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Rodriguez A, Alonso-Morales RA, Lassala A, Rangel P L, Ramírez-Andoney V, Gutierrez CG. Development and validation of a pentaplex assay for the identification of antibodies against common viral diseases in cattle. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:000511.v3. [PMID: 37970075 PMCID: PMC10634487 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000511.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare and economic implications of infectious diseases in cattle demand an efficient surveillance as the foundation for control and eradication programmes. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3V), Bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1), Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and Enzootic bovine leukosis virus (EBLV) cause common and often underdiagnosed diseases in cattle that are endemic in most countries [1]. A hallmark of individual exposure to a viral pathogen is the presence of antibodies directed towards that virus. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a pentaplex assay to simultaneously detect and quantify antibodies against BRSV, PI3V, BoHV-1, BVDV and EBLV in serum, as an efficient tool to yield epidemiological data. Monoplex assays were initially developed using either complete BRSV or BoHV-1 viral lysates, or recombinant proteins for BVDV, EBLV or PI3V as capture antigens. In addition, 125 serum samples from unvaccinated cattle, which were classified as positive or negative for each of the viruses by commercial ELISA kits, were used for validation. Conditions established for the Luminex monoplex assays were adopted for the pentaplex assay. The accuracy, determined by the area under the ROC curve, was greater than 0.97, and assay diagnostic sensitivities and specificities were over 95 and 90%, respectively, for all antigens. Intra (r) and interassay (R) coefficients of variation were under 10 and 20 %, respectively. Selectivity towards target viruses was shown by binding inhibition assays where unbound viruses reduced fluorescence intensities. Diagnostic agreement for samples analysed simultaneously in the monoplex and multiplex assays was almost perfect. In conclusion, a highly sensitive pentaplex assay was validated for the simultaneous identification of antibodies directed against BVDV, BoHV-1, PI3V, BRSV and EBLV in serum. The developed pentaplex assay complies with performance characteristics established by international guidelines for diagnostic tests and may be used as a tool for the implementation of epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodriguez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - Rogelio A. Alonso-Morales
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - Arantzatzu Lassala
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - Lucia Rangel P
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - Vianey Ramírez-Andoney
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - Carlos G. Gutierrez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. México, Mexico
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Spetter MJ, Louge Uriarte EL, Verna AE, Odeón AC, González Altamiranda EA. Genomic evolution of bovine viral diarrhea virus based on complete genome and individual gene analyses. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2461-2469. [PMID: 37217730 PMCID: PMC10485219 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genome consists of a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA with high genetic diversity. In the last years, significant progress has been achieved in BVDV knowledge evolution through phylodynamic analysis based on the partial 5'UTR sequences, whereas a few studies have used other genes or the complete coding sequence (CDS). However, no research has evaluated and compared BVDV evolutionary history based on the complete genome (CG), CDS, and individual genes. In this study, phylodynamic analyses were carried out with BVDV-1 (Pestivirus A) and BVDV-2 (Pestivirus B) CG sequences available on the GenBank database and each genomic region: CDS, UTRs, and individual genes. In comparison to the CG, the estimations for both BVDV species varied according to the dataset used, pointing out the importance of considering the analyzed genomic region when concluding. This study may provide new insight into BVDV evolution history while highlighting the need to increase the available BVDV CG sequences to perform more comprehensive phylodynamic studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano J Spetter
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, CP, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Louge Uriarte
- Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, 7620, Balcarce Buenos Aires, CP, Argentina
| | - Andrea E Verna
- Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, 7620, Balcarce Buenos Aires, CP, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anselmo C Odeón
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Ruta 226 km 73.5, 7620, Buenos Aires, CP, Argentina
| | - Erika A González Altamiranda
- Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, 7620, Balcarce Buenos Aires, CP, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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3
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Wang H, Wang M, Feng X, Li Y, Zhang D, Cheng Y, Liu J, Wang X, Zhang L, La H, You X, Ma Z, Zhou J. Genetic features of bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotype 1c in newborn calves at nucleotide and synonymous codon usages. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:984962. [PMID: 36118339 PMCID: PMC9470862 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.984962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), serving as an important pathogen for newborn calves, poses threat to reproductive and economic losses in the cattle industry. To survey the infection rate and genetic diversity of BVDV in newborn calves in northern China, a total of 676 sera samples of newborn calves were collected from four provinces between 2021 and 2022. All sera samples were individually detected for BVDV infection by RT-PCR and ELISA. Our results showed that the overall serological rate was 9.76% (66/676) and the average positive rate of BVDV RNA was 8.14% (55/676) in the newborn calves. Eight BVDV strains were successfully isolated from RT-PCR positive sera samples, and four isolates displayed the cytopathic effect (CPE). Based on phylogenetic tree at the genome level, the eight strains were classified into subgenotype 1c. Moreover, the BVDV isolates had a close genetic relationship with the GSTZ strain at either nucleotide or codon usage level. Interestingly, in comparison of synonymous codon usage patterns between the BVDV isolates with CPE and ones without CPE, there were four synonymous codons (UCG, CCC, GCA, and AAC) which displayed the significant differences (p < 0.05) at codon usage pattern, suggesting that synonymous codon usage bias might play a role in BVDV-1c biotypes. In addition, the usage of synonymous codons containing CpG dinucleotides was suppressed by the BVDV-1c isolates, reflecting one of strategies of immune evasion of BVDV to its host. Taken together, our study provided data for monitoring and vaccination strategies of BVDV for newborn calves in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xili Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yicong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Derong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiezhong Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Qinghai Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China
| | - Hua La
