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Listorti V, Guardone L, Piccinini C, Martini I, Ferraris C, Ligotti C, Cristina ML, Pussini N, Pitti M, Razzuoli E. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Wild Ruminants in Liguria, North-West Italy. Pathogens 2024; 13:576. [PMID: 39057803 PMCID: PMC11279605 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildlife may represent an important source of infectious diseases for humans and other wild and domestic animals. Wild ruminants can harbour and transmit Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) to humans, and some strains even carry important antimicrobial resistance. In this study, 289 livers of wild roe deer, fallow deer, red deer and chamois collected in Liguria, north-west Italy, from 2019 to 2023 were analysed. Overall, 44 STEC strains were isolated from 28 samples. The characterisation of serogroups showed the presence of O104, O113, O145 and O146 serogroups, although for 28 colonies, the serogroup could not be determined. The most prevalent Shiga toxin gene in isolated strains was Stx2, and more specifically the subtype Stx2b. The other retrieved subtypes were Stx1a, Stx1c, Stx1d and Stx2g. The isolated strains generally proved to be susceptible to the tested antimicrobials. However, multi-drug resistances against highly critical antimicrobials were found in one strain isolated from a roe deer. This study highlights the importance of wildlife monitoring in the context of a "One Health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Listorti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (I.M.); (C.F.); (C.L.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Lisa Guardone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (I.M.); (C.F.); (C.L.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carolina Piccinini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.P.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Isabella Martini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (I.M.); (C.F.); (C.L.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Carla Ferraris
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (I.M.); (C.F.); (C.L.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Carmela Ligotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (I.M.); (C.F.); (C.L.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Maria Luisa Cristina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.P.); (M.L.C.)
- Hospital Hygiene, E. O. Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genova, Italy
| | - Nicola Pussini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (I.M.); (C.F.); (C.L.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Monica Pitti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (I.M.); (C.F.); (C.L.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (I.M.); (C.F.); (C.L.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
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Bucur IM, Moza AC, Pop M, Nichita I, Gaspar CM, Cojocaru R, Gros RV, Boldea MV, Tirziu A, Tirziu E. Hunting Dynamics and Identification of Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in European Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) across Three Hunting Reserves in Western Romania. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1236. [PMID: 38930618 PMCID: PMC11205381 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The study focused on the hunting practices and potentially pathogenic bacterial species among European fallow deer (Dama dama). Within a five-year period, three hunting grounds from Western Romania were examined. During this period, a total of 1881 deer were hunted, and 240 samples were collected by rectal and nasal swabbing from 120 carcasses. Bacterial strains were identified utilizing bacteriological assays and the Vitek® 2 Compact system. Notably, the Socodor hunting ground exhibited a significant difference in harvesting quotas between the bucks (Group M) and does/yearlings (Group F), favoring the latter. In the Chișineu Criș-Sălișteanca hunting ground, a likely correlation in harvesting quotas between the two groups was observed. The identified potentially pathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecium. These results highlight the importance of effectively managing the deer population and recognize the potential for Dama dama to spread zoonotic pathogens, emphasizing the necessity of adopting a One Health approach and maintaining ongoing surveillance of this game species' population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia-Maria Bucur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Alex Cristian Moza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Mirel Pop
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Ileana Nichita
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Cristina Mirabela Gaspar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Răzvan Cojocaru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Radu-Valentin Gros
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Marius Valentin Boldea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Andreea Tirziu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Piata Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Emil Tirziu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.-M.B.); (M.P.); (I.N.); (C.M.G.); (R.C.); (R.-V.G.); (M.V.B.); (E.T.)
