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Luo H, Yang Z, Lei T, Li C, Zhou Z, Wang M, Zhu D, Li P, Cheng A. RATA: A novel class A carbapenemase with broad geographic distribution and potential for global spread. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172873. [PMID: 38692330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Carbapenem resistance's global proliferation poses a significant public health challenge. The primary resistance mechanism is carbapenemase production. In this study, we discovered a novel carbapenemase, RATA, located on the chromosome of Riemerella anatipestifer isolates. This enzyme shares ≤52 % amino acid sequence identity with other known β-lactamases. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and kinetic assays demonstrated that RATA could hydrolyze not only penicillins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins but also monobactams, cephamycins, and carbapenems. Furthermore, its activity was readily inhibited by β-lactamase inhibitors. Bioinformatic analysis revealed 46 blaRATA-like genes encoding 27 variants in the NCBI database, involving 21 different species, including pathogens, host-associated bacteria, and environmental isolates. Notably, blaRATA-positive strains were globally distributed and primarily collected from marine environments. Concurrently, taxonomic analysis and GC content analysis indicated that blaRATA orthologue genes were predominantly located on the chromosomes of Flavobacteriaceae and shared a similar GC content as Flavobacteriaceae. Although no explicit mobile genetic elements were identified by genetic environment analysis, blaRATA-2 possessed the ability of horizontal transfer in R. anatipestifer via natural transformation. This work's data suggest that RATA is a new chromosome-encoded class A carbapenemase, and Flavobacteriaceae from marine environments could be the primary reservoir of the blaRATA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhishuang Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ting Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Caixia Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuoyong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, China.
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Dong H, Zhu S, Sun F, Feng Q, Guo C, Wu Z, Wu S, Wang A, Yu S. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance phenotype and genotype of Riemerella anatipestifer. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110047. [PMID: 38471429 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is one of the important bacterial pathogens that threaten the waterfowl farming industry. In this study, 157 suspected R. anatipestifer strains were isolated from diseased ducks and geese from seven regions of China during 2019-2020, and identified using multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis were then performed for comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The results showed that these strains were susceptible to florfenicol, ceftriaxone, spectinomycin, sulfafurazole and cefepime, but resistant to kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, and streptomycin, exhibiting multiple antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. WGS analysis revealed a wide distribution of genotypes among the 157 strains with no apparent regional pattern. Through next-generation sequencing analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes, a total of 88 resistance genes were identified. Of them, 19 tetracycline resistance genes were most commonly found, followed by 15 efflux pump resistance genes, 11 glycopeptide resistance genes and seven macrolide resistance genes. The 157 R. anatipestifer strains contained 42-55 resistance genes each, with the strains carrying 47 different resistance genes being the most abundant. By comparing the antimicrobial resistance phenotype and genotype, it was observed that a high correlation between them for most antimicrobial resistance properties was detected, except for a difference in aminoglycoside resistance phenotype and genotype. In conclusion, 157 R. anatipestifer strains exhibited severe multiple antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes, emphasizing the need for improved antimicrobial usage guidelines. The wide distribution and diverse types of resistance genes among these strains provide a foundation for studying novel mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Dong
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China.
| | - Fan Sun
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Changming Guo
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zhi Wu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Anping Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, No. 8 Phoenix East Road, Taizhou 225300, China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Liu J, Hao D, Ding X, Shi M, Wang Q, He H, Cheng B, Wang M, Wang Q, Xiang Y, Chen L. Epidemiological investigation and β-lactam antibiotic resistance of Riemerella anatipestifer isolates with waterfowl origination in Anhui Province, China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103490. [PMID: 38387287 PMCID: PMC10899037 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) is a highly pathogenic and complex serotypes waterfowl pathogen with inherent resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study was aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance characteristics and genomic features of R. anatipestifer isolates in Anhui Province, China in 2023. A total of 287 cases were analysed from duck farms and goose farms, and the R. anatipestifer isolates were subjected to drug resistance tests for 30 antimicrobials. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis were performed on the bacterial genomes, targeting the β-lactam resistance genes. The results showed that a total of 74 isolates of R. anatipestifer were isolated from 287 cases, with a prevalence of 25.8%. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) revealed that all the 74 isolates were resistant to multiple drugs, ranging from 13 to 26 kinds of drugs. Notably, these isolates showed significant resistance to aminoglycosides and macrolides, which are also commonly used in clinical practices. Data revealed the presence of several β-lactamase-related genes among the isolates, including a novel blaRASA-1 variant (16.2%), the class A extended-spectrum β-lactamase blaRAA-1 (12.2%), and a blaOXA-209 variant (98.6%). Functional analysis of the variants blaRASA-1 and blaOXA-209 showed that the blaRASA-1 variant exhibited activity against various β-lactam antibiotics while their occurrence in R. anatipestifer were not common. The blaOXA-209 variant, on the other hand, did not perform any β-lactam antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, we observed that blaRAA-1 could undergo horizontal transmission among different bacteria via the insertion sequence IS982. In conclusion, this study delves into the high prevalence of R. anatipestifer infection in waterfowl in Anhui, China. The isolated strains exhibit severe drug resistance issues, closely associated with the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). Additionally, our research investigates the β-lactam antibiotic resistance mechanism in R. anatipestifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City 450000, Henan Province, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou City 450000, China; Anhui Qiangying Food Group, Suzhou City 234000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dongmin Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City 450000, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Animal Food Safety Zhengzhou City 450000, Henan Province, China; Anhui Qiangying Food Group, Suzhou City 234000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xueyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City 450000, Henan Province, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou City 450000, China
| | - Mingzhen Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City 450000, Henan Province, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou City 450000, China
| | - Qiaojun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hengxu He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Binghua Cheng
- Anhui Qiangying Food Group, Suzhou City 234000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Mengping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Qingxiu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuqiang Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City 450000, Henan Province, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou City 450000, China
| | - Liying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou City 450000, Henan Province, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou City 450000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Animal Food Safety Zhengzhou City 450000, Henan Province, China.
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Liang Z, Li H, Yang D, Yin L, Wu Y, Liu J, Zhou Q. A novel bivalent inactivated vaccine for ducks against Riemerella anatipestifer based on serotype distribution in southern China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103427. [PMID: 38262334 PMCID: PMC10835443 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) causes epizootic infectious polyserositis in ducks with high mortality and leads to huge economic losses worldwide. Bacterial resistance poses a challenge for the control of the disease, vaccines failed to provide ideal cross-protection. Thus, the preparation of vaccines based on popular serotypes is important. In this study, we collected 700 brain and liver tissues of dead ducks from 8 provinces in southern China from 2016 to 2022 and obtained 195 RA isolates with serotypes 1, 2, 7, and 10. Serotypes 1 and 2 were the most prevalent (82%). A novel bivalent inactivated vaccine WZX-XT5 containing propolis adjuvant was prepared, we chose XT5 (serotype 1) and WZX (serotype 2) as vaccine strains and evaluated WZX-XT5-induced immune response and protective efficacy in ducks. Results showed that the XT5 (LD50, 3.5 × 103 CFU) exhibited high virulence and provided better protection against RA compared with ZXP, DCR and LCF1 (LD50, 108 CFU). Notably, the dose of 109 CFU provided ideal protection compared with 108 CFU, propolis and oil emulsion adjuvants induced stronger protective efficacy compared with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Importantly, WZX-XT5 immunization induced high levels of RA-specific IgY, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 in serum and offered over 90% protection against RA with ultra-high lethal dose in ducks. Additionally, no clinical signs of RA infection or obvious pathological damage in tissues were observed in protected ducks. Overall, this study first reports the identification, serotyping and virulence of RA in ducks of southern China and the preparation of a novel bivalent inactivated vaccine, providing useful scientific information to prevent and control RA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmin Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dehong Yang
- Wens Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Wens Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Yunyan Wu
- Wens Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Junfa Liu
- Wens Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China; Shandong Huachen Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Weifang, Shandong, 261205, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wens Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China.