- Qinghai Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China
| | - Xiaoqian You
- Qinghai Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhua Zhou
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Diao NC, Chen ZY, Shi JF, Wang Q, Sheng CY, Ma BY, Yang Y, Sun YH, Shi K, Du R. Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Ovine and Caprine Flocks: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:703105. [PMID: 34869710 PMCID: PMC8639873 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.703105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea. It can infect cattle, sheep, pigs, and other animals, causing diarrhea, miscarriage, and stillbirth, among other symptoms, and it can result in huge economic losses to animal husbandry. There are reports on BVDV infection rates in sheep and goat herds from all over the world and this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for BVDV in sheep and goats. Results: Using the data of 41,297 sheep and goats in 24 countries/regions to calculate a comprehensive prevalence rate for BVDV. The overall prevalence of BVDV infection in sheep and goats was estimated to be 8.6% (95% CI: 5.2-12.7) by immunological methods and 7.3% (95% CI: 2.7-13.7) by molecular methods. Analysis by national income level revealed that prevalence is higher in middle-income countries than in high-income countries (P < 0.05). The study also compared prevalence rates by species of BVDV, sampling year, and test species, but did not find significant differences. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to determine the global prevalence of BVDV in ovine and caprine flocks. The prevalence of BVDV in sheep and goat populations varies from region to region, and the situation is not optimistic in some countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi-Yang Chen
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun-Feng Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen-Yan Sheng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao-Yi Ma
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Han Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Alocilla OA, Monti G. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus within and herd prevalence on pasture-based dairy systems, in southern Chile dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105533. [PMID: 34826733 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a ubiquitous endemic disease in most bovine populations that causes a negative economic impact on cattle production systems. However, true herd and individual prevalence in Chile have not been estimated based on statistical and epidemiological considerations and uncertainty regarding the infection's extension at animal and herd levels. In addition, the risk factors that can influence how the infection has spread among the cattle premises have not been assessed yet. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate true herd and animal prevalence of active BVDV infection in pasture-based dairy herds and to evaluate risk factors potentially associated with the status of herds and the within-herd prevalence, using a Bayesian approach. A cross-sectional study was performed over a random stratified (proportional to herd size) sample of one-hundred and fifty dairy herds selected in Chile's two leading dairy regions (Region de Los Ríos and Region de Los Lagos). We obtained 12.311 blood samples from lactating cows, but 4.998 randomly selected samples were processed due to budget constraints. For estimating BVDV Herd Prevalence (HP), a herd was considered infected if at least one positive animal to Ag-ELISA was found. In addition, a survey was completed on each farm, aiming to collect information to assess the influence of some variables over the state of the herds; both estimations were obtained using a Bayesian approach. True herd prevalence and true individual prevalence of BVDV active infection were estimated at 77 % and 3.5 % respectively, no significant differences were found between characteristics like herd size, location, vaccination, etc. Open herds and herds that mix herd categories are more likely to have higher BVDV prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Alocilla
- Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
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6
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Gomez-Romero N, Ridpath JF, Basurto-Alcantara FJ, Verdugo-Rodriguez A. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Cattle From Mexico: Current Status. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:673577. [PMID: 34485426 PMCID: PMC8414649 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.673577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an infectious disease, globally-distributed, caused by bovine Pestiviruses, endemic of cattle and other ruminant populations. BVD leads to significant economic losses to the cattle industry due to the wide range of clinical manifestations, including respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases and reproductive disorders. Within the Pestivirus genus of the family Flaviviridae three viral species are associated with BVD; Pestivirus A (Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, BVDV-1), Pestivirus B (Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2, BVDV-2), and Pestivirus H (HoBi-like pestivirus, atypical ruminant pestivirus). These species are subdivided into subgenotypes based on phylogenetic analysis. The extensive genetic diversity of BVDV has been reported for several countries, where the incidence and genetic variation are more developed in Europe than in the Americas. The first report of BVDV in Mexico was in 1975; this study revealed seropositivity of 75% in cows with a clinical history of infertility, abortions, and respiratory disease. Other studies have demonstrated the presence of antibodies against BVDV with a seroprevalence ranging from 7.4 to 100%. Recently, endemic BVDV strains affecting cattle populations started to be analyzed, providing evidence of the BVDV diversity in several states of the country, revealing that at least four subgenotypes (BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, and 2a) are circulating in animal populations in Mexico. Little information regarding BVD epidemiological current status in Mexico is available. This review summarizes available information regarding the prevalence and genetic diversity viruses associated with BVD in cattle from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninnet Gomez-Romero
- Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Ridpath Consulting, LLC and Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Francisco Javier Basurto-Alcantara
- Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodriguez
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Yitagesu E, Jackson W, Kebede N, Smith W, Fentie T. Prevalence of bovine abortion, calf mortality, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistently infected calves among pastoral, peri-urban, and mixed-crop livestock farms in central and Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:87. [PMID: 33607976 PMCID: PMC7893777 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of important diseases of cattle worldwide causing economic losses to the cattle industry primarily due to increased premature culling and decreased reproductive performance. The virus can cross the placenta during early pregnancy and result in the birth of persistently infected (PI) calves that are efficient transmitters of BVDV and serving as the primary reservoirs for BVDV. Relatively few studies have focused on understanding BVDV seroprevalence, virus detection, genotyping and its distribution in Africa. Most BVDV research in Ethiopia has involved serologic surveys in adult cattle, rather than the identification of PI calves, despite their role in viral shedding and recurring infections. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in three different livestock production systems of Ethiopia with the objective to estimate the prevalence of bovine abortion, calf mortality, and BVDV persistently infected calves. Results Ear notch samples (882) collected from calves in 349 households were tested for BVDV antigen using antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACE). All samples tested were negative for BVDV antigen. The overall animal level crude abortion and calf mortality prevalence were 4.0% (95% CI: 2.9–5.2) and 9.2% (95% CI: 7.7–11.0) respectively. The lower BVDV PI prevalence may be due to a lower effective contact rate between cattle reared in small-scale extensive production systems in Ethiopia. Conclusions This is the first report of BVDV Ag test in Ethiopia and no PI was detected in calves in the study areas. Since BVDV is a disease of great economic importance, this study finding must be interpreted with care since absence of evidence is not evidence of absence and even a single BVDV infected animal can serve as source of infection and contribute to the persistent spread of the virus. Greater attention needs to be given to screening for PI animals through testing large number of animals and culling positive animals. Hence, future research should focus on regions and production systems with high BVDV seroprevalence followed by antigen ELISA or BVDV real-time PCR to detect persistently infected and acutely viremic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdachew Yitagesu
- Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia. .,University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Wendi Jackson
- University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Health Institute, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Woutrina Smith
- University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Health Institute, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tsegaw Fentie
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
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8
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Colman E, Hanley N, Kao RR. Spontaneous divergence of disease status in an economic epidemiological game. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20190837. [PMID: 33214756 PMCID: PMC7655765 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a game inspired by the challenges of disease management in livestock farming and the transmission of endemic disease through a trade network. Success in this game comes from balancing the cost of buying new stock with the risk that it will be carrying some disease. When players follow a simple memory-based strategy we observe a spontaneous separation into two groups corresponding to players with relatively high, or low, levels of infection. By modelling the dynamics of both the disease and the formation and breaking of trade relationships, we derive the conditions for which this separation occurs as a function of the transmission rate and the threshold level of acceptable disease for each player. When interactions in the game are restricted to players that neighbour each other in a small-world network, players tend to have similar levels of infection as their neighbours. We conclude that success in economic-epidemiological systems can originate from misfortune and geographical circumstances as well as by innate differences in personal attitudes towards risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Colman
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Nick Hanley
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rowland R Kao
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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9
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Georges HM, Knapek KJ, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Van Campen H, Hansen TR. Attenuated lymphocyte activation leads to the development of immunotolerance in bovine fetuses persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:560-571. [PMID: 32483591 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus continues to cost the cattle industry millions of dollars each year despite control measures. The primary reservoirs for bovine viral diarrhea virus are persistently infected animals, which are infected in utero and shed the virus throughout their lifetime. The difficulty in controlling the virus stems from a limited understanding of transplacental transmission and fetal development of immunotolerance. In this study, pregnant bovine viral diarrhea virus naïve heifers were inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea virus on day 75 of gestation and fetal spleens were collected on gestational days 82, 97, 190, and 245. Microarray analysis on splenic RNA from days 82 and 97 revealed an increase in signaling for the innate immune system and antigen presentation to T cells in day 97 persistently infected fetuses compared to controls. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction on select targets validated the microarray revealing a downregulation of type I interferons and lymphocyte markers in day 190 persistently infected fetuses compared to controls. Protein was visualized using western blot and tissue sections were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Data collected indicate that fetal immunotolerance to bovine viral diarrhea virus developed between days 97 and 190, with mass attenuation of the immune system on day 190 of gestation. Furthermore, lymphocyte transcripts were initially unchanged then downregulated, suggesting that immunotolerance to the virus stems from a blockage in lymphocyte activation and hence an inability to clear the virus. The identification of lymphocyte derived immunotolerance will aid in the development of preventative and viral control measures to implement before or during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanah M Georges
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Katie J Knapek
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland - Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Hana Van Campen
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Thomas R Hansen
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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10
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Carlson JM, Vander Ley BL, Lee SI, Grotelueschen DM, Walz PH, Workman AM, Heaton MP, Boxler DJ. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in stable flies following consumption of blood from persistently infected cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:108-111. [PMID: 31967528 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719898688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) relies on resource-intensive sampling to detect and remove persistently infected (PI) cattle. Herd-level surveillance tools would be useful for herds with unknown BVDV status and for monitoring herds with BVDV-free status. Our objective was to determine the feasibility of using stable flies as a sampling tool to detect BVDV at the herd level. Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) were fed citrated blood from either BVDV-PI or BVDV-free cattle to establish pools of 100 flies with various proportions of BVDV-fed flies (0%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 40%, or 100% in each pool). BVDV-fed flies in these pools were harvested either 1, 2, or 3 d after consuming BVDV-PI blood to determine the impact of time after feeding. Two replicates of a 3-d by 6-dilution level matrix were produced. BVDV RNA was consistently detected on day 1 when ≥10% of the flies in the pool consumed PI blood. On days 2 and 3, positive BVDV RNA detection was variable and became less consistent. Our results demonstrate that BVDV RNA can be detected in stable flies after feeding on blood from PI cattle. Successful use of stable flies as a surveillance tool will require validation under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden M Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Brian L Vander Ley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Sang I Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Dale M Grotelueschen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Paul H Walz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Aspen M Workman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - Michael P Heaton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