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Szczerba-Turek A, Chierchia F, Socha P, Szweda W. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Faecal Samples from Wild Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050901. [PMID: 36899758 PMCID: PMC10000188 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildlife can harbour Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). In the present study, STEC in faecal samples from red deer (n = 106) and roe deer (n = 95) were characterised. All isolates were non-O157 strains. In red deer, STEC were detected in 17.9% (n = 19) of the isolates, and the eae/stx2b virulence profile was detected in two isolates (10.5%). One STEC strain harboured stx1a (5.3%) and eighteen STEC strains harboured stx2 (94.7%). The most prevalent stx2 subtypes were stx2b (n = 12; 66.7%), stx2a (n = 3; 16.7%), and stx2g (n = 2; 11.1%). One isolate could not be subtyped (NS) with the applied primers (5.6%). The most widely identified serotypes were O146:H28 (n = 4; 21%), O146:HNM (n = 2; 10.5%), O103:H7 (n = 1; 5.3%), O103:H21 (n = 1; 5.3%), and O45:HNM (n = 1; 5.3%). In roe deer, STEC were detected in 16.8% (n = 16) of the isolates, and the eae/stx2b virulence profile was detected in one isolate (6.3%). Two STEC strains harboured stx1a (12.5%), one strain harboured stx1NS/stx2b (6.3%), and thirteen strains harboured stx2 (81.3%). The most common subtypes were stx2b (n = 8; 61.5%), stx2g (n = 2; 15.4%), non-typeable subtypes (NS) (n = 2; 15.4%), and stx2a (n = 1; 7.7%). Serotype O146:H28 (n = 5; 31.3%) was identified. The study demonstrated that the zoonotic potential of STEC strains isolated from wildlife faeces should be monitored in the context of the 'One Health' approach which links human health with animal and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szczerba-Turek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-604-591-361
| | - Filomena Chierchia
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Animal Reproduction with a Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szweda
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Sauvala M, Kurittu P, Heljanko V, Heikinheimo A, Paulsen P. Characterisation of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Hunted Game and Game Meat from Finland. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223679. [PMID: 36429271 PMCID: PMC9689155 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne zoonotic bacterium. It is a heterogeneous species that can be classified into lineages, serogroups, clonal complexes, and sequence types. Only scarce information exists on the properties of L. monocytogenes from game and game meat. We characterised 75 L. monocytogenes isolates from various game sources found in Finland between 2012 and 2020. The genetic diversity, presence of virulence and antimicrobial genes were studied with whole genome sequencing. Most (89%) of the isolates belonged to phylogenetic lineage (Lin) II and serogroup (SG) IIa. SGs IVb (8%) and IIb (3%) of Lin I were sporadically identified. In total, 18 clonal complexes and 21 sequence types (STs) were obtained. The most frequent STs were ST451 (21%), ST585 (12%) and ST37 (11%) found in different sample types between 2012 and 2020. We observed 10 clusters, formed by closely related isolates with 0-10 allelic differences. Most (79%) of the virulence genes were found in all of the L. monocytogenes isolates. Only fosX and lin were found out of 46 antimicrobial resistance genes. Our results demonstrate that potentially virulent and antimicrobial-sensitive L. monocytogenes isolates associated with human listeriosis are commonly found in hunted game and game meat in Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Mikaela Sauvala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Kurittu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viivi Heljanko
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, 60100 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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The microbial condition of Scottish wild deer carcasses collected for human consumption and the hygiene risk factors associated with Escherichia coli and total coliforms contamination. Food Microbiol 2022; 108:104102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Merker Breyer G, de Carli S, Inácio Vieira N, França Ribeiro VM, Chaves da Silva FR, Daudt C, Maboni Siqueira F. Wild capybaras as reservoir of shiga toxin‐producing
Escherichia coli
in urban Amazonian Region. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:10-16. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Merker Breyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Graduate Program in Veterinary Science Porto Alegre Brazil
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory Veterinary Science Faculty Veterinary Pathology Department 9090 Bento Gonçalves Avenue 91540‐000 Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Sílvia de Carli
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Graduate Program in Veterinary Science Porto Alegre Brazil
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory Veterinary Science Faculty Veterinary Pathology Department 9090 Bento Gonçalves Avenue 91540‐000 Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Natã Inácio Vieira
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Vânia Maria França Ribeiro
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Flavio Roberto Chaves da Silva
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Cíntia Daudt
- Federal University of Acre Graduate Program in Health and Sustainable Animal Production in the Western Amazon Rio Branco Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology Center of Biological Sciences and Nature BR 364 Km 04, Office Building Laércio Wanderley da Nóbrega 69920‐900 Rio Branco Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Graduate Program in Veterinary Science Porto Alegre Brazil
