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De Gennaro MF, Isturiz ML, Pucheta C, Hudson CR, Quiroga ME, Ramirez SE, Akiyama SN, Rivas RSV, Krapp F, De Seta MP. Life expectancy for dogs from the City of Buenos Aires. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105312. [PMID: 38810472 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop the first life tables for the dog population of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires by constructing life expectancy tables. Data on canines received for final disposal at the Luis Pasteur Zoonosis Institute of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires from January 2018 to December 2021 were used to prepare the life tables. Of the 11,429 dogs that died in that period, the overall life expectancy at birth was 11.88 years (95% CI = 11.37-12.39). There was no difference in life expectancy at birth by sex or by pure versus cross breeds. According to neuter status, life expectancy at birth in neutered (13.98 years) was significantly higher than in entire (11.46 years) (p-value = 0.00001). Life tables varied according to the breed studied, with the Pekingese having the highest life expectancy at birth 16.42 years (95% CI: 15.87-16.98), and the Pit bull having the lowest life expectancy at birth 10.13 years (95% CI: 9.58-10.68). The current study provides useful information for veterinary professionals and pet owners and is a valuable tool for planning and developing effective health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia De Gennaro
- Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CP:1405, Argentina.
| | - María Laura Isturiz
- Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CP:1405, Argentina
| | - Claudia Pucheta
- Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CP:1405, Argentina
| | - Carolina Ríos Hudson
- Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CP:1405, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Quiroga
- Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CP:1405, Argentina
| | - Santiago Ezequiel Ramirez
- Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CP:1405, Argentina
| | - Silvia Noemí Akiyama
- Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CP:1405, Argentina
| | | | - Federico Krapp
- Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CP:1405, Argentina
| | - Marina Paola De Seta
- Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CP:1405, Argentina
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Ammar EF, Hegazy YM, Al-Gaabary M, Mosad SM, Salem M, Marzok M, Housawi F, Al-Ali M, Alhaider A, Tahoun A. Epidemiological, and molecular investigation of Canine parvovirus-2 infection in Egypt. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e56. [PMID: 39083208 PMCID: PMC11291436 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Canine parvovirus enteritis (CPE) is a contagious viral disease of dogs caused by the canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. CPV-2 has a high global evolutionary rate. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 and understanding its epidemiology are essential for controlling CPV-2 infections. OBJECTIVE This study examined the risk factors and survival outcomes of dogs infected with CPV-2. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 genotypes circulating in Egypt was performed to determine the evolution of CPV-2 nationally and globally. METHODS An age-matched case-control study was conducted on 47 control and 47 CPV-infected dogs. Conditional logistic regression analysis examined the association between the potential risk factors and CPE in dogs. Survival analysis was performed to determine the survival pattern of the infected dogs. Thirteen fecal samples from infected dogs were collected to confirm the CPV genotype by CPV-2 VP2 gene sequencing, assembly of nucleotide sequences, and phylogenic analysis. RESULTS Unvaccinated and roamer dogs had eight and 2.3 times higher risks of CPV infection than vaccinated dogs and non-roamer dogs, respectively. The risk of death from CPE was high among dogs without routine visits to veterinary clinics and among non-roamer dogs. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 confirmed its genotype identity and relationship with the CPV-2 c and b clade types. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study highlights the potential factors for CPE control, especially vaccination and preventing dogs from roaming freely outside houses. Isolated CPV genotypes are closely related to southern Asian genotypes, suggesting a substantial opportunity for global transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Farag Ammar
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Yamen Mohammed Hegazy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Al-Gaabary
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Samah M Mosad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt.
| | - Fadhel Housawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Al-Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alhaider
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amin Tahoun
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
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3
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Chethan GE, De UK, Singh MK, Chander V, Raja R, Paul BR, Choudhary OP, Thakur N, Sarma K, Prasad H. Antioxidant supplementation during treatment of outpatient dogs with parvovirus enteritis ameliorates oxidative stress and attenuates intestinal injury: A randomized controlled trial. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 21:100300. [PMID: 37333506 PMCID: PMC10276178 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A prospective randomized controlled clinical study was conducted to determine whether antioxidant supplementation as an adjunct therapy alters hemogram, oxidative stress, serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein-2 (IFABP-2) level, fecal viral load, clinical score (CS) and survivability in outpatient canine parvovirus enteritis (CPVE) dogs. The dogs with CPVE were randomized to one of the five treatment groups: supportive treatment (ST) alone, ST with N-acetylcysteine (ST+NAC), resveratrol (ST+RES), coenzyme Q10 (ST+CoQ10) or ascorbic acid (ST+AA). The primary outcome measures were reduction of CS and fecal HA titre, and enhancement of survivability. Secondary outcome measures were reduction of oxidative stress indices and IFABP-2 level from day 0 to day 7. The mean CS and HA titre were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased from day 0 to 7 in ST and all antioxidant groups. The supplementations of NAC, RES and AA along with ST markedly (P < 0.05) reduced the concentrations of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and IFABP-2 on day 7 as compared to ST alone. Additionally, NAC and RES supplementations markedly (P < 0.05) improved the total leukocyte count and neutrophil count in CPVE-affected dogs. NAC and RES could serve as better antioxidants for the amelioration of oxidative stress in CPVE but, the antioxidants did not confer any additional benefits in reduction of CS, fecal HA tire, or survivability when compared with ST alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gollahalli Eregowda Chethan
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India
| | - Ujjwal Kumar De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Chander
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Raguvaran Raja
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Babul Rudra Paul
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India
| | - Neeraj Thakur
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RGSC-Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, 231001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kalyan Sarma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India
| | - Hridayesh Prasad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India
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Oikonomidis IL, Theodorou K, Papaioannou E, Xenoulis PG, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Steiner JM, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Suchodolski JS, Rallis T, Soubasis N. Serial measurement of cardiac troponin I in hospitalised dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis: Association with outcome and canine pancreas-specific lipase concentration. Res Vet Sci 2023; 157:1-5. [PMID: 36827790 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to serially evaluate serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in dogs with parvoviral enteritis (CPVE), and investigate the association with outcome and serum pancreas-specific lipase (Spec cPL) concentrations. Dogs with CPVE that were hospitalised for at least 5 days were included. cTnI and Spec cPL concentrations were measured on days 1, 3 and 5 of hospitalisation. Twenty-nine dogs (20 survivors, 9 non-survivors) were included. Spec cPL was indicative of pancreatitis (>400 μg/L) on at least one day in 10/29 (34.5%) dogs. Serum median (range) cTnI concentration was higher (P = 0.021) in non-survivors on day 5 [0.032 (0.001-0.395) ng/mL] compared to day 1 [0.012 (0.003-0.196) ng/mL]. Non-survivors had higher (P = 0.014) cTnI concentrations on day 5 [0.032 (0.001-0.395) ng/mL] compared to survivors [0.001 (0.001-0.042) ng/mL], but not at admission or on day 3 (P > 0.05). Serum cTnI concentrations were not significantly different (P = 0.465) between the three Spec cPL groups [group 1 (Spec cPL ≤ 200 μg/L): 0.007 (0.001-0.527) ng/mL; group 2 (Spec cPL: 201-399 μg/L): 0.0045 (0.001-0.196) ng/mL; group 3 (Spec cPL ≥ 400 μg/L): 0.011 (0.001-0.278) ng/mL]. cTnI and Spec cPL concentrations were not significantly correlated (rho = -0.043, P = 0.703). Serial measurement of cTnI had prognostic value in the examined cohort. However, cTnI was not correlated with spec cPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Oikonomidis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - K Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Papaioannou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - K K Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - M Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - T Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Soubasis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ndiana LA, Lanave G, Desario C, Odigie AE, Madubuike KG, Lucente MS, Ezeifeka CA, Patruno G, Lorusso E, Elia G, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N. Detection of Selected Canine Viruses in Nigerian Free-Ranging Dogs Traded for Meat Consumption. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061119. [PMID: 36978659 PMCID: PMC10044693 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal trade favors the spreading of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Concerns have been previously expressed regarding the risks of dog trade in spreading zoonotic pathogens in Nigeria. However, the role of these dogs in disseminating highly pathogenic canine viruses has not yet been explored. The present study aimed to identify selected canine viruses in dogs traded for meat consumption in Nigeria. A total of 100 blood samples were screened for carnivore protoparvovirus-1 (CPPV-1), canine adenovirus 1/2 (CAdV-1/2), canine circovirus (CaCV), and canine distemper virus (CDV) by using real-time PCR and conventional PCR and/or sequencing. CPPV-1 DNA was identified in 83% of canine samples while CaCV DNA and CDV RNA were detected in 14% and 17% of the dog samples, respectively. None of the dogs tested positive for CAdV-1/2. The CaCVs identified in this study clustered along with other European, Asian, and American strains. Moreover, CDV strains identified in Nigeria clustered in a separate lineage with the closest genetic relatedness to the Europe-South America-1 clade. Further surveys prior to and after arrival of dogs at the slaughtering points are required to clarify the real virus burden in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Ndiana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuhaia Ikot Ekpene Road, Umudike 440101, Nigeria
