimann I, König P, Beer M. Classical swine fever vaccines-State-of-the-art. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:10-20. [PMID: 28069290 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to its impact on animal health and pig industry, classical swine fever (CSF) is still one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. To control the disease, safe and highly efficacious live attenuated vaccines exist for decades. These vaccines have usually outstanding efficacy and safety but lack differentiability of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA or marker strategy). In contrast, the first generation of E2 subunit marker vaccines shows constraints in efficacy, application, and production. To overcome these limitations, new generations of marker vaccines are developed. A wide range of approaches have been tried including recombinant vaccines, recombinant inactivated vaccines or subunit vaccines, vector vaccines, and DNA/RNA vaccines. During the last years, especially attenuated deletion vaccines or chimeric constructs have shown potential. At present, especially two new constructs have been intensively tested, the adenovirus-delivered, Semliki Forest virus replicon-vectored marker vaccine candidate "rAdV-SFV-E2" and the pestivirus chimera "CP7_E2alf". The later was recently licensed by the European Medicines Agency. Under field conditions, all marker vaccines have to be accompanied by a potent test system. Particularly this point shows still weaknesses and it is important to embed vaccination in a well-established vaccination strategy and a suitable diagnostic workflow. In summary, conventional vaccines are a standard in terms of efficacy. However, only vaccines with DIVA will allow improved eradication strategies e.g. also under emergency vaccination conditions in free regions. To answer this demand, new generations of marker vaccines have been developed and add now to the tool box of CSF control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Moß
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ilona Reimann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Patricia König
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
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Kinetics of maternally derived antibodies upon intramuscular vaccination against classical swine fever with Suvaxyn ® CSF Marker (CP7_E2alf). Vet Microbiol 2016; 196:14-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Meyer D, Schmeiser S, Postel A, Becher P. Transfection of RNA from organ samples of infected animals represents a highly sensitive method for virus detection and recovery of classical swine fever virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126806. [PMID: 25961582 PMCID: PMC4427382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation and replication of positive stranded RNA viruses are directly initiated in the cellular cytoplasm after uncoating of the viral genome. Accordingly, infectious virus can be generated by transfection of RNA genomes into susceptible cells. In the present study, efficiency of conventional virus isolation after inoculation of cells with infectious sample material was compared to virus recovery after transfection of total RNA derived from organ samples of pigs infected with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Compared to the conventional method of virus isolation applied in three different porcine cell lines used in routine diagnosis of CSF, RNA transfection showed a similar efficiency for virus rescue. For two samples, recovery of infectious virus was only possible by RNA transfection, but not by the classical approach of virus isolation. Therefore, RNA transfection represents a valuable alternative to conventional virus isolation in particular when virus isolation is not possible, sample material is not suitable for virus isolation or when infectious material is not available. To estimate the potential risk of RNA prepared from sample material for infection of pigs, five domestic pigs were oronasally inoculated with RNA that was tested positive for virus rescue after RNA transfection. This exposure did not result in viral infection or clinical disease of the animals. In consequence, shipment of CSFV RNA can be regarded as a safe alternative to transportation of infectious virus and thereby facilitates the exchange of virus isolates among authorized laboratories with appropriate containment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Meyer
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schmeiser
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Newcomer BW, Givens MD. Approved and experimental countermeasures against pestiviral diseases: Bovine viral diarrhea, classical swine fever and border disease. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:133-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Milicevic V, Dietze K, Plavsic B, Tikvicki M, Pinto J, Depner K. Oral vaccination of backyard pigs against classical swine fever. Vet Microbiol 2012; 163:167-71. [PMID: 23287388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination represents a key pillar of most classical swine fever (CSF) control programmes. In backyard production systems the systematic implementation of parenteral vaccination proves to be difficult and alternative delivery mechanisms might be needed. In this study the use of oral vaccination against CSF in backyard pigs was tested under field conditions. The main objective was to assess uptake efficacy and immune response after oral vaccination of backyard pigs with bait vaccine currently used in the European Union for CSF control in wild boar (RIEMSER(®) Schweinepestoralvakzine). In total 85 backyard pigs belonging to 16 holdings were vaccinated orally by distributing four baits per pig, given on two consecutive days. The baits were distributed on pen floors. 73% of the pigs older than 12 weeks (n=41) had protective antibody titres 28 days after oral vaccination. The seroconversion rate in young piglets (n=44, younger than 12 weeks) was 64%. Based on the results obtained we concluded that in an endemic situation where usual control measures (stamping out, zoning with restrictive measures, parenteral vaccination, etc.) may prove to be insufficient, a systematic vaccination based on the use of oral vaccine can be an appropriate tool for an improved CSF control in backyard production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milicevic