- Veterinary Bacteriology Laboratory Veterinary Science Faculty Veterinary Pathology Department 9090 Bento Gonçalves Avenue 91540‐000 Porto Alegre Brazil
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Soare C, McNeilly TN, Seguino A. A review of potential risk factors linked to shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in wild deer populations and the practices affecting the microbial contamination of wild deer carcasses with enteric bacteria. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Espunyes J, Cabezón O, Dias-Alves A, Miralles P, Ayats T, Cerdà-Cuéllar M. Assessing the role of livestock and sympatric wild ruminants in spreading antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter and Salmonella in alpine ecosystems. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:79. [PMID: 33588859 PMCID: PMC7885356 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Livestock play an important role as reservoir of enteric pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a health and economic concern worldwide. However, little is known regarding the transmission and maintenance of these pathogens at the wildlife-livestock interface. In this study, we assessed the occurrence, genetic diversity and AMR of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. shed by sympatric free-ranging livestock and a wild herbivore in an alpine ecosystem. Results Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 23.3 % of cattle and 7.7 % of sheep but was not isolated from horses nor Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica). Campylobacter jejuni was the most frequent species. A high genetic diversity and certain host specificity of C. jejuni isolates was observed. The main AMR detected in Campylobacter isolates was to nalidixic acid (88.2 %), ciprofloxacin (82.4 %) and tetracycline (82.4 %); only 11.7 % of the isolates were pan-susceptible and 17.6 % were multi-resistant. Salmonella ser. Newport was isolated only from one Pyrenean chamois and was pan-susceptible. Conclusions Results show that free-ranging cattle and sheep are spreaders of Campylobacter as well as their AMR strains in the alpine environment. Therefore, contaminated alpine pastures or streams may constitute a source for the dissemination of AMR enteropathogens. However, apparently, alpine wild ungulates such as Pyrenean chamois play a negligible role in the epidemiology of zoonotic enteropathogens and AMR, and are not potential bioindicators of the burden of alpine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Espunyes
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Research and Conservation Department, Zoo de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Oscar Cabezón
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Dias-Alves
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pol Miralles
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Plaza-Rodríguez C, Alt K, Grobbel M, Hammerl JA, Irrgang A, Szabo I, Stingl K, Schuh E, Wiehle L, Pfefferkorn B, Naumann S, Kaesbohrer A, Tenhagen BA. Wildlife as Sentinels of Antimicrobial Resistance in Germany? Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:627821. [PMID: 33585611 PMCID: PMC7873465 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.627821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of bacteria carrying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in wildlife is an indicator that resistant bacteria of human or livestock origin are widespread in the environment. In addition, it could represent an additional challenge for human health, since wild animals could act as efficient AMR reservoirs and epidemiological links between human, livestock and natural environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and the antibiotic resistance patterns of several bacterial species in certain wild animals in Germany, including wild boars (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild ducks (family Anatidae, subfamily Anatinae) and geese (family Anatidae, subfamily Anserinae). In the framework of the German National Zoonoses Monitoring Program, samples from hunted wild boars, roe deer and wild ducks and geese were collected nationwide in 2016, 2017, and 2019, respectively. Fecal samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. (in wild boars and wild ducks and geese), Campylobacter spp. (in roe deer and wild ducks and geese), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC), commensal E. coli and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) or ampicillinase class C (AmpC) beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (in wild boars, roe deer and wild ducks and geese). In addition, the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was investigated in nasal swabs from wild boars. Isolates obtained in the accredited regional state laboratories were submitted to the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for confirmation, characterization and phenotypic resistance testing using broth microdilution according to CLSI. AMR was assessed according to epidemiological cut-offs provided by EUCAST. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 13 of 552 (2.4%) tested wild boar fecal samples, but absent in all 101 samples from wild ducks and geese. Nine of the 11 isolates that were submitted to the NRL Salmonella were susceptible to all tested antimicrobial substances. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from four out of 504 (0.8%) roe deer fecal samples, but not from any of the samples from wild ducks and geese. Of the two isolates received in the NRL Campylobacter, neither showed resistance to any of the substances tested. From roe deer, 40.2% of the fecal samples (144 of 358) yielded STEC compared to 6.9% (37 of 536) from wild boars. In wild ducks and geese, no STEC isolates were found. Of 150 STEC isolates received in the NRL (24 from wild boars and 126 from roe deer), only one from each animal species showed resistance. Of the 219 isolates of commensal E. coli from wild boars tested for AMR, 210 were susceptible to all 14 tested substances (95.9%). In roe deer this proportion was even higher (263 of 269, 97.8%), whereas in wild ducks and geese this proportion was lower (41 of 49, 83.7%). Nevertheless, selective isolation of ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli yielded 6.5% (36 of 551) positive samples from wild boars, 2.3% (13 of 573) from roe deer and 9.8% (10 of 102) from wild ducks and geese. Among the 25 confirmed ESBL-/AmpC-producing isolates from wild boars, 14 (56.0%) showed resistance up to five classes of substances. This proportion was lower in roe deer (3 of 12, 25%) and higher in wild ducks and geese (7 of 10, 70%). None of the 577 nasal swabs from wild boars yielded MRSA. Results indicate that overall, the prevalence of resistant bacteria from certain wild animals in Germany is low, which may reflect not only the low level of exposure to antimicrobials but also the low level of resistant bacteria in the areas where these animals live and feed. However, despite this low prevalence, the patterns observed in bacteria from the wild animals included in this study are an indicator for specific resistance traits in the environment, including those to highest priority substances such as 3rd generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and colistin. Therefore, also continuous monitoring of the occurrence of such bacteria in wildlife by selective isolation is advisable. Furthermore, the possible role of wildlife as reservoir and disperser of resistant bacteria would need to be assessed, as wild animals, and in particular wild ducks and geese could become spreaders of resistant bacteria given their capacity for long-range movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Plaza-Rodríguez
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Alt
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Irrgang
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Istvan Szabo
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schuh
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Wiehle
- Department Food, Feed, Consumer Goods, German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Pfefferkorn
- Department Food, Feed, Consumer Goods, German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Naumann
- Department Food, Feed, Consumer Goods, German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Kaesbohrer
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Hedman HD, Varga C, Duquette J, Novakofski J, Mateus-Pinilla NE. Food Safety Considerations Related to the Consumption and Handling of Game Meat in North America. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040188. [PMID: 33255599 PMCID: PMC7712377 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging foodborne pathogens present a threat to public health. It is now recognized that several foodborne pathogens originate from wildlife as demonstrated by recent global disease outbreaks. Zoonotic spillover events are closely related to the ubiquity of parasitic, bacterial, and viral pathogens present within human and animal populations and their surrounding environment. Foodborne diseases have economic and international trade impacts, incentivizing effective wildlife disease management. In North America, there are no food safety standards for handling and consumption of free-ranging game meat. Game meat consumption continues to rise in North America; however, this growing practice could place recreational hunters and game meat consumers at increased risk of foodborne diseases. Recreational hunters should follow effective game meat food hygiene practices from harvest to storage and consumption. Here, we provide a synthesis review that evaluates the ecological and epidemiological drivers of foodborne disease risk in North American hunter populations that are associated with the harvest and consumption of terrestrial mammal game meat. We anticipate this work could serve as a foundation of preventive measures that mitigate foodborne disease transmission between free-ranging mammalian and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D. Hedman
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jared Duquette
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources; Champaign, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Jan Novakofski
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nohra E. Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in game meat applying sous vide cooking conditions. Meat Sci 2020; 167:108164. [PMID: 32361331 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of sous vide cooking at temperatures between 50 °C and 60 °C on the inactivation kinetics of Listeria (L.) monocytogenes. Nutrient broth and minced game meat (Capreolus capreolus and Sus scrofa) were inoculated with three strains of L. monocytogenes and cooked under sous vide conditions (50, 55 or 60 °C for several hours). Results showed that the decimal reduction values (D-values) were largely dependent on the surrounding matrix. D-values of 125.5, 29.7 and 5.1 min were reached for BHI (brain heart infusion) at 50 °C, 55 °C and 60 °C, respectively. For roe deer, D-values of 49.2, 14.9 and 3.7 min and for wild boar, D-values of 100.2, 23.8 and 4.2 min were reached. It can be concluded that microbiologically safe cooking durations under sous-vide conditions below 60 °C should be considered individually for each meat product due to the dramatic influence of the matrix in comparison to higher temperature conditions.