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Lyu Z, Han S, Li J, Guo Z, Geng N, Lyu C, Qin L, Li N. Epidemiological investigation and drug resistance characteristics of Riemerella anatipestifer strains from large-scale duck farms in Shandong Province, China from March 2020 to March 2022. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102759. [PMID: 37209657 PMCID: PMC10209456 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious serositis is a common disease caused by Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) in ducks, characterized by respiratory distress, septicemia, and neurological symptoms. In this study, 1,020 samples (brain and liver) were collected from ducks with suspected R. anatipestifer infection from March 2020 to March 2022 in Shandong Province, of which 171 R. anatipestifer strains were identified by PCR and isolation culture. The serotype of all strains was analyzed, and 74 strains were subjected to drug sensitivity tests and drug resistance genes detection. The results showed that the overall prevalence rate of R. anatipestifer in Shandong Province was 16.7% (171/1,020), with most strains coming from brain samples of ducklings under 3-mo old collected from September to December each year. Histopathological examination showed that heart vessels of the diseased duck were highly dilated and filled with red blood cells, with obvious fibrin exudates outside the pericardium, and fatty degeneration of liver cells. There were 45 strains of serotype 1, 45 strains of serotype 2, 2 strains of serotype 4, 33 strains of serotype 6, 44 strains of serotype 7, and 2 strains of serotype 10. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 common antibiotics against 74 representative strains was determined by the agar dilution method. It was found that 74 strains had the most severe resistance to gentamicin (77%) and fully susceptible to ceftriaxone, but the 81.1% isolated strains were multidrug resistant. Resistance genes testing of 74 R. anatipestifers showed that tetracycline resistance gene tet X had the highest detection rate of 95.9%, followed by macrolide resistance gene ermF with 77%, and the rate of β-lactam resistance gene blaTEM is the lowest (10.8%). The animal experiment of 4 R. anatipestifer strains with different serotypes showed that they had strong pathogenicity to 7-day-old ducklings, which could cause nervous symptoms, and the mortality rate was 58% to 70%. The autopsy showed obvious pathological changes. These findings of this study on R. anatipestifer will help us to understand the latest prevalence, drug resistance characteristics, and pathogenicity of R. anatipestifer in Shandong, China, and provide a scientific guide for the treatment and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Lyu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Livestock & Poultry Pathogen Biotechnology, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiyun Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ningwei Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Livestock & Poultry Pathogen Biotechnology, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Liting Qin
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Livestock & Poultry Pathogen Biotechnology, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China.
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Zhang T, Ji Z, Li J, Yu L. Metagenomic insights into the antibiotic resistome in freshwater and seawater from an Antarctic ice-free area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119738. [PMID: 35817298 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive profiles of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the Antarctic water environments and their potential health risks are not well understood. The present study characterized the bacterial community compositions and ARG profiles of freshwater (11 samples) and seawater (28 samples) around the Fildes Region (an ice-free area in Antarctica) using a shotgun metagenomic sequencing approach for the first time. There were significant differences in the compositions of the bacterial community and ARG profiles between freshwater and seawater. In the 39 water samples, 114 ARG subtypes belonging to 15 ARG types were detectable. In freshwater, the dominant ARGs were related to multidrug and rifamycin resistance. In seawater, the dominant ARGs were related to peptide, multidrug, and beta-lactam resistance. Both the bacterial community compositions and ARG profiles were significantly related to certain physicochemical properties (e.g., pH, salinity, NO3-). Procrustes analysis revealed a significant correlation between the bacterial community compositions and ARG profiles of freshwater and seawater samples. A total of 31 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) carrying 35 ARG subtypes were obtained and identified. The results will contribute to a better evaluation of the ARG contamination in relation to human health in the Antarctic aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical Culture Collection, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Zhongqiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- China Pharmaceutical Culture Collection, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liyan Yu
- China Pharmaceutical Culture Collection, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
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Zhang H, Huang Y, Yu J, Liu X, Ding H. PK/PD integration of florfenicol alone and in combination with doxycycline against Riemerella anatipestifer. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:975673. [PMID: 36157174 PMCID: PMC9493122 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.975673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) is an important pathogen found in poultry. RA infection can kill ducks and lead to significant economic losses. Seven RA strains with different susceptibility phenotypes were chosen to study the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration of florfenicol (FF) alone and in combination with doxycycline (DOX). The checkerboard assay indicated that synergy [fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) ≤ 0.5] was detected in the CVCC3952 strain of RA and that additivity (FICI >0.5 to ≤ 1) was observed in other strains. Static time–kill curves showed that the bactericidal effect of FF against RA was produced at a FF concentration ≥4 MIC, and the antibacterial activity of FF against RA was enhanced from the aspects of efficacy and efficacy in combination with DOX. Dynamic time–kill curves indicated that FF elicited bactericidal activity against the CVCC3857 strain with a reduction ≥4.88 log10CFU/ml when the dose was ≥8 mg/L. However, a bactericidal effect was not achieved at the maximum administered dose of FF monotherapy (20 mg/L) for isolates with a MIC ≥4 μg/ml. The effect of FF against RA was enhanced upon combination with DOX. The combination of FF with DOX reduced the bacterial burden ≥4.53 log10CFU/ml for all strains with a MIC ≥4 μg/ml. Data were fitted to a sigmoidal Emax model. The PK/PD parameters of AUC24h/MIC (the area under the concentration–time curve over 24 h divided by the MIC) and %T >MIC (the cumulative percentage of time over a 24-h period at which the concentration exceeded the MIC) of FF for eliciting a reduction of 3 log10CFU/ml was 40.10 h and 58.71, respectively. For strains with a MIC ≤ 16 μg/ml, the magnitude of the AUC24h/MIC and Cmax/MIC required for a 3 log10CFU/ml of bacterial killing was 34.84 h and 4.74 in the presence of DOX at 0.5 MIC, respectively. These data suggest that combination of FF with DOX enhanced the activity against RA strains with various susceptibilities to FF and DOX.
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Damas MSF, Ferreira RL, Campanini EB, Soares GG, Campos LC, Laprega PM, Soares da Costa A, Freire CCDM, Pitondo-Silva A, Cerdeira LT, da Cunha AF, Pranchevicius MCDS. Whole genome sequencing of the multidrug-resistant Chryseobacterium indologenes isolated from a patient in Brazil. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:931379. [PMID: 35966843 PMCID: PMC9366087 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.931379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chryseobacterium indologenes is a non-glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacillus. This emerging multidrug resistant opportunistic nosocomial pathogen can cause severe infections in neonates and immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to present the first detailed draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant C. indologenes strain isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of an infant hospitalized at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Brazilian Tertiary Hospital. We first analyzed the susceptibility of C. indologenes strain to different antibiotics using the VITEK 2 system. The strain demonstrated an outstanding resistance to all the antibiotic classes tested, including β-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycylcycline, and polymyxin. Next, C. indologenes was whole-genome-sequenced, annotated using Prokka and Rapid Annotation using Subsystems Technology (RAST), and screened for orthologous groups (EggNOG), gene ontology (GO), resistance genes, virulence genes, and mobile genetic elements using different software tools. The draft genome contained one circular chromosome of 4,836,765 bp with 37.32% GC content. The genomic features of the chromosome present numerous genes related to cellular processes that are essential to bacteria. The MDR C. indologenes revealed the presence of genes that corresponded to the resistance phenotypes, including genes to β-lactamases (blaIND–13, blaCIA–3, blaTEM–116, blaOXA–209, blaVEB–15), quinolone (mcbG), tigecycline (tet(X6)), and genes encoding efflux pumps which confer resistance to aminoglycosides (RanA/RanB), and colistin (HlyD/TolC). Amino acid substitutions related to quinolone resistance were observed in GyrA (S83Y) and GyrB (L425I and K473R). A mutation that may play a role in the development of colistin resistance was detected in lpxA (G68D). Chryseobacterium indologenes isolate harbored 19 virulence factors, most of which were involved in infection pathways. We identified 13 Genomic Islands (GIs) and some elements associated with one integrative and conjugative element (ICEs). Other elements linked to mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as insertion sequence (ISEIsp1), transposon (Tn5393), and integron (In31), were also present in the C. indologenes genome. Although plasmids were not detected, a ColRNAI replicon type and the most resistance genes detected in singletons were identified in unaligned scaffolds. We provided a wide range of information toward the understanding of the genomic diversity of C. indologenes, which can contribute to controlling the evolution and dissemination of this pathogen in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roumayne Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Emeline Boni Campanini
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Mendes Laprega
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea Soares da Costa
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Pitondo-Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria-Cristina da Silva Pranchevicius
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Biodiversidade Tropical - BIOTROP, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria-Cristina da Silva Pranchevicius,
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9
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Luo H, Li M, Yang Z, Zhu D, Li P. Characterization of RASA-1, a novel class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from Riemerella anatipestifer. Vet Microbiol 2022; 270:109456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Emergence of plasmid-mediated tigecycline, β-lactam and florfenicol resistance genes tet(X), blaOXA-347 and floR in Riemerella anatipestifer isolated in China. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102057. [PMID: 35944374 PMCID: PMC9379664 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to develop, with the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through plasmids playing a major role. Recently, the antimicrobial resistance of R. anatipestifer has become increasingly severe, jeopardizing the development of the poultry industry. In this study, we used PromethION to determine the whole genome sequence of R. anatipestifer RCAD0416, a multidrug-resistant isolate from China. We detected a plasmid in the isolate. We named the plasmid pRCAD0416RA-1; the plasmid was 37356 bp in size with 36 putative open reading frames and included the blaOXA-347, floR, tet(X), ermF, ereD, and AadS resistance genes. Most resistance genes might be obtained from R. anatipestifer HXb2. Mobile elements and floR might be transmitted by plasmid pB18–2 from Acinetobacter indicus, and the ICEPg6Chn1 mobile elements can be transmitted from Proteus genomosp. The plasmid pRCAD0416RA-1 was transferred to Escherichia coli K-12 × 7232 via electroporation. Subsequent antimicrobial sensitivity tests (AST) showed a noticeable levels of antimicrobial resistance to β-lactams (4–8 fold), tigecycline (8 fold), and florfenicol (8 fold). These types of antibiotics are in common clinical use. The purpose of this article is to elucidate the basic characteristics of pRCAD0416RA-1 and the level of resistance mediated by blaOXA-347, floR, and tet(X).