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Amienwanlen E Odigie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Kelechi G Madubuike
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuhaia Ikot Ekpene Road, Umudike 440101, Nigeria
| | - Maria Stella Lucente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Chukwuemeka A Ezeifeka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuhaia Ikot Ekpene Road, Umudike 440101, Nigeria
| | - Giovanni Patruno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
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Turley K, Bracker K, Fernan C, Gao E, Orsky A, Yang D, Sinnott-Stutzman V. A comparison of the Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 definitions for assessment of mortality risk in dogs with parvovirus. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:208-216. [PMID: 36815748 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a modified Sepsis-3 (mSepsis-3) definition compared to the currently used modified Sepsis-2 (mSepsis-2) definition to determine whether the mSepsis-2 or mSepsis-3 stratifications were able to identify populations of dogs ultimately more likely to die from canine parvovirus (CPV) infection. DESIGN Retrospective, January 2009 to March 2020. SETTING A private, small animal, urban, referral emergency and specialty hospital. ANIMALS Fifty-nine client-owned dogs hospitalized for treatment of CPV. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Dogs were divided into mSepsis-2 and mSepsis-3 categories based on the highest level of illness severity reached during hospitalization. Greater illness severity based on mSepsis-2 criteria (ie, sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock) was associated with an increase in average length of stay (P < 0.001), increase in average cost of stay (P < 0.01), and presence of leukopenia (P < 0.05). An increase in illness severity within the mSepsis-2 criteria was not associated with hyperlactatemia (P = 0.29), presence of neutropenia (P = 0.12), or mortality (P = 0.35). Greater illness severity based on mSepsis-3 criteria (ie, infection only, sepsis, septic shock) was associated with an increase in mortality (P < 0.05), increase in average length of stay (P < 0.001), increase in average cost of stay (P < 0.01), presence of leukopenia (P < 0.01), and presence of neutropenia (P < 0.05). The mSepsis-3 criteria were not associated with the presence of hyperlactatemia (P = 0.68). There was no significant difference between survivors and nonsurvivors in the presence of leukopenia (P = 0.19), neutropenia (P = 0.67), or hyperlactatemia (P = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS The mSepsis-3 diagnostic criteria appear to better identify dogs with CPV at higher risk for mortality compared to the mSepsis-2 criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Turley
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kiko Bracker
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Fernan
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Gao
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra Orsky
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danni Yang
- Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kalogianni L, Polizopoulou ZS, Kazakos G, Kontopoulou K, Triantafyllou E, Siarkou VI, Ceron JJ, Chaintoutis SC, Dovas CI, Tamvakis A, Theodoridis A, Savvas I, Diakou A, Soubasis N. The role of the sequential organ failure assessment score in evaluating the outcome in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Res Vet Sci 2022; 150:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Singh M, Manikandan R, Kumar De U, Chander V, Rudra Paul B, Ramakrishnan S, Maramreddy D. Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious and key enteropathogen affecting the canine population around the globe by causing canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) and vomition. CPVE is one of the the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in puppies and young dogs. Over the years, five distinct antigenic variants of CPV-2, namely CPV-2a, CPV-2b, new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, have emerged throughout the world. CPV-2 infects a diverse range of wild animals, and the newer variants of CPV-2 have expanded their host range to include felines. Despite the availability of highly specific diagnostics and efficacious vaccines, CPV-2 outbreaks have been reported globally due to the emergence of newer antigenic variants, expansion of the viral host range, and vaccination failures. The present chapter describes the latest information pertaining to virus properties and replication, disease manifestations in animals, and an additional recent updates on diagnostic, prevention and control strategies of CPV-2.
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9
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Tuteja D, Banu K, Mondal B. Canine parvovirology - A brief updated review on structural biology, occurrence, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 82:101765. [PMID: 35182832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a major cause of hemorrhagic diarrhea and mortality in puppies worldwide. There are 2 types of Parvovirus which affects canines: Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) and Canine parvovirus 1 (CPV-1) or the Minute Virus of Canine (MVC). CPV-2 originated from Feline panleukopenia virus and has undergone genetic variation to give rise to its three variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c). Amino acid substitutions in VP2 capsid protein have led virus to adapt new host range. The original CPV-2 was known to be dominant in Japan, Belgium, Australia as well as USA and later circulated throughout the world. Clinically, CPV-2 infection is characterized by anorexia, lethargy, depression, vomiting, leukopenia and severe hemorrhagic diarrhea. Several diagnostic tests have been developed to detect parvoviral infections which are categorized into immunological tests (latex agglutination test, SIT-SAT and ELISA etc.) and molecular based tests (PCR, mPCR and RT-PCR etc.). To control and manage the disease several treatments like fluid therapies, antibiotics, and adjunctive treatments are available and some are in various stages of development. Apart from this, many vaccines are also commercially available and some are in developmental stages. The present review contains detailed information regarding structural biology, occurrence, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, treatments and prevention in order to understand the need and the growing importance of CPV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Tuteja
- Shankaranarayana Life Sciences LLP, Shankaranarayana Life Sciences, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560100, India
| | - Kauser Banu
- Shankaranarayana Life Sciences LLP, Shankaranarayana Life Sciences, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560100, India
| | - Bhairab Mondal
- Shankaranarayana Life Sciences LLP, Shankaranarayana Life Sciences, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560100, India.
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10
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Oh D, Kim K, Yoon J. Duodenal perforation in a puppy with canine parvovirus infection. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2022; 63:23-26. [PMID: 34975163 PMCID: PMC8682932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A 2-month-old puppy was brought to a veterinary hospital with diarrhea, vomiting, and anorexia. The test for canine parvovirus was positive, and she was hospitalized for supportive care. Her gastrointestinal symptoms initially improved; however, vomiting and lethargy developed again in the second week of hospitalization. Abdominal ultrasonography results were suspicious of a duodenal perforation. Cytology of the abdominal effusion confirmed septic peritonitis; therefore, emergency exploratory laparotomy was performed. The surgery was successful, and the puppy recovered fully. When symptoms recur or deteriorate in patients with parvoviral infection, surgically curable complications may be disregarded if supportive therapy is continued without additional investigative examinations. This report highlights the usefulness of abdominal ultrasound in conjunction with fluid cytology to identify subsequent complications when the clinical signs of parvovirus deteriorate. Key clinical message: This case report demonstrates duodenal perforation as a complication of parvoviral infection. Abdominal ultrasonography and peritoneal fluid cytology can be crucial for the early recognition of intestinal complications requiring immediate successful perioperative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayoung Oh
- BIEN Animal Medical Center, Bucheon 14675, Republic of Korea (Oh); 24H Songdo Heal Animal Medical Center, Incheon 21994, Republic of Korea (Kim); College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea (Yoon)
| | - Kitae Kim
- BIEN Animal Medical Center, Bucheon 14675, Republic of Korea (Oh); 24H Songdo Heal Animal Medical Center, Incheon 21994, Republic of Korea (Kim); College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea (Yoon)
| | - Junghee Yoon
- BIEN Animal Medical Center, Bucheon 14675, Republic of Korea (Oh); 24H Songdo Heal Animal Medical Center, Incheon 21994, Republic of Korea (Kim); College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea (Yoon)
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11
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Walker HK, Ottka C, Lohi H, Handel I, Clements DN, Gow AG, Mellanby RJ. Seasonal variation in serum metabolites of northern European dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:190-195. [PMID: 34921444 PMCID: PMC8783344 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic profiling identifies seasonal variance of serum metabolites in humans. Despite the presence of seasonal disease patterns, no studies have assessed whether serum metabolites vary seasonally in dogs. Hypothesis There is seasonal variation in the serum metabolite profiles of healthy dogs. Animals Eighteen healthy, client‐owned dogs. Methods A prospective cohort study. Serum metabolomic profiles were assessed monthly in 18 healthy dogs over a 12‐month period. Metabolic profiling was conducted using a canine‐specific proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy platform, and the effects of seasonality were studied for 98 metabolites using a cosinor model. Seasonal component was calculated, which describes the seasonal variation of each metabolite. Results We found no evidence of seasonal variation in 93 of 98 metabolites. Six metabolites had statistically significant seasonal variance, including cholesterol (mean 249 mg/dL [6.47 mmol/L] with a seasonal component amplitude of 9 mg/dL [0.23 mmol/L]; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6‐13 mg/dL [0.14‐0.33 mmol/L], P < .008), with a peak concentration of 264 mg/dL (6.83 mmol/L) in June and trough concentration of 236 mg/dL (6.12 mmol/L) in December. In contrast, there was a significantly lower concentration of lactate (mean 20 mg/dL [2.27 mmol/L] with a seasonal component amplitude of 4 mg/dL [0.42 mmol/L]; 95% CI 2‐6 mg/dL [0.22‐0.62 mmol/L], P < .001) during the summer months compared to the winter months, with a peak concentration of 26 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L) in February and trough concentration of 14 mg/dL (1.57 mmol/L) in July. Conclusions and Clinical Importance We found no clear evidence that seasonal reference ranges need to be established for serum metabolites of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Walker