| | - David J Boxler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Carlson, Vander Ley, Grotelueschen).,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Lee).,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL (Walz).,Genetics, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton).,Department of Entomology, West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE (Boxler)
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11
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Han JH, Holter J, Moffat J, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Using Bayesian network modelling to untangle farm management risk factors for bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. Prev Vet Med 2018; 161:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Scharnböck B, Roch FF, Richter V, Funke C, Firth CL, Obritzhauser W, Baumgartner W, Käsbohrer A, Pinior B. A meta-analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) prevalences in the global cattle population. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14420. [PMID: 30258185 PMCID: PMC6158279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A random effect meta-analysis was performed to estimate the worldwide pooled bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) prevalences of persistently infected (PI), viraemic (VI) and antibody-positive (AB) animals and herds. The meta-analysis covered 325 studies in 73 countries that determined the presence or absence of BVDV infections in cattle from 1961 to 2016. In total, 6.5 million animals and 310,548 herds were tested for BVDV infections in the global cattle population. The worldwide pooled PI prevalences at animal level ranged from low (≤0.8% Europe, North America, Australia), medium (>0.8% to 1.6% East Asia) to high (>1.6% West Asia). The PI and AB prevalences in Europe decreased over time, while BVDV prevalence increased in North America. The highest mean pooled PI prevalences at animal level were identified in countries that had failed to implement any BVDV control and/or eradication programmes (including vaccination). Our analysis emphasizes the need for more standardised epidemiological studies to support decision-makers implementing animal health policies for non-globally-regulated animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Scharnböck
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Roch
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Richter
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten Funke
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 96, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Clair L Firth
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Obritzhauser
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Baumgartner
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Pinior
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Erfani AM, Bakhshesh M, Fallah MH, Hashemi M. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpes virus-1 in Zanjan Province, Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:313-319. [PMID: 30112732 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) remain as the major pathogens with heavy economic consequences in Iran. The prevalence of antibodies against BVDV and BHV-1, the rate of BVDV persistently infected (PI) animals, and associated risk factors were evaluated in a cross-sectional study carried out in Zanjan Province, Northwest Iran, in December 2011. A total number of 562 cattle in 10 herds and five cities were randomly selected, and their serum samples were tested to detect antibodies to these viruses and also BVDV antigen-positive (PI) animals. The data were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient, chi-square, and logistic regression test. In total, nine and eight of the selected herds were seropositive to BVDV and BHV-1, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of these infections were estimated at 28.6 and 10.7% for BVDV and BHV-1, respectively, and 0.53% of the samples were detected as persistently infected. Statistical analysis revealed that sex, age, and farming system are risk factors for both infections (P < 0.05), while breed was determined as a strong risk factor only for BVDV (P < 0.001). In addition, the present study certainly identifies that infection with BVDV is associated with infection to BHV-1 (OR = 4.52, 95% CI: 2.60-7.80; P ˂ 0.001). The results add our knowledge about the prevalence and associated risk factors of BVDV and BHV-1 in Iran and imply that the prophylactic and surveillance strategies need to be implemented to reduce the risk of spread of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehran Bakhshesh
- Department of Animal Virology, Research and Diagnosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Fallah
- Department of Avian Diseases, Research and Diagnosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Hashemi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Shiraz Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Serosurvey for Infectious Agents Associated with Subfertility and Abortion in Dairy Cattle in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5020051. [PMID: 29751649 PMCID: PMC6024791 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite frequent reports of subfertility and abortion in dairy cattle in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), little is known about the potential infectious and non-infectious causes. This study set out to investigate possible infectious causes of reproductive problems by measuring the seroprevalence of four of the most significant reproductive pathogens in dairy cattle worldwide: Brucella abortus (B. abortus); Neospora caninum (N. caninum), Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). These four reproductive pathogens have been suspected to be present in dairy cattle in T&T for some time but, previously, studies have not been carried out to confirm their presence. Bulk milk samples were collected from 92 dairy farms across Trinidad, representing a total of 1177 dairy cattle. Four dairy farms were selected for individual milk sampling to assess in-farm seroprevalence levels. Milk samples were tested for antibodies to the four pathogens by commercial ELISA kits. The overall farm seroprevalence was 62% for N. caninium and 23% for IBRV, and no antibodies were detected in any of the bulk milk samples for B. abortus or BVDV. Mixed infections for IBRV and N. caninum were common. Seroprevalence levels were between 8% and 65% for N. caninum and between 3% and 53% IBRV on the four individual farms. These results reveal the presence of IBRV and N. caninum for the first time on the island of Trinidad and importantly reveal no evidence for the circulation of BVDV or B. abortus in dairy cattle in Trinidad.