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11
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Valenzuela-Miranda D, Gonçalves AT, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Nuñez-Acuña G, Liachko I, Nelson B, Gallardo-Escarate C. Proximity ligation strategy for the genomic reconstruction of microbial communities associated with the ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi. Sci Rep 2022; 12:783. [PMID: 35039517 PMCID: PMC8764032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi has become one of the main constraints for the sustainable development of salmon aquaculture in Chile. Although this parasite's negative impacts are well recognized by the industry, some novel potential threats remain unnoticed. The recent sequencing of the C. rogercresseyi genome revealed a large bacterial community associated with the sea louse, however, it is unknown if these microorganisms should become a new focus of sanitary concern. Herein, chromosome proximity ligation (Hi-C) coupled with long-read sequencing were used for the genomic reconstruction of the C. rogercresseyi microbiota. Through deconvolution analysis, we were able to assemble and characterize 413 bacterial genome clusters, including six bacterial genomes with more than 80% of completeness. The most represented bacterial genome belonged to the fish pathogen Tenacibacullum ovolyticum (97.87% completeness), followed by Dokdonia sp. (96.71% completeness). This completeness allowed identifying 21 virulence factors (VF) within the T. ovolyticum genome and four antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). Notably, genomic pathway reconstruction analysis suggests putative metabolic complementation mechanisms between C. rogercresseyi and its associated microbiota. Taken together, our data highlight the relevance of Hi-C techniques to discover pathogenic bacteria, VF, and ARGs and also suggest novel host-microbiota mutualism in sea lice biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Valenzuela-Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, P. O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, P. O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- GreenCoLab-Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, P. O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Nuñez-Acuña
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, P. O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | - Cristian Gallardo-Escarate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, P. O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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12
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RAA enzyme is a new family of class A extended-spectrum β-lactamase from the
Riemerella anatipestifer
RCAD0122 strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0175721. [DOI: 10.1128/aac.01757-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing of
Riemerella anatipestifer
isolate RCAD0122 revealed a chromosomally-located β-lactamases gene,
bla
RAA-1
, which encoded a novel class A extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), RAA-1. The RAA-1 shared ≤ 65% amino acid sequence identity with other characterized β-lactamases. The kinetic assay of native purified RAA-1 revealed ESBL-like hydrolysis activity. Furthermore,
bla
RAA-1
could be transferred to a homologous strain by natural transformation. However, the epidemiological study showed that the
bla
RAA-1
gene is not prevalent currently.
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13
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Antelo V, Giménez M, Azziz G, Valdespino‐Castillo P, Falcón LI, Ruberto LAM, Mac Cormack WP, Mazel D, Batista S. Metagenomic strategies identify diverse integron-integrase and antibiotic resistance genes in the Antarctic environment. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1219. [PMID: 34713606 PMCID: PMC8435808 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to identify and analyze integrons and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in samples collected from diverse sites in terrestrial Antarctica. Integrons were studied using two independent methods. One involved the construction and analysis of intI gene amplicon libraries. In addition, we sequenced 17 metagenomes of microbial mats and soil by high-throughput sequencing and analyzed these data using the IntegronFinder program. As expected, the metagenomic analysis allowed for the identification of novel predicted intI integrases and gene cassettes (GCs), which mostly encode unknown functions. However, some intI genes are similar to sequences previously identified by amplicon library analysis in soil samples collected from non-Antarctic sites. ARGs were analyzed in the metagenomes using ABRIcate with CARD database and verified if these genes could be classified as GCs by IntegronFinder. We identified 53 ARGs in 15 metagenomes, but only four were classified as GCs, one in MTG12 metagenome (Continental Antarctica), encoding an aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (AAC(6´)acetyltransferase) and the other three in CS1 metagenome (Maritime Antarctica). One of these genes encodes a class D β-lactamase (blaOXA-205) and the other two are located in the same contig. One is part of a gene encoding the first 76 amino acids of aminoglycoside adenyltransferase (aadA6), and the other is a qacG2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Antelo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología MolecularInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (MECAv. Italia 3318MontevideoCP 11600Uruguay
| | - Matías Giménez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología MolecularInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (MECAv. Italia 3318MontevideoCP 11600Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Genómica MicrobianaInstitut Pasteur Montevideo. Mataojo 2020MontevideoUruguay
| | - Gastón Azziz
- Laboratorio de MicrobiologíaFacultad de AgronomíaUdelaR. Av. Garzón 780. CP 12900MontevideoUruguay
| | - Patricia Valdespino‐Castillo
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionBSISB ProgramLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RdBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Luisa I. Falcón
- Laboratorio de Ecología BacterianaInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCDMX04510Mexico
- UNAMParque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán97302Mexico
| | - Lucas A. M. Ruberto
- Instituto Antártico Argentino. Av25 de Mayo 1143San Martín, Buenos Aires1650Argentina
- Cátedra de BiotecnologíaFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica e Instituto Nanobiotec UBA‐CONICET. Ave. Junín 956Buenos Aires1113Argentina
| | - Walter P. Mac Cormack
- Instituto Antártico Argentino. Av25 de Mayo 1143San Martín, Buenos Aires1650Argentina
- Cátedra de BiotecnologíaFacultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica e Instituto Nanobiotec UBA‐CONICET. Ave. Junín 956Buenos Aires1113Argentina
| | - Didier Mazel
- Département Génomes et GénétiqueInstitut PasteurUnité Plasticité du Génome BactérienParisFrance
- CNRSUMR3525ParisFrance
| | - Silvia Batista
- Laboratorio de Microbiología MolecularInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (MECAv. Italia 3318MontevideoCP 11600Uruguay
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14
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Shousha A, Awad A, Younis G. Molecular Characterization, Virulence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Riemerella anatipestifer Isolated from Ducklings. Biocontrol Sci 2021; 26:181-186. [PMID: 34556621 DOI: 10.4265/bio.26.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to characterize Riemerella anatipestifer from ducklings, testing their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and to detect their virulence markers. Seven R. anatipestifer isolates with 11.67% infection rate were identified out of sixty freshly dead ducklings and confirmed by PCR assay targeting gyrB gene. The gyrB gene sequences of R. anatipestifer isolates were 100% identical to each other and also showed 100% sequence similarity to the published gyrB genes. Four virulence genes namely ompA, prtC, hagA, and sspA were identified in all isolates except sspA was detected in 5 isolates. The antibiogram revealed higher sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, and rifampin, while, a remarkably high resistance was displayed against ampicillin, penicillin, cefipime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, ceftazidime, streptomycin and cefoperazone. Proper and rapid identification of R. anatipestifer with detection of their antimicrobial susceptibility and its virulence potential is essential for understanding the epidemiology of R. anatipestifer and to apply the effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Shousha
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University
| | - Amal Awad
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University
| | - Gamal Younis
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University
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15
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Nobrega DB, Calarga AP, Nascimento LC, Chande Vasconcelos CG, de Lima EM, Langoni H, Brocchi M. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Brazilian dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7210-7224. [PMID: 33773789 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this observational study, phenotypic and genotypic patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from intramammary infections, clinical mastitis, fresh feces, rectal swabs, animal hindlimbs, and bulk tank milk samples from Brazilian dairy herds were investigated. In addition, we identified specific genetic variants present among extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers. We obtained 169 isolates of K. pneumoniae from 2009 to 2011 on 24 Brazilian dairy farms located in 4 Brazilian states. The AMR profile of all isolates was determined using disk-diffusion assays. The antimicrobial panel included drugs commonly used as mastitis treatment in Brazilian dairy herds (gentamicin, cephalosporins, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tetracycline) as well as antimicrobials of critical importance for human health (meropenem, ceftazidime, fluoroquinolones). The K. pneumoniae isolates resistant to tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, or chloramphenicol were screened for presence of drug-specific AMR genes [tet, qnr, aac(6')-Ib, floR, catA2, cm1A, dfr, sul] using PCR. In addition, we identified ESBL genes present among ESBL-producers by using whole genome sequencing. Genomes were assembled and annotated, and patterns of AMR genes were investigated. Resistance was commonly detected against tetracycline (22.5% of all isolates), streptomycin (20.7%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (9.5%). Antimicrobial resistance rates were higher in K. pneumoniae isolated from intramammary infections in comparison with isolates from feces (19.2 and 0% of multidrug resistance in intramammary and fecal isolates, respectively). In contrast, no difference in AMR rates was observed when contrasting hind limbs and isolates from intramammary infections. The genes tetA, sul2, and floR were the most frequently observed AMR genes in K. pneumoniae resistant to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol, respectively. The tetA gene was present exclusively in isolates from milk. The genes blaCTX-M8 and blaSHV-108 were present in 3 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, including an isolate from bulk tank milk. The 3 isolates were of sequence type 281 and had similar mobile genetic elements and virulence genes. Our study reinforced the epidemiological importance and dissemination of blaCTX-M-8 pST114 plasmid in food-producing animals in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Borin Nobrega