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Ottka
- PetBIOMICS Ltd, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- PetBIOMICS Ltd, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan N Clements
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Adam G Gow
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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12
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Tion MT, Shima FK, Ogbu KI, Omobowale TO, Amine AA, Nguetyo SA, Igoh FA, Oochi JO, Fotina HA, Saganuwan SA, Zon GA. Genetic diversity of canine parvovirus variants circulating in Nigeria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:104996. [PMID: 34246800 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a fast-evolving single-stranded DNA virus that causes severe and fatal gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Lately, several mutations affecting viral protein (VP) capsid resulting in highly pathogenic variants with distinctive immunological and clinicopathological characteristics abound. This study involved screening stools of 44 randomly selected clinical cases of canine gastroenteritis from 4 cities (Ibadan, Jos, Makurdi, and Zaria) in Nigeria for CPV antigen using an on-the-spot immunoassay test kit, as well as, molecular detection of viral nucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, nucleic acid sequencing of 1195-bp amplicons encompassing the VP2 encoding region was done. The resultant 40 high-quality amino acid sequences obtained were analysed for the identification and grouping of the viruses into their discrete variants - CPV-2a, CPV-2b, or CPV-2c, using key amino acids substitutions - Asn, Asp, or Glu respectively at position 426 of the VP2 gene. One-third (11/40; 27.5%) of the analysed sequences were identified as CPV-2a and two-third (29/40; 72.5%) as CPV-2c. The original CPV and CPV-2b were not detected. Also, the "new CPV-2a variant" with mutation S297A identified had two additional mutations (Y324I and T440A) associated with selective pressure and vaccination failure in their sequences. Similarly, unique CPV-2c mutants carrying genetic markers (S297A, Y324I, and Q370R) that are highly related to CPVs of Asian origin were observed. These findings revealed a high level of divergence of existing CPVs in circulation; suggesting that CPV is rapidly evolving in Nigeria lately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Terzungwe Tion
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, 160 Herasima Kondratieva Street, Sumy 40021, Ukraine.
| | - Felix Kundu Shima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth Ikejiofor Ogbu
- Department of Animal Health, School of Animal Health, Production and Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Andrew Aondowase Amine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | | | - Favour Ann Igoh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Josiah Oochi Oochi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Hanna Anatoliyivna Fotina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, 160 Herasima Kondratieva Street, Sumy 40021, Ukraine
| | | | - Gregory Anatoliiovych Zon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, 160 Herasima Kondratieva Street, Sumy 40021, Ukraine
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13
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Risk and Environmental Factors Associated with the Presence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Diarrheic Dogs from Thessaly, Central Greece. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050590. [PMID: 34065865 PMCID: PMC8151960 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) primarily infects dogs, which are the main host reservoir, causing severe gastrointestinal disease associated with immunosuppression. The present study was conducted in Thessaly, Greece and aimed to identify risk and environmental factors associated with CPV-2 infection in diarrheic dogs. Fecal samples were collected from 116 dogs presenting diarrhea and were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of CPV-2 DNA. Supplementary data regarding clinical symptoms, individual features, management factors and medical history were also gathered for each animal during clinical evaluation. Sixty-eight diarrheic dogs were found to be positive for the virus DNA in their feces. Statistical analysis revealed that CPV-2 DNA was less likely to be detected in senior dogs, while working dogs, namely hounds and shepherds, had higher odds to be positive for the virus. Livestock density and land uses, specifically the categories of discontinuous urban fabric and of human population density, were identified as significant environmental parameters associated with CPV-2 infection by using Geographical Information System (GIS) together with the Ecological Niche Model (ENM). This is the first description of the environmental variables associated with the presence of CPV-2 DNA in dogs’ feces in Greece.
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14
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Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K. [Prophylaxis of canine parvovirosis - Part 2: Vaccines]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:122-125. [PMID: 33902120 DOI: 10.1055/a-1402-9476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is still the most effective measure to prevent canine parvovirosis. Therefore, vaccines against canine parvovirus (CPV) infection are considered core vaccines. Modified life vaccines (MLV) have been proven to be very effective and safe, since they are characterized by early onset (within a few days after vaccination) and long duration of immunity (several years). MLV do not contain adjuvants; they are also advantageous in terms of possessing less allergenic and toxic properties. Therefore, MLV are widely used as first line vaccines. In Germany and in most other European countries, only MLV are available on the market. MLV contain CPV-2 or (less often) CPV-2b and offer cross-protection against the variants CPV-2a, -2b, -2c that are relevant for dogs in the field. Revaccination with MLV should be performed in 3-year-intervals or longer intervals (only in case of lacking antibodies) even if the licensed MLV is registered for re-vaccination intervals of 1 or 2 years. MLV should only be administered to healthy dogs older than 4 to 6 weeks of age. A possible disadvantage of MLV is its interference with the diagnosis of a CPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Monika Freisl
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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15
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Chalifoux NV, Parker SE, Cosford KL. Prognostic indicators at presentation for canine parvoviral enteritis: 322 cases (2001-2018). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:402-413. [PMID: 33792158 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinicopathological prognostic indicators associated with survival based on hematology and serum biochemistry profile findings at presentation of dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE). Secondary objectives were to describe the signalment, history, physical examination findings, and progression of disease while in hospital and correlate them to survival. DESIGN Retrospective study from medical records of dogs diagnosed with CPE between 2001 and 2018. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Three hundred twenty-two dogs diagnosed with CPE that received in-hospital treatment. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 322 hospitalized dogs, 294 dogs (91%) survived infection with a median hospitalization time of 79 hours. Multivariable analysis showed that glucose (P = 0.04), total magnesium (P = 0.011), and the dichotomized variable of a low HCT (P = 0.033) on presentation were significantly associated with survival. For every 1 mmol/L (18 mg/dL) decrease in glucose concentration, cases had 1.85 lower odds of survival. For every 0.1 mmol/L (0.2 mEq/L) increase in total magnesium concentration, cases had 2.50 lower odds of survival. Cases with a low HCT had 10.69 lower odds of survival. On univariable analyses, non-survivors had a lower median body weight (P = 0.006) and presented more commonly for diarrhea (P = 0.015). At least 1 episode of diarrhea (P = 0.003) and hematochezia or melena (P < 0.001) in hospital were negatively associated with outcome, in addition to the persistence of diarrhea (P = 0.026) and hyporexia (P = 0.018) in hospital for 5 to 6 days. CONCLUSIONS Survival rates of 91% were achieved with in-hospital treatment in this cohort of dogs. Negative biochemical prognostic indicators affecting survival include a low HCT, decreased blood glucose concentrations, and increased total serum magnesium concentrations at presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan V Chalifoux
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sarah E Parker
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kevin L Cosford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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16
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de Abreu CB, Muzzi RAL, de Oliveira LED, Schulien T, Coelho MDR, Alves LA, Hirsch C, Dorneles EMS, Pinto AMBG, Barreto MSO, Muzzi LAL, Nogueira RB. Systolic dysfunction by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 34:93-104. [PMID: 33631657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Parvoviral enteritis (PVE) can cause either primary or secondary myocardial injury; the latter is associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. Strain (St) and strain rate (SR) are relatively new speckle tracking echocardiographic (STE) variables used to assess myocardial function and are less influenced by preload and volume status than are conventional variables. The aim of this study was to evaluate systolic function in dogs with PVE using two-dimensional STE. ANIMALS Forty-five client-owned dogs were included. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs were classified into four groups: healthy (n = 9), PVE-mild (n = 15), PVE-severe (n = 13) and PVE-died (n = 8). Left ventricular global and segmental myocardial St and SR were assessed in radial, circumferential and longitudinal axes in the right parasternal transverse and apical 4-chamber views. In the circumferential and longitudinal axes, the value of each segment was determined separately at the endocardial and epicardial levels. RESULTS Compared to healthy animals, all dogs with PVE showed significantly impaired St and SR values, mainly for PVE-severe and PVE-died groups. Moreover, the lowest SR value was observed in the circumferential axis at the mid-septal epicardial segment in the PVE-died group. For this variable, a cut-off value of 0.95 s-1 demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing between PVE-severe and PVE-died groups. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, all dogs with PVE developed systolic dysfunction, which was more severe in non-survivors. Assessment of St and SR in dogs with PVE might be clinically useful for evaluating haemodynamic status and developing suitable therapeutic strategies to improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B de Abreu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil.
