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van Niekerk AA, Maluck S, Mag P, Kővágó C, Kerek Á, Jerzsele Á, Steinmetzer T, Pászti-Gere E. Antiviral Drug Candidate Repositioning for Streptococcus suis Infection in Non-Tumorigenic Cell Models. Biomedicines 2024; 12:783. [PMID: 38672139 PMCID: PMC11048155 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance against zoonotic bacteria, including Streptococcus (S.) suis, highlights the need for new therapeutical strategies, including the repositioning of drugs. In this study, susceptibilities of bacterial isolates were tested toward ten different 3-amidinophenyalanine (Phe(3-Am)) derivatives via determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Some of these protease inhibitors, like compounds MI-432, MI-471, and MI-476, showed excellent antibacterial effects against S. suis. Their drug interaction potential was investigated using human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP450) measurements. In our work, non-tumorigenic IPEC-J2 cells and primary porcine hepatocytes were infected with S. suis, and the putative beneficial impact of these inhibitors was investigated on cell viability (Neutral red assay), on interleukin (IL)-6 levels (ELISA technique), and on redox balance (Amplex red method). The antibacterial inhibitors prevented S. suis-induced cell death (except MI-432) and decreased proinflammatory IL-6 levels. It was also found that MI-432 and MI-476 had antioxidant effects in an intestinal cell model upon S. suis infection. Concentration-dependent suppression of CYP3A4 function was found via application of all three inhibitors. In conclusion, our study suggests that the potential antiviral Phe(3-Am) derivatives with 2',4' dichloro-biphenyl moieties can be considered as effective drug candidates against S. suis infection due to their antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Anzet van Niekerk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
| | - Sara Maluck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
| | - Patrik Mag
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Kővágó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
| | - Ádám Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Erzsébet Pászti-Gere
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
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Rigueira LL, Perecmanis S. Concerns about the use of antimicrobials in swine herds and alternative trends. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae039. [PMID: 38685989 PMCID: PMC11056889 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pig productivity in Brazil has advanced a lot in recent decades. Specialized breeds are more vulnerable to pathogens, which has boosted the use of antimicrobials by farmers. The selective pressure generated favors the emergence of resistant bacteria, which compromises the effectiveness of this treatment and limits therapeutic options. In addition to increasing costs and mortality rates in the production system, public awareness of this issue has increased. The authorities have imposed restrictive measures to control the use of antimicrobials and have banned their use as growth promoters. This literature review highlights biosecurity and animal welfare to prevent pig diseases. Hence, we describe alternatives to the use of antimicrobials in pig production for the selection of effective non-antibiotic feed additives that help maintain good health and help the pig resist disease when infection occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L Rigueira
- Department of Animal Health, Brasília University, 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil
- Secretary of Agriculture of Federal District, 70770-914, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Simone Perecmanis
- Department of Animal Health, Brasília University, 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil
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Gutiérrez-Martín CB. Detection of Macrolide and/or Tetracycline Genetic Resistance Determinants by PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2815:73-78. [PMID: 38884911 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3898-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Globally, the main molecular trials being developed to study the genetic determinants responsible for conferring resistance to bacterial organisms are amplification-based methods, hybridization-based methods, and sequence-based methods. In the specific case of Streptococcus suis, polymerase chain reaction is the only test tuned up until now for detecting resistant clinical isolates to macrolides and/or tetracyclines, the two main groups of antibiotics being ineffective against this human and animal pathogen.
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Rao J, Wei X, Li H, Zhang Z, Liu J, Lian M, Cao W, Yuan L, Dou B, Tian Y, Chen H, Li J, Bei W. Novel Multiplex PCR Assay and Its Application in Detecting Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Porcine Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens in Guangxi, China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0397122. [PMID: 36916923 PMCID: PMC10100844 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03971-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a serious disease caused by multiple pathogens which inflicts huge economic losses on the pig industry. Investigating the epidemiology of porcine respiratory bacterial pathogens (PRBPs) in specific geographic areas and exploring the antibiotic susceptibility of local strains will contribute to the prevention and control of PRDC. However, the epidemiology of PRBPs in Guangxi Province remains unclear, and existing diagnostic methods have multiple limitations, such as high costs and the detection of only a single pathogen at a time. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR assay for Streptococcus suis, Glaesserella parasuis, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and investigated the prevalence of PRBPs in pigs with respiratory symptoms in Guangxi Province. The isolates from positive samples were subjected to susceptibility tests to 16 antibiotics. Our results indicated that of the 664 samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms, 433 (65.21%), 320 (48.19%), 282 (42.47%), 23 (3.46%), and 9 (1.36%), respectively, carried each of these 5 pathogens; 533 samples were positive; and 377 (56.78%) carried multiple pathogens simultaneously. The dominant PRBPs in pigs with respiratory symptoms in Guangxi province were S. suis, G. parasuis, and A. pleuropneumoniae, which frequently co-infected swine herds. Most of the isolates (A. pleuropneumoniae, G. parasuis, S. suis, and P. multocida) were sensitive to cefquinome, ceftiofur, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), and tiamulin antibiotics. We developed a rapid specific multiplex PCR assay for PRBPs. Our findings provide new information on the epidemiology of PRBPs in Guangxi Province and offer a reference for developing drug targets against PRDC. IMPORTANCE Pigs are closely associated with humans as the most common food animals and the vectors of numerous pathogens. PRDC, caused by multiple pathogens, is a serious disease that can cause growth retardation in swine and even sudden death. Due to the droplet transmission of PRBP and the similar clinical signs of different pathogen infections, most pig farms struggle to identify and control PRBPs, leading to the abuse of antibiotics. In addition, some PRBPs have the potential to infect humans and threaten human health. Therefore, this study developed a multiplex PCR method targeting PRBPs, investigated the prevalence of these pathogens, and tested their antibiotic susceptibility. Our studies have important implications for public health safety and the development of the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinchen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhewei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengjie Lian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Beibei Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Wang J, Qi K, Bai X, Wu Z, Kang W, Liang P, Zheng H, Xu J. Characterization of integrative and conjugative elements carrying antibiotic resistance genes of Streptococcus suis isolated in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1074844. [PMID: 36620002 PMCID: PMC9815147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1074844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, an emerging zoonotic pathogen, is important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes that play critical roles in the horizontal transfer of corresponding resistances. In the present study, 656 antibiotic resistance (AR) genes were detected in 154 of 155 genomes of S. suis strains isolated from the nasopharynx of slaughtered pigs and the lungs of diseased pigs in China. The AR genes were clustered into 11 categories, consisting of tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamide, streptogramin, aminoglycoside, trimethoprim, amphenicols, nucleoside, quinupristin/dalfopristin, glycopeptide, and oxazolidinones resistance genes. In order to investigate the transmission patterns of the AR genes, AR genes-associated the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were extracted and investigated. Twenty ICEs, one defective ICE, one tandem ICE, and ten prophages were found, which mainly carried tetracycline, macrolides/lincosamides/streptogramin (MLS), and aminoglycosides resistance genes. Three types of DNA cargo with AR genes were integrated into specific sites of ICEs: integrative mobilizable elements (IMEs), cis-IMEs (CIMEs), and transposon Tn916. Obvious differences in AR gene categories were found among the three cargo types. IMEs mainly harbored tetracycline and MLS resistance genes. CIMEs mainly carried aminoglycoside resistance genes, while transposon Tn916 carried only the tet (M) gene. Nearly all AR genes in ICEs were carried by IMEs and CIMEs. IMEs were prevalent and were also detected in additional 29 S. suis genomes. The horizontal transfer of IMEs and CIMEs may play critical role in ICE evolution and AR gene transmission in the S. suis population. Our findings provide novel insights into the transmission patterns of AR genes and the evolutionary mechanisms of ICEs in S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiming Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, China
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Han Zheng, ✉
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Uruén C, García C, Fraile L, Tommassen J, Arenas J. How Streptococcus suis escapes antibiotic treatments. Vet Res 2022; 53:91. [DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractStreptococcus suis is a zoonotic agent that causes sepsis and meningitis in pigs and humans. S. suis infections are responsible for large economic losses in pig production. The lack of effective vaccines to prevent the disease has promoted the extensive use of antibiotics worldwide. This has been followed by the emergence of resistance against different classes of antibiotics. The rates of resistance to tetracyclines, lincosamides, and macrolides are extremely high, and resistance has spread worldwide. The genetic origin of S. suis resistance is multiple and includes the production of target-modifying and antibiotic-inactivating enzymes and mutations in antibiotic targets. S. suis genomes contain traits of horizontal gene transfer. Many mobile genetic elements carry a variety of genes that confer resistance to antibiotics as well as genes for autonomous DNA transfer and, thus, S. suis can rapidly acquire multiresistance. In addition, S. suis forms microcolonies on host tissues, which are associations of microorganisms that generate tolerance to antibiotics through a variety of mechanisms and favor the exchange of genetic material. Thus, alternatives to currently used antibiotics are highly demanded. A deep understanding of the mechanisms by which S. suis becomes resistant or tolerant to antibiotics may help to develop novel molecules or combinations of antimicrobials to fight these infections. Meanwhile, phage therapy and vaccination are promising alternative strategies, which could alleviate disease pressure and, thereby, antibiotic use.