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15
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Dereje T, Benti D, Feyisa B, Abiy G. Review of common causes of abortion in dairy cattle
in Ethiopia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5897/jvmah2017.0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Ma Z, Pu F, Zhang X, Yan Y, Zhao L, Zhang A, Li N, Zhou EM, Xiao S. Carbon monoxide and biliverdin suppress bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2982-2992. [PMID: 29087274 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) causes significant economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. Previously, we demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can inhibit BVDV replication via an unknown molecular mechanism. To elucidate the mechanism involved, we assess whether the HO-1 downstream metabolites carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin (BV) and iron affect BVDV replication. We treated Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells with an exogenous CO donor, CORM-2. We found that CORM-2 but not its inactive form (iCORM-2) inhibited BVDV replication in a dose-dependent and time duration-dependent manner, suggesting a CO-specific mediation of the CORM-2 antiviral effect. Direct incubation of BVDV with high-dose CORM-2 reduced virus titres, suggesting that CORM-2 attenuates BVDV growth by both physically inactivating virus particles in the extracellular environment and affecting intracellular BVDV replication, but mainly via an intracellular mechanism. Exogenous BV treatment, both post-infection and co-incubation with BVDV, inhibited BVDV replication in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that BV has potent antiviral activity against BVDV. Direct incubation of BVDV with BV had no significant effect on virus titres, indicating that BV is not virucidal and attenuates BVDV growth by affecting intracellular BVDV replication. Furthermore, BV was found to affect BVDV penetration but not attachment. However, increased iron via addition of FeCl3 did not interfere with BVDV replication. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrate that the HO-1 metabolites BV and CO, but not iron, inhibit BVDV replication. These findings not only provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of HO-1 inhibition of BVDV replication but also suggest potential new control measures for future BVDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fengxing Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yunhuan Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
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17
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Sekiguchi S, Presi P, Omori R, Staerk K, Schuppers M, Isoda N, Yoshikawa Y, Umemura T, Nakayama H, Fujii Y, Sakoda Y. Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus control strategies in dairy herds in Hokkaido, Japan, using stochastic modelling. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e135-e144. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | | | - R. Omori
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | | | | | - N. Isoda
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Y. Yoshikawa
- Department of Animal Risk Management; Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management; Chiba Institute of Science; Chiba Japan
| | - T. Umemura
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - H. Nakayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Fujii
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | - Y. Sakoda
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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18
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Byrne AW, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, Strain SAJ, McBride S, Graham J, Lahuerta-Marin A, Harwood R, Graham DA, McDowell S. Assessment of concurrent infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and Mycobacterium bovis: A herd-level risk factor analysis from Northern Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2017; 141:38-47. [PMID: 28532992 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen of cattle, leading to severe economic and animal-welfare impacts. Furthermore, the pathogen has been associated with impacting the progression or spread of other pathogens (e.g. Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB)). During this study we investigated (i) risk factors for BVDV at a herd-level and (ii) whether there was any association between BVDV and herd-level bTB risk. The data for this study were gathered from a voluntary BVDV control programme in Northern Ireland (2013-2015) based on the identification of virus positive animals through tissue tag testing of calves. We assigned a herd-level BVDV status to 2827 participating herds, where a herd was assumed "infected" if one or more animals tested positive for BVDV. Two model suites were developed. Firstly, we assessed risk factors for BVDV herd status using multivariable logit random-effects modelling, aggregating to the calendar year level (2013-2015; n=4828; model 1). Secondly, we aggregated data across the three years of the study to give an overall status for the whole study period (n=2827; logistic model 2). Risk factors included year, herd-type, herd size, number of births, inward trade moves, calf mortality, and region. Furthermore, the herd-level bovine tuberculosis status (based on the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test outcomes, or confirmation at post-mortem), or the size of bTB breakdowns (number of SICCT test positive animals), of herds was also investigated to assess whether there was an association (co-infection) with herd BVDV status. The final models suggested that BVDV herd status was positively associated with increased levels of calf mortality, herd size, number of births, the number of BVDV tests undertaken and the number of animals introduced to the herd. There was a significant univariable positive association between BVDV status, and SICCT breakdown risk, breakdown size and confirmed bTB status in model 2. However, there was no evidence of significant associations between bTB status (using SICTT status, confirmed status or herd breakdown size) and BVDV status in final multivariable models when controlling for other significant confounders. These results provide information for action for the future control and eradication of BVDV in Northern Ireland, though these data provide little support for the hypothesised association between BVDV and bTB status at herd-level. Further animal-level analyses are necessary to investigate whether there is support for a BVD-bTB co-infection association, including the impact of co-infection on the severity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Byrne
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - M Guelbenzu-Gonzalo
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - S A J Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon Business Cube, 5 Coalisland Rd., Dungannon, Co., Tyrone, BT71 6JT, United Kingdom
| | - S McBride
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - J Graham
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - A Lahuerta-Marin
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - R Harwood
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, and Rural Affairs, Dundonald House, Belfast, BT43SB, United Kingdom
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 4-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co., Leitrim, Ireland
| | - S McDowell
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
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19
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Graham D, Clegg T, Thulke HH, O’Sullivan P, McGrath G, More S. Quantifying the risk of spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) between contiguous herds in Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2016; 126:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Kane SE, Holler LD, Braun LJ, Neill JD, Young DB, Ridpath JF, Chase CCL. Bovine viral diarrhea virus outbreak in a beef cow herd in South Dakota. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 246:1358-62. [PMID: 26043135 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.12.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION 136 pregnant beef cows were purchased in the fall of 2003. The following spring, 128 cows calved as expected; 8 cows were believed to have aborted with the fetuses unavailable for evaluation. Of the 128 calves born, 8 died within 2 weeks after birth and 9 were born with congenital abnormalities. CLINICAL FINDINGS Cows and their calves were evaluated for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection. Forty-four of 120 calves, but 0 cows, tested positive for BVDV antigen by immunohistochemical staining of ear notch specimens. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Five BVDV test-positive calves died shortly after weaning, and the remaining 39 BVDV test-positive calves were moved to an isolated feedlot and retested for BVDV at 5 to 6 months of age; 36 had positive results, which indicated that they were persistently infected (PI) with BVDV, whereas 3 had negative results, which indicated that they were transiently infected with BVDV at the time of the first test. All PI calves were infected with the same BVDV type 2a strain. As yearlings, 17 of the 36 PI calves died peracutely with lesions consistent with mucosal disease, 6 died without gross lesions, and 2 were euthanized because of chronic ill thrift. The remaining 11 PI calves appeared healthy and were sold for slaughter. Screening of the following year's calf crop for BVDV by use of immunohistochemical staining of ear-notch specimens yielded negative results for all calves. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Introduction of BVDV into a naïve cow herd resulted in a loss of 44% of the calf crop subsequent to reproductive loss, poor thrift, and mucosal disease.
