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Zeleke MM, Kenyon PR, Flay KJ, Aberdein D, Pain SJ, Velathanthiri N, Ridler AL. Isolation of Aerobic Bacterial Species Associated with Palpable Udder Defects in Non-Dairy Ewes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2317. [PMID: 39199850 PMCID: PMC11350769 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives of these studies were to identify associations between udder half defects (hard or lump) and bacteria isolated from milk or mammary tissue swabs, to compare with samples from normal udder halves at different physiological time points and to compare bacterial species isolated via milk and swabs of mammary tissue from within the same udder halves. A total of 1054 samples were aseptically collected from each udder half of 199 non-dairy breed (Romney) ewes from three different studies (Study A, n = 77; Study B, n = 74; and Study C, n = 48). Conventional bacterial culture and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry were used for bacterial identification. Of the 225 samples from which bacteria were isolated, Mannheimia haemolytica and Streptococcus uberis were the dominantly identified species from defective udder halves, whereas coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) species, mostly Staphylococcus simulans and Staphylococcus chromogenes, were more frequently isolated from normal udder halves. The ongoing presence of bacterial species over time was variable, although less frequently identified species showed less stability over time. A very high agreement (91.5%) of bacterial species identified was observed between the mammary tissue swab and udder half milk samples during post-weaning. In summary, palpable udder half defects were associated with bacterial positivity, and the ongoing presence of the bacteria over time was dependent on the species involved. Hence, culling ewes with palpable udder half defects that had more stable bacterial species could contribute to reducing the recurrence of palpable defects or mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandefrot M. Zeleke
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (M.M.Z.); (D.A.); (N.V.)
| | - Paul R. Kenyon
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (P.R.K.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Kate J. Flay
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Danielle Aberdein
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (M.M.Z.); (D.A.); (N.V.)
| | - Sarah J. Pain
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (P.R.K.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Niluka Velathanthiri
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (M.M.Z.); (D.A.); (N.V.)
| | - Anne L. Ridler
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (M.M.Z.); (D.A.); (N.V.)
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2
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Pathology of the Mammary Gland in Sheep and Goats. J Comp Pathol 2022; 193:37-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Koester LR, Petry AL, Youngs CR, Schmitz-Esser S. Ewe Vaginal Microbiota: Associations With Pregnancy Outcome and Changes During Gestation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:745884. [PMID: 34745049 PMCID: PMC8570082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.745884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive performance is paramount to the success of livestock production enterprises focused on lamb meat production. Reproductive success is influenced by various factors, possibly including the reproductive tract microbial communities present at the time of copulation and throughout pregnancy. There are few publications that identify the vaginal microbial communities of livestock, and even fewer exist for sheep. To compare ewe vaginal microbial communities, vaginal swabs were taken from 67 Hampshire and Hampshire X Suffolk crossbred ewes from the Iowa State University sheep farm at a pre-breeding time point (S1) and after pregnancy testing (S2). Animals that were determined pregnant were sampled again within a few days of expected parturition (S3). DNA was extracted from these swabs, and 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing was conducted to fingerprint the bacterial communities found within this system. Pre-breeding time point samples showed no differences in community structure between animals later found to be pregnant or non-pregnant, but significant changes were detected in species richness (Chao; P < 0.001) and species diversity (Shannon; P < 0.001) at the second sampling time point. A higher microbial diversity within the S2 time point samples may suggest a more stable environment driven by pregnancy, as this increased diversity is maintained in pregnant animals from the S2 to the S3 time point. Additionally, several bacterial phylotypes, such as Mannheimia, Oscillospiraceae-like OTUs and Alistipes, were more abundant at either the S1 or S2 time points in animals that established pregnancy, suggesting a beneficial effect on pregnancy outcome. This study identifies changes within the microbial communities of the ewe vagina before and during gestation and offers inferences on how these changes may impact pregnancy outcome. Information presented herein offers new knowledge about sheep vaginal microbial communities and serves as a starting point to help guide researchers to improve sheep reproductive performance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Koester
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amy L Petry
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Curtis R Youngs
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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4
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Prediction of Mannheimia haemolytica serotypes based on whole genomic sequences. Vet Microbiol 2021; 262:109232. [PMID: 34509701 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the investigation was to predict the serotypes of M. haemolytica based on whole genomic sequences with the capsular gene region as target. A total of 22 strains selected to have been serotyped and to represent all serotypes were investigated by whole genomic sequencing. The BIGSdb (Bacterial Isolate Genome Sequence Database) was downloaded and installed on a Linux server. Here the sequence database was setup with unique loci at serotype level. The server allows serotypes of M. haemolytica to be predicted from whole genomic sequences and the service is available to the public for free from https://ivsmlst.sund.root.ku.dk.