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Gao T, Ye F, Tan Y, Peng M, Yuan F, Liu Z, Zhou D, Yang K, Liu W, Guo R, Zhang T, Zheng L, Zhou R, Tian Y. Metabolomics and proteomics analyses revealed mechanistic insights on the antimicrobial activity of epigallocatechin gallate against Streptococcus suis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:973282. [PMID: 36204637 PMCID: PMC9531131 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.973282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a highly virulent zoonotic pathogen and causes severe economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Public health security is also threatened by the rapidly growing antimicrobial resistance in S. suis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new and safe antibacterial alternatives against S. suis. The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with a number of potential health benefits is known for its antibacterial effect; however, the mechanism of its bactericidal action remains unclear. In the present, EGCG at minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed significant inhibitory effects on S. suis growth, hemolytic activity, and biofilm formation, and caused damage to S. suis cells in vitro. EGCG also reduced S. suis pathogenicity in Galleria mellonella larvae in vivo. Metabolomics and proteomics analyses were performed to investigate the underlying mechanism of antibacterial activity of EGCG at MIC. Many differentially expressed proteins involved in DNA replication, synthesis of cell wall, and cell membrane, and virulence were down-regulated after the treatment of S. suis with EGCG. EGCG not only significantly reduced the hemolytic activity of S. suis but also down-regulated the expression of suilysin (Sly). The top three shared KEGG pathways between metabolomics and proteomics analysis were ABC transporters, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Taken together, these data suggest that EGCG could be a potential phytochemical compound for treating S. suis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqing Tan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Pig disease prevention and control center, Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Pig disease prevention and control center, Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Danna Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Keli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Pig disease prevention and control center, Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Tian, ; Rui Zhou,
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Tian, ; Rui Zhou,
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Rajkhowa S, Hussain I. Virulence gene profile and antimicrobial resistance of non-typeable Streptococcus suis isolated from clinically healthy and diseased pigs from North East India. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:947-953. [PMID: 35900692 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the virulence gene profile and antimicrobial resistance of non-typeable Streptococcus suis isolates circulating in pigs of North East India. Fifty-two non-typeable S. suis isolates from clinically healthy and diseased pigs were screened by using PCR for the presence of the muramidase-released protein (mrp), extracellular factor (epf), hemolysin suilysin (sly), arginine deiminase (arcA), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes. Five different virulence gene profiles were observed and the most predominant virulence gene profile found in healthy pigs was mrp- + sly- + arcA- + gdh + + epf- whereas the most predominant virulence gene profile recorded in diseased pigs was mrp+ + sly- + arcA+ + gdh+ + epf-. Significantly lower carrier rate of mrp+ + sly- + arcA+ + gdh+ + epf- virulence gene profile was observed among the isolates from healthy pigs compared to those from diseased pigs (P < 0.05). Antimicrobial resistance patterns of the S. suis isolates revealed fourteen resistance groups (R1 to R14) where 88.46% isolates showed multi-drug resistance. The most predominant resistance pattern observed was CD-COT-E-TE. This is perhaps the first study reporting virulence gene profile and antimicrobial resistance of non-typeable S. suis isolates from pigs in North East India. The occurrence of relatively high levels of resistance of S. suis to some antimicrobials (e.g. macrolides, tetracyclines, and sulphonamides) as observed in the present study may represent a human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaraj Rajkhowa
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
| | - Isfaqul Hussain
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology & Immunology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
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Somogyi Z, Mag P, Kovács D, Kerek Á, Szabó P, Makrai L, Jerzsele Á. Synovial and Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Florfenicol and PK/PD Integration against Streptococcus suis in Pigs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010109. [PMID: 35057005 PMCID: PMC8778523 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Florfenicol is a member of the phenicol group, a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. It has been used for a long time in veterinary medicine, but there are some factors regarding its pharmacokinetic characteristics that have yet to be elucidated. The aim of our study was to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of florfenicol in synovial fluid and plasma of swine after intramuscular (i.m.) administration. In addition, the dosage regimen of treatment of arthritis caused by S. suis was computed for florfenicol using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices. As the first part of our investigation, the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of florfenicol were determined in the plasma and synovial fluid of six pigs. Following drug administration (15 mg/kgbw, intramuscularly), blood was drawn at the following times: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h; synovial fluid samples were taken after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The concentration of florfenicol was determined by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. As the second part of our research, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of florfenicol were determined in 45 S. suis strains isolated from clinical samples collected in Hungary. Furthermore, a strain of S. suis serotype 2 (SS3) was selected, and killing-time curves of different florfenicol concentrations (0.5 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL and 2 µg/mL) were determined against this strain. Peak concentration of the florfenicol was 3.58 ± 1.51 µg/mL in plasma after 1.64 ± 1.74 h, while it was 2.73 ± 1.2 µg/mL in synovial fluid 3.4 ± 1.67 h after administration. The half-life in plasma was found to be 17.24 ± 9.35 h, while in synovial fluid it was 21.01 ± 13.19 h. The area under the curve (AUC24h) value was 54.66 ± 23.34 μg/mL·h for 24 h in plasma and 31.24 ± 6.82 μg/mL·h for 24 h in synovial fluid. The drug clearance scaled by bioavailability (Cl/F) in plasma and synovial fluid was 0.19 ± 0.08 L/h/kg and 0.29 ± 0.08 L/h/kg, respectively. The mean residence time (MRT) in plasma and synovial fluid was 24.0 ± 13.59 h and 27.39 ± 17.16 h, respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) in plasma was calculated from Cl/F of 0.19 ± 0.08 L/h/kg, multiplied by MRT of 24.0 ± 13.59 h. For the PK/PD integration, average plasma and synovial fluid concentration of florfenicol was used in a steady-state condition. The obtained MIC50 value of the strains was 2.0 µg/mL, and MIC90 proved to be 16.0 µg/mL. PK/PD integration was performed considering AUC24h/MIC breakpoints that have already been described. This study is the first presentation of the pharmacokinetic behavior of florfenicol in swine synovia as well as a recommendation of extrapolated critical MICs of S. suis for therapeutic success in the treatment of S. suis arthritis in swine, but it should be noted that this requires a different dosage regimen to that used in authorized florfenicol formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (P.M.); (D.K.); (Á.K.)
| | - Patrik Mag
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (P.M.); (D.K.); (Á.K.)
| | - Dóra Kovács
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (P.M.); (D.K.); (Á.K.)
| | - Ádám Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (P.M.); (D.K.); (Á.K.)
| | - Pál Szabó
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Structural Study, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - László Makrai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23-25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (P.M.); (D.K.); (Á.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-30-360-4191
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10
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Liang P, Wang M, Gottschalk M, Vela AI, Estrada AA, Wang J, Du P, Luo M, Zheng H, Wu Z. Genomic and pathogenic investigations of Streptococcus suis serotype 7 population derived from a human patient and pigs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1960-1974. [PMID: 34635002 PMCID: PMC8525962 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1988725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the important emerging zoonotic pathogens. Serotype 2 is most prevalent in patients worldwide. In the present study, we first isolated one S. suis serotype 7 strain GX69 from the blood culture of a patient with septicemia complicated with pneumonia in China. In order to deepen the understanding of S. suis serotype 7 population characteristics, we investigated the phylogenetic structure, genomic features, and virulence of S. suis serotype 7 population, including 35 strains and 79 genomes. Significant diversities were revealed in S. suis serotype 7 population, which were clustered into 22 sequence types (STs), five minimum core genome (MCG) groups, and six lineages. Lineages 1, 3a, and 6 were mainly constituted by genomes from Asia. Genomes of Lineages 2, 3b, and 5a were mainly from Northern America. Most of genomes from Europe (41/48) were clustered into Lineage 5b. In addition to strain GX69, 13 of 21 S. suis serotype 7 representative strains were classified as virulent strains using the C57BL/6 mouse model. Virulence-associated genes preferentially present in highly pathogenic S. suis serotype 2 strains were not suitable as virulence indicators for S. suis serotype 7 strains. Integrative mobilizable elements were widespread and may play a critical role in disseminating antibiotic resistance genes of S. suis serotype 7 strains. Our study confirmed S. suis serotype 7 is a non-negligible pathotype and deepened the understanding of the population structure of S. suis serotype 7, which provided valuable information for the improved surveillance of this serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliu Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Ana I. Vela
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria and Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - April A. Estrada
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Luo
- Yulin Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yulin, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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11
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Aradanas M, Poljak Z, Fittipaldi N, Ricker N, Farzan A. Serotypes, Virulence-Associated Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus suis Isolates Recovered From Sick and Healthy Pigs Determined by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:742345. [PMID: 34796225 PMCID: PMC8593187 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.742345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is ubiquitous in swine, and yet, only a small percentage of pigs become clinically ill. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of serotypes, virulence-associated factor (VAF), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in S. suis isolates recovered from systemic (blood, meninges, spleen, and lymph node) and non-systemic (tonsil, nasal cavities, ileum, and rectum) sites of sick and healthy pigs using whole-genome sequencing. In total, 273 S. suis isolates recovered from 112 pigs (47 isolates from systemic and 136 from non-systemic sites of 65 sick pigs; 90 isolates from non-systemic sites of 47 healthy pigs) on 17 Ontario farms were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Using in silico typing, 21 serotypes were identified with serotypes 9 (13.9%) and 2 (8.4%) as the most frequent serotypes, whereas 53 (19.4%) isolates remained untypable. The relative frequency of VAF genes in isolates from systemic (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.001) and non-systemic (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.001) sites in sick pigs was higher compared with isolates from non-systemic sites in healthy pigs. Although many VAF genes were abundant in all isolates, three genes, including dltA [Fisher's test (FT), p < 0.001], luxS (FT, p = 0.01), and troA (FT, p = 0.02), were more prevalent in isolates recovered from systemic sites compared with non-systemic sites of pigs. Among the isolates, 98% had at least one AMR gene, and 79% had genes associated with at least four drug classes. The most frequently detected AMR genes were tetO conferring resistance to tetracycline and ermB conferring resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin. The wide distribution of VAFs genes in S. suis isolates in this study suggests that other host and environmental factors may contribute to S. suis disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maverick Aradanas
- Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole Ricker
- Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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12
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Ma L, Zhang W, Ma J, Cui Q, Zhang C, Zhang P, Sun C, Sun H, Zhu Y, Wang S, Ding S, Hu G, Shen Z. Genomic Insight into the Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus Suis - Six Countries, 2011-2019. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:994-998. [PMID: 34888114 PMCID: PMC8633554 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
What is already known on this topic? Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen causing disease in humans and animals, and the emergence of its increased resistance to antimicrobial agents has become a significant challenge in many countries.