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Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppresses Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Replication in vitro. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15575. [PMID: 26510767 PMCID: PMC4625146 DOI: 10.1038/srep15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral cycle progression depends upon host-cell processes in infected cells, and this is true for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), the causative agent of BVD that is a worldwide threat to the bovine industry. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a ubiquitously expressed inducible isoform of the first and rate-limiting enzyme for heme degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that HO-1 has significant antiviral properties, inhibiting the replication of viruses such as ebola virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. However, the function of HO-1 in BVDV infection is unclear. In the present study, the relationship between HO-1 and BVDV was investigated. In vitro analysis of HO-1 expression in BVDV-infected MDBK cells demonstrated that a decrease in HO-1 as BVDV replication increased. Increasing HO-1 expression through adenoviral-mediated overexpression or induction with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP, a potent HO-1 inducer), pre- and postinfection, effectively inhibited BVDV replication. In contrast, HO-1 siRNA knockdown in BVDV-infected cells increased BVDV replication. Therefore, the data were consistent with HO-1 acting as an anti-viral factor and these findings suggested that induction of HO-1 may be a useful prevention and treatment strategy against BVDV infection.
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Nagayama K, Oguma K, Sentsui H. Survey on vertical infection of bovine viral diarrhea virus from fetal bovine sera in the field. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1531-4. [PMID: 26074250 PMCID: PMC4667678 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolation and antibody survey were performed using
2,758 fetal bovine sera (FBS) collected from slaughterhouses in New Zealand, Australia and
the Dominican Republic, and then sent to Japan to manufacture commercial serum for cell
culture use. FBS in the Dominican Republic were pooled for each several individuals, and
those collected in other countries were separated according to each individual and
subjected to the tests. BVDV was isolated from 25 (0.91%) FBS, and the BVDV antibody was
detected in 44 (1.60%) FBS. The survey on 139 sets of paired sera of a dam and her fetus
revealed that neither the BVDV antibody nor BVDV was detected in all FBS from BVDV
antibody-positive dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nagayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Schaut RG, McGill JL, Neill JD, Ridpath JF, Sacco RE. Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in vivo infection modulates TLR4 responsiveness in differentiated myeloid cells which is associated with decreased MyD88 expression. Virus Res 2015; 208:44-55. [PMID: 26043978 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection range from subclinical to severe, depending on strain virulence. Several in vitro studies showed BVDV infection impaired leukocyte function. Fewer studies have examined the effects of in vivo BVDV infection on monocyte/macrophage function, especially with strains of differing virulence. We characterized cytokine production by bovine myeloid cells isolated early or late in high (HV) or low virulence (LV) BVDV2 infection. Given BVDV infection may enhance susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection, LPS responses were examined as well. Monocytes from HV and LV infected calves produced higher levels of cytokines compared to cells from controls. In contrast, monocyte-derived macrophage cytokine levels were generally reduced. Modulated cytokine expression in HV BVDV2 macrophages was associated with decreased MyD88 expression, likely due to its interaction with viral NS5A. These data and those of others, suggest that certain Flaviviridae may have evolved strategies for subverting receptor signaling pathways involving MyD88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Schaut
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, 2018 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, 2018 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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24
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Lang Y, Gao S, Du J, Shao J, Cong G, Lin T, Zhao F, Liu L, Chang H. Polymorphic genetic characterization of E2 gene of bovine viral diarrhea virus in China. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:554-559. [PMID: 25465669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the wide distributed pathogenic viruses of livestock and wild animals worldwide. E2 glycoprotein is a major structural component of the BVDV virion and plays a key role in viral attachment to host cells and inducing immune responses against viral infection. In order to gain detailed information of the E2 coding region of BVDV circulating in China, 46 positive samples were tested by RT-PCR for the E2 coding region. The 1122 nt nucleotide sequences of full-length E2 were harvested and analyzed. The results suggested that full-length E2 was an ideal target for BVDV genotyping and divided the domestic BVDV isolates into 9 subgenotypes, namely BVDV-1a, -1b1, -1c, -1d, -1o, -1m, -1p, -1q and BVDV-2a, showing great diversity. The difference of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates (dN-dS) inferred both positive and purifying selection of the E2. However, combination of positive and purifying selection at different points indicated purifying selection within the complete E2. Protein properties analysis based on glycosylation sites and epitope prediction demonstrated that the biological character of E2 among individual BVDV subgenotype was similar, but may alter due to amino acid changes. For the first time, the comprehensive collection of E2 sequences of Chinese BVDV isolates was elucidated, which would provide information for future vaccine design and BVD control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Guozheng Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Tong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Furong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology, and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA) , 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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25