| | - R A L Muzzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - L E D de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - T Schulien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - M de R Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - L A Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - C Hirsch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - E M S Dorneles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - A M B G Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - M S O Barreto
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - L A L Muzzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - R B Nogueira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
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17
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Alves F, Alonso F, Horta R, Barbosa B, Beier S, Paes P. Prognostic values of physical and hematological parameters of dogs naturally infected with parvovirus PVC-2: retrospective study of 103 cases. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Canine parvovirosis is a high mortality disease with acute clinical picture. However, there are few available resources to help stablish prognosis accurately. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold values for vital and hematological parameters of dogs naturally infected by the Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV). A retrospective study of 103 canine parvovirosis cases was carried out. Twenty seven percent of these (28/103) died, 96% (27/28) of which within the first four days of hospitalization. Deceased animals had significantly higher median values for heart (HR) and respiratory (f) rates, as well as significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) than survivors. Severely leukopenic animals (<1,000 cells/μL), had a significantly higher mortality rate (68%, n=13) compared to that of other patients (P<0.0007). Animals with at least two of the following findings: severe hypotension (SBP< 90mmHg), tachycardia (HR > 150 bpm) and leukopenia, represented 34% (34/101) of the cases and had a survival rate of 29% (10/34), while animals with at most one of these parameters represented 66% (67/101) and had a survival rate of 94% (63/67). The presence of two or three abnormal parameters was significantly related to the higher death risk among dogs with parvovirosis (P<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- F.S. Alves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - S. Beier
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - P.R.O. Paes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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18
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Ogbu KI, Chukwudi IC, Mira F, Eze UU, Di Bella S, Olaolu OS, Tion MT, Purpari G, Cannella V, Nwosuh IC, Guercio A, Anene BM. Current status and risk factors of canine parvovirus type 2 in North Central Nigeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 74:101578. [PMID: 33246241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since its emergence in Nigeria, canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) infection has posed problems to dog breeding and requires constant awareness and monitoring. In this study, the status, the assessment of extrinsic risk factors of parvoviral infection in dog kennels in North Central Nigeria, and isolation of the CPV-2 were carried out. Potential risk factors were considered during sampling: age, breed, sex, location, vaccination and health status, using well-structured questionnaires on dog owners with experience of CPV-2 infection. There was high prevalence which depended on age, breed, location, clinical status of the dog while vaccination status of the dogs did not influence the prevalence. CPV-2 vaccination compliance by the breeders and management system of the kennels were also observed as risk factors. Isolation of CPV-2a and -2c strains from Nigeria for further study has been reported. The spread of CPV-2 in Nigeria is increasing, hence needs for continual epidemiological monitoring and review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ikejiofor Ogbu
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Ijeoma Chekwube Chukwudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Ukamaka Uchenna Eze
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Olushola Samuel Olaolu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
| | - Matthew Terzungwe Tion
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Ignatius Chika Nwosuh
- Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Boniface Maduka Anene
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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Ward MP, Iglesias RM, Brookes VJ. Autoregressive Models Applied to Time-Series Data in Veterinary Science. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:604. [PMID: 33094106 PMCID: PMC7527444 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A time-series is any set of N time-ordered observations of a process. In veterinary epidemiology, our focus is generally on disease occurrence (the “process”) over time, but animal production, welfare or other traits might also be of interest. A common source of time-series datasets are animal disease monitoring and surveillance systems. Here, we scan the application of methods to analyse time-series data in the peer-reviewed, published literature. Based on this literature scan we focus on autocorrelation and illustrate the recommended steps using ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Models) methods via analysis of a time-series of canine parvovirus (CPV) events in a pet dog population in Australia, 2009 to 2015. We conclude by identifying the barriers to the application of ARIMA methods in veterinary epidemiology and suggest some possible solutions. In the literature scan the selected 37 studies focused mostly on infectious and parasitic diseases, predominantly for analytical, rather than descriptive or predictive, purposes. Trends and seasonality were investigated, and autocorrelation analyzed, in most studies, most commonly using R software. An approach to analyzing autocorrelation using ARIMA methods was then illustrated using a time-series (week and month units) of CPV events in a pet dog population in Australia, reported to a national companion animal disease surveillance system. This time-series was derived by summing veterinarian reports of confirmed CPV diagnoses. We present data analysis output generated via the R statistical environment, and make this code available for the reader to apply to this or other time-series datasets. We also illustrate prediction of CPV events by rainfall as a covariate. Time-series analysis using ARIMA methods to understand and explore autocorrelation appears to be relatively uncommon in veterinary epidemiology. Some of the reasons might include limited availability of data of sufficient time unit length, lack of familiarity with analytical methods and available software, and how to best use the information generated. We recommend that wherever feasible, such time-series data be made available both for analysis and for methods development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel M Iglesias
- Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Victoria J Brookes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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20
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Shima FK, Omobowale TO, Adesina RD, Nottidge HO, Fagbohun OA. Molecular characterisation of canine parvoviruses from clinical samples and vaccines in Nigeria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104553. [PMID: 32927118 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) the causative agent of canine parvovirus enteritis is an intractable pathogen of dogs characterised by mutations, evolutionary changes and eventual vaccine failure. The disease is a serious problem in dogs with limited studies conducted in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was designed to characterise the subtypes of CPV isolates in six commonly used vaccines and 157 clinical samples collected from seven states in Nigeria from June 2016 to March 2018. Faecal samples collected from the clinical cases were subjected to in-clinic immunoassay to detect viral antigens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify viral VP2 gene in the samples and commonly used vaccines in Nigeria. Thereafter, PCR products were sequenced and analysed. The result showed that 93.0% of the dogs tested positive for CPV in both assays; 72.8% were puppies less than six months old, with 58.3% of them vaccinated. Partial VP2 gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis of 11 random clinical samples showed that CPV-2c 7(63.6%) and CPV-2a 4(36.4%) were the predominant subtypes in Nigeria; with genetic signatures that are 98.7% to 99.9% closely related to Asian and European strains, respectively. No CPV-2b was detected. Amino acid mutation analysis divulged some imperative transmutation sites: D305Y, Y324I, Q370R, N375D, T440A, Y444S, I447M and Y451C in the isolates. The viruses in the vaccines were characterised as the wild-type CPV. The genetic variability, viral population heterogeneity and phylogenetic linkage with isolates from other countries probably suggest transboundary migrations and local differentiations are contributing to continuous CPV evolution and vaccine failure in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kundu Shima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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21
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Abstract
Canine parvoviral enteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Tests can detect viral antigen in feces, and characteristic decreases in total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts can increase the index of suspicion in affected cases and can be used to prognosticate morbidity and mortality. The standard of care for infected animals includes IV crystalloid and sometimes colloid fluids, antiemetics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and early enteral nutrition. Vaccination induces protective immunity in most dogs. Vaccination, along with limiting exposure in young puppies, is the most effective means of preventing parvoviral enteritis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Mazzaferro
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA; Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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22
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Kelman M, Norris JM, Barrs VR, Ward MP. A history of canine parvovirus in Australia: what can we learn? Aust Vet J 2020; 98:504-510. [PMID: 32754949 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) has been reported throughout the world since the late 1970s. Published information was reviewed to draw insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of CPV disease in Australia and the role of scientific research on CPV occurrence, with key research discoveries and knowledge gaps identified. Australian researchers contributed substantially to early findings, including the first reported cases of parvoviral myocarditis, investigations into disease aetiopathogenesis, host and environmental risk factors and links between CPV and feline panleukopenia. Two of the world's first CPV serological surveys were conducted in Australia and a 1980 national veterinary survey of Australian and New Zealand dogs revealed 6824 suspected CPV cases and 1058 deaths. In 2010, an Australian national disease surveillance system was launched; 4940 CPV cases were reported between 2009 and 2014, although underreporting was likely. A 2017 study estimated national incidence to be 4.12 cases per 1000 dogs, and an annual case load of 20,110 based on 4219 CPV case reports in a survey of all Australian veterinary clinics, with a 23.5% response rate. CPV disease risk factors identified included socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location (rural/remote), season (summer) and rainfall (recent rain and longer dry periods both increasing risk). Age <16 weeks was identified as a risk factor for vaccination failure. Important knowledge gaps exist regarding national canine and feline demographic and CPV case data, vaccination coverage and population immunity, CPV transmission between owned dogs and other carnivore populations in Australia and the most effective methods to control epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kelman