What is added by this report? Using whole genome sequencing data to accurately predict antimicrobial resistance determinants, it was found that the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes was higher in the pig isolates of S. suis than in the human isolates and that the prevalence of these genes varied with serotype.
What are the implications for public health practice? The data regarding S. suis antimicrobial resistance will help guide rational drug use in the clinic to better protect the health of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingpo Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengtao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huarun Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shaolin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangyang Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gongzheng Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhangqi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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13
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Rajkhowa S, Rajesh JB. Virulence associated gene profiling and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Streptococcus suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs from North East India. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:392-397. [PMID: 34181756 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study revealed the prevalence of Streptococcus suis in 20·39% clinically healthy pigs from North East India. All these isolates were screened for the presence of virulence- associated genes such as suilysin (sly), muramidase released protein (mrp), extracellular protein factor (epf) and arginine deiminase (arcA). Of these 62 isolates, 29 isolates carried mrp gene, 17 isolates carried sly gene, 57 isolates carried arcA gene, whereas all isolates were negative for epf gene. The most prevalent genotype was mrp- sly- epf- arcA+ (45·16%) followed by genotypes mrp+ sly- epf- arcA+ (27·41%), mrp+ sly+ epf- arcA+ (19·35%) and mrp- sly+ epf- arcA- (8·06%). High frequency of resistance was observed for antimicrobials such as tetracycline (93·54%), clindamycin (91·93%), co-trimoxazole (88·70%) and erythromycin (85·48%). Antimicrobial resistance patterns of the S. suis isolates revealed 16 resistance groups (R1 to R16), where 93·54% isolates showed multi-drug resistance (≥3 antimicrobial agents). It has also been observed that 57 (91·93%) isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobials. The most predominant resistance pattern observed was CD-COT-E-TE, which accounted for 38·70% of the isolates. The occurrence of relatively high levels of resistance of S. suis to some antimicrobials (e.g., macrolides, tetracyclines, and sulphonamides) as observed in this study may represent a human health concern. In addition, a relatively higher percentage of S. suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs indicates a carrier status with risk of dissemination to other pigs in the herd as well as to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- Animal Health Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - J B Rajesh
- College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Mizoram, India
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14
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Renzhammer R, Loncaric I, Ladstätter M, Pinior B, Roch FF, Spergser J, Ladinig A, Unterweger C. Detection of Various Streptococcus spp. and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Clinical Specimens from Austrian Swine Stocks. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E893. [PMID: 33322266 PMCID: PMC7764176 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of pathogenic potential, frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of porcine Streptococcus (S.) spp. other than S. suis is scarce. Between 2016 and 2020, altogether 553 S. spp. isolates were recovered from clinical specimens taken from Austrian swine stocks and submitted for routine microbiological examination. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing towards eight antimicrobial substances was performed using disk diffusion test. All isolates from skin lesions belonged to the species S. dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE). S. hyovaginalis was mainly isolated from the upper respiratory tract (15/19) and S. thoraltensis from the genitourinary tract (11/15). The majority of S. suis isolates were resistant to tetracycline (66%), clindamycin (62%) and erythromycin (58%). S. suis isolates from the joints had the highest resistance rates. S. suis and SDSE isolates resistant to tetracycline were more likely to be resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin (p < 0.01). Results show that different species of Streptococcus tend to occur in specific body sites. Nevertheless, a statement whether these species are colonizers or potential pathogens cannot be given so far. High resistance rates of S. suis towards tetracyclines and erythromycin and high recovery rates of S. suis from lung tissue should be considered when treating pigs with respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Renzhammer
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (A.L.); (C.U.)
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Marisa Ladstätter
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (A.L.); (C.U.)
| | - Beate Pinior
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (B.P.); (F.-F.R.)
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Roch
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (B.P.); (F.-F.R.)
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (A.L.); (C.U.)
| | - Christine Unterweger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (A.L.); (C.U.)
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15
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Tan MF, Tan J, Zeng YB, Li HQ, Yang Q, Zhou R. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes of Streptococcus suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs from 2017 to 2019 in Jiangxi Province, China. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:797-806. [PMID: 32881196 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and genotypes of Streptococcus suis from Jiangxi Province, China. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 314 nasal swab samples were collected from clinically healthy pigs, with a positive isolation rate of S. suis of 34·08%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that more than 80% of the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, penicillin, minocycline and chloramphenicol. A high frequency of resistance to clindamycin, tetracycline, clarithromycin and erythromycin was observed. All of the isolates were resistant to three or more categories of antimicrobials. The erm(B) and tet(O) served as the most frequent genotypes that contributed to lincosamide, macrolide and tetracycline resistances. A part of macrolide-resistant genotypes could not exhibit specific phenotypes. Finally, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) were identified in 28·97% of the isolates. CONCLUSIONS The multidrug resistance of S. suis has widely emerged in Jiangxi Province. The most prevalent resistance genes and genotypes were similar to those in other regions or countries. The presence of ICEs is increasing the risk of horizontal transfer of AMR genes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The findings could provide guidance for the rational use of antimicrobial drugs and be helpful for monitoring the AMR information of S. suis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-F Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - J Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Y-B Zeng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - H-Q Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Q Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - R Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science & Technology of China), Wuhan, China
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16
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Zhang C, Zhang P, Wang Y, Fu L, Liu L, Xu D, Hou Y, Li Y, Fu M, Wang X, Wang S, Ding S, Shen Z. Capsular serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and the presence of transferable oxazolidinone resistance genes in Streptococcus suis isolated from healthy pigs in China. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108750. [PMID: 32768204 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a pig pathogen and a vector of zoonotic diseases that can cause severe systemic infection in humans. S. suis can colonize the nasal cavity, tonsils, and upper respiratory, genital, and digestive tracts in healthy pigs. Here, to determine prevalence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis in healthy pigs, we collected 1813 nasal cavity samples from healthy pigs raised on 17 independent farms in six Chinese provinces between 2016 and 2018. We obtained 223 S. suis isolates (12.3 %) and the antimicrobial susceptibility to a panel of 11 antimicrobial agents was measured by microbroth dilution. Most S. suis isolates (98.7 %) were resistant to at least three classes of antimicrobial agents. The optrA gene conferring resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols was identified in the chromosome of 27 isolates and on a ∼40-kb plasmid in one isolate; to the best of our knowledge, this was the first report of plasmid-borne optrA gene in S. suis. The genetic environment of optrA showed substantial diversity and could be divided into eleven different types. Interestingly, some fragments of the 89 K pathogenicity island (PAI) were observed together with optrA in 3 isolates, which warrants further attention. Capsular serotypes of S. suis isolates were determined by multiplex PCR. Serotype 29 was the most prevalent, followed by serotype 7 and serotype 2. The presence of highly virulent serotype 2 strains may pose a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhi Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dengfeng Xu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Yali Hou
- Chongqing Animal Epidemic Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueying Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangyang Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhangqi Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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17
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Matajira CEC, Moreno LZ, Poor AP, Gomes VTM, Dalmutt AC, Parra BM, de Oliveira CH, Barbosa MRF, Sato MIZ, Calderaro FF, Moreno AM. Streptococcus suis in Brazil: Genotypic, Virulence, and Resistance Profiling of Strains Isolated from Pigs between 2001 and 2016. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010031. [PMID: 31905664 PMCID: PMC7168627 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis remains an important challenge for the worldwide swine industry. Considering that Brazil is a major pork producer and exporter, proper monitoring of the pathogen and resistance rates are required. We present here the characterization of Brazilian S. suis strains isolated over a 15 year period by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, capsular, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance profiling. Serotype prevalence revealed a predominance of serotype 2/½ followed by 3, 7, 1/14, 6, 8, 18, 28, and 27; the latter had not yet been reported in Brazil. Resistance profiling enabled the differentiation of nine profiles presenting resistance to three and up to eight antimicrobial classes. Even though an association between the most resistant strains and isolation year starting from 2009 was observed, a high frequency of multidrug-resistant strains isolated from 2001 to 2003 was also detected. This suggests that despite the isolation period, S. suis strains already presented high resistance selection pressure. A slight association of serotype 2/½ with some virulence profiles and PFGE pulsotypes was also identified. Nevertheless, no clonal dispersion or persistency of clones over the analyzed years and herds was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. C. Matajira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (C.E.C.M.); (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.T.M.G.); (A.C.D.); (B.M.P.); (C.H.d.O.)