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Lanyon SR, Reichel MP. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (‘pestivirus’) in Australia: to control or not to control? Aust Vet J 2014; 92:277-82. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SR Lanyon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - MP Reichel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
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26
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Lanyon SR, Hill FI, Reichel MP, Brownlie J. Bovine viral diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Vet J 2014; 199:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chernick A, Godson DL, van der Meer F. Metadata beyond the sequence enables the phylodynamic inference of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1a isolates from Western Canada. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:367-74. [PMID: 24424090 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been recognized as an important pathogen of livestock in Canada. The high mutation rate of this virus leads to a great degree of diversity between isolates resulting in the ability to infer precise evolutionary relationships. Many studies have attempted to elucidate the regional and global evolution of BVDV, but so far few have applied Bayesian methods to this end. We aimed to describe the molecular epidemiology and phylodynamics of BVDV 1a isolates in Western Canada using 5'UTR and E1-E2 sequence data, collection dates and locations. Sequences were obtained from isolates submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Saskatoon, Canada. Path sampling and stepping stone model testing were employed to identify the model that best fit the data. We found that these Western Canadian isolates share a most recent common ancestor dated near 1909. Furthermore, the E1-E2 region shows a median substitution rate about ten times greater than the 5'UTR. It was also noted that caution should be exercised when inferring phylogenetic relationships using the 5'UTR alone, as it becomes difficult to resolve relationships within major clades. Phylogeographic and population size fluctuation estimates require more thorough sampling than was performed here to be reliable. We have found that there are significant gains to be made by utilizing a Bayesian analysis and by incorporating additional types of data beyond the sequence. These include the estimation of most common recent ancestor dates and the precise inference of transmission routes. Future work will expand upon these findings by more thoroughly sampling BVDV isolates spatially and temporally and further refining the Bayesian model employed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Chernick
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada.
| | - Dale L Godson
- Prairie Diagnostic Services, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada
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Understanding the Impact and Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea in Cattle Populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40362-013-0007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Roug A, Swift P, Torres S, Jones K, Johnson CK. Serosurveillance for livestock pathogens in free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). PLoS One 2012; 7:e50600. [PMID: 23209790 PMCID: PMC3507783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine disease surveillance has been conducted for decades in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in California for pathogens shared between wildlife and domestic ruminants that may have implications for the animal production industry and wildlife health. Deer sampled from 1990 to 2007 (n = 2,619) were tested for exposure to six pathogens: bluetongue virus (BTV), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Leptospira spp., Anaplasma spp. and Brucella spp. We evaluated the relationship between exposure to these pathogens and demographic risk factors to identify broad patterns in seroprevalence across a large temporal and spatial scale. The overall seroprevalence for the entire study period was 13.4% for BTV, 16.8% for EHDV, 17.1% for BVDV, 6.5% for Leptospira spp., 0.2% for Brucella spp., and 17% for Anaplasma spp. Antibodies against BTV and EHDV were most prevalent in the deer populations of southern California. Antibodies against Leptospira spp. and Anaplasma spp. were most prevalent in coastal and central northern California whereas antibodies against BVDV were most prevalent in central-eastern and northeastern California. The overall seroprevalence for Anaplasma spp. was slightly lower than detected in previous studies. North and central eastern California contains large tracts of federal land grazed by livestock; therefore, possible contact between deer and livestock could explain the high BVDV seroprevalence found in these areas. Findings from this study will help to establish baseline values for future comparisons of pathogen exposure in deer, inform on long-term trends in deer population health and provide relevant information on the distribution of diseases that are shared between wildlife and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Roug
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Pamela Swift
- California Department of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Torres
- California Department of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Jones
- California Department of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Residues Arg283, Arg285, and Ile287 in the nucleotide binding pocket of bovine viral diarrhea virus NS5B RNA polymerase affect catalysis and fidelity. J Virol 2012; 87:199-207. [PMID: 23077294 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06968-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Residues Arg283, Arg285, and Ile287 are highly conserved amino acids in bovine viral diarrhea virus RNA polymerase (BVDV RdRp) and RdRps from related positive-strand RNA viruses. This motif is an important part of the binding pocket for the nascent RNA base pair during initiation and elongation. We found that replacement of the arginines with alanines or more conserved lysines or replacement of isoleucine with alanine or valine alters the ability of the mutant RdRps to incorporate ribonucleotides efficiently. The reduced RdRp activity stems from both decreased ribonucleotide binding and decreased catalytic efficiency in both primer-dependent and de novo initiation, as shown by kinetic studies. In line with other studies on flaviviral RdRps, our data suggest that Arg283 and Ile287 may be implicated in ribonucleotide binding and positioning of the template base in the active site. Arg285 appears to be involved directly in the selection of cognate nucleotide. The findings for Arg285 and Ile287 mutants also agree with similar data from picornavirus RdRps.