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - J M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - V R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - M P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Decaro N, Buonavoglia C, Barrs VR. Canine parvovirus vaccination and immunisation failures: Are we far from disease eradication? Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108760. [PMID: 32768213 PMCID: PMC7295477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive vaccination, canine parvovirus (CPV) remains a leading infectious cause of canine mortality, especially among juveniles. This review provides an update on CPV vaccine types and vaccination protocols. The design of CPV prevention strategies and vaccination programs with a goal of herd immunity has been hampered by deficiencies of studies that model companion animal viral infections and inform an understanding of the basic reproduction number. However, the most important issue in eradication of CPV disease is represented by immunisation failures including: i) the presence of interfering titres of maternally-derived antibodies; ii) the presence of non-responders; and iii) possible reversion to virulence. In contrast, the role of the CPV variants in immunisation failures is widely debated. Taking into account the reduced circulation of canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 in countries where extensive vaccination is carried out, more effort should be made to aim for CPV eradication, including antibody testing to determine the optimal time for vaccinations of pups and adults and homogeneous vaccine coverage of dog population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
| | - C Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - V R Barrs
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Infectious Diseases & Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Metagenomic characterisation of avian parvoviruses and picornaviruses from Australian wild ducks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12800. [PMID: 32733035 PMCID: PMC7393117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ducks can shed and disseminate viruses and thus play a role in cross-species transmission. In the current study, we detected and characterised various avian parvoviruses and picornaviruses from wild Pacific black ducks, Chestnut teals, Grey teals and Wood ducks sampled at multiple time points from a single location using metagenomics. We characterised 46 different avian parvoviruses belonging to three different genera Dependoparvovirus, Aveparvovirus and Chaphamaparvovirus, and 11 different avian picornaviruses tentatively belonging to four different genera Sicinivirus, Anativirus, Megrivirus and Aalivirus. Most of these viruses were genetically different from other currently known viruses from the NCBI dataset. The study showed that the abundance and number of avian picornaviruses and parvoviruses varied considerably throughout the year, with the high number of virus reads in some of the duck samples highly suggestive of an active infection at the time of sampling. The detection and characterisation of several parvoviruses and picornaviruses from the individual duck samples also suggests co-infection, which may lead to the emergence of novel viruses through possible recombination. Therefore, as new and emerging diseases evolve, it is relevant to explore and monitor potential animal reservoirs in their natural habitat.
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Kwan E, Carrai M, Lanave G, Hill J, Parry K, Kelman M, Meers J, Decaro N, Beatty JA, Martella V, Barrs VR. Analysis of canine parvoviruses circulating in Australia reveals predominance of variant 2b and identifies feline parvovirus-like mutations in the capsid proteins. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:656-666. [PMID: 32657506 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a major enteric pathogen of dogs worldwide that emerged in the late 1970s from a feline parvovirus (FPV)-like ancestral virus. Shortly after its emergence, variant CPVs acquired amino acid (aa) mutations in key capsid residues, associated with biological and/or antigenic changes. This study aimed to identify and analyse CPV variants and their capsid mutations amongst Australian dogs, to gain insights into the evolution of CPV in Australia and to investigate relationships between the disease and vaccination status of dogs from which viruses were detected. CPV VP2 sequences were amplified from 79 faecal samples collected from dogs with parvoviral enteritis at 20 veterinary practices in five Australian states. The median age at diagnosis was 4 months (range 1-96 months). Only 3.7% of dogs with vaccination histories had completed recommended vaccination schedules, while 49% were incompletely vaccinated and 47.2% were unvaccinated. For the first time, CPV-2b has emerged as the dominant antigenic CPV variant circulating in dogs with parvoviral enteritis in Australia, comprising 54.4% of viruses, while CPV-2a and CPV-2 comprised 43.1% and 2.5%, respectively. The antigenic variant CPV-2c was not identified. Analysis of translated VP2 sequences revealed a vast repertoire of amino acid (aa) mutations. Several Australian CPV strains displayed signatures in the VP2 protein typical of Asian CPVs, suggesting possible introduction of CPV strains from Asia, and/or CPV circulation between Asia and Australia. Canine parvoviruses were identified containing aa residues typical of FPV at key capsid (VP2) positions, representing reverse mutations or residual mutations retained from CPV-2 during adaptation from an FPV-like ancestor, suggesting that evolutionary intermediates between CPV-2 and FPV are circulating in the field. Similarly, intermediates between CPV-2a-like viruses and CPV-2 were also identified. These findings help inform a better understanding of the evolution of CPV in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kwan
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Maura Carrai
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | | | | | - Mark Kelman
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kelman M, Barrs VR, Norris JM, Ward MP. Canine parvovirus prevention-What influence do socioeconomics, remoteness, caseload and demographics have on veterinarians' perceptions and behaviors? Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105065. [PMID: 32599371 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a cause of severe disease in dogs globally, yet is preventable by vaccination. A range of vaccination protocols are used by veterinary practitioners with evidence suggesting some protocols provide better protection than others in high infection-risk situations. This study investigated associations between veterinarians' vaccination recommendations and hospital remoteness, socioeconomic disadvantage, CPV caseload, and veterinarian perceptions and demographics. A national Australian veterinary survey in 2017 received 569 practitioner responses from 534 unique hospitals (23.6 % response rate). Respondents from major city hospitals had the lowest perceptions of the national CPV caseload (p < 0.0001). Those from hospitals with mild to moderate caseloads (6-40 cases per annum) recommended more frequent puppy revaccination - which is considered more protective - than those with the highest caseload (p = 0.0098), which might increase vaccination failure risk. Respondents from the most socioeconomically disadvantaged regions were over-represented in recommending annual revaccination of adult dogs; those from the least disadvantaged regions were over-represented in recommending triennial revaccination (p < 0.0001). Hospitals with higher CPV caseloads, greater socioeconomic disadvantage or increased remoteness did not favor two puppy vaccination protocols that are considered more protective (younger first vaccination age or older final vaccination age), despite these regions presenting higher CPV caseload risk. Titer testing to determine whether to revaccinate was more likely to be used in major city hospitals (p = 0.0052) and less disadvantaged areas (p = 0.0550). University of graduation was associated with CPV caseload, remoteness and level of socioeconomic disadvantage of the region where the graduate worked. University of graduation was significantly associated with age for final puppy vaccination and titer-testing recommendations. Graduates from one university were over-represented in recommending an earlier (10-week) finish protocol and titer testing, compared to all other universities. Year and university of graduation, and respondent's age were associated with a number of vaccination protocol recommendations suggesting that inherent biases might affect veterinarians' decisions. Emphasis on currently recommended vaccination protocols in undergraduate curricula and more protective vaccination protocol use in higher-risk regions could reduce immunization failure and CPV caseload.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kelman
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - V R Barrs
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - J M Norris
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - M P Ward
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Kelman M, Harriott L, Carrai M, Kwan E, Ward MP, Barrs VR. Phylogenetic and Geospatial Evidence of Canine Parvovirus Transmission between Wild Dogs and Domestic Dogs at the Urban Fringe in Australia. Viruses 2020; 12:E663. [PMID: 32575609 PMCID: PMC7354627 DOI: 10.3390/v12060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important cause of disease in domestic dogs. Sporadic cases and outbreaks occur across Australia and worldwide and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Whether transmission of CPV occurs between owned dogs and populations of wild dogs, including Canis familiaris, Canis lupus dingo and hybrids, is not known. To investigate the role of wild dogs in CPV epidemiology in Australia, PCR was used to detect CPV DNA in tissue from wild dogs culled in the peri-urban regions of two Australian states, between August 2012 and May 2015. CPV DNA was detected in 4.7% (8/170). There was a strong geospatial association between wild-dog CPV infections and domestic-dog CPV cases reported to a national disease surveillance system between 2009 and 2015. Postcodes in which wild dogs tested positive for CPV were 8.63 times more likely to also have domestic-dog cases reported than postcodes in which wild dogs tested negative (p = 0.0332). Phylogenetic analysis of CPV VP2 sequences from wild dogs showed they were all CPV-2a variants characterized by a novel amino acid mutation (21-Ala) recently identified in CPV isolates from owned dogs in Australia with parvoviral enteritis. Wild-dog CPV VP2 sequences were compared to those from owned domestic dogs in Australia. For one domestic-dog case located approximately 10 km from a wild-dog capture location, and reported 3.5 years after the nearest wild dog was sampled, the virus was demonstrated to have a closely related common ancestor. This study provides phylogenetic and geospatial evidence of CPV transmission between wild and domestic dogs in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kelman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Lana Harriott
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Maura Carrai