| | - Luisa Z. Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (C.E.C.M.); (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.T.M.G.); (A.C.D.); (B.M.P.); (C.H.d.O.)
| | - Andre P. Poor
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (C.E.C.M.); (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.T.M.G.); (A.C.D.); (B.M.P.); (C.H.d.O.)
| | - Vasco T. M. Gomes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (C.E.C.M.); (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.T.M.G.); (A.C.D.); (B.M.P.); (C.H.d.O.)
| | - Andressa C. Dalmutt
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (C.E.C.M.); (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.T.M.G.); (A.C.D.); (B.M.P.); (C.H.d.O.)
| | - Beatriz M. Parra
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (C.E.C.M.); (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.T.M.G.); (A.C.D.); (B.M.P.); (C.H.d.O.)
| | - Carolina H. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (C.E.C.M.); (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.T.M.G.); (A.C.D.); (B.M.P.); (C.H.d.O.)
| | - Mikaela R. F. Barbosa
- Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (M.R.F.B.); (M.I.Z.S.)
| | - Maria Inês Z. Sato
- Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (M.R.F.B.); (M.I.Z.S.)
| | | | - Andrea M. Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01000-000, Brazil; (C.E.C.M.); (L.Z.M.); (A.P.P.); (V.T.M.G.); (A.C.D.); (B.M.P.); (C.H.d.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-011-3091-1377
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18
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Bactericidal Effect of Clove Oil against Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus suis Isolated from Human Patients and Slaughtered Pigs. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010014. [PMID: 31877814 PMCID: PMC7169397 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that is currently considered an emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR). Increasing antibiotic resistance can lead to the unsuccessful treatment of S. suis infection. Recently, many investigations of medicinal plants were conducted for the treatment of infection as a result of the increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aims of this study were to determine the chemical composition of essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry and the antibacterial activities of clove oil on MDR S. suis. Using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, eugenol (97.76%) was found to be the major active ingredient of clove oil. In vitro antibacterial activities of clove oil against MDR S. suis were evaluated. Using the agar disc diffusion test, the clove oil showed a maximum zone of inhibition at 15% (v/v) oil concentration. In a broth microdilution method, the minimum bactericidal concentration of clove oil against all MDR S. suis isolates was 0.1% (v/v). A time-kill analysis was performed, and the killing kinetics of clove oil showed that MDR S. suis was completely reduced after 15 min of exposure to clove oil. In addition, clove oil exhibited a strong antibacterial activity at all pH values applied following incubation of MDR S. suis in pH-adjusted media with clove oil. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy revealed the nonviable S. suis isolates clearly showed atypical form and cell membrane lysis after incubation with clove oil. This study confirms the efficacy of clove oil as a natural antimicrobial against MDR S. suis and suggests the possibility of employing it as a promising alternative product for control of infectious diseases caused by S. suis in animal and human patients.
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Ichikawa T, Oshima M, Yamagishi J, Muramatsu C, Asai T. Changes in antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes in Streptococcus suis strains isolated from pigs in the Tokai area of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 82:9-13. [PMID: 31748445 PMCID: PMC6983656 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis strains isolated from porcine endocarditis and tonsils in the Tokai area of Japan during 2004-2007 and 2014-2016 (n=114) were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and distribution of selected resistance genes. No strains showed resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, meropenem, vancomycin, and levofloxacin. High resistance to tetracycline (80.7%), clindamycin (65.8%), erythromycin (56.1%), and clarithromycin (56.1%) was observed. In chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, there was a trend towards increased resistance between the first (2004-2007) and second (2014-2016) periods. tet(O) and erm(B) genes were the most frequently detected, and tet(M) and mef(A/E) genes were only detected in strains isolated during 2014-2016. These results indicate that chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance, and tet(M) and mef(A/E) genes emerged in S. suis of this area after 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ichikawa
- Nagoya City Meat Hygiene Inspection Laboratory, 1-39 Funami-cho, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 455-0027, Japan.,Present address: Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, 2266-132 Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-0003, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oshima
- Nagoya City Meat Hygiene Inspection Laboratory, 1-39 Funami-cho, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 455-0027, Japan
| | - Junjiro Yamagishi
- Nagoya City Meat Hygiene Inspection Laboratory, 1-39 Funami-cho, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 455-0027, Japan
| | - Chieko Muramatsu
- Nagoya City Meat Hygiene Inspection Laboratory, 1-39 Funami-cho, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 455-0027, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Draft Genome Sequences of Three Porcine Streptococcus suis Isolates Which Differ in Their Susceptibility to Penicillin. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:MRA01711-18. [PMID: 30834392 PMCID: PMC6395877 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01711-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The draft genome sequences of three Streptococcus suis isolates, IMT40343, IMT40201, and IMT40738, are presented here. These isolates were obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of healthy and diseased weaners from different German piglet-producing farms and differed in their susceptibility to penicillin. The draft genome sequences of three Streptococcus suis isolates, IMT40343, IMT40201, and IMT40738, are presented here. These isolates were obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of healthy and diseased weaners from different German piglet-producing farms and differed in their susceptibility to penicillin.
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21
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Yongkiettrakul S, Maneerat K, Arechanajan B, Malila Y, Srimanote P, Gottschalk M, Visessanguan W. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolated from diseased pigs, asymptomatic pigs, and human patients in Thailand. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:5. [PMID: 30606175 PMCID: PMC6318959 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prophylaxis and treatment of emerging zoonotic Streptococcus suis infection in agricultural and healthcare settings mainly rely on antibiotics. However, continued use of antibiotics contributing to emergence and widespread of antibiotic resistant S. suis becomes a significant challenge in many endemic countries, including Thailand. Meanwhile, the knowledge of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens is required for overcoming the antimicrobial resistance problem, the information of antibiotic susceptibility of S. suis strains isolated in Thailand remains limited. This study aims to assess the susceptibility of Thai-isolated S. suis strains to different antibiotic classes in order to gain an insight into the distribution of antibiotic-resistant patterns of S. suis strains in different regions of Thailand. Results This study revealed the antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance of 262 S. suis strains isolated in different regions of Thailand. Susceptibility testing indicated widespread resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines of S. suis strains in the country. Beta-lactam antibiotic drugs (including cefotaxime and ceftiofur), vancomycin, chloramphenicol, as well as florfenicol were potentially the most effective therapeutic drugs for the treatment of S. suis infection in both pigs and humans. High prevalence of intermediate susceptibility of S. suis isolated from asymptomatic pigs for penicillin G, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin could be the premise of the emergence of S. suis antibiotic resistance. Resistance was also found in S. suis strains isolated from asymptomatic pigs indicating that they could act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on antimicrobial resistance of a large collection of S. suis strains isolated from pigs and humans in Thailand. It revealed the multidrug resistance of S. suis strains in pigs and humans. The information gained from this study raises an awareness and encourage best practices of appropriate antibiotic drug prescribing and use among human health and agriculture sectors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1732-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Yongkiettrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Krissana Maneerat
- College of Alternative Medicine, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Buppa Arechanajan
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Yuwares Malila
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Marcello Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Wonnop Visessanguan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
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22
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Abstract
The genus Streptococcus includes Gram-positive organisms shaped in cocci and organized in chains. They are commensals, pathogens, and opportunistic pathogens for humans and animals. Most Streptococcus species of veterinary relevance have a specific ecological niche, such as S. uberis, which is almost exclusively an environmental pathogen causing bovine mastitis. In contrast, S. suis can be considered as a true zoonotic pathogen, causing specific diseases in humans after contact with infected animals or derived food products. Finally, Streptococcus species such as S. agalactiae can be sporadically zoonotic, even though they are pathogens of both humans and animals independently. For clarification, a short taxonomical overview will be given here to highlight the diversity of streptococci that infect animals. Several families of antibiotics are used to treat animals for streptococcal infections. First-line treatments are penicillins (alone or in combination with aminoglycosides), macrolides and lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Because of the selecting role of antibiotics, resistance phenotypes have been reported in streptococci isolated from animals worldwide. Globally, the dynamic of resistance acquisition in streptococci is slower than what is experienced in Enterobacteriaceae, probably due to the much more limited horizontal spread of resistance genes. Nonetheless, transposons or integrative and conjugative elements can disseminate resistance determinants among streptococci. Besides providing key elements on the prevalence of resistance in streptococci from animals, this article will also largely consider the mechanisms and molecular epidemiology of the major types of resistance to antimicrobials encountered in the most important streptococcal species in veterinary medicine.