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-650, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Aline Parolin Calarga
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-650, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Costa Nascimento
- Central Laboratory for High Performance Technologies (LaCTAD), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-886, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helio Langoni
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 16618-681, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-650, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Wang Y, Li S, Gong X, Chen Q, Ji G, Liu Y, Zheng F. Characterization of RaeE-RaeF-RopN, a putative RND efflux pump system in Riemerella anatipestifer. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108852. [PMID: 33069037 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux systems are ubiquitous in Gram-negative bacteria and play a predominant role in antimicrobial resistance and other diverse phenotypes, but the knowledges of RND efflux systems are poorly understood so far in Riemerella anatipestifer. According to the sequence annotation, RIA_1117-RIA_1118-RIA_1119 operon in RA-GD strain encodes a putative tripartite RND efflux system. RIA_1117, RIA_1118 and RIA_1119 genes encode an outer member protein (OMP), an inner membrane pump protein (pump transporter), and a periplasmic membrane fusion protein (MFP), respectively. Furthermore, RIA_1119 protein is annotated as a MexE component. In this work, the biological functions of RIA_1117-RIA_1118-RIA_1119 proteins were studied. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that the inactivation of RIA_1117, RIA_1118 and RIA_1119 genes all raised susceptibility to amikacin, streptomycin and SDS. By induction with the above antimicrobial agents, the transcription levels of RIA_1117 and RIA_1118 genes were up-regulated significantly using qRT-PCR detection, but no significance difference was observed for the transcription level of RIA_1119 gene. CCCP inhibitor assay confirmed that RIA_1117, RIA_1118 and RIA_1119 proteins mediated amikacin, streptomycin and SDS resistance depending on proton motive force (PMF). Spot assay and streptomycin accumulation assay confirmed that RIA_1117, RIA_1118 and RIA_1119 proteins contributed to export streptomycin, and CCCP increased the accumulation of streptomycin. Furthermore, RIA_1117, RIA_1118 and RIA_1119 proteins also were involved in the fitness and virulence of RA-GD strain. These results showed that RIA_1117-RIA_1118-RIA_1119 operon encoded a RND efflux system, which has the substrate specificity for streptomycin, amikacin and SDS and contributed to the growth and virulence of RA-GD. RIA_1117-RIA_1118-RIA_1119 was designated RaeE-RaeF-RopN efflux system. Based on the above results and structural analysis, RIA_1117, RIA_1118 and RIA_1119 proteins corresponded to RopN (OMP), RaeF (pump transporter) and RaeE (MFP), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shengdou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiaowei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Guo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fuying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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17
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Li S, Chen Q, Gong X, Liu Y, Zheng F. RanB, a putative ABC-type multidrug efflux transporter contributes to aminoglycosides resistance and organic solvents tolerance in Riemerella anatipestifer. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108641. [PMID: 32273020 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is a Gram-negative bacterium, which is an important pathogen infecting ducks and resistant to various antibiotics. The efflux pump is an important resistance mechanism of Gram-negative bacteria, but little research has been done in R. anatipestifer. In this study, the drug resistance mediated by RIA_1614 gene of R. anatipestifer RA-GD strain was studied, because the gene was presumed to be an efflux pump component of ABC. Firstly, the deletion strain RA-GD△RIA_1614 and complemented strain RA-GD△RIA_1614 pCPRA::RIA_1614 were constructed. Then, MICs of various antimicrobial agents to parent and deletion strains and the tolerance of the strains to organic solvents were detected to screen the substrates for RIA_1614 gene. Moreover, the transcription levels of RIA_1614 gene in the parent and the complemented strains exposed to the substrates were detected by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, the efflux abilities of parent, deletion and complemented strains to substrates were determined by antibiotic accumulation test. In addition, in vitro competition ability and virulence of the strains were also detected. The results showed that the deletion strain was more sensitive to aminoglycosides and organic solvents than parental strain RA-GD. When RA-GD and complemented strain were exposed to sub-repression levels of aminoglycosides and organic solvents, the transcription levels of RIA_1614 gene were significantly up-regulated. Sodium o-vanadate inhibitor assay confirmed that RIA_1614 protein contributed to amikacin and streptomycin resistance and organic solvent tolerance. Streptomycin accumulation test showed that the RIA_1614 protein was able to export streptomycin, and the addition of ATPase inhibitor sodium o-vanadate increased the accumulation of streptomycin, indicating that RIA_1614 protein was an ATP-dependent efflux transporter. Growth and competition experiments revealed that RIA_1614 protein had no significant effect on growth of RA-GD, but decreased in vitro competition ability of the strain. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests showed that RIA_1614 protein involved in the virulence of the strain. Based on the results and amino acid sequence analysis, it was determined that RIA_1614 protein was a member of ABC efflux pumps, and the protein was named RanB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiaowei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fuying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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18
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Yang D, Mai K, Zhou Q, Zhu Y, Xing J, Luo C, Liu S, Zhou Q, Huang W, Luo J, Liu J. The protective efficacy of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin Y(IgY) against Riemerella Anatipestifer infections. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108642. [PMID: 32273021 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) is the significant pathogen of septicemia and duck infectious serositis, diseases which can result in high mortality for ducklings. However, these diseases are difficult to treat because of the bacteria's broad resistance to multiple drugs. The purpose of this study was to produce a specific egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) targeted to RA, and to evaluate the protective efficacy of this IgY against RA infection. An RA-inactivated vaccine was produced via centrifugation and formalin treatment, using the most predominant serotype 2 wild-type strains in terms of worldwide prevalence. Anti-RA IgY was produced by immunizing Beijing Red No.1 hens with the inactivated vaccine. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that the titer levels of anti-RA IgY antibodies increased significantly after exposure. Specific IgY isolated and purified from yolks effectively inhibited the growth of RA in the antibacterial activity assay, which revealed an 80 % reduction of bacteria populations. Animal experiments showed that duckling survival rates were able to reach up to 100 % after the ducklings were treated with 10 mg intramuscular injections of anti-RA IgY from 1 to 12 h after infection. However, the survival rates of ducklings treated with 30 mg of nonspecific IgY at 1 h after infection were 0%. Additionally, ducklings injected once with anti-RA IgY received complete protection in the first week, but the efficacy of this protection almost entirely disappeared after two weeks. The results suggested that specific anti-RA IgY has the potential to improve the degree of protection and responsiveness of ducklings to RA infections and provide them with passive immunity to RA. With further study, this is expected to become a new method for controlling RA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehong Yang
- WENS Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd. Research Institute, Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaijie Mai
- WENS Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd. Research Institute, Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- WENS Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd. Research Institute, Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanjun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Juanjuan Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Cuifen Luo
- WENS Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd. Research Institute, Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- WENS Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd. Research Institute, Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junrong Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junfa Liu
- WENS Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd. Research Institute, Xinxing, Guangdong, China.