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Kwan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Petini M, Drigo M, Zoia A. Prognostic value of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and serum concentrations of acute phase proteins, cholesterol, and total thyroxine in cats with panleukopenia. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:719-724. [PMID: 31977127 PMCID: PMC7096634 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline parvovirus (FPV) is a common and potentially lethal infectious agent in cats. Objective To assess the prognostic value of age, neuter status, serum concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, cholesterol and total thyroxine (tT4), and the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in cats with panleukopenia. Animals Client‐owned cats with FPV infection diagnosed by a positive fecal ELISA test, positive PCR on feces or blood or both. Methods Retrospective cohort study. The electronic medical database was searched for cats with FPV infection presented between January 2010 and January 2018. Cats were divided into survivors and nonsurvivors according to their survival status 28 days after hospital admission. The prognostic importance of each variable was investigated univariately and by multivariable Cox's proportional‐hazards regression. Finally, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the best cutoff value for discriminating survivors from nonsurvivors for the statistically significant prognostic predictors identified by multivariable analysis. Results Seventy cats were enrolled in the study. Multivariable analysis determined that only serum tT4 concentration at hospital admission was significantly (P = .01) associated with survival. A cutoff value of 0.82 μg/dL was identified by ROC curve analysis for serum tT4 concentration in discriminating survivors from nonsurvivors. Sensitivity at this cutoff was 73.9% and specificity was 82.9% (area under the curve, 0.783; 95% confidence interval, 0.668‐0.873; P < .0001). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Serum tT4 concentration at hospital admission has prognostic value in cats with FPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Petini
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Zoia
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy
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Socioeconomic, geographic and climatic risk factors for canine parvovirus infection and euthanasia in Australia. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104816. [PMID: 31739219 PMCID: PMC7126844 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
11 % of Australian veterinary hospitals reported >40 canine parvovirus cases in 2016. Socioeconomic disadvantage was the strongest risk factor for canine parvovirus. Euthanasia is the leading cause of fatality for canine parvovirus related disease. Hottest month of the year is associated with canine parvovirus case occurrence. Low rainfall is associated with higher canine parvovirus cases.
Infection of canids with canine parvovirus (CPV) can result in severe, often fatal disease. This study aimed to examine climatic, socioeconomic and geographic risk factors for CPV infection and CPV-associated euthanasia in Australia. Australian veterinary hospital responses (534; 23.5 %) to a national veterinary survey of CPV case occurrences and euthanasias in 2016 were used. Severe caseloads (>40 cases per annum) were reported by 26 (11 %) hospitals (median 60 cases; IQR 50–110). Case reporting, case numbers, and without-treatment euthanasia were significantly associated with disadvantage across all Socio-Economic Index for Areas quintiles (p < 0.0001) – the greater the disadvantage, the more reports. Strong negative correlations were found between case numbers and the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (rSP = –0.3357, p < 0.0001) and also between euthanasia and the Index of Education and Occupation (rSP = –0.3762, p < 0.0001). Hospitals in more remote areas were also more likely to report cases and to euthanize without treatment (p < 0.0001). Of the climate variables, temperature of the hottest month was most strongly positively correlated with case numbers (rSP = 0.421, p < 0.0001), and lower annual rainfall was associated with more case-reporting hospitals (p < 0.0001). These results confirm that socioeconomic disadvantage is a significant risk-factor for CPV infection and outcome, and high temperature may also contribute to risk.
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Kelman M, Barrs VR, Norris JM, Ward MP. Canine parvovirus prevention and prevalence: Veterinarian perceptions and behaviors. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104817. [PMID: 31731035 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine Parvovirus (CPV) causes severe morbidity and mortality in dogs, particularly puppies, worldwide. Although vaccination is highly efficacious in preventing disease, cases continue to occur and vaccination failures are well documented. Maternally derived antibody interference is the leading cause of vaccination failure and age at vaccine administration is a significant risk factor for failure. However, no studies have been performed on practicing veterinarians' usage of and compliance with published vaccination guidelines and label recommendations. Likewise, there are no published studies of veterinarian perceptions on CPV occurrence and mortality and its influence on case outcome. We report a study in which all Australian small companion animal (canine and feline) veterinary hospitals were surveyed, yielding a response rate of 23.5% (534 unique veterinary hospitals). Respondents overall perceived national CPV occurrence ten-times lower (median 2000 cases) than the estimated national caseload (20,000 cases). Respondents from hospitals that did not diagnose CPV perceived national occurrence twenty-times lower (median 1000 cases) than the estimated rate (p < 0.0001). Perceived disease mortality (50%) was 2.74 times higher than that reported (18.2%). In addition, 26.7% of veterinarians reported using serological titer testing to some degree, which some practitioners use in lieu of vaccination if a titer is perceived to reflect sufficient immunity. Based on this study veterinarians appear to be aware of the disease risk in their region but unaware of the burden of CPV disease nationally, and perceive mortality risk higher than it actually is. This might lead to an overestimation of cost to treat, and over-recommendation of euthanasia. Nearly half (48.7%) of respondents recommended final puppy vaccination earlier than guidelines recommend, while 2.8% of respondents recommended a puppy re-vaccination interval longer than supported by vaccine labels and guidelines. Both of these practices may put puppies at risk of CPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kelman
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - V R Barrs
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - J M Norris
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - M P Ward
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia
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Van Arkel A, Kelman M, West P, Ward MP. The relationship between reported domestic canine parvovirus cases and wild canid distribution. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02511. [PMID: 31687600 PMCID: PMC6819786 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important and often fatal pathogen of domestic dogs. It is resistant in the environment and cross-species transmission has been indicated in some canid populations, but never in Australia. The aim of this study was to determine if an association exists between 1. reported CPV cases in domestic dogs, and 2. the wild canid distribution in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Reported CPV cases, and reports of the presence of wild dogs and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), were extracted from a voluntary surveillance database and a voluntary pest reporting system, respectively. A total of 1,984 CPV cases in domestic dogs, and 3,593 fox and 3,075 wild dog sightings were reported between 2011 and 2016. Postcodes in which CPV cases were reported were significantly (P = 0.0002) more likely to report wild dogs (odds ratio 2.07, 95% CI 1.41-3.03). Overall, CPV cases were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with both fox reports (rSP 0.225) and wild dog reports (rSP 0.247). The strength of association varied by geographical region and year; the strongest correlations were found in the mid-North Coast region (rSP 0.607 for wild dogs) and in 2016 (rSP 0.481 for foxes). Further serological and virological testing is required to confirm the apparent and plausible association between domestic CPV cases and wild canid distribution found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Van Arkel
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Mark Kelman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter West
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange NSW 2800, Australia
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia
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Anderson N, Smith I. Assessing the immunogenicity of an inactivated monovalent vaccine in the endangered African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus). Vaccine X 2019; 1:100006. [PMID: 31384728 PMCID: PMC6668226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Captive held African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) were vaccinated with a commercially available inactivated canine parvovirus (CPV) vaccine licensed for use in domestic dogs. Serological responses were recorded by testing for viral antibodies with the haemagglutination inhibition test (HAI) following a vaccination schedule involving two initial inoculations a month apart and an annual booster. Vaccines were delivered by hand injection or remotely (i.e. by dart). All naïve dogs vaccinated with Parvac® did seroconvert as determined by canine antibody titres ≥ 1:80 in one or more samples collected after inoculation. Duration of immunity (DOI) within the first year persisted for approximately 98 days only. To enable greater immunological protection revaccination should occur more frequently than once in a calendar year. No significant differences in the seroprotection rate were observed when comparing route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Anderson
- Zoos South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- College of Humanities, Arts & Social Science, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Ian Smith
- Zoos South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Altered blood procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and leucocytes count in association with canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kelman M, Ward MP, Barrs VR, Norris JM. The geographic distribution and financial impact of canine parvovirus in Australia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:299-311. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kelman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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Sarpong KJ, Lukowski JM, Knapp CG. Evaluation of mortality rate and predictors of outcome in dogs receiving outpatient treatment for parvoviral enteritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:1035-1041. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.9.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Altman K, Kelman M, Ward M. Are vaccine strain, type or administration protocol risk factors for canine parvovirus vaccine failure? Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Meggiolaro MN, Ly A, Rysnik-Steck B, Silva C, Zhang J, Higgins DP, Muscatello G, Norris JM, Krockenberger M, Šlapeta J. MT-PCR panel detection of canine parvovirus (CPV-2): Vaccine and wild-type CPV-2 can be difficult to differentiate in canine diagnostic fecal samples. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 33:20-23. [PMID: 28254505 PMCID: PMC7125668 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) remains an important cause of devastating enteritis in young dogs. It can be successfully prevented with live attenuated CPV-2 vaccines when given at the appropriate age and in the absence of maternal antibody interference. Rapid diagnosis of parvoviral enteritis in young dogs is essential to ensuring suitable barrier nursing protocols within veterinary hospitals. The current diagnostic trend is to use multiplexed PCR panels to detect an array of pathogens commonly responsible for diarrhea in dogs. The multiplexed PCR assays do not distinguish wild from vaccine CPV-2. They are highly sensitive and detect even a low level of virus shedding, such as those caused by the CPV-2 vaccine. The aim of this study was to identify the CPV-2 subtypes detected in diagnostic specimens and rule out occult shedding of CPV-2 vaccine strains. For a total of 21 samples that tested positive for CPV-2 in a small animal fecal pathogens diagnostic multiplexed tandem PCR (MT-PCR) panel during 2014-2016 we partially characterized the VP2 gene of CPV-2. Vaccine CPV-2 strain, wild type CPV-2a subtypes and vaccine-like CPV-2b subtypes were detected. High copy number was indicative of wild-type CPV-2a presence, but presence of vaccine-like CPV-2b had a variable copy number in fecal samples. A yardstick approach to a copy number or Ct-value to discriminate vaccine strain from a wild type virus of CPV-2 can be, in some cases, potentially misleading. Therefore, discriminating vaccine strain from a wild type subtype of CPV-2 remains ambitious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira N Meggiolaro