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5
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Tassi R, Schiavo M, Filipe J, Todd H, Ewing D, Ballingall KT. Intramammary Immunisation Provides Short Term Protection Against Mannheimia haemolytica Mastitis in Sheep. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:659803. [PMID: 34179160 PMCID: PMC8222732 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.659803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis affects both dairy and meat/wool sheep industries with losses due to reductions in milk quality and quantity, increased treatment costs and restricted lamb growth. Effective vaccines would be important tools for mastitis control. However, the development of vaccines against mastitis has proved challenging due to the failure to target protective immunity to the mammary gland. In order to target responses to the mammary gland, this study tested whether local administration directly into the gland through the teat canal or in the udder skin confers protection against an intramammary infection. In this study, we tested a vaccine that confers protection against respiratory disease caused by Mannheimia haemolytica to determine if it also protects against intramammary infection by the same organism. No evidence of protection was observed in animals that received a subcutaneous immunisation in the udder skin, however, intramammary immunisation provided almost complete protection against an experimental challenge administered 7 days post immunisation but not if the challenge was delivered 14 days post immunisation. To investigate further the nature of this variation in response, the somatic cell count and concentration of cytokines Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-17A was determined in milk over the course of each study. Intramammary immunisation induced an inflammatory response within the mammary gland, characterised by increases in SCC and in the production of cytokines IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-17A. This response was similar to that observed in un-vaccinated control animals post challenge. The SCC and cytokine levels had returned to levels comparable with un-vaccinated controls prior to challenge at both 7 and 14 days post immunisation. The transient nature of the protective effect is consistent with the priming of an innate antibacterial response within the mammary gland which provides protection against challenge at 7 days but is diminished by 14 days post-vaccination. Further studies are planned to determine the nature of the innate immune mechanisms associated with the protective effect described here to determine whether it may be exploited to improve ruminant udder health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Tassi
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Schiavo
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Todd
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - David Ewing
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Keith T Ballingall
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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6
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van den Crommenacker-Konings LWJH, van Dam P, Everts R, Shittu A, Nielen M, Lam TJGM, Koop G. Dynamics of intramammary infections in suckler ewes during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5979-5987. [PMID: 33663831 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is an important problem in meat-producing sheep, but few studies have investigated the transmission dynamics of mastitis pathogens in these animals. The objective of this study was to describe the pathogens causing intramammary infections (IMI) in suckler ewes, their effect on somatic cell count, and the dynamics of these IMI in early lactation. We enrolled 15 sheep flocks early after lambing and selected ewes in each flock that were sampled twice with a 3-wk interval. Milk samples from both glands of each ewe were bacteriologically cultured, and somatic cell count was measured. Non-aureus Staphylococcus spp. were the most prevalent culture results. Somatic cell counts were most strongly increased in ewes infected with Mannheimia haemolytica, whereas staphylococci, including Staphylococcus aureus, were associated with a moderate increase in somatic cell count. The proportion of udder halves that remained culture-positive with Staphylococcus spp. during the 3-wk sampling interval was moderate, but M. haemolytica infections were stable during this time period. A substantial number of new infections were seen in the early lactation study period for non-aureus Staphylococcus spp., Staph. aureus, and Corynebacterium spp., but not for M. haemolytica or Streptococcus spp. The number of new IMI of Staph. aureus was associated with the number of Staph. aureus-infected udder halves in the flock at the first sampling moment, indicative of contagious transmission. Altogether, we show that substantial transmission happens in early lactation in suckler ewes, but that the dynamics differ between pathogen species. More research is needed to further describe transmission in different stages of lactation and to identify transmission routes, to develop effective interventions to control mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra van Dam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Reinard Everts