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19
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Zhu D, Zheng M, Xu J, Wang M, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Liu Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Pan L, Chen X, Cheng A. Prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance and mutations in the gyrA, parC and parE genes of Riemerella anatipestifer isolated from ducks in China. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:271. [PMID: 31795952 PMCID: PMC6892153 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Riemerella anatipestifer is one of the most serious infectious disease-causing pathogens in the duck industry. Drug administration is an important method for prevention and treatment of infection in duck production, leading to widespread drug resistance in R. anatipestifer. METHODS For a total of 162 isolates of R. anatipestifer, the MICs were determined for a quinolone antimicrobial agent, namely, nalidixic acid, and three fluoroquinolones, namely, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and ofloxacin. The gyrA, parC, and parE gene fragments were amplified by PCR to identify the mutation sites in these strains. Site-directed mutants with mutations that were detected at a high frequency in vivo were constructed (hereafter referred to as site-directed in vivo mutants), and the MICs of these four drugs for these strains were determined. RESULTS In total, 100, 97.8, 99.3 and 97.8% of the 137 R. anatipestifer strains isolated between 2013 and 2018 showed resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ofloxacin, respectively. The high-frequency mutation sites were detected in a total of 162 R. anatipestifer strains, such as Ser83Ile and Ser83Arg, which are two types of substitution mutations of amino acid 83 in GyrA; Val799Ala and Ile811Val in ParC; and Val357Ile, His358Tyr, and Arg541Lys in ParE. MIC analysis results for the site-directed in vivo mutants showed that the strains with only the Ser83Ile mutation in GyrA exhibited an 8-16-fold increase in MIC values, and all mutants showed resistance to ampicillin and ceftiofur. CONCLUSIONS The resistance of R. anatipestifer to quinolone agents is a serious problem. Amino acid 83 in GyrA is the major target mutation site for the fluoroquinolone resistance mechanism of R. anatipestifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingyu Zheng
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinge Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Guizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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20
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Epidemiology and Antibiogram of Riemerella Anatipestifer Isolated from Waterfowl Slaughterhouses in Taiwan. J Vet Res 2019; 63:79-86. [PMID: 30989138 PMCID: PMC6458550 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Laryngeal swab samples collected from three waterfowl slaughterhouses in central Taiwan were cultured and suspected isolates of Riemerella anatipestifer were identified by API 20NE and 16S rDNA PCR. Material and Methods Serum agglutination was used for serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested. Results Seventy-six R. anatipestifer isolates were detected, and the prevalences in the ducks and geese were 12.3% (46/375) and 8.0% (30/375), respectively. The positive isolation rates were 65.6% for all arriving waterfowl, 76.0% for birds in the holding area, 1.6% for defeathered carcasses, but zero for degummed carcasses. A PCR examination detected R. anatipestifer in the slaughtering area frequently. Serotype B was dominant in both duck (34.8%) and goose (46.7%) isolates, but the wide serotype distribution may very well impede vaccination development. All isolates were resistant to colistin, and 79.7% were resistant to more than three common antibiotics. Conclusion The results proved that most ducks had encountered antibiotic-resistant R. anatipestifer in rearing, which suggests that the bacterium circulates in asymptomatic waterfowl. It is worth noting that most waterfowl farms were found to harbour R. anatipestifer, and contaminated slaughterhouses are a major risk factor in its spread. Effective prevention and containment measures should be established there to interrupt the transmission chain of R. anatipestifer.
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21
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Tang T, Wu Y, Lin H, Li Y, Zuo H, Gao Q, Wang C, Pei X. The drug tolerant persisters of Riemerella anatipestifer can be eradicated by a combination of two or three antibiotics. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:137. [PMID: 30340538 PMCID: PMC6194556 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Riemerella anatipestifer (RA), the causative agent of duck infectious serositis, leads to high mortality in duck flocks and great economic losses in duck industry. Previous studies on RA are largely focused on its detection, virulence factors, serology, epidemiology as well as antibiotic resistance. Neither drug tolerant persisters nor the persister level under the treatment of antibiotics has been revealed. The persisters are non-growing or dormant cells within an isogenic bacterial population; they play important roles in recurrent infection and formation of drug resistant mutants. The aim of this study is to detect the drug tolerant persisters from the exponentially grown population of RA reference strain (RA 11845) or RA clinical isolate (RA TQ3), and address whether a single antibiotic or a combination of two or three antimicrobials can eradicate the persisters at respective maximum serum/plasma concentration (Cmax). Result With the concentration of a test antibiotic increased, a small fraction of cells in the exponentially grown culture of RA reference strain (RA 11845) or RA clinical isolate (RA TQ3) always survived, irrespective of treatment time, indicating the presence of drug tolerant presisters. A single antibiotic cannot eradicate the persisters of both RA strains at respective Cmax, except that the Cmax of ceftiofur wiped out the population of the reference strain (RA 11845). Besides, the clinical isolate RA TQ3 presented a higher tolerance to ceftiofur in comparison to that of the reference strain (RA 11845). Combination of any two or three antimicrobials eliminated the drug tolerant persisters of RA TQ3 completely at respective Cmax. Conclusion A sub-community of drug tolerant persisters was present in RA population. Persisters of RA TQ3 are single drug tolerant and not multidrug tolerant persisters. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1303-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Wu
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Lin
- Sichuan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyu Li
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojiang Zuo
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaofang Pei
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16#, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Chen Q, Gong X, Zheng F, Ji G, Li S, Stipkovits L, Szathmary S, Liu Y. Interplay Between the Phenotype and Genotype, and Efflux Pumps in Drug-Resistant Strains of Riemerella anatipestifer. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2136. [PMID: 30327640 PMCID: PMC6174861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of multidrug-resistant strains of Riemerella anatipestifer continues to increase, and new strategies for the treatment of associated infections are necessary. Recently, numerous studies have shown that efflux pumps (EPs) play key roles in universal bacterial mechanisms that contribute to antibiotic resistance. In addition, studies have shown that the effects of antibiotics that are subjected to efflux can be reinforced by their combined use with efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs). Unfortunately, the role of the efflux system in R. anatipestifer remains barely understood. In this study, we evaluated the role of EPs and resistance genes in the resistance generated by clinical strains of R. anatipestifer to antibiotics. A set of 10 R. anatipestifer strains were characterized by drug resistance, associated resistance genes, and antibiotic profiles in the presence and absence of EPIs. Efflux activity was studied on a real time basis through a fluorometric method. Quantification of the levels of mRNA transcription of efflux pump genes (EPGs) was determined by RT-qPCR. Several approaches (detection of resistance genes, drug susceptibility testing, and growth kinetics analysis) were used to assess the correlation between the effect of the EPIs and the resistance levels. Analysis of the R. anatipestifer growth inhibition tests showed that the antibiotic activity was enhanced by the synergy of EPIs. Among the various resistance genes that confer antibiotic resistance, different minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were observed. The different levels of resistance were reduced by EPIs. Real time fluorometry showed that all the R. anatipestifer strains presented inherent efflux activity, conferring varying levels of inhibition in the presence of EPIs. Moreover, 15 EPGs were overexpressed in the presence of antibiotics. The addition of EPIs to antibiotics led to downregulation in the expression of some EPGs and a simultaneous increase in drug resistance and sensitivity. These results demonstrated the contribution of these EPs in the resistant phenotype of the clinical strains of R. anatipestifer that are under investigation, independently of the resistant genotype of the respective strains. Intrinsic efflux activity was possibly linked to the evolution of resistance in multidrug-resistant isolates of R. anatipestifer. Furthermore, the inhibition of EPs by EPIs could enhance the clinical effects of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengdou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | | | | | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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23