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) shedding in a wild roe deer population. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108479. [PMID: 31767081 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide infections by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans have been reported after consumption of mainly beef, but also deer meat. Not only the consumption of contaminated deer meat represents a risk, but also the transmission of STEC between deer and domestic animals should be considered. Within the framework of a telemetry study of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) the aim was to analyse the occurrence of STEC. Due to the chance to sample some animals several times it was possible to obtain data on the repeated shedding of STEC in roe deer. In total 124 faeces or rectal swabs of 77 live trapped roe deer were collected. The isolates obtained were characterized for stx subtypes, different virulence genes, the so-called top-five serogroups, phylogenetic groups, PFGE-types and antimicrobial susceptibilities. The majority of roe deer were stx-positive whenever sampled. Twenty-eight animals were sampled more than once and were used to examine the duration of shedding STEC. The time interval of 6 persistently stx-negative tested animals was between 6 and 440d (median 49d, interquartile range (IQR) 17-258d). Ten animals excreted undistinguishable STEC strains in intervals between 4 and 778d (median 42d, IQR 22-79d). Most of the isolates were stx2b-positive, eae-negative and frequently ehlyA-positive. None of the isolates belonged to serogroup O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157, respectively. All isolates were sensitive to the antimicrobial substances tested. Although the duration of each shedding event could not be determined the results indicate long-term excretion of STEC in roe deer. This is an important consideration for the observance of good hygiene practice while field dressing of deer and preparing deer meat.
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Szczerba-Turek A, Siemionek J, Socha P, Bancerz-Kisiel A, Platt-Samoraj A, Lipczynska-Ilczuk K, Szweda W. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) in Poland. Food Microbiol 2019; 86:103352. [PMID: 31703865 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC) pathogens are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans, including haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), bloody diarrhoea (BD) and diarrhoea (D), and they pose a significant public health concern. Wild ruminants are an important environmental reservoir of foodborne pathogens that can cause serious illnesses in humans and contaminate fresh products. There is a general scarcity of published data about wildlife as a reservoir of foodborne pathogens in Poland, which is why the potential epidemiological risk associated with red deer, roe deer and fallow deer as reservoirs of STEC/AE-STEC strains was evaluated in this study. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of STEC strains in red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) populations in north-eastern Poland, and to evaluate the potential health risk associated with wild ruminants carrying STEC/AE-STEC strains. We examined 252 rectal swabs obtained from 134 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 97 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 21 fallow deer (Dama dama) in north-eastern Poland. The samples were enriched in modified buffered peptone water. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were conducted to determine the virulence profile of stx1, stx2 and eae or aggR genes, to identify the subtypes of stx1 and stx2 genes, and to perform O and H serotyping. E. coli O157:H7 isolates were detected in the rectal swabs collected from 1/134 roe deer (0.75%) and 4/97 red deer (4.1%), and they were not detected in fallow deer (Dama dama). The remaining E. coli serogroups, namely O26, O103, O111 and O145 that belong to the "top five" non-O157 serogroups, were detected in 15/134 roe deer (11.19%), 18/97 red deer (18.56%) and 2/21 fallow deer (9.52%). STEC/AE-STEC strains were detected in 33 roe deer isolates (24.63%), 21 red deer isolates (21.65%) and 2 fallow deer isolates (9.52%). According to the most recent FAO/WHO report, stx2a and eae genes are the primary virulence traits associated with HUS, and these genes were identified in one roe deer isolate and one red deer isolate. Stx2 was the predominant stx gene, and it was detected in 78.79% of roe deer and in 71.43% of red deer isolates. The results of this study confirmed that red deer and roe deer in north-eastern Poland are carriers of STEC/AE-STEC strains that are potentially pathogenic for humans. This is the first report documenting the virulence of STEC/AE-STEC strains from wild ruminants in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szczerba-Turek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jan Siemionek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Animal Reproduction with a Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agata Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Platt-Samoraj
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Karolina Lipczynska-Ilczuk
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szweda
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
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Kadohira M, Phiri BJ, Hill G, Yoshizaki R, Takai S. Game Meat Consumption and Foodborne Illness in Japan: A Web-Based Questionnaire Survey. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1224-1232. [PMID: 31233358 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Game meat represents a unique source of foodborne illness in humans. A Web-based survey about game meat consumption was completed by 50,000 respondents. The odds of illness were greater among consumers of raw game meat than processed meat. The greater the number of game meat types consumed, the higher the prevalence of illness. Those who hunted and prepared bear, boar, and deer meat were likely to get ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuyo Kadohira
- 1 Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho Nishi 2-11, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1473-9864 [G.H.])