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Ly
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Rysnik-Steck
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolina Silva
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Damien P Higgins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary Muscatello
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Hennenfent A, DelVento V, Davies-Cole J, Johnson-Clarke F. Expanding veterinary biosurveillance in Washington, DC: The creation and utilization of an electronic-based online veterinary surveillance system. Prev Vet Med 2017; 138:70-78. [PMID: 28237237 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To enhance the early detection of emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorism events using companion animal-based surveillance. METHODS Washington, DC, small animal veterinary facilities (n=17) were surveyed to determine interest in conducting infectious disease surveillance. Using these results, an electronic-based online reporting system was developed and launched in August 2015 to monitor rates of canine influenza, canine leptospirosis, antibiotic resistant infections, canine parvovirus, and syndromic disease trends. RESULTS Nine of the 10 facilities that responded expressed interest conducting surveillance. In September 2015, 17 canine parvovirus cases were reported. In response, a campaign encouraging regular veterinary preventative care was launched and featured on local media platforms. Additionally, during the system's first year of operation it detected 5 canine leptospirosis cases and 2 antibiotic resistant infections. No canine influenza cases were reported and syndromic surveillance compliance varied, peaking during National Special Security Events. CONCLUSIONS Small animal veterinarians and the general public are interested in companion animal disease surveillance. The system described can serve as a model for establishing similar systems to monitor disease trends of public health importance in pet populations and enhance biosurveillance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hennenfent
- CDC/CSTE Applied Epidemiology Fellowship Program, District of Columbia Department of Health, Center for Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Vito DelVento
- Health Regulation and Licensing Administration, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - John Davies-Cole
- District of Columbia Department of Health, Center for Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Fern Johnson-Clarke
- District of Columbia Department of Health, Center for Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC, USA.
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Apaa TT, Daly JM, Tarlinton RE. Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) variants circulating in Nigerian dogs. Vet Rec Open 2016; 3:e000198. [PMID: 27933190 PMCID: PMC5128780 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious viral disease with three variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c) currently circulating in dogs worldwide. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalent CPV-2 variant in faecal samples from 53 dogs presenting with acute gastroenteritis suspected to be and consistent with CPV-2 to Nigerian Veterinary Clinics in 2013–2014. Seventy-five per cent of these dogs tested positive for CPV-2 in a commercial antigen test and/or by PCR. Partial sequencing of the VP2 gene of six of these demonstrated them to be CPV-2a. Most of the dogs (60 per cent) were vaccinated, with 74 per cent of them puppies less than six months old.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Apaa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - J M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington , UK
| | - R E Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington , UK
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Duijvestijn M, Mughini-Gras L, Schuurman N, Schijf W, Wagenaar JA, Egberink H. Enteropathogen infections in canine puppies: (Co-)occurrence, clinical relevance and risk factors. Vet Microbiol 2016; 195:115-122. [PMID: 27771056 PMCID: PMC7130724 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CPV, CCoV and β-hemolytic E. coli are associated with (severe) acute diarrhoea in puppies. Puppies from high-volume breeders are more likely to be infected with CPV, CCoV and Cystoisospora spp. CPV and CCoV are more often detected in winter/spring. Multiple enteric infections are common in puppies with and without diarrhoea. Screening of CPV, CCoV and β-hemolytic E. coli is advised in diarrhoeic puppies.
Laboratory confirmation of the causative agent(s) of diarrhoea in puppies may allow for appropriate treatment. The presence of potential pathogens however, does not prove a causal relationship with diarrhoea. The aim of this study was to identify specific enteropathogens in ≤12 month old puppies with and without acute diarrhoea and to assess their associations with clinical signs, putative risk factors and pathogen co-occurrence. Faecal samples from puppies with (n = 113) and without (n = 56) acute diarrhoea were collected and screened for Canine Parvovirus (CPV), Canine Coronavirus (CCoV), Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, β-hemolytic Eschericha coli (hEC), Giardia spp., Toxocara spp., Cystoisospora spp., and Cyniclomyces guttulatus. One or more pathogens were detected in 86.5% of diarrhoeic puppies and in 77.8% of asymptomatic puppies. Significant positive associations were found between CPV and CCoV, CPV and Cystoisospora spp., Toxocara spp. and hEC, Giardia spp. and C. guttulatus. Only CPV and CCoV were significantly associated with diarrhoea, hEC with a subset of puppies that had diarrhoea and severe clinical signs. CPV was more prevalent in puppies under 3 months of age. Puppies from high-volume dog breeders were significantly at increased risk for CPV (OR 4.20), CCoV (OR 4.50) and Cystoisospora spp. (OR 3.60). CCoV occurred significantly more often in winter (OR 3.35), and CPV in winter (OR 3.78) and spring (OR 4.72) as compared to summer. We conclude that routine screening for CPV, CCoV and hEC is recommended in puppies with acute diarrhoea, especially if they are under 3 months of age and originate from high-volume dog breeders. Routine screening for other pathogens may lead to less conclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Duijvestijn
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), PO Box 1-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Nancy Schuurman
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Schijf
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Edelhertweg 15, 8219 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Herman Egberink
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Sharma S, Dhar P, Thakur A, Sharma V, Sharma M. First detection of canine parvovirus type 2b from diarrheic dogs in Himachal Pradesh. Vet World 2016; 9:964-969. [PMID: 27733797 PMCID: PMC5057035 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.964-969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was conducted to detect the presence of canine parvovirus (CPV) among diarrheic dogs in Himachal Pradesh and to identify the most prevalent antigenic variant of CPV based on molecular typing and sequence analysis of VP2 gene. Materials and Methods: A total of 102 fecal samples were collected from clinical cases of diarrhea or hemorrhagic gastroenteritis from CPV vaccinated or non-vaccinated dogs. Samples were tested using CPV-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting VP2 gene, multiplex PCR for detection of CPV-2a and CPV-2b antigenic variants, and a PCR for the detection of CPV-2c. CPV-2b isolate was cultured on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines and sequenced using VP2 structural protein gene. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis was done using ClustalW and MEGA6 and inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. Results: No sample was found positive for the original CPV strain usually present in the vaccine. However, about 50% (52 out of 102) of the samples were found to be positive with CPV-2ab PCR assay that detects newer variants of CPV circulating in the field. In addition, multiplex PCR assay that identifies both CPV-2ab and CPV-2b revealed that CPV-2b was the major antigenic variant present in the affected dogs. A PCR positive isolate of CPV-2b was adapted to grow in MDCK cells and produced characteristic cytopathic effect after 5th passage. Multiple sequence alignment of VP2 structural gene of CPV-2b isolate (Accession number HG004610) used in the study was found to be similar to other sequenced isolates in NCBI sequence database and showed 98-99% homology. Conclusion: This study reports the first detection of CPV-2b in dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in Himachal Pradesh and absence of other antigenic types of CPV. Further, CPV-specific PCR assay can be used for rapid confirmation of circulating virus strains under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prasenjit Dhar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mandeep Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176 062, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Seroprevalence of Canine Parvovirus in Dogs in Lusaka District, Zambia. J Vet Med 2016; 2016:9781357. [PMID: 27699205 PMCID: PMC5028858 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9781357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is a highly contagious enteric disease of young dogs. Limited studies have been done in Zambia to investigate the prevalence of CPV in dogs. Blood was collected from dogs from three veterinary clinics (clinic samples, n = 174) and one township of Lusaka (field samples, n = 56). Each dog's age, sex, breed, and vaccination status were recorded. A haemagglutination assay using pig erythrocytes and modified live parvovirus vaccine as the antigen was used. Antibodies to CPV were detected in 100% of dogs (unvaccinated or vaccinated). The titres ranged from 160 to 10240 with a median of 1280. Vaccinated dogs had significantly higher antibody titres compared to unvaccinated (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in titres of clinic samples compared to field samples (p < 0.0001) but not within breed (p = 0.098) or sex (p = 0.572). Multiple regression analysis showed that only age and vaccination status were significant predictors of antibody titres. The presence of antibody in all dogs suggests that the CPV infection is ubiquitous and the disease is endemic, hence the need for research to determine the protection conferred by vaccination and natural exposure to the virus under local conditions.