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Dou Y, Yu G, Wang X, Wang S, Li T, Tian M, Qi J, Ding C, Yu S. The Riemerella anatipestifer M949_RS01035 gene is involved in bacterial lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Vet Res 2018; 49:93. [PMID: 30223890 PMCID: PMC6142336 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the Riemerella anatipestifer mutant strain RA1062 was obtained by screening a random Tn4351 transposon mutant library. The mutant strain was unreactive with the anti-CH3 lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody, as demonstrated with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and its M949_RS01035 gene was inactivated. When cultured in trypticase soy broth, the late stage growth of the mutant RA1062 was significantly decreased. The mutant RA1062 was stained with crystal violet and presented a rough lipopolysaccharide phenotype, which differed from that of the wild-type strain CH3, suggesting that deletion of the M949_RS01035 gene resulted in defective lipopolysaccharide. Silver staining and Western blot analyses further confirmed that the RA1062 lipopolysaccharide had a deficiency in ladder-like binding pattern, as compared to lipopolysaccharide of the wild-type CH3 strain. In addition, the mutant RA1062 showed a higher susceptibility to complement-dependent killing, increased bacterial adhesion and invasion capacities to Vero cells, decreased blood bacterial loads, and attenuated virulence in infected ducks, when compared to the wild-type strain CH3. Moreover, RNA-Seq and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that two genes were up-regulated and two were down-regulated in the mutant RA1062 genome. Furthermore, an animal protection experiment showed that immunization of ducks with inactivated RA1062 bacterin conferred effective cross-protection against challenge with the virulent R. anatipestifer serotypes 1, 2, and 10. This study presents evidence that the M949_RS01035 gene is involved in bacterial phenotype, virulence, and gene regulation in R. anatipestifer. The mutant strain RA1062 could be used as a cross-protective vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Dou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Guijing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Immunogenicity and safety of a live Riemerella anatipestifer vaccine and the contribution of IgA to protective efficacy in Pekin ducks. Vet Microbiol 2018; 222:132-138. [PMID: 30037633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) infections cause major economic losses in the duck industry. In this study, we developed an RA vaccine to control virulent serotype 1 and 2 RA, which predominate in worldwide prevalence. We established a strategy for vaccine candidate screening, and selected strains D15-RDA-92 (serotype 1) and D14-RDA-8 (serotype 2). These strains were characterized by ≤50% embryo mortality and <3.0 serum resistance assay values in in vitro screening. We evaluated the protective efficacy of live bivalent RA vaccines against virulent homologous serotype RA. Ducklings received two oral immunizations with the bivalent vaccine and showed significant protection against two virulent strains (serotypes 1 and 2) at 21 days post-immunization. No death or clinical signs of diarrhea, tremors, or limb swelling were observed in the immunized ducks. In a safety evaluation, ducks immunized with 100 times higher doses showed no clinical signs, mortality, gross lesions, or histological lesions, and body weight of the ducks showed no significant difference compared to that of negative controls. In addition, IgA analysis showed a significant increase in secretory IgA antibodies generated in the trachea and duodenum of orally immunized ducks at 28 days of age. The IgA might be involved in one of the major immune responses to RA and contributes to protecting against virulent RA. In this study, we developed monovalent and bivalent RA vaccines that were safe in ducks and provided significant protective efficacy against virulent homologous RA strains.
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25
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Li T, Shan M, He J, Wang X, Wang S, Tian M, Qi J, Luo T, Shi Y, Ding C, Yu S. Riemerella anatipestifer M949_0459 gene is responsible for the bacterial resistance to tigecycline. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96615-96626. [PMID: 29228556 PMCID: PMC5722508 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on its important role in last-line therapeutics against multidrug-resistant bacteria, tigecycline has been increasingly important in treating infections. However, mounting reports on tigecycline-resistant bacterial strains isolated from different sources are of concern, and molecular mechanisms regarding tigecycline resistance are poorly understood. Riemerella anatipestifer is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, which causes fibrinous pericarditis, perihepatitis, and meningitis in infected ducks. We previously constructed a random transposon mutant library using Riemerella anatipestifer strain CH3, in present study, we described that Riemerella anatipestifer M949_0459 gene is responsible for the bacterial resistance to tigecycline. Using the minimum inhibitory concentration assay, a mutant strain showed significantly increased (about six-fold) tigecycline susceptibility. Subsequently, the knocked-down gene was identified as M949_0459, a putative flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent oxidoreductase. To confirm the resistance function, M949_0459 gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21, and the minimum inhibitory concentration analysis showed that the gene product conferred resistance to tigecycline. Additionally, expression of the M949_0459 gene under treatment with tigecycline was measured with quantitative real-time PCR. Results showed that the mRNA expression of M949_0459 gene was elevated under tigecycline treatment with dose range of 1-10 mg/L, and peaked at 4 mg/L. Moreover, two kinds of efflux pump inhibitors, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and phenylalanine arginyl β-naphthylamide were tested, which showed no function on tigecycline resistance in the strain CH3. Our results may provide insights into molecular mechanisms for chemotherapy in combating Riemerella anatipestifer infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing He
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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26
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Verner-Jeffreys DW, Brazier T, Perez RY, Ryder D, Card RM, Welch TJ, Hoare R, Ngo T, McLaren N, Ellis R, Bartie KL, Feist SW, Rowe WMP, Adams A, Thompson KD. Detection of the florfenicol resistance gene floR in Chryseobacterium isolates from rainbow trout. Exception to the general rule? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:2982884. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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27
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Liu M, Wang M, Zhu D, Wang M, Jia R, Chen S, Sun K, Yang Q, Wu Y, Chen X, Biville F, Cheng A. Investigation of TbfA in Riemerella anatipestifer using plasmid-based methods for gene over-expression and knockdown. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37159. [PMID: 27845444 PMCID: PMC5109031 DOI: 10.1038/srep37159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is a duck pathogen that has caused serious economic losses to the duck industry worldwide. Despite this, there are few reported studies of the physiological and pathogenic mechanisms of Riemerella anatipestifer infection. In previous study, we have shown that TonB1 and TonB2 were involved in hemin uptake. TonB family protein (TbfA) was not investigated, since knockout of this gene was not successful at that time. Here, we used a plasmid based gene over-expression and knockdown to investigate its function. First, we constructed three Escherichia-Riemerella anatipestifer shuttle vectors containing three different native Riemerella anatipestifer promoters. The shuttle plasmids were introduced into Riemerella anatipestifer ATCC11845 by conjugation at an efficiency of 5 × 10-5 antibiotic-resistant transconjugants per recipient cell. Based on the high-expression shuttle vector pLMF03, a method for gene knockdown was established. Knockdown of TbfA in Riemerella anatipestifer ATCC11845 decreased the organism's growth ability in TSB medium but did not affect its hemin utilization. In contrast, over-expression of TbfA in Riemerella anatipestifer ATCC11845ΔtonB1ΔtonB2. Significantly promoted the organism's growth in TSB medium but significantly inhibited its hemin utilization. Collectively, these findings suggest that TbfA is not involved in hemin utilization by Riemerella anatipestifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaFeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - MengYi Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - DeKang Zhu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - MingShu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - RenYong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - KunFeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - XiaoYue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Francis Biville