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Dutch Sheep and Goat Breeders Association (NSFO), PO Box 160, 5300 AD Zaltbommel, the Netherlands; Veterinary Practice (Diergeneeskundig Centrum) Zuid-Oost Drenthe, Looweg 84, 7741 EE Coevorden, the Netherlands
| | - Aminu Shittu
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, PMB 2254, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Mirjam Nielen
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo J G M Lam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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7
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Li T, Gao J, Zhao X, Ma Y. Digital gene expression analyses of mammary glands from meat ewes naturally infected with clinical mastitis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181604. [PMID: 31417691 PMCID: PMC6689637 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical mastitis in sheep has gravely restrained production performance for a long time. Knowledge of mechanisms of its pathogenesis and resistance in meat sheep mammary gland with clinical mastitis are not yet understood, especially for clinical mastitis caused by natural infection. In this work, RNA-sequencing was firstly used to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in clinical mastitic mammary tissues (CMMTs) when compared with healthy mammary tissues (HMTs) from meat sheep flocks. We identified 420 DEGs including 316 upregulated and 104 downregulated genes in CMMTs. Gene ontology annotation revealed these DEGs were mainly engaged in immune response and inflammation response. Pathway enrichment showed they were primarily enriched in pathways relevant to inflammation, immune response and metabolism. Alternative splicing analysis showed most common differential splicing genes in CMMTs and HMTs were implicated in immune response. Immunostaining for three immune response-related proteins encoded by DEGs were mainly observed in mammary epithelium from both CMMTs and HMTs, and their positive signals were more intensive in CMMTs than those in HMTs. These findings provide experimental basis and reference for further researching the molecular genetic mechanisms, particularly immune defence mechanisms, of sheep mammary gland during clinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Youji Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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8
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Katsafadou AI, Tsangaris GT, Anagnostopoulos AK, Billinis C, Barbagianni MS, Vasileiou NGC, Spanos SA, Mavrogianni VS, Fthenakis GC. Differential quantitative proteomics study of experimental Mannheimia haemolytica mastitis in sheep. J Proteomics 2019; 205:103393. [PMID: 31154024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective was the differential quantitative proteomics study of ovine mastitis induced by Mannheimia haemolytica; clinical, microbiological, cytological and histopathological methods were employed for confirmation and monitoring. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) for all samples and differentially abundant proteins were identified by mass spectrometry; comparisons were performed with pre- (blood, milk) and post- (milk of contralateral gland) inoculation findings. Animals developed mastitis, confirmed by isolation of challenge strain and increase of neutrophils in milk and by histopathological evidence. In blood plasma, 33 differentially abundant proteins (compared to findings before challenge) were identified: 6 with decrease, 13 with new appearance and 14 with varying abundance. In a post-challenge milk whey protein reference map, 65 proteins were identified; actin cytoplasmic-1, beta-lactoglobulin-1/B, cathelicidin-1 predominated. Further, 89 differentially abundant proteins (compared to findings before challenge) were identified: 18 with decrease, 53 with new appearance, 3 with increase and 15 with varying abundance; 15 proteins showed status changes in blood plasma and milk whey. Differential abundance from inoculated and contralateral glands revealed 74 proteins only from the inoculated gland. Most differentially abundant proteins in milk whey were involved in cell organisation and biogenesis (n = 17) or in inflammatory and defence response (n = 13). SIGNIFICANCE: The proteomes of blood and milk from ewes with experimental mastitis caused by Mannheimia haemolytica and the differential proteomics in sequential samples after challenge are presented for the first time. This is the first detailed proteomics study in M. haemolytica-associated mastitis in ewes. An experimental model fully simulating natural mastitis has been used. Use of experimentally induced mastitis minimised potential variations and allowed consistency of results. The study included evaluation of changes in blood plasma and milk whey. Protein patterns have been studied, indicating with great accuracy changes that had occurred as part of the disease process and development, during the acute phase of infection. Relevant protein-protein interactions were studied. The entirety of proteomics findings has suggested that affected ewes had mounted a defence response that had been regulated by many proteins (e.g., cathelicidins, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A) and through various pathways (e.g., acute phase response, binding and transporting significant ions and molecules); these were interdependent at various points. Potential biomarkers have been indicated for use in diagnostic assays of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki I Katsafadou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Th Tsangaris