| | - Bernard J Phiri
- 2 Biosecurity Surveillance and Incursion Investigation Team, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 40742, 66 Ward Street, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1768-6048 [B.J.P.])
| | - Glen Hill
- 1 Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho Nishi 2-11, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1473-9864 [G.H.])
| | - Rika Yoshizaki
- 3 Technological Information Business Department, Frontier Business Division, Toray Research Center, Inc., Sonoyama 3-3-7, Otsu, Shiga 520-8567, Japan
| | - Shinji Takai
- 4 Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Sauvala M, Laaksonen S, Laukkanen-Ninios R, Jalava K, Stephan R, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Microbial contamination of moose (Alces alces) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) carcasses harvested by hunters. Food Microbiol 2019; 78:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 Phage Type 32 linked to the consumption of venison products. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1922-1927. [PMID: 29976259 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2015, an outbreak of Escherichia coli Phage Type 32 with an indistinguishable multi locus variable number tandem repeat analysis profile was identified in Scotland. Twelve cases were identified; nine primary cases, two secondary and one asymptomatic case. Extensive food history investigations identified venison products containing wild venison produced by a single food business operator as the most likely source of the outbreak. Of the nine primary cases, eight had consumed venison products, and one case had not eaten venison themselves but had handled and cooked raw venison in the household. This was the first reported outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) linked to venison products in the UK, and was also notable due to the implicated products being commercially produced and widely distributed. In contrast, previous venison outbreaks reported from other countries have tended to be smaller and related to individually prepared carcases. The outbreak has highlighted some important knowledge gaps in relation to STEC in venison that are currently been investigated via a number of research studies.
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Kabeya H, Sato S, Oda S, Kawamura M, Nagasaka M, Kuranaga M, Yokoyama E, Hirai S, Iguchi A, Ishihara T, Kuroki T, Morita-Ishihara T, Iyoda S, Terajima J, Ohnishi M, Maruyama S. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from feces of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan using PCR binary typing analysis to evaluate their potential human pathogenicity. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:834-841. [PMID: 28320988 PMCID: PMC5447969 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the potential pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in feces of sika deer by PCR binary typing (P-BIT), using 24 selected STEC genes. A total of 31 STEC strains
derived from sika deer in 6 prefectures of Japan were O-serotyped and found to be O93 (n=12), O146 (n=5), O176 (n=3), O130 (n=3), O5 (n=2), O7 (n=1), O96 (n=1), O116 (n=1), O141 (n=1), O157 (n=1) and O-untypable (n=1). Of the 31
STEC strains, 13 carried both stx1 and stx2, 5 carried only stx1, and 13 carried one or two variants of stx2. However, no Stx2 production was observed in 3
strains that carried only stx2: the other 28 strains produced the appropriate Stx. P-BIT analysis showed that the 5 O5 strains from two wild deer formed a cluster with human STEC strains, suggesting that the
profiles of the presence of the 24 P-BIT genes in the deer strains were significantly similar to those in human strains. All of the other non-O157 STEC strains in this study were classified with strains from food, domestic animals
and humans in another cluster. Good sanitary conditions should be used for deer meat processing to avoid STEC contamination, because STEC is prevalent in deer and deer may be a potential source of STEC causing human
infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Kabeya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shingo Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shinya Oda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Megumi Kawamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mariko Nagasaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masanari Kuranaga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Eiji Yokoyama
- Division of Bacteriology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hirai
- Division of Bacteriology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iguchi
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoe Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki-shi, Kanagawa 253-0087, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kuroki
- Department of Planning and Information, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki-shi, Kanagawa 253-0087, Japan
| | - Tomoko Morita-Ishihara
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Jun Terajima
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Soichi Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Laaksonen S, Oksanen A, Julmi J, Zweifel C, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Stephan R. Presence of foodborne pathogens, extended-spectrum β-lactamase -producing Enterobacteriaceae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in slaughtered reindeer in northern Finland and Norway. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:2. [PMID: 28049493 PMCID: PMC5209846 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various food-producing animals were recognized in recent years as healthy carriers of bacterial pathogens causing human illness. In northern Fennoscandia, the husbandry of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) is a traditional livelihood and meat is the main product. This study determined the presence of selected foodborne pathogens, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy semi-domesticated reindeer at slaughter in northern Finland and Norway. RESULTS All 470 reindeer fecal samples tested negative for Salmonella spp., whereas L. monocytogenes was detected in 3%, Yersinia spp. in 10%, and Shiga toxins genes (stx1 and/or stx2) in 33% of the samples. Listeria monocytogenes isolates belonged to the serotype 1/2a (14/15) and 4b, Yersinia spp. were identified mainly as Y. kristensenii (30/46) and Y. enterocolitica (8/46), and stx2 predominated among the Shiga toxin genes (stx2 alone or in combination with stx1 was found in 25% of the samples). With regard to the frequency and distribution of stx1/stx2, striking differences were evident among the 10 different areas of origin. Hence, reindeer could constitute a reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), but strain isolation and characterization is required for verification purposes and to assess the potential human pathogenicity of strains. On the other hand, the favorable antibiotic resistance profiles (only 5% of 95 E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more of the tested antibiotics) and the absence of MRSA and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (when applying selective methods) suggest only a limited risk of transmission to humans. CONCLUSIONS Healthy semi-domesticated reindeer in northern Finland and Norway can be carriers of certain bacterial foodborne pathogens. Strict compliance with good hygiene practices during any step of slaughter (in particular during dehiding and evisceration) is therefore of central importance to avoid carcass contamination and to prevent foodborne pathogens from entering the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauli Laaksonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Wazama, Finland
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Research and Laboratory Department, Production Animal and Wildlife Health Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jérôme Julmi
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Zweifel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Banskar S, Bhute SS, Suryavanshi MV, Punekar S, Shouche YS. Microbiome analysis reveals the abundance of bacterial pathogens in Rousettus leschenaultii guano. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36948. [PMID: 27845426 PMCID: PMC5109407 DOI: 10.1038/srep36948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are crucial for proper functioning of an ecosystem. They provide various important services to ecosystem and environment. While, bats are well-known carrier of pathogenic viruses, their possible role as a potential carrier of pathogenic bacteria is under-explored. Here, using culture-based approach, employing multiple bacteriological media, over thousand bacteria were cultivated and identified from Rousettus leschenaultii (a frugivorous bat species), the majority of which were from the family Enterobacteriaceae and putative pathogens. Next, pathogenic potential of most frequently cultivated component of microbiome i.e. Escherichia coli was assessed to identify its known pathotypes which revealed the presence of virulent factors in many cultivated E. coli isolates. Applying in-depth bacterial community analysis using high-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, a high inter-individual variation was observed among the studied guano samples. Interestingly, a higher diversity of bacterial communities was observed in decaying guano representative. The search against human pathogenic bacteria database at 97% identity, a small proportion of sequences were found associated to well-known human pathogens. The present study thus indicates that this bat species may carry potential bacterial pathogens and advice to study the effect of these pathogens on bats itself and the probable mode of transmission to humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Banskar
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Shrikant S Bhute
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | | | - Sachin Punekar
- Biosphere, Eshwari, 52/403, Lakshminagar, Parvati, Pune-411009 (Maharashtra), India
| | - Yogesh S Shouche
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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21
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Weindl L, Frank E, Ullrich U, Heurich M, Kleta S, Ellerbroek L, Gareis M. Listeria monocytogenes in Different Specimens from Healthy Red Deer and Wild Boars. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:391-7. [PMID: 27159352 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, Listeria monocytogenes has been isolated from game feces and meat. However, less information is available on the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in other specimens originating from game animals. Hence, the aim of this study was to get an overview of the occurrence and distribution of L. monocytogenes in game animals by characterization of isolates from different matrices. For that purpose, samples were collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus), wild boars (Sus scrofa), and feed during the hunting season 2011-2012 in three different regions of Germany and Austria. Six samples from each animal were examined: tonsils, content of the rumen or the stomach, liver, intestinal lymph nodes, cecum content, and feces. Nineteen of 45 red deer and 12 of 49 wild boars were found to be positive for L. monocytogenes as well as 4 of 22 pooled feed samples. L. monocytogenes was isolated most frequently from the rumen of red deer (14 of 19) and the tonsils of wild boars (7 of 12). Serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 4a, and 4b were detected in samples of game animals and feed, and serotypes 1/2a and 4b were the most prevalent serotypes. The presence of L. monocytogenes serotype 4a had not yet been described in red deer. This might be due to the fact that it was only isolated from the content of rumen and that no other study has yet examined ruminal content. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed a wide variety of strains. Some strains occurred in both species and feed samples, but one strain was dominant in one region. The results show that red deer and wild boars can be carriers of L. monocytogenes in different matrices, although the feces samples can be negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Weindl
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Faculty , LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Frank
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Faculty , LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ullrich