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23
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The Two-Component Signaling System VraSR ss Is Critical for Multidrug Resistance and Full Virulence in Streptococcus suis Serotype 2. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00096-18. [PMID: 29685990 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00096-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis has received increasing attention for its involvement in severe human infections worldwide as well as in multidrug resistance. Two-component signaling systems (TCSSs) play important roles in bacterial adaptation to various environmental stimuli. In this study, we identified a novel TCSS located in S. suis serotype 2 (SS2), designated VraSRSS, which is involved in bacterial pathogenicity and susceptibility to antimicrobials. Our data demonstrated that the yvqFSS gene, located upstream of vraSRSS , shared the same promoter with the TCSS genes, which was directly regulated by VraSRSS, as shown in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Notably, YvqFSS and VraSRSS constitute a novel multidrug resistance module of SS2 that participates in resistance to certain groups of antimicrobials. Further analyses showed that VraSRSS inactivation significantly attenuated bacterial virulence in animal models, which, coupled with the significant activation of VraSRSS expression observed in host blood, strongly suggested that VraSRSS is an important regulator of SS2 pathogenicity. Indeed, RNA-sequencing analyses identified 106 genes that were differentially expressed between the wild-type and ΔvraSRSS strains, including genes involved in capsular polysaccharide (CPS) biosynthesis. Subsequent studies confirmed that VraSRSS indirectly regulated the transcription of CPS gene clusters and, thus, controlled the CPS thickness shown by transmission electron microscopy. Decreased CPS biosynthesis caused by vraSRSS deletion subsequently increased bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells and attenuated antiphagocytosis against macrophages, which partially clarified the pathogenic mechanism mediated by VraSRSS Taken together, our data suggest that the novel TCSS, VraSRSS, plays critical roles for multidrug resistance and full virulence in SS2.
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Hernandez-Garcia J, Wang J, Restif O, Holmes MA, Mather AE, Weinert LA, Wileman TM, Thomson JR, Langford PR, Wren BW, Rycroft A, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW. Patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus suis isolates from pigs with or without streptococcal disease in England between 2009 and 2014. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:117-124. [PMID: 28757010 PMCID: PMC5548070 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus suis, a global zoonotic pathogen of pigs, has been mostly studied only in diseased animals using surveys that have not evaluated changes over time. We compared patterns of resistance between S. suis isolates from clinical cases of disease (CC) and non-clinical case (NCC) pigs in England, collected over two discrete periods, 2009-2011 and 2013-2014. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 17 antimicrobials (nine classes) were determined on 405 S. suis isolates categorised by sampling period and disease association to assess changes in resistance over time and association with disease. First, isolates were characterized as resistant or susceptible using published clinical breakpoints. Second, epidemiological cut-offs (ECOFF) were derived from MIC values, and isolates classified as wild type (WT) below the ECOFF and non-wild type (NWT) above the ECOFF. Finally, isolate subsets were analysed for shifts in MIC distribution. NCC isolates were more resistant than CC isolates to cephalosporins, penams, pleuromutilins, potentiated sulphonamides and tetracyclines in both study periods. Resistance levels among CC isolates increased in 2013-2014 relative to 2009-2011 for antimicrobials including aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, pleuromutilins, potentiated sulphonamides and tetracyclines. The prevalence of isolates categorised as NWT for five or more classes of antimicrobials was greater among NCC than CC isolates for both time periods, and increased with time. This study used standardised methods to identify significant shifts in antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of S. suis isolated from pigs in England, not only over time but also between isolates from known clinical cases or disease-free pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernandez-Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Alison E Mather
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Lucy A Weinert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Thomas M Wileman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Jill R Thomson
- SAC Consulting: Veterinary Services, Bush State, Penicuik, EH26 0QE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, W2 1 PG, UK.
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Andrew Rycroft
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
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25
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Oh SI, Jeon AB, Jung BY, Byun JW, Gottschalk M, Kim A, Kim JW, Kim HY. Capsular serotypes, virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolates from pigs in Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:780-787. [PMID: 28250312 PMCID: PMC5402202 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important pig pathogen with potential for human
transmission. The serotype distributions and phenotypic characteristics vary over time and
among regions; however, little is known about the characteristics of S.
suis isolates in Korea. In this study, 240 S. suis isolates
collected from pigs in Korea in 2009–2010 were serotyped by coagglutination tests,
subsequently screened for three virulence-associated genes (mrp,
epf and sly) and tested for antimicrobial
susceptibility. As for 80 isolates, the serotypes of which were relevant to human
infections, clonal complexes (CCs) were further identified by PCR. Serotype 3 was the most
prevalent (15.8%), followed by serotype 2 (15.0%), with geographical variation for each
serotype. Overall, 55.4% of the isolates carried mrp, whereas only 3.8%
carried epf. CC25 was the most prevalent (41.3%) and was related to
serotypes 2 and 9. The isolates showed higher susceptibility to ampicillin (93.4%) and
ceftiofur (90.8%) than to the other antimicrobial agents tested. The highest resistance
rate was observed to tetracycline (98.0%), followed by erythromycin (88.8%). In addition,
the resistance to certain antimicrobials was significantly associated, in part, with
virulence-associated genes or serotypes. Therefore, continuous characterization of
S. suis is essential for the benefit of veterinary and human
medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Oh
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Albert Byungyun Jeon
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Byeong-Yeal Jung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Byun
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Aeran Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
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26
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Okwumabua O, Peterson H, Hsu HM, Bochsler P, Behr M. Isolation and partial characterization of Streptococcus suis from clinical cases in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:160-168. [PMID: 28166707 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717690014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen isolates of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria were obtained from clinical cases of diverse conditions in cattle and identified as Streptococcus suis using 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing and other bacterial identification methods. None of the isolates could be assigned to any of the known S. suis capsular types. Virulence-associated gene profiling that targeted muramidase-released protein, extracellular protein factor, suilysin, 89-kb pathogenicity island, and arginine deiminase ( arcA) genes were negative except for 1 isolate that was arcA positive. The arcA-positive isolate caused severe widespread lesions, including multiorgan suppurative and hemorrhagic inflammation in the meninges, lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and serosae of heart and intestines. The other isolates were primarily associated with meningitis, bronchopneumonia, and multifocal acute necrotizing hepatitis. The isolates differed from each other by 4-6 fragments when examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, indicating they are possibly related. The isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin, and tiamulin. Resistance was noted to sulfadimethoxine (93%), oxytetracycline (86%), chlortetracycline (86%), neomycin (67%), tilmicosin (47%), clindamycin (47%), enrofloxacin (33%), gentamicin (13%), florfenicol (7%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (7%), and spectinomycin (53%). Multi-drug resistance (defined as resistance to at least 1 agent in 3 or more antimicrobial classes) was detected in 67% of the isolates. The pathology observations provide evidence that S. suis may be an important pathogen of bovine calves. S. suis is an agent that clinical bacteriology laboratories should consider when dealing with cases involving cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogi Okwumabua
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (Okwumabua, Bochsler, Behr)
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Okwumabua, Hsu, Bochsler, Behr)
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (Peterson), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Hanna Peterson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (Okwumabua, Bochsler, Behr)
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Okwumabua, Hsu, Bochsler, Behr)
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (Peterson), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Hui-Min Hsu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (Okwumabua, Bochsler, Behr)
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Okwumabua, Hsu, Bochsler, Behr)
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (Peterson), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Phil Bochsler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (Okwumabua, Bochsler, Behr)
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Okwumabua, Hsu, Bochsler, Behr)
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (Peterson), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Melissa Behr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (Okwumabua, Bochsler, Behr)
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Okwumabua, Hsu, Bochsler, Behr)
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (Peterson), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Huang J, Ma J, Shang K, Hu X, Liang Y, Li D, Wu Z, Dai L, Chen L, Wang L. Evolution and Diversity of the Antimicrobial Resistance Associated Mobilome in Streptococcus suis: A Probable Mobile Genetic Elements Reservoir for Other Streptococci. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:118. [PMID: 27774436 PMCID: PMC5053989 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a previously neglected, newly emerging multidrug-resistant zoonotic pathogen. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play a key role in intra- and interspecies horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants. Although, previous studies showed the presence of several MGEs, a comprehensive analysis of AMR-associated mobilome as well as their interaction and evolution has not been performed. In this study, we presented the AMR-associated mobilome and their insertion hotspots in S. suis. Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), prophages and tandem MGEs were located at different insertion sites, while 86% of the AMR-associated MGEs were inserted at rplL and rum loci. Comprehensive analysis of insertions at rplL and rum loci among four pathogenic Streptococcus species (Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and S. suis) revealed the existence of different groups of MGEs, including Tn5252, ICESp1108, and TnGBS2 groups ICEs, Φm46.1 group prophage, ICE_ICE and ICE_prophage tandem MGEs. Comparative ICE genomics of ICESa2603 family revealed that module exchange and acquisition/deletion were the main mechanisms in MGEs' expansion and evolution. Furthermore, the observation of tandem MGEs reflected a novel mechanism for MGE diversity. Moreover, an in vitro competition assay showed no visible fitness cost was observed between different MGE-carrying isolates and a conjugation assay revealed the transferability of ICESa2603 family of ICEs. Our statistics further indicated that the prevalence and diversity of MGEs in S. suis is much greater than in other three species which prompted our hypothesis that S. suis is probably a MGEs reservoir for other streptococci. In conclusion, our results showed that acquisition of MGEs confers S. suis not only its capability as a multidrug resistance pathogen, but also represents a paradigm to study the modular evolution and matryoshkas of MGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Huang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Kexin Shang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yuan Liang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Daiwei Li
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lei Dai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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28
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van Hout J, Heuvelink A, Gonggrijp M. Monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis in the Netherlands, 2013-2015. Vet Microbiol 2016; 194:5-10. [PMID: 27131836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to analyse the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolates from post-mortem samples from pigs in the Netherlands. S. suis isolates originated from diagnostic submissions of pigs sent to the Pathology Department of GD Animal Health, from April 2013 till June 2015. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of in total 15 antimicrobials were assessed by broth microdilution following CLSI recommendations. MIC50 and MIC90 values were determined and MICs were interpreted as susceptible, intermediate and resistant using CLSI veterinary breakpoints (when available). Emergence of resistance among S. suis (n=1163) derived from clinical submissions of pigs appeared to be limited. Resistance to ampicillin, ceftiofur, clindamycin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, penicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline was 0.3%, 0.5%, 48.1%, 0.6%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 3.0%, and 78.4%, respectively. Cross-resistance between penicillin and ampicillin appeared to be incomplete. MIC values of erythromycin, clindamycin, neomycin, penicillin and tilmicosin for isolates originating from grower/finisher pigs were significantly more often lower than the MIC values of isolates from suckling/weaned piglets. It has to be kept in mind that these results represent only part of the Dutch pig population and it can be discussed whether this is a representative sample. Interpretation of the MIC results of (clinically relevant) antimicrobials tested for treatment of S. suis infection is strongly hampered by the lack of CLSI-defined veterinary clinical breakpoints that are animal species- and body site-specific. Therefore, and to conduct a clinically reliable monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of veterinary pathogens, more species- and organ-specific veterinary breakpoints are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobke van Hout
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, the Netherlands.