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Stavros A Spanos
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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9
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Sahay S, Shome R, Sankarasubramanian J, Vishnu US, Prajapati A, Natesan K, Shome BR, Rahman H, Rajendhran J. Genome sequence analysis of the Indian strain Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A2 from ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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10
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Pereira PF, Reway AP, Félix A, Beutemmüller EA, Pretto-Giordano LG, Alfieri AA, Lisbôa JA, Müller EE. Mammary gland health of Santa Inês ewes at the drying and puerperium and evaluation of a dry-off terapy with gentamicin. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Mastitis represents an important health problem for Santa Inês breed, causing losses to the producer, due to loss of ewes or the decrease in weight gain of lambs. The aim of this work was to assess the health of the mammary gland of Santa Inês ewes at the drying and puerperium and to investigate the efficacy of a dry-off therapy with gentamicin. In this study, 64 ewes were divided in a control group (GC) and treatment group (GT), and the health of the mammary gland was assessed at the drying and puerperium. The GT ewes received 250mg of gentamicin (Gentocin® DryCow/Schering-Plough, product indicated for use in dairy cows) in each mammary half. For diagnosis, clinical examination, California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count and milk culture was performed. In the GC, of the 45 (70.3%) healthy mammary halves at the drying, 12 developed subclinical mastitis and nine clinical mastitis at the puerperium. In the GT, among 51 (79.7%) healthy mammary halves at the drying, six developed subclinical mastitis and 11 clinical mastitis at the puerperium. No association was observed between treatment and the occurrence of mastitis at puerperium. Of the 19 (29.7%) mammary halves of the GC that presented subclinical mastitis at the drying, three remained with subclinical mastitis and five developed clinical mastitis at the puerperium. In the GT, of the 13 (20.3%) mammary halves that had subclinical mastitis at the drying, four remained with subclinical mastitis and four developed clinical mastitis. No association was observed between treatment and cure or persistence of mastitis at the puerperium. The main microorganisms isolated, at the drying and puerperium, from animals with subclinical or clinical mastitis were Staphylococcus spp., predominantly coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CSN). At the puerperium, 29 cases of clinical mastitis occurred, 19 with isolation, where 10 were CNS and six S. aureus. Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated in one case of subclinical mastitis and other of clinical mastitis. News protocols and different ways of handling at drying and at puerperium must be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aline Félix
- 14ª Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Brazil
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11
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Spuria L, Biasibetti E, Bisanzio D, Biasato I, De Meneghi D, Nebbia P, Robino P, Bianco P, Lamberti M, Caruso C, Di Blasio A, Peletto S, Masoero L, Dondo A, Capucchio MT. Microbial agents in macroscopically healthy mammary gland tissues of small ruminants. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3994. [PMID: 29152416 PMCID: PMC5689019 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health of mammary glands is fundamental for milk and dairy products hygiene and quality, with huge impacts on consumers welfare. Methods This study aims to investigate the microbial agents (bacteria, fungi and lentiviruses) isolated from 89 macroscopically healthy udders of regularly slaughtered small ruminants (41 sheep, 48 goats), also correlating their presence with the histological findings. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association between lesions and positivity for different microbial isolates, animal age and bacteria. Results Twenty-five samples were microbiologically negative; 138 different bacteria were isolated in 64 positive udders. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most prevalent bacteria isolated (46.42%), followed by environmental opportunists (34.76%), others (10.14%) and pathogens (8.68%). Most mammary glands showed coinfections (75%). Lentiviruses were detected in 39.3% of samples. Histologically, chronic non-suppurative mastitis was observed in 45/89 glands, followed by chronic mixed mastitis (12/89) and acute suppurative mastitis (4/89). Only 28 udders were normal. Histological lesions were significantly associated with the animal species and lentiviruses and coagulase-negative staphylococci infections. Goats had significantly higher risk to show chronic mixed mastitis compared to sheep. Goats showed a significantly lower risk (OR = 0.26; 95% CI [0.06-0.71]) of being infected by environmental opportunists compared to sheep, but higher risk (OR = 10.87; 95% CI [3.69-37.77]) of being infected with lentiviruses. Discussion The results of the present study suggest that macroscopically healthy glands of small ruminants could act as a reservoir of microbial agents for susceptible animals, representing a potential risk factor for the widespread of acute or chronic infection in the flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Spuria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Donal Bisanzio