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Faculty , LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- 2 Department of Research and Documentation, Bavarian Forest National Park , Grafenau, Germany
| | - Sylvia Kleta
- 3 Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Gareis
- 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Faculty , LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Carrillo-Del Valle MD, De la Garza-García JA, Díaz-Aparicio E, Valdivia-Flores AG, Cisneros-Guzmán LF, Rosario C, Manjarrez-Hernández ÁH, Navarro A, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Maravilla P, Hernández-Castro R. Characterization of Escherichia coli strains from red deer (Cervus elaphus) faeces in a Mexican protected natural area. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-016-1015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Iovine RDO, Dejuste C, Miranda F, Filoni C, Bueno MG, de Carvalho VM. Isolation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from free-ranging wild animals. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1257-63. [PMID: 26691488 PMCID: PMC4704624 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife may result in inter-species transmission of infectious agents. To evaluate the presence of pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. and to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates, rectal swabs from 36 different free-ranging wild mammals were taken from two distinct natural sites in Brazil: Cantareira State Park (CSP, state of São Paulo) and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro Region (SIRNR, state of Amazonas). The swabs were randomly collected and processed for bacterial isolation, identification, characterization and antimicrobial resistance. Eighteen E. coli strains from CSP and 20 from SIRNR were recovered from 14 and 22 individuals, respectively. Strains from animals captured in CSP, the site with the greatest anthropization, exhibited a higher range and percentage of virulence genes, including an eae+/bfpA+ strain. Antimicrobial resistance was verified in strains originating from both sites; however, in strains from SIRNR, aminopenicillins were almost the exclusive antimicrobial class to which strains exhibited resistance, whereas in CSP there were strains resistant to cephalosporins, sulfonamide, aminoglycoside, tetracycline and fluoroquinolone, in addition to strains exhibiting multidrug resistance. Two strains of Salmonella enterica that are known to be associated with reptiles, serotypes Belem and 60:r:e,n,z15, were recovered only from Amazonian animals and showed susceptibility to all classes of antimicrobials that were tested. Although the potential impact of these pathogens on wildlife remains unknown, bacteria isolated from free-ranging wild animals may provide relevant information about environmental health and should therefore be more deeply studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catia Dejuste
- São José dos Pinhais, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Filoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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24
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Gnat S, Trościańczyk A, Nowakiewicz A, Majer-Dziedzic B, Ziółkowska G, Dziedzic R, Zięba P, Teodorowski O. Experimental studies of microbial populations and incidence of zoonotic pathogens in the faeces of red deer (Cervus elaphus
). Lett Appl Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Gnat
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - A. Trościańczyk
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - A. Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - B. Majer-Dziedzic
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - G. Ziółkowska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - R. Dziedzic
- Sub-Department of Animal Ecology and Wildlife; Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology and Wildlife; Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - P. Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory; Lublin Poland
| | - O. Teodorowski
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
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25
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Hematology, serum chemistry, and serum protein electrophoresis ranges for free-ranging roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Sweden. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:269-73. [PMID: 25375949 DOI: 10.7589/2014-02-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present the first reference ranges for hematology (n = 35 animals), serum biochemistry (n = 62), and serum protein electrophoresis (n = 32) in physically restrained free-ranging roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Animals were captured in box traps and physically restrained for blood sampling during the winter in Sweden, 2011-13. No clinically significant sex or age differences were found.
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26
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Escherichia coliO157:H7 in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) sharing pastures with free-ranging livestock in a natural environment in Spain. Vet Q 2015; 35:102-6. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1023404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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27
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Sasaki Y, Goshima T, Mori T, Murakami M, Haruna M, Ito K, Yamada Y. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Foodborne Bacteria in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) and Wild Deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:985-91. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Goshima
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- Institute for Food and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Murakami
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Haruna
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ito
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yamada
- Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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