| | - Annet Heuvelink
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike Gonggrijp
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, the Netherlands
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Li X, Xie S, Pan Y, Qu W, Tao Y, Chen D, Huang L, Liu Z, Wang Y, Yuan Z. Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics of doxycycline hydrochloride and florfenicol polyvinylpyrroliddone microparticle entrapped with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes suspension. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:634-642. [PMID: 26918512 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to effectively control the bacterial pneumonia in pigs, doxycycline hydrochloride (DoxHcl) and florfenicol (FF) microparticle suspension together with inclusion complexes was prepared by using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) as host molecules, polyvinylpyrroliddone (PVP) as polymer carriers and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as suspending agents. In vitro antibacterial activity, properties, stability and pharmacokinetics of the suspension were studied. The results demonstrated that DoxHcl and FF had a synergistic or additive antibacterial activity against Streptococcus suis, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilus parasuis. The size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of microparticles were 1.46 ± 0.06 μm, 0.30 ± 0.02 and 1.53 ± 0.04 mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of DoxHcl and FF was 45.28% ± 3.30% and 89.69% ± 2.71%, respectively. The re-dispersed time and sedimentation rate of the suspension were 1 min and 1. The suspension went through the 9-gage needle smoothly with withdrawal volume of 9.12 ± 0.87 mL/min. The suspension showed good stability when stored away from light, no irritation at the injection site and sustained release in PBS buffer. After intramuscular administration to pig, DoxHcl and FF could maintain over 0.15 μg/mL for 72 h. Compared to the control injection, the suspension increased the elimination half-life (T½ke) as well as mean residence time (MRT) of DoxHcl from 5.73 to 9.77 h and from 12.02 to 18.81 h, and those of FF from 12.02 to 26.19 h and from 12.02 to 28.16 h, respectively. The suspension increased the bioavailability of DoxHcl and FF by 1.74 and 1.13-fold, respectively. These results suggest that the compound suspension is a promising formulation for pig pneumonia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and Genotypic Characteristics of Streptococcus suis Capsular Type 2 Isolated from Clinical Carrier Sows and Diseased Pigs in China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:284303. [PMID: 26064892 PMCID: PMC4434170 DOI: 10.1155/2015/284303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important zoonotic pathogen. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypic characterizations of S. suis 2 from carrier sows and diseased pigs remain largely unknown. In this study, 96 swine S. suis type 2, 62 from healthy sows and 34 from diseased pigs, were analyzed. High frequency of tetracycline resistance was observed, followed by sulfonamides. The lowest resistance of S. suis 2 for β-lactams supports their use as the primary antibiotics to treat the infection of serotype 2. In contrast, 35 of 37 S. suis 2 with MLSB phenotypes were isolated from healthy sows, mostly encoded by the ermB and/or the mefA genes. Significantly lower frequency of mrp+/epf+/sly+ was observed among serotype 2 from healthy sows compared to those from diseased pigs. Furthermore, isolates from diseased pigs showed more homogeneously genetic patterns, with most of them clustered in pulsotypes A and E. The data indicate the genetic complexity of S. suis 2 between herds and a close linkage among isolates from healthy sows and diseased pigs. Moreover, many factors, such as extensive use of tetracycline or diffusion of Tn916 with tetM, might have favored for the pathogenicity and widespread dissemination of S. suis serotype 2.
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Huang J, Shang K, Kashif J, Wang L. Genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis isolated from three pig farms of China obtained by acquiring antibiotic resistance genes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1454-1460. [PMID: 25060787 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquiring antibiotic resistance genes may change an organism's genetic characteristics and the effect of antibiotics, resulting in a rapid transmission of microbial pathogens. The objectives of this experiment were to identify the features of Streptococcus suis (S. suis) isolated from three pig farms in China which are geographically isolated. RESULTS Among the isolates, 56.52% were sequence type 7 (ST7), followed by ST1 (26.09%), indicating that ST7 prevails in China, as revealed by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Statistical analysis indicated an association between geography, sequence types and antibiotic resistance genotypes. 66.67% of the isolates in Sichuan province presented a (ermB(-) + mefA(-) + tetO(-) + tetM(-)) + ST7 type. The tetM(+) +ST7 type was the most prevalent in Jiangsu province, whereas the strains from Hebei province had a phenotype ermB(+) +tetO(+) +ST1 (63.64%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PGFE) pattern A2 with 100% similarity reflected the clonal dissemination between Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces. Strains carrying or not carrying antibiotic resistance genes presented different PFGE patterns in Hebei province. CONCLUSION ST7 is widespread in many regions of China and a clonal dissemination occurred between Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces in diseased pigs. However, ST1 strains with macrolide and tetracycline resistance (ermB(+) +tetO(+) +ST1) isolated from a farm in Hebei province demonstrated that the genetic diversity was contributed by horizontal acquiring of ermB and tetO carrying elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
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Molecular Basis of Resistance to Selected Antimicrobial Agents in the Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen Streptococcus suis. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2332-6. [PMID: 25903569 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00123-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of 227 Streptococcus suis strains isolated from pigs during 2010 to 2013 showed high levels of resistance to clindamycin (95.6%), tilmicosin (94.7%), tylosin (93.8%), oxytetracycline (89.4%), chlortetracycline (86.8%), tiamulin (72.7%), neomycin (70.0%), enrofloxacin (56.4%), penicillin (56.4%), ceftiofur (55.9%), and gentamicin (55.1%). Resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolone was attributed to the tet gene, erm(B), erm(C), mph(C), and mef(A) and/or mef(E) genes, aph(3')-IIIa and aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia genes, and single point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of ParC and GyrA, respectively.
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Cha CN, Yu EA, Park EK, Choi H, Kim S, Lee HJ. Antibacterial Effects of Galla Rhois Extract against Streptococcus suis Infection in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.13103/jfhs.2013.28.2.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThis paper reviews information on antimicrobial resistance patterns and prudent use of antimicrobials to reduce the impact and spread of resistantStreptococcus suisstrains.S. suisis an important pathogen in swine, which can cause significant economic loss. Prudent use of antimicrobials forS. suisis essential to preserve the therapeutic efficacy of broad-spectrum antimicrobials and to minimize selection of resistantS. suisstrains. Resistance ofS. suisto antimicrobials commonly used in swine, including lincosamides, macrolides, sulphonamides, and tetracycline, has been documented worldwide, with resistance in up to 85% of strains. Among antimicrobials examined, resistance ofS. suishas been demonstrated to be relatively low for penicillin (0–27%), ampicillin (0.6–23%), and ceftiofur (0–23%). For penicillin, this result may be due in part to the unique mechanism by which resistance is acquired through modifications in the structure of penicillin-binding proteins. Recommendations to controlS. suisinfection include focused and careful choice and appropriate use of antimicrobials, together with preventive measures intended to improve swine management.
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Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic agent responsible for high-mortality outbreaks among the human population in China. In this species, the ABC transporter SatAB mediates fluoroquinolone resistance when overexpressed. Here, we describe and characterize satR, an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a MarR superfamily regulator that acts as a repressor of satAB. satR is cotranscribed with satAB, and its interruption entails the overexpression of the pump, leading to a clinically relevant increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones.