- Unité des Infections Bactériennes Invasives, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - AnChun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Ding H, Mei X, Liu W, Zeng J, Zeng Z. In vitro susceptibility of four antimicrobials against Riemerella anatipestifer isolates: a comparison of minimum inhibitory concentrations and mutant prevention concentrations for ceftiofur, cefquinome, florfenicol, and tilmicosin. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:250. [PMID: 27829415 PMCID: PMC5103488 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutant prevention concentration (MPC) is an alternative pharmacodynamic parameter that has been used to measure antimicrobial activity and represents the propensities of antimicrobial agents to select resistant mutants. The concentration range between minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MPC is defined as mutant selection window (MSW). The MPC and MSW parameters represent the ability of antimicrobial agents to inhibit the bacterial mutants selected. This study was conducted to determine the MIC and MPC values of four antimicrobials including ceftiofur, cefquinome, florfenicol and tilmicosin against 105 Riemerella anatipestifer isolates. Results The MIC50/MIC90 values of clinical isolates tested in our study for ceftiofur, cefquinome, florfenicol and tilmicosin were 0.063/0.5、0.031/0.5、1/4、1/4 μg/mL, respectively; MPC50/ MPC90 values were 4/64、8/64、4/32、16/256 μg/mL, respectively. These results provided information on the use of these compounds in treating the R. anatipestifer infection; however, additional studies are needed to demonstrate their therapeutic efficacy. Conclusion Based on the MSW theory, the hierarchy of these tested antimicrobial agents with respect to selecting resistant subpopulations was as follows: cefquinome > ceftiofur > tilmicosin > florfenicol. Cefquinome was the drug that presented the highest risk of selecting resistant mutant among the four antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Mei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxiong Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Hu S, Jiang T, Zhou Y, Ming D, Gao H, Wang M. Genomic analysis of the multi-drug-resistant clinical isolate Myroides odoratimimus PR63039. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 292:133-144. [PMID: 27796642 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Myroides odoratimimus (M. odoratimimus) has been gradually implicated as an important nosocomial pathogen that poses a serious health threat to immunocompromised patients owing to its multi-drug resistance. However, the resistance mechanism is currently unclear. To clarify the antibiotic resistance and infectivity mechanisms of M. odoratimimus, whole genome sequencing was performed on the multi-drug-resistant M. odoratimimus strain PR63039. The genome sequence was completed with single molecule real-time (SMRT) technologies. Then, annotation was performed using RAST and IMG-ER. A number of databases and software programs were used to analyze the genomic characteristics, including GC-Profile, ISfinder, CG viewer, ARDB, CARD, ResFinder, the VFDB database, PHAST and Progressive Mauve. The M. odoratimimus PR63039 genome consisted of a chromosome and a plasmid. The genome contained a large number of resistance genes and virulence factors. The distribution of the resistance genes was distinctive, and a resistance region named MY63039-RR was found. The subsystem features generated by RAST indicated that the annotated genome had 108 genes that were potentially involved in virulence, disease and defense, all of which had strong associations with resistance and pathogenicity. The prophage analysis showed two incomplete prophages in the genome. The genomic analysis of M. odoratimimus PR63039 partially clarified its antibiotic resistance mechanisms and virulence factors. Obtaining a clear understanding of its genomic characteristics will be conducive to the management of multidrug-resistant M. odoratimimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Hu
- Yun Leung Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Yun Leung Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Yun Leung Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Desong Ming
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, The First Quanzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China.
| | - Hongzhi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 350005, China. .,Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 350005, China.
| | - Mingxi Wang
- Yun Leung Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China. .,Institute of Nanomedicine Technology and Department of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China.
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30
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Fernandez CP, Kim WH, Diaz JAR, Jeong J, Afrin F, Kim S, Jang HK, Lee BH, Yim D, Lillehoj HS, Min W. Upregulation of duck interleukin-17A during Riemerella anatipestifer infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 63:36-46. [PMID: 27212414 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although IL-17 cytokines play critical roles in host defense immunity, dysregulated expression of these cytokines is associated with inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Riemerella anatipestifer is the most important infectious bacterium in the duck industry. Interestingly, not all avian species are equally susceptible to R. anatipestifer infection. This paper reports the first description of mortality rate, bacterial burden, and expression profiles of immune-related genes between ducks and chickens infected with R. anatipestifer. Ducks exhibited increased susceptibility to R. anatipestifer infection compared to chickens, as determined by mortality rate and bacterial burden. Comparative expression analyses of immune-related genes in R. anatipestifer-infected tissues obtained from both species revealed that TLR3, TLR7, IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ transcript levels were higher in chickens, whereas TLR4 and IL-17A transcript levels were higher in ducks. Marked increases in expression of IL-17A and IL-6, but not TGF-β, were associated with Th17 cell differentiation in duck splenic lymphocytes, but not in chicken splenic lymphocytes, stimulated with R. anatipestifer. Moreover, upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A mRNA expressions, but not TGF-β, was confirmed in the liver and spleen of ducks infected with R. anatipestifer, indicating that IL-17A is strongly associated with Riemerella infection in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry P Fernandez
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Joyce Anne R Diaz
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jipseol Jeong
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Fahmida Afrin
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine & Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyung Lee
- Daesung Microbiological Laboratory, Samdong, Uiwangsi, Gyeonggido, 16103, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjean Yim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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31
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The Riemerella anatipestifer AS87_01735 Gene Encodes Nicotinamidase PncA, an Important Virulence Factor. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5815-23. [PMID: 27451449 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01829-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Riemerella anatipestifer is a major bacterial pathogen that causes septicemic and exudative diseases in domestic ducks. In our previous study, we found that deletion of the AS87_01735 gene significantly decreased the bacterial virulence of R. anatipestifer strain Yb2 (mutant RA625). The AS87_01735 gene was predicted to encode a nicotinamidase (PncA), a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, which is an important reaction in the NAD(+) salvage pathway. In this study, the AS87_01735 gene was expressed and identified as the PncA-encoding gene, using an enzymatic assay. Western blot analysis demonstrated that R. anatipestifer PncA was localized to the cytoplasm. The mutant strain RA625 (named Yb2ΔpncA in this study) showed a similar growth rate but decreased NAD(+) quantities in both the exponential and stationary phases in tryptic soy broth culture, compared with the wild-type strain Yb2. In addition, Yb2ΔpncA-infected ducks showed much lower bacterial loads in their blood, and no visible histological changes were observed in the heart, liver, and spleen. Furthermore, Yb2ΔpncA immunization of ducks conferred effective protection against challenge with the virulent wild-type strain Yb2. Our results suggest that the R. anatipestifer AS87_01735 gene encodes PncA, which is an important virulence factor, and that the Yb2ΔpncA mutant can be used as a novel live vaccine candidate. IMPORTANCE Riemerella anatipestifer is reported worldwide as a cause of septicemic and exudative diseases of domestic ducks. The pncA gene encodes a nicotinamidase (PncA), a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, which is an important reaction in the NAD(+) salvage pathway. In this study, we identified and characterized the pncA-homologous gene AS87_01735 in R. anatipestifer strain Yb2. R. anatipestifer PncA is a cytoplasmic protein that possesses similar PncA activity, compared with other organisms. Generation of the pncA mutant Yb2ΔpncA led to a decrease in the NAD(+) content, which was associated with decreased capacity for invasion and attenuated virulence in ducks. Furthermore, Yb2ΔpncA immunization of ducks conferred effective protection against challenge with the virulent wild-type strain Yb2. Altogether, these results suggest that PncA contributes to the virulence of R. anatipestifer and that the Yb2ΔpncA mutant can be used as a novel live vaccine candidate.