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, c/o Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Daniele De Meneghi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Patrizia Robino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Caruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Blasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Loretta Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
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12
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Omaleki L, Browning GF, Allen JL, Markham PF, Barber SR. Molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of clinical mastitis in sheep caused by Mannheimia haemolytica. Vet Microbiol 2016; 191:82-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Omaleki L, Browning GF, Allen JL, Markham PF, Barber SR. The upper respiratory tract is a natural reservoir of haemolytic Mannheimia species associated with ovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:308-12. [PMID: 26542125 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lamb suckling has been suggested to be an important way of infecting a ewe's udder with different bacteria, including Mannheimia haemolytica. To test the potential role of lambs in transferring Mannheimia species to the ewe's udder, the restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of isolates obtained from nasopharyngeal swabs were compared with those obtained from cases of mastitis. Sterile cotton swabs were used to collect nasopharyngeal samples from 50 ewes and 36 lambs from three flocks. M. haemolytica and Mannheimia glucosida as well as haemolytic Mannheimia ruminalis-like organisms were detected in the upper respiratory tract of lambs and ewes. Comparison of the restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of the isolates suggested that the M. haemolytica isolates obtained from different milk samples from ewes with mastitis were more clonal than those obtained from the nasal swabs. However, some nasal isolates within both Mannheimia species had restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns identical to those obtained from milk samples from ewes with mastitis, indicating that lambs may have a role in transferring these organisms to the udder. More clonality was observed between the M. glucosida isolates than between M. haemolytica isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Omaleki
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Block 12, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne L Allen
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart R Barber
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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14
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Lau JSY, Omaleki L, Turni C, Barber SR, Browning GF, Francis MJ, Graham M, Korman TM. Human Wound Infection with Mannheimia glucosida following Lamb Bite. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3374-6. [PMID: 26202121 PMCID: PMC4572521 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01249-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannheimia spp. are veterinary pathogens that can cause mastitis and pneumonia in domestic cattle and sheep. While Mannheimia glucosida can be found as normal flora in oral and respiratory mucosa in sheep, there have been no reported cases of human infection with this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian S Y Lau
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lida Omaleki
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart Richard Barber
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn Francis Browning
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Maryza Graham
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Microbiology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony M Korman
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Microbiology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Gelasakis AI, Mavrogianni VS, Petridis IG, Vasileiou NGC, Fthenakis GC. Mastitis in sheep--The last 10 years and the future of research. Vet Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26216457 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial mastitis is a significant welfare and financial problem in sheep flocks. This paper reviews the recently published literature, including publications that highlight the significance and virulence factors of the causal agents, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Mannheimia haemolytica, the primary causes of the disease. Research has also contributed to the understanding of risk factors, including genetic susceptibility of animals to infections, supporting future strategies for sustainable disease control. Pathogenetic mechanisms, including the role of the local defenses in the teat, have also been described and can assist formulation of strategies that induce local immune responses in the teat of ewes. Further to well-established diagnostic techniques, i.e., bacteriological tests and somatic cell counting, advanced methodologies, e.g., proteomics technologies, will likely contribute to more rapid and accurate diagnostics, in turn enhancing mastitis control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Gelasakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - V S Mavrogianni