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36
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Chen L, Song Y, Wei Z, He H, Zhang A, Jin M. Antimicrobial susceptibility, tetracycline and erythromycin resistance genes, and multilocus sequence typing of Streptococcus suis isolates from diseased pigs in China. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 75:583-7. [PMID: 23292102 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen causing significant economic losses in the swine industry. Here, we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility, associated antibiotic-resistant determinants and sequence type (ST) of S. suis isolates from diseased pigs in China from 2008 to 2010. Serotype 2 was the most frequently observed strain (n=95) among the 106 S. suis strains collected, followed by serotypes 3 (n=3), 5 (n=3), 4 (n=2), 7 (n=1), 11 (n=1) and 28 (n=1). Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed that ST1 (n=21) and ST7 (n=74) were the predominant STs, and serotype 2 was found to be significantly correlated with ST7 (P=0.017, Fisher's exact test) and CC1 (P=0.024, Fisher's exact test). The antimicrobial susceptibility results indicated that the antibiotic resistance rate was highest for tetracycline (99.1%), followed by azithromycin (68.9%), erythromycin (67.9%), clindamycin (67.9%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (16%), levofloxacin (2.8%), chloramphenicol (1.9%), cefaclor (0.9%) and ceftriaxone (0.9%). Antibiotic-resistant genes tet(M), tet(O), tet(O/W/32/O), tet(O/32/O), tet(S), tet(W), tet(L), tet(40), erm(B), mef(A/E) and msr(D) could be detected, and several tandem organizations of antibiotic resistance genes were also found in this study. In conclusion, S. suis strains isolated from diseased pigs in China were less diverse and multi-drug resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
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Callens BF, Haesebrouck F, Maes D, Butaye P, Dewulf J, Boyen F. Clinical resistance and decreased susceptibility in Streptococcus suis isolates from clinically healthy fattening pigs. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 19:146-51. [PMID: 23249177 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) has often been reported as an important swine pathogen and is considered as a new emerging zoonotic agent. Consequently, it is important to be informed on its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. In the current study, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) population distribution of nine antimicrobial agents has been determined for nasal S. suis strains, isolated from healthy pigs at the end of the fattening period from 50 closed or semiclosed pig herds. The aim of the study was to report resistance based on both clinical breakpoints (clinical resistance percentage) and epidemiological cutoff values (non-wild-type percentage). Non-wild-type percentages were high for tetracycline (98%), lincomycin (92%), tilmicosin (72%), erythromycin (70%), tylosin (66%), and low for florfenicol (0%) and enrofloxacin (0.3%). Clinical resistance percentages were high for tetracycline (95%), erythromycin (66%), tylosin (66%), and low for florfenicol (0.3%) and enrofloxacin (0.3%). For tiamulin, for which no clinical breakpoint is available, 57% of the isolates did not belong to the wild-type population. Clinical resistance and non-wild-type percentages differed substantially for penicillin. Only 1% of the tested S. suis strains was considered as clinically resistant, whereas 47% of the strains showed acquired resistance when epidemiological cutoff values were used. In conclusion, MIC values for penicillin are gradually increasing, compared to previous reports, although pigs infected with strains showing higher MICs may still respond to treatment with penicillin. The high rate of acquired resistance against tiamulin has not been reported before. Results from this study clearly demonstrate that the use of different interpretive criteria contributes to the extent of differences in reported antimicrobial resistance results. The early detection of small changes in the MIC population distribution of isolates, while clinical failure may not yet be observed, provides the opportunity to implement appropriate risk management steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte F Callens
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Li LL, Liao XP, Sun J, Yang YR, Liu BT, Yang SS, Zhao DH, Liu YH. Antimicrobial Resistance, Serotypes, and Virulence Factors ofStreptococcus suisIsolates from Diseased Pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:583-8. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Tao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shou-Shen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Hao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Characterization of a Streptococcus suis tet(O/W/32/O)-carrying element transferable to major streptococcal pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4697-702. [PMID: 22710115 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00629-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic tetracycline resistance determinants are a recently discovered class of hybrids of ribosomal protection tet genes. They may show different patterns of mosaicism, but their final size has remained unaltered. Initially thought to be confined to a small group of anaerobic bacteria, mosaic tet genes were then found to be widespread. In the genus Streptococcus, a mosaic tet gene [tet(O/W/32/O)] was first discovered in Streptococcus suis, an emerging drug-resistant pig and human pathogen. In this study, we report the molecular characterization of a tet(O/W/32/O) gene-carrying mobile element from an S. suis isolate. tet(O/W/32/O) was detected, in tandem with tet(40), in a circular 14,741-bp genetic element (39.1% G+C; 17 open reading frames [ORFs] identified). The novel element, which we designated 15K, also carried the macrolide resistance determinant erm(B) and an aminoglycoside resistance four-gene cluster including aadE (streptomycin) and aphA (kanamycin). 15K appeared to be an unstable genetic element that, in the absence of recombinases, is capable of undergoing spontaneous excision under standard growth conditions. In the integrated form, 15K was found inside a 54,879-bp integrative and conjugative element (ICE) (50.5% G+C; 55 ORFs), which we designated ICESsu32457. An ∼1.3-kb segment that apparently served as the att site for excision of the unstable 15K element was identified. The novel ICE was transferable at high frequency to recipients from pathogenic Streptococcus species (S. suis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus agalactiae), suggesting that the multiresistance 15K element can successfully spread within streptococcal populations.
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Ge Y, Wu J, Xia Y, Yang M, Xiao J, Yu J. Molecular dynamics simulation of the complex PBP-2x with drug cefuroxime to explore the drug resistance mechanism of Streptococcus suis R61. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35941. [PMID: 22563422 PMCID: PMC3338546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance of Streptococcus suis strains is a worldwide problem for both humans and pigs. Previous studies have noted that penicillin-binding protein (PBPs) mutation is one important cause of β-lactam antibiotic resistance. In this study, we used the molecular dynamics (MD) method to study the interaction differences between cefuroxime (CES) and PBP2x within two newly sequenced Streptococcus suis: drug-sensitive strain A7, and drug-resistant strain R61. The MM-PBSA results proved that the drug bound much more tightly to PBP2x in A7 (PBP2x-A7) than to PBP2x in R61 (PBP2x-R61). This is consistent with the evidently different resistances of the two strains to cefuroxime. Hydrogen bond analysis indicated that PBP2x-A7 preferred to bind to cefuroxime rather than to PBP2x-R61. Three stable hydrogen bonds were formed by the drug and PBP2x-A7, while only one unstable bond existed between the drug and PBP2x-R61. Further, we found that the Gln569, Tyr594, and Gly596 residues were the key mutant residues contributing directly to the different binding by pair wise energy decomposition comparison. By investigating the binding mode of the drug, we found that mutant residues Ala320, Gln553, and Thr595 indirectly affected the final phenomenon by topological conformation alteration. Above all, our results revealed some details about the specific interaction between the two PBP2x proteins and the drug cefuroxime. To some degree, this explained the drug resistance mechanism of Streptococcus suis and as a result could be helpful for further drug design or improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ge
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Revolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingfa Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Shi Y, Li N, Yan Y, Wang H, Li Y, Lu C, Sun J. Combined antibacterial activity of phage lytic proteins holin and lysin from Streptococcus suis bacteriophage SMP. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:28-34. [PMID: 22526567 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel antibacterial agents is required to control infection with multidrug-resistant Streptococcus suis. HolSMP and LySMP, the holin and lysin of S. suis serotype 2 bacteriophage, named SMP, are responsible for lysis of host cells and release of progeny phage. HolSMP and LySMP expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) exerted efficient activity at 37 °C, pH 5.2, with addition of 0.8 % β-mercaptoethanol. Lytic spectra of purified HolSMP, LySMP or HolSMP + LySMP mixture were investigated. HolSMP, exhibiting a narrow lytic spectrum, was effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, which were insensitive to LySMP. Moreover, HolSMP was identified as a promising antibacterial agent which was able to extend the spectrum of LySMP. The data suggest that combined use of holin and lysin could be a candidate strategy for resolution of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Shi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Palmieri C, Varaldo PE, Facinelli B. Streptococcus suis, an Emerging Drug-Resistant Animal and Human Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:235. [PMID: 22275909 PMCID: PMC3223616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a major porcine pathogen, has been receiving growing attention not only for its role in severe and increasingly reported infections in humans, but also for its involvement in drug resistance. Recent studies and the analysis of sequenced genomes have been providing important insights into the S. suis resistome, and have resulted in the identification of resistance determinants for tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, antifolate drugs, streptothricin, and cadmium salts. Resistance gene-carrying genetic elements described so far include integrative and conjugative elements, transposons, genomic islands, phages, and chimeric elements. Some of these elements are similar to those reported in major streptococcal pathogens such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus agalactiae and share the same chromosomal insertion sites. The available information strongly suggests that S. suis is an important antibiotic resistance reservoir that can contribute to the spread of resistance genes to the above-mentioned streptococci. S. suis is thus a paradigmatic example of possible intersections between animal and human resistomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Palmieri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona, Italy
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43
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Fenton M, Ross P, McAuliffe O, O'Mahony J, Coffey A. Recombinant bacteriophage lysins as antibacterials. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 1:9-16. [PMID: 21327123 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.1.9818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing worldwide prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, bacteriophage endolysins (lysins) represent a very promising novel alternative class of antibacterial in the fight against infectious disease. Lysins are phage-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolases which, when applied exogenously (as purified recombinant proteins) to Gram-positive bacteria, bring about rapid lysis and death of the bacterial cell. A number of studies have recently demonstrated the strong potential of these enzymes in human and veterinary medicine to control and treat pathogens on mucosal surfaces and in systemic infections. They also have potential in diagnostics and detection, bio-defence, elimination of food pathogens and control of phytopathogens. This review discusses the extensive research on recombinant bacteriophage lysins in the context of antibacterials, and looks forward to future development and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fenton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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44