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31
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Santos AS, Antoniassi NA, Boabaid FM, Bitencourt AP, Almeida LL, Canal CW, Flores EF, Driemeier D. Aspectos clínicos, patológicos, imuno-histoquímicos e virológicos em cinco bezerros persistentemente infectados com o vírus da diarreia viral bovina em uma propriedade do Rio Grande do Sul. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011001000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) é responsável por diferentes síndromes que afetam bovinos em todo o mundo, causando grandes perdas econômicas. O presente trabalho analisou as características clínicas, patológicas e imuno-histoquímicas e virais de cinco bovinos persistentemente infectados pelo BVDV de uma mesma propriedade, localizada no Município de Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul. Dentre os sinais clínicos verificados destacaram-se subdesenvolvimento, secreções nasais e oculares, além de catarata congênita unilateral em dois bovinos. As principais lesões observadas durante a necropsia consistiram de aumento dos linfonodos mesentéricos, evidenciação das placas de Peyer e pododermatite e lesões crostosas no plano nasal e na região periocular em um animal. Os achados microscópicos caracterizavam-se, principalmente, por infiltrado mononuclear na lâmina do intestino delgado e rarefação linfoide com infiltrado histiocitário nos centrofoliculares de linfonodos e nas placas de Peyer. Antígenos virais foram detectados por imuno-histoquímica principalmente em queratinócitos da epiderme, no epitélio de folículos pilosos e células mononucleares da derme de orelhas e pele; histiócitos e em linfócitos dos linfonodos; células foliculares da tireoide; no citoplasma de neurônios e, em menor escala, em células da micróglia no córtex cerebral e no hipocampo. O isolamento viral de amostras de sangue e órgãos dos animais confirmou a presença de BVDV não citopático. Também foi possível detectar a presença do genoma viral por RT-PCR no soro dos animais. A análise filogenética do fragmento parcial da região 5' não traduzida do genoma viral permitiu a classificação da amostra viral como BVDV tipo 2b. O presente estudo reforça a necessidade de investigar e caracterizar surtos de BVD e descrever suas diferentes for-mas de apresentação.
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32
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Xue W, Mattick D, Smith L. Protection from persistent infection with a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1b strain by a modified-live vaccine containing BVDV types 1a and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza 3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vaccine 2011; 29:4657-62. [PMID: 21596076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that BVDV-1b subgenotype is dominant in North and South American field BVDV isolates. However, nearly all commercially available BVDV-1 vaccines contain BVDV-1a strains. In order to study the efficacy of BVDV-1a vaccine against BVDV-1b infection, this study was designed to evaluate a modified-live vaccine (MLV) containing BVDV-1a and BVDV-2 strains for its efficacy in prevention of persistent infection of fetuses against BVDV-1b strain, when the heifers were vaccinated prior to breeding. Heifers were vaccinated subcutaneously with a single dose of the MLV and bred four weeks after vaccination. The pregnant heifers were challenged with a non-cytopathic BVDV-1b strain at approximately 80 days of gestation. Vaccinated heifers were protected from clinical disease and viremia caused by the BVDV-1b virus. At approximately 155 days of gestation, the fetuses were harvested and tissue samples of thymus, lungs, spleen, kidney and intestines were collected for virus isolation. BVDV was isolated from 100% of the fetuses in the non-vaccinated control group, and from only one fetus (4.3%) from the vaccinated group. Results demonstrated that the MLV containing BVDV-1a and BVDV-2 strains provided 96% protection from fetal persistent infection caused by the BVDV-1b strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Xue
- Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, 35500W. 91st Street, De Soto, KS 66018, USA.
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Xue W, Mattick D, Smith L, Umbaugh J, Trigo E. Vaccination with a modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1a vaccine completely protected calves against challenge with BVDV type 1b strains. Vaccine 2010; 29:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The incidences of reproductive disorders in bovine are increasing over years. This scenario is further aggravating due to more emphasis on selection and rearing of animal for specific commercial purposes which compromises livestock reproduction. Reproductive disorders like infertility and abortions in cattle are major problems in the bovine industry. The reproductive disorders might be caused by several different agents such as physical agents, chemical agents, biological agents, etc. Also, the causative agent and pathogenesis of reproductive disorders are influenced by various factors including environmental factor. The exact causes may not be evident and are often complicated with multiple causative agents. Thus, there is a need for multi-faceted approach to understand correlation of various factors with reproductive performance. Of the agents, infectious biological agents are significant cause of reproductive disorder and are of high priority in the bovine industry. These factors are not only related to the prosperity of bovine industry but are also important from public health point of view because of their zoonotic potentials. Several infectious agents like bacterial, viral, protozoon, chlamydial and fungal agents are known to have direct impact on reproductive health of cattle. These diseases can be arranged and discussed in different groups based on the causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, BK21 for Veterinary Science and KRF Priority Zoonotic Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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