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - I G Petridis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - N G C Vasileiou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
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16
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Omaleki L, Browning GF, Barber SR, Allen JL, Srikumaran S, Markham PF. Sequence diversity, cytotoxicity and antigenic similarities of the leukotoxin of isolates of Mannheimia species from mastitis in domestic sheep. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:172-9. [PMID: 25246232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Species within the genus Mannheimia are among the most important causes of ovine mastitis. Isolates of these species can express leukotoxin A (LktA), a primary virulence factor of these bacteria. To examine the significance of variation in the LktA, the sequences of the lktA genes in a panel of isolates from cases of ovine mastitis were compared. The cross-neutralising capacities of rat antisera raised against LktA of one Mannheimia glucosida, one haemolytic Mannheimia ruminalis, and two Mannheimia haemolytica isolates were also examined to assess the effect that variation in the lktA gene can have on protective immunity against leukotoxins with differing sequences. The lktA nucleotide distance between the M. haemolytica isolates was greater than between the M. glucosida isolates, with the M. haemolytica isolates divisible into two groups based on their lktA sequences. Comparison of the topology of phylogenetic trees of 16S rDNA and lktA sequences revealed differences in the relationships between some isolates, suggesting horizontal gene transfer. Cross neutralisation data obtained with monospecific anti-LktA rat sera were used to derive antigenic similarity coefficients for LktA from the four Mannheimia species isolates. Similarity coefficients indicated that LktA of the two M. haemolytica isolates were least similar, while LktA from M. glucosida was most similar to those for one of the M. haemolytica isolates and the haemolytic M. ruminalis isolate. The results suggested that vaccination with the M. glucosida leukotoxin would generate the greatest cross-protection against ovine mastitis caused by Mannheimia species with these alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Omaleki
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stuart R Barber
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne L Allen
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Subramaniam Srikumaran
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
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17
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Zadoks RN, Tassi R, Martin E, Holopainen J, McCallum S, Gibbons J, Ballingall KT. Comparison of bacteriological culture and PCR for detection of bacteria in ovine milk--sheep are not small cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6326-33. [PMID: 25108858 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, is an important cause of disease, mortality, and production losses in dairy and meat sheep. Mastitis is commonly caused by intramammary infection with bacteria, which can be detected by bacterial culture or PCR. PathoProof (Thermo Fisher Scientific Ltd., Vantaa, Finland) is a commercially available real-time PCR system for the detection of bovine mastitis pathogens. Sheep differ from cattle in the bacterial species or bacterial strains that cause mastitis, as well as in the composition of their milk. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the PathoProof system was suitable for detection of mastitis pathogens in sheep milk. Milk samples were collected aseptically from 219 udder halves of 113 clinically healthy ewes in a single flock. Aliquots were used for bacteriological culture and real-time PCR-based detection of bacteria. For species identified by culture, the diagnosis was confirmed by species-specific conventional PCR or by sequencing of a housekeeping gene. The majority of samples were negative by culture (74.4% of 219 samples) and real-time PCR (82.3% of 192 samples). Agreement was observed for 138 of 192 samples. Thirty-four samples were positive by culture only, mostly due to presence of species that are not covered by primers in the PCR system (e.g., Mannheimia spp.). Two samples were positive for Streptococcus uberis by culture but not by PCR directly from the milk samples. This was not due to inability of the PCR primers to amplify ovine Streptococcus uberis, as diluted DNA extracts from the same samples and DNA extracts from the bacterial isolates were positive by real-time PCR. For samples containing Staphylococcus spp., 11 samples were positive by culture and PCR, 9 by culture only, and 20 by PCR only. Samples that were negative by either method had lower bacterial load than samples that were positive for both methods, whereas no clear relation with species identity was observed. This study provides proof of principle that real-time PCR can be used for detection of mastitis pathogens in ovine milk. Routine use in sheep may require inclusion of primer sets for sheep-specific mastitis pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK; Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Riccardo Tassi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Elena Martin