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Mylonakis ME, Kalli I, Rallis TS. Canine parvoviral enteritis: an update on the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2016; 7:91-100. [PMID: 30050842 PMCID: PMC6053044 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s80971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 is the cause of a highly contagious acute enteritis associated with high morbidity and mortality, with very low survival rates in untreated dogs. Although severe clinical disease typically occurs in dogs younger than 6 months of age, adults with insufficient immunity may potentially be affected. In this article, the current state of knowledge is reviewed regarding the diagnostic aspects of parvoviral enteritis, with special emphasis placed on the clinical relevance of the detection of viral antigens in the feces, detection of viral antibodies in the serum, or the polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of the viral DNA in the feces. In addition, the components of the supportive and symptomatic treatment aiming to optimize the outcome of the disease in the clinical setting are thoroughly reviewed. Immunization guidelines for the prevention of the disease are also updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
| | - Iris Kalli
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
| | - Timoleon S Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
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44
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Zourkas E, Ward MP, Kelman M. Canine parvovirus in Australia: A comparative study of reported rural and urban cases. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:198-203. [PMID: 26530699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease reported worldwide. Outbreaks occur throughout Australia, and it has been suggested that disproportionally more CPV cases occur in rural locations. However, evidence to support this suggestion-and possible reasons for such a predisposition-has not existed until now. In this study a total of 4870 CPV cases reported from an Australian disease surveillance system between September 2009 and July 2014 were analysed. Australian postcodes were classified as rural or urban (based on human population density) and reported CPV cases were then categorised as rural or urban based on their reported home postcode. Parvovirus cases were predominately young (<12 months), entire, unvaccinated, mixed-breed dogs. More than twice as many of the reported cases were from a rural area (3321 cases) compared to an urban area (1549 cases). The overall case fatality rate was 47.2%; it was higher for those CPV cases reported from urban areas (50.6%) than rural areas (45.5%). A greater proportion of rural cases were younger, entire dogs compared to urban cases. The final multivariable model of CPV cases being reported from a rural area included age (<12 months) and vaccination status (never vaccinated) as significant predictors. Poor socioeconomic status might be a reason for the decision of rural owners not to vaccinate their dogs as readily as urban owners. The excess reporting of rural CPV cases compared to urban cases and the predictive risk factors identified in this study can be used by veterinarians to reduce the incidence of CPV by educating owners about the disease and promoting better vaccination programs in rural areas. This study also supports that the increased risk of CPV in rural areas may necessitate a need for increased vigilance around preventing CPV disease spread, additional care with puppies which are the most susceptible to this disease and tighter vaccination protocols, compared to urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zourkas
- The University of Sydney Faculty of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- The University of Sydney Faculty of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - Mark Kelman
- Kelman Scientific, P.O. Box 6324, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Miranda C, Carvalheira J, Parrish CR, Thompson G. Factors affecting the occurrence of canine parvovirus in dogs. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Rika-Heke T, Kelman M, Ward MP. The relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index, rainfall and the occurrence of canine tick paralysis, feline tick paralysis and canine parvovirus in Australia. Vet J 2015; 205:87-92. [PMID: 25841899 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the association between climate, weather and the occurrence of canine tick paralysis, feline tick paralysis and canine parvovirus in Australia. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and monthly average rainfall (mm) data were used as indices for climate and weather, respectively. Case data were extracted from a voluntary national companion animal disease surveillance resource. Climate and weather data were obtained from the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. During the 4-year study period (January 2010-December 2013), a total of 4742 canine parvovirus cases and 8417 tick paralysis cases were reported. No significant (P ≥ 0.05) correlations were found between the SOI and parvovirus, canine tick paralysis or feline tick paralysis. A significant (P < 0.05) positive cross-correlation was found between parvovirus occurrence and rainfall in the same month (0.28), and significant negative cross-correlations (-0.26 to -0.36) between parvovirus occurrence and rainfall 4-6 months previously. Significant (P < 0.05) negative cross-correlations (-0.34 to -0.39) were found between canine tick paralysis occurrence and rainfall 1-3 months previously, and significant positive cross-correlations (0.29-0.47) between canine tick paralysis occurrence and rainfall 7-10 months previously. Significant positive cross-correlations (0.37-0.68) were found between cases of feline tick paralysis and rainfall 6-10 months previously. These findings may offer a useful tool for the management and prevention of tick paralysis and canine parvovirus, by providing an evidence base supporting the recommendations of veterinarians to clients thus reducing the impact of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rika-Heke
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Private Mailbag 4003, Narellan, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Mark Kelman
- Virbac Australia, Milperra, NSW 1891, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Private Mailbag 4003, Narellan, NSW 2567, Australia.
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Seigneur A, Hou S, Shaw RA, McClure J, Gelens H, Riley CB. Use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to quantify immunoglobulin G concentration and an analysis of the effect of signalment on levels in canine serum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:8-15. [PMID: 25467886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency in immunoglobulin G (IgG) is associated with an increased susceptibility to infections in humans and animals, and changes in IgG levels occur in many disease states. In companion animals, failure of transfer of passive immunity is uncommonly diagnosed but mortality rates in puppies are high and more than 30% of these deaths are secondary to septicemia. Currently, radial immunodiffusion (RID) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are the most commonly used methods for quantitative measurement of IgG in dogs. In this study, a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) assay for canine serum IgG was developed and compared to the RID assay as the reference standard. Basic signalment data and health status of the dogs were also analyzed to determine if they correlated with serum IgG concentrations based on RID results. Serum samples were collected from 207 dogs during routine hematological evaluation, and IgG concentrations determined by RID. The FTIR assay was developed using partial least squares regression analysis and its performance evaluated using RID assay as the reference test. The concordance correlation coefficient was 0.91 for the calibration model data set and 0.85 for the prediction set. A Bland-Altman plot showed a mean difference of -89 mg/dL and no systematic bias. The modified mean coefficient of variation (CV) for RID was 6.67%, and for FTIR was 18.76%. The mean serum IgG concentration using RID was 1943 ± 880 mg/dL based on the 193 dogs with complete signalment and health data. When age class, gender, breed size and disease status were analyzed by multivariable ANOVA, dogs < 2 years of age (p = 0.0004) and those classified as diseased (p = 0.03) were found to have significantly lower IgG concentrations than older and healthy dogs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seigneur
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - S Hou
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - R A Shaw
- National Research Council of Canada, Medical Devices, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 1Y6
| | - Jt McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - H Gelens
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - C B Riley
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3; Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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48
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Brazier I, Kelman M, Ward MP. The association between landscape and climate and reported tick paralysis cases in dogs and cats in Australia. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:339-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Wong W, Kelman M, Ward M. Surveillance of upper respiratory tract disease in owned cats in Australia, 2009–2012. Prev Vet Med 2013; 112:150-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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