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Vojvode Totze 14, 1000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Maresch C, Lange E, Teifke JP, Fuchs W, Klupp B, Müller T, Mettenleiter TC, Vahlenkamp TW. Oral immunization of wild boar and domestic pigs with attenuated live vaccine protects against Pseudorabies virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:20-5. [PMID: 22832373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In domestic pigs strict control measures and the use of gene-deleted marker vaccines resulted in the elimination of pseudorabies virus (PrV) infections in many parts of Europe and North America. In free-roaming feral pigs and wild boar populations, however, serological surveys and monitoring in The Americas, Europe and North Africa provided serological and virological evidence that PrV is more widely distributed than previously assumed. Thus, there is a constant risk of spillover of PrV infection from wild pig populations to domestic animals which could require intervention to limit the infection in wild pigs. To investigate whether oral immunization of wild boar by live-attenuated PrV could be an option, wild boar and domestic pigs were orally immunized with 2×10(6) TCID(50) of the attenuated live PrV vaccine strain Bartha supplied either with a syringe or within a blister, and subsequently intranasally challenged with 10(6) TCID(50) of the highly virulent PrV strain NIA-3. Oral immunization with live-attenuated PrV was able to confer protection against clinical signs in wild boar and against transmission of challenge virus to naïve contact animals. Only two vaccinated domestic pigs developed neurological signs after challenge infection. Our results demonstrate that oral immunization against PrV infection in wild boar is possible. In case increasing PrV infection rates in wild boar may enhance the risk for spillover into domestic pig populations, oral immunization of wild boar against PrV in endemic areas might be a feasible control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Maresch
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Liu L, Xia H, Everett H, Sosan O, Crooke H, Meindl-Böhmer A, Qiu HJ, Moennig V, Belák S, Widén F. A generic real-time TaqMan assay for specific detection of lapinized Chinese vaccines against classical swine fever. J Virol Methods 2011; 175:170-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen N, Li D, Yuan X, Li X, Hu H, Zhu B, Wan X, Fang W. Genetic characterization of E2 gene of classical swine fever virus by restriction fragment length polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis. Virus Genes 2010; 40:389-96. [PMID: 20217206 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An RT-nested PCR (RT-nPCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of the E2 gene were developed for genetic subtyping and differentiation of vaccinated and infected classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains. RT-nPCR identified 96 CSFV-positive samples from 321 clinical specimens from southeastern China during 2003-2008. The PCR products of positive samples were further differentiated using MspI digestion, 23 were identified as the C-strain, 62 as field strains, and 11 as mixture of the vaccine strain and field ones. RFLP with BglI, DdeI, DraI, and PstI were then used for subtyping of the field CSFV isolates. Thirty-eight field isolates phylogenetically classified as subgroup 2.1 based on E2 were divided into 11 subtypes by this RFLP scheme. Both RFLP profiling and sequence-based phylogenetic analysis revealed genetic diversity of CSFV in the field. Three novel substitutions at amino acid positions 17, 93, and 286 were identified in the predominant subtype VI strains isolated in 2008 as compared to other strains including historical subtype VI strains. These results suggest that CSFV in China experienced gradual variations and evolutionary accumulation progress. Thus, the RFLP methods targeting on the CSFV E2 gene are suitable for epidemiological survey in endemic area where the C-strain is applied for vaccination. Combination of the RFLP schemes with sequence-based phylogenetic analysis could provide more detailed information on transmission of CSFV in the region or even its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, 310029 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Animal health safety of fresh meat derived from pigs vaccinated against Classic Swine Fever. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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12
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Leifer I, Depner K, Blome S, Le Potier MF, Le Dimna M, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Differentiation of C-strain “Riems” or CP7_E2alf vaccinated animals from animals infected by classical swine fever virus field strains using real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2009; 158:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Qi Y, Zhang BQ, Shen Z, Chen YH. Candidate Vaccine Focused on a Classical Swine Fever Virus Epitope Induced Antibodies with Neutralizing Activity. Viral Immunol 2009; 22:205-13. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Qing Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hua Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Beijing, China
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15
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Immunoglobulins in pigs vaccinated with a subunit E2 and an attenuated c strain vaccine against classical swine fever. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0906489t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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