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Jani Holopainen
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Microbiology Division, Ratastie 2, PO Box 100, FI-01621 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Sarah McCallum
- Biobest Laboratories Ltd., 6 Charles Darwin House, The Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, EH26 0PY, UK
| | - James Gibbons
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Keith T Ballingall
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
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18
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Pereira PFV, Stotzer ES, Pretto-Giordano LG, Müller EE, Lisbôa JAN. Fatores de risco, etiologia e aspectos clínicos da mastite em ovelhas de corte no Paraná. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A mastite em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês apresenta-se como um problema de grande proporção e gravidade e é dificilmente tratada com sucesso. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e etiológicos da mastite clínica em ovelhas de corte criadas no norte do Paraná. O presente estudo foi realizado entre os meses de outubro de 2009 a setembro de 2010 envolvendo 54 rebanhos de ovinos de corte de diferentes raças. Durante as visitas às propriedades, um questionário foi preenchido com a finalidade de caracterizar o problema. Setenta ovelhas com mastite clínica foram examinadas e amostras de secreção láctea foram colhidas para exame microbiológico. A mastite foi considerada um problema relevante em 39 propriedades (72,3%), com frequência média de 6,74%. Casos crônicos e agudos de mastite foram observados em 69% e 31% das ovelhas examinadas, respectivamente. Em ambos os casos, a mastite flegmonosa foi a forma mais encontrada (65,5% dos casos). O agente etiológico mais prevalente foi Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (54,5%), seguido por S. aureus e A. pyogenes (11,5% cada). Mannheimia haemolytica foi isolada em dois casos. Sistema de criação não extensivo e raça Santa Inês foram identificados como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de mastite clínica. Secagem das fêmeas após 120 dias de lactação e separação de fêmeas doentes do rebanho foram associadas com menor ocorrência da doença. Recomenda-se a limpeza adequada das instalações e a secagem mais tardia, principalmente em rebanhos Santa Inês.
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Pangallo D, Šaková N, Koreňová J, Puškárová A, Kraková L, Valík L, Kuchta T. Microbial diversity and dynamics during the production of May bryndza cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 170:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Omaleki L, Browning GF, Allen JL, Barber SR. Molecular epidemiology of Mannheimia haemolytica and Mannheimia glucosida associated with ovine mastitis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:730-4. [PMID: 22621951 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712448186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While Mannheimia haemolytica and Mannheimia glucosida have been recognized as causes of intramammary infection in sheep, there has been no investigation of the epidemiology of the strains involved. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was used to study the molecular epidemiology of isolates of these 2 species associated with ovine mastitis. Ten distinct strains were recognized among 12 M. haemolytica isolates, and 7 distinct strains among 13 M. glucosida isolates. The results demonstrate a high diversity of isolates with the ability to cause ovine mastitis. However, the presence of some identical isolates may suggest the possibility of horizontal transmission of these species in some flocks, possibly through lamb sucking, and/or differences in the capacity of some isolates to cause mastitis in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Omaleki
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health and School of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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21
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Contreras GA, Rodríguez JM. Mastitis: comparative etiology and epidemiology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:339-56. [PMID: 21947764 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is broadly defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland; however, the concept of mastitis is customized to address its social and clinical impact in the case of humans and the health, welfare, and economic consequences for other mammals. There are many microbial, host, and environmental factors that influence the development of mastitis. Some are common to all mammals as well as inherent to each species. Together these factors influence the most prevalent etiological agents for each species and might determine the possibility of interspecies transmission with its consequences to public health. The present review will summarize and compare reports on mastitis etiology and its epidemiology in humans and food animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, D202 VMC, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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