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Hu P, Yang M, Zhang A, Wu J, Chen B, Hua Y, Yu J, Chen H, Xiao J, Jin M. Comparative genomics study of multi-drug-resistance mechanisms in the antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus suis R61 strain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24988. [PMID: 21966396 PMCID: PMC3180280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis infections are a serious problem for both humans and pigs worldwide. The emergence and increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. suis strains pose significant clinical and societal challenges. RESULTS In our study, we sequenced one multi-drug-resistant S. suis strain, R61, and one S. suis strain, A7, which is fully sensitive to all tested antibiotics. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the R61 strain is phylogenetically distinct from other S. suis strains, and the genome of R61 exhibits extreme levels of evolutionary plasticity with high levels of gene gain and loss. Our results indicate that the multi-drug-resistant strain R61 has evolved three main categories of resistance. CONCLUSIONS Comparative genomic analysis of S. suis strains with diverse drug-resistant phenotypes provided evidence that horizontal gene transfer is an important evolutionary force in shaping the genome of multi-drug-resistant strain R61. In this study, we discovered novel and previously unexamined mutations that are strong candidates for conferring drug resistance. We believe that these mutations will provide crucial clues for designing new drugs against this pathogen. In addition, our work provides a clear demonstration that the use of drugs has driven the emergence of the multi-drug-resistant strain R61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Hu
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Anding Zhang
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Hua
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfa Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JX); (MJ)
| | - Meilin Jin
- Division of Animal Infectious Disease in the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JX); (MJ)
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Bonifait L, Grenier D. The SspA subtilisin-like protease of Streptococcus suis triggers a pro-inflammatory response in macrophages through a non-proteolytic mechanism. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:47. [PMID: 21362190 PMCID: PMC3058005 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen worldwide that causes meningitis, septicemia, arthritis, and endocarditis. Using animal models, a surface-associated subtilisin-like protease (SspA) has recently been shown to be an important virulence factor for S. suis. In this study, we hypothesized that the S. suis SspA subtilisin-like protease may modulate cytokine secretion by macrophages thus contributing to the pathogenic process of meningitis. Results Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-differentiated U937 macrophages were stimulated with recombinant SspA prior to monitor cytokine secretion by ELISA. Our results indicated that the recombinant SspA was able to dose-dependently induce IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL8 and CCL5 secretion in macrophages. The heat-inactivated protease was still able to induce cytokine secretion suggesting a non-proteolytic mechanism of macrophage activation. Using specific kinase inhibitors, evidence were bought that cytokine secretion by macrophages stimulated with the recombinant SspA involves the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. While stimulation of macrophages with low concentrations of recombinant SspA was associated to secretion of high amounts of CCL5, the use of recombinant SspA at a high concentration resulted in low amounts of CCL5 detected in the conditioned medium. This was found to be associated with a proteolytic degradation of CCL5 by SspA. The ability of SspA to induce cytokine secretion in macrophages was confirmed using a mutant of S. suis deficient in SspA expression. Conclusion In conclusion, this study identified a new mechanism by which the S. suis SspA may promote central nervous system inflammation associated with meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Bonifait
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Hoa NT, Chieu TTB, Nghia HDT, Mai NTH, Anh PH, Wolbers M, Baker S, Campbell JI, Chau NVV, Hien TT, Farrar J, Schultsz C. The antimicrobial resistance patterns and associated determinants in Streptococcus suis isolated from humans in southern Vietnam, 1997-2008. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:6. [PMID: 21208459 PMCID: PMC3022717 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen and is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in adults in Vietnam. Systematic data on the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of S. suis strains isolated from human cases are lacking. We studied antimicrobial resistance and associated resistance determinants in S. suis isolated from patients with meningitis in southern Vietnam. Methods S. suis strains isolated between 1997 and 2008 were investigated for their susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents. Strains were screened for the presence and expression of tetracycline and erythromycin resistance determinants and the association of tet(M) genes with Tn916- like transposons. The localization of tetracycline resistance gene tet(L) was determined by pulse field gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting. Results We observed a significant increase in resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, which was concurrent with an increase in multi-drug resistance. In tetracycline resistance strains, we identified tet(M), tet(O), tet(W) and tet(L) and confirmed their expression. All tet(M) genes were associated with a Tn916-like transposon. The co-expression of tet(L) and other tetracycline resistance gene(s) encoding for ribosomal protection protein(s) was only detected in strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline of ≥ 64 mg/L Conclusions We demonstrated that multi-drug resistance in S. suis causing disease in humans in southern Vietnam has increased over the 11-year period studied. We report the presence and expression of tet(L) in S. suis strains and our data suggest that co-expression of multiple genes encoding distinct mechanism is required for an MIC ≥ 64 mg/L to tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo T Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Different genetic elements carrying the tet(W) gene in two human clinical isolates of Streptococcus suis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:631-6. [PMID: 21115784 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00965-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic support for tet(W), an emerging tetracycline resistance determinant, was studied in two strains of Streptococcus suis, SsCA and SsUD, both isolated in Italy from patients with meningitis. Two completely different tet(W)-carrying genetic elements, sharing only a tet(W)-containing segment barely larger than the gene, were found in the two strains. The one from strain SsCA was nontransferable, and aside from an erm(B)-containing insertion, it closely resembled a genomic island recently described in an S. suis Chinese human isolate in sequence, organization, and chromosomal location. The tet(W)-carrying genetic element from strain SsUD was transferable (at a low frequency) and, though apparently noninducible following mitomycin C treatment, displayed a typical phage organization and was named ΦSsUD.1. Its full sequence was determined (60,711 bp), the highest BLASTN score being Streptococcus pyogenes Φm46.1. ΦSsUD.1 exhibited a unique combination of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes. Besides tet(W), it contained a MAS (macrolide-aminoglycoside-streptothricin) fragment with an erm(B) gene having a deleted leader peptide and a cadC/cadA cadmium efflux cassette. The MAS fragment closely resembled the one recently described in pneumococcal transposons Tn6003 and Tn1545. These resistance genes found in the ΦSsUD.1 phage scaffold differed from, but were in the same position as, cargo genes carried by other streptococcal phages. The chromosome integration site of ΦSsUD.1 was at the 3' end of a conserved tRNA uracil methyltransferase (rum) gene. This site, known to be an insertional hot spot for mobile elements in S. pyogenes, might play a similar role in S. suis.
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Bonifait L, Gottschalk M, Grenier D. Cell surface characteristics of nontypeable isolates of Streptococcus suis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 311:160-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Wang L, Zhang Y. Postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of tilmicosin, erythromycin and tiamulin on erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus suis. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:980-7. [PMID: 24031450 PMCID: PMC3768559 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090004000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The postantibiotic effects (PAEs) and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects (PA SMEs) of tilmicosin, erythromycin and tiamulin on erythromycin-susceptible and erythromycin-resistant strains of Streptococcus suis (M phenotype) were investigated in vitro. Tilmicosin and tiamulin induced significantly longer PAE and PA SME against both erythromycin-susceptible and erythromycin-resistant strains than did erythromycin. The durations of PAE and PA SMEs were proportional to the concentrations of drugs used for exposure. The PA SMEs were substantially longer than PAEs on S. suis (P<0.05) regardless of the antimicrobial used for exposure. The results indicated that the PAE and PA SME could help in the design of efficient control strategies for infection especially caused by erythromycin-resistant S. suis and that they may provide additional valuable information for the rational drug use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
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Wang Y, Sun JH, Lu CP. Purified recombinant phage lysin LySMP: an extensive spectrum of lytic activity for swine streptococci. Curr Microbiol 2009; 58:609-15. [PMID: 19267155 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage lysin has attracted considerable attentions as possible antimicrobial agents for solution of antibiotic resistance. SMP was a Streptococcus suis serotype 2 bacteriophage isolated from nasal swabs of healthy Bama minipigs. The putative SMP bacteriophage lysin, designated LySMP, was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, and chromatographically purified. Treated with 0.8% of beta-mercaptoethanol, LySMP exhibited an extensive lysin spectrum than those of whole phage against bacteria investigated. S. suis serotype 2, S. suis serotype 7 and S. suis serotype 9 strains were recovered from diseased pigs between 1998 and 2005 in China. Fifteen of seventeen strains of S. suis serotype 2 could be lysed, as well as S. suis serotype 7 and 9, Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus and Staphylococcus aureus. But E. coli and Salmonella enterica were not affected. Purified LySMP showed high degrading efficiency against PMSF or lysozyme treated cells comparing to PBS washed cells. Optimum pH and temperature conditions for the lysin were investigated by turbidity reduction assay. The lysin exerted efficient lysis activity at 37 degrees C, pH 5.2. The turbidity of bacterium investigated was observed to decrease by 1.2-68% in 30 min. Result indicated that putative LySMP could be a candidate antimicrobial agent in controlling S. suis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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