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Genome Sequence of Riemerella anatipestifer Strain RCAD0122, a Multidrug-Resistant Isolate from Ducks. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/3/e00332-16. [PMID: 27151800 PMCID: PMC4859182 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00332-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is an important pathogenic bacterium in waterfowl and other avian species. We present here the genome sequence of R. anatipestifer RCAD0122, a multidrug-resistant strain isolated from infected ducks. The isolate contains at least nine types of antibiotic resistance-associated genes.
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33
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Zhao X, Liu Q, Zhang J, Luo Y, Luo Y, Liu Q, Li P, Kong Q. Identification of a gene in Riemerella anatipestifer CH-1 (B739-2187) that contributes to resistance to polymyxin B and evaluation of its mutant as a live attenuated vaccine. Microb Pathog 2016; 91:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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34
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Xing L, Yu H, Qi J, Jiang P, Sun B, Cui J, Ou C, Chang W, Hu Q. ErmF and ereD are responsible for erythromycin resistance in Riemerella anatipestifer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131078. [PMID: 26107936 PMCID: PMC4481100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the genetic basis of erythromycin resistance in Riemerella anatipestifer, the MIC to erythromycin of 79 R. anatipestifer isolates from China and one typed strain, ATCC11845, were evaluated. The results showed that 43 of 80 (53.8%) of the tested R. anatipestifer strains showed resistance to erythromycin, and 30 of 43 erythromycin-resistant R. anatipestifer strains carried ermF or ermFU with an MIC in the range of 32–2048 μg/ml, while the other 13 strains carrying the ereD gene exhibited an MIC of 4–16 μg/ml. Of 30 ermF + R. anatipestifer strains, 27 (90.0%) carried the ermFU gene which may have been derived from the CTnDOT-like element, while three other strains carried ermF from transposon Tn4351. Moreover, sequence analysis revealed that ermF, ermFU, and ereD were located within the multiresistance region of the R. anatipestifer genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Xing
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Road, Tai’an, 271018, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bingqing Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Junsheng Cui
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Changcan Ou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Weishan Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Road, Tai’an, 271018, China
- * E-mail: (QH); (WC)
| | - Qinghai Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
- * E-mail: (QH); (WC)
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Luo H, Liu M, Wang L, Zhou W, Wang M, Cheng A, Jia R, Chen S, Sun K, Yang Q, Chen X, Zhu D. Identification of ribosomal RNA methyltransferase gene ermF in Riemerella anatipestifer. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:162-8. [PMID: 25690020 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1019828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is a major bacterial pathogen of waterfowl, globally responsible for avian septicaemic disease. As chemotherapy is the predominant method for the prevention and treatment of R. anatipestifer infection in poultry, the widespread use of antibiotics has favoured the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. However, little is known about R. anatipestifer susceptibility to macrolide antibiotics and its resistance mechanism. We report for the first time the identification of a macrolide resistance mechanism in R. anatipestifer that is mediated by the ribosomal RNA methyltransferase ermF. We identified the presence of the ermF gene in 64/206 (31%) R. anatipestifer isolates from different regions in China. An ermF deletion strain was constructed to investigate the function of the ermF gene on the resistance to high levels of macrolides. The ermF mutant strain showed significantly decreased resistance to macrolide and lincosamide, exhibiting 1024-, 1024-, 4- and >2048-fold reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentrations for erythromycin, azithromycin, tylosin and lincomycin, respectively. Furthermore, functional analysis of ermF expression in E. coli XL1-blue showed that the R. anatipestifer ermF gene was functional in E. coli XL1-blue and conferred resistance to high levels of erythromycin (100 µg/ml), supporting the hypothesis that the ermF gene is associated with high-level macrolide resistance. Our work suggests that ribosomal RNA modification mediated by the ermF methyltransferase is the predominant mechanism of resistance to erythromycin in R. anatipestifer isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Luo
- a Research Center of Avian Diseases , College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University , Sichuan , P.R. China
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Development of a subunit vaccine containing recombinant Riemerella anatipestifer outer membrane protein A and CpG ODN adjuvant. Vaccine 2014; 33:92-9. [PMID: 25448104 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer, a Gram-negative bacillus, causes septicemia that can result in high mortality for ducklings. In this study, we evaluated the immune response and protective efficacy provided by a subunit vaccine containing recombinant outer membrane protein A (rOmpA) and plasmid constructs containing CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). Results showed that CpG ODN enhanced both humoral and cell-mediated immunity elicited by rOmpA as early as two weeks after primary immunization. When compared to ducks immunized with rOmpA, ducks immunized with rOmpA+CpG ODN showed higher levels (p<0.05) of antibody titer, T cell proliferation, and percentages of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The relative fold inductions of mRNA expression of Th1-type (IFN-γ and IL-12), and Th2-type (IL-6) cytokines in PBMCs isolated from ducks immunized with rOmpA+CpG ODN were significantly higher than those of the rOmpA group. Homologous challenge result showed that the rOmpA+CpG ODN vaccine reduced the pathological score by 90% in comparison with the saline control. In conclusion, our study found that CpG ODN can enhance both humoral and cellular immunity elicited by a rOmpA vaccine. The rOmpA+CpG ODN vaccine can be further developed as a subunit vaccine against R. anatipestifer.
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Zeng X, Wang P, Li J, Wu W. Levamisole enhances immunity in ducklings vaccinated againstRiemerella anatipestifer. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:456-62. [PMID: 24931647 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease; Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road Beijing 100193 China
| | - Huiling Chen
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service; Beijing Municipal Bureau of Agriculture; A15 Beiyuan Road Beijing 100107 China
| | - Xiangfan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease; Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road Beijing 100193 China
| | - Peng Wang
- Animal Health Inspection Institute; No. 3 ShangYuanCun Beijing 100044 China
| | - Jinxiang Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street Beijing 100081 China
| | - Wenxue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease; Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road Beijing 100193 China
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Construction of a shuttle vector for use in Riemerella anatipestifer. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 95:262-7. [PMID: 24064367 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer causes epizootic infectious disease in poultry and serious economic losses, especially to the duck industry. Four complete genome sequences of R. anatipestifer strains are now available. However, functional studies have been limited by the lack of an effective shuttle vector. In this study, we constructed a shuttle vector, pRES, which was able to transfer plasmid DNA between Escherichia coli and R. anatipestifer strains. The vector contains the putative replication origin from R. anatipestifer plasmid pRA7026 and a ColE1 ori for replication in R. anatipestifer and E. coli respectively. In addition, it contains oriT for transferring the vector into R. anatipestifer by conjugation, and the putative promoter of the streptothricin resistance gene of plasmid pRA0726 for heterologous gene expression in R. anatipestifer. The vector pRES will be useful in the investigation of gene function in R. anatipestifer.
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Development and evaluation of a trivalent Riemerella anatipestifer-inactivated vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:691-7. [PMID: 23467777 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00768-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer infections cause major economic losses in the duck industry. In this study, a trivalent inactivated vaccine of R. anatipestifer, including strains CH3 (serotype 1), NJ3 (serotype 2), and HXb2 (serotype 10), was developed. Animal experiments showed that the ducks that received two immunizations with the vaccine were 100% protected from challenge with strains from any of the three serotypes (1, 2, or 10). No death or clinical signs of diarrhea, tremors, or limb swelling were shown in the protected ducks. Also, no R. anatipestifer bacteria were isolated from the livers or brains of the protected ducks. Furthermore, no histopathological changes were observed in the liver, spleen, or brain samples from the protected ducks during histological examination. The ducks that received two immunizations with the vaccine generated high antibody titers of 1:3,200 to 1:6,400 against the three serotypes of strains. The vaccine significantly enhanced the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) after one immunization and enhanced the production of IL-4 and IL-10 after two immunizations. In addition, real-time PCR indicated that the expression of major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I), as well as that of CD40 and CD154 molecules, was significantly increased after one immunization, and the expressions of both MHC-I and MHC-II molecules were increased after two immunizations. Our study indicates that the vaccine can induce both humoral and cellular immunities in ducks and offer effective protection against R. anatipestifer infection.
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40
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Yang FF, Sun YN, Li JX, Wang H, Zhao MJ, Su J, Zhang ZJ, Liu HJ, Jiang SJ. Detection of aminoglycoside resistance genes in Riemerella anatipestifer isolated from ducks. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:451-2. [PMID: 22445728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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