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Yang HY, Zhu KC, Guo HY, Zhang N, Liu BS, Xian L, Zhu TF, Guo R, Zhang DC. Establishment and identification of the head kidney cell line of yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) and its application in a virus susceptibility study. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 161:105243. [PMID: 39147080 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) is a crucial marine resource owing to its economic significance. Acanthopagrus latus aquaculture faces numerous challenges from viral diseases, but a robust in-vitro research model to understand and address these threats is lacking. Therefore, we developed a novel A. latus cell line from head kidney cells called ALHK1. This study details the development, characterisation, and viral susceptibility properties of ALHK cells. This cell line primarily comprises fibroblast-like cells and has robust proliferative capacity when cultured at 28 °C in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 10-20% foetal bovine serum. It exhibited remarkable stability after more than 60 consecutive passages and validation through cryopreservation techniques. The specificity of the ALHK cell line's origin from A. latus was confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the cytochrome B gene, and a chromosomal karyotype analysis revealed a diploid count of 48 (2n = 48). Furthermore, the lipofection-mediated transfection efficiency using the pEGFP-N3 plasmid was high, at nearly 40%, suggesting that ALHK cells could be used for studies involving exogenous gene manipulation. In addition, ALHK cells displayed heightened sensitivity to the large mouth bass virus (LMBV), substantiated through observations of cytopathic effects, quantitative real-time PCR, and viral titration assays. Finally, the response of ALHK cells to LMBV infection resulted in differentially expressed antiviral genes associated with innate immunity. In conclusion, the ALHK cell line is a dependable in-vitro platform for elucidating the mechanisms of viral diseases in yellowfin seabream. Moreover, this cell line could be valuable for immunology, vaccine development, and host-pathogen interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin Xian
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China
| | - Teng-Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China.
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Huang Y, Sun H, Dong J, Zhang J, Wang H, Yang L, Li Y, Wang Y. Novel identification of mixed infection of Lactococcus garvieae and Cryptocaryon irritans isolated from cultured Trachinotus ovatus in China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301674. [PMID: 39042608 PMCID: PMC11265655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae has recently been identified and listed as one of the causative agents of hyperacute hemorrhagic sepsis in fish. In intensive recirculating aquaculture systems where there are high fish densities and minimal water changes, not only will it be conducive to the growth of bacteria, but Cryptocaryon irritans as a marine protozoan fish parasite is also prone to appear. This study reports the disease status of Trachinotus ovatus in an aquaculture area in Yangjiang City, Guangdong Province. Through the diagnosis of clinical symptoms of the diseased fish, identification of specific primers, 16s rRNA sequences phylogenetic tree analysis, physiological and biochemical identification, and observation of histopathological sections, the result of the experiment is that the mass death of T. ovatus is caused by a mixture of L. garvieae and C. irritants infections. Subsequently, regression infection experiments were performed to verify Koch's law. It was confirmed that the pathogen had strong virulence to T. ovatus. This is the first time that the co-infection of L. garvieae and C. irritans to T. ovatus was found in South China. The research results of this experiment have certain enlightenment significance for the epidemic trend of fish diseases in relevant sea areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Lindi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, GuangDong, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Tong JF, Yu L, Gan RH, Shi LP, Bu SY, Gu Y, Wen X, Sun JL, Song FB, Zhou L, Gui JF, Luo J. Establishment and characterization of a golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fin cell line for applications in marine fish pathogen immunology. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109568. [PMID: 38636741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Pompano fishes have been widely farmed worldwide. As a representative commercial marine species of the Carangidae family, the golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) has gained significant popularity in China and worldwide. However, because of rapid growth and high-density aquaculture, the golden pompano has become seriously threatened by various diseases. Cell lines are the most cost-effective resource for in vitro studies and are widely used for physiological and pathological research owing to their accessibility and convenience. In this study, we established a novel immortal cell line, GPF (Golden pompano fin cells). GPF has been passaged over 69 generations for 10 months. The morphology, adhesion and extension processes of GPF were evaluated using light and electron microscopy. GPF cells were passaged every 3 days with L-15 containing 20 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 1:3. The optimum conditions for GPF growth were 28 °C and a 20 % FBS concentration. DNA sequencing of 18S rRNA and mitochondrial 16S rRNA confirmed that GPF was derived from the golden pompano. Chromosomal analysis revealed that the number pattern of GPF was 48 chromosomes. Transfection experiments demonstrated that GPF could be utilized to express foreign genes. Furthermore, heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Fe) exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against GPF. After polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) treatment, transcription of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor (RLR) pathway genes, including mda5, mita, tbk1, irf3, and irf7 increased, inducing the expression of interferon (IFN) and anti-viral proteins in GPF cells. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation up-regulated the expression of inflammation-related factors, including myd88, irak1, nfκb, il1β, il6, and cxcl10 expression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the immune response signaling pathways of the golden pompano using an established fin cell line. In this study, we describe a preliminary investigation of the GPF cell line immune response to poly I:C and LPS, and provide a more rapid and efficient experimental material for research on marine fish immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Tong
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Lang Yu
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Rui-Hai Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li-Ping Shi
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shao-Yang Bu
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yue Gu
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xin Wen
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jun-Long Sun
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Fei-Biao Song
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian Luo
- College of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan Academician Team Innovation Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Yan WX, Tseng YH, Huang WR, Cheng LW, Wang PC, Chen SC. Nocardiosis and other common diseases of cultured golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13894. [PMID: 38014554 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) is a carnivorous teleost cultured in the Asia-Pacific region. Fish culture in high densities and numbers results in disease outbreaks, causing huge economic losses. Here, we collected cultured golden pompanos from 2021 to 2022 and identified the pathogens isolated from the diseased fish. Out of a total of 64 clinical cases observed in both sea cages and fish ponds, it was found that Nocardia seriolae was the predominant pathogen (26%), followed by Lactococcus garvieae (13%). Trichodina spp. was the most prevalent parasite in sea cages and earthen ponds (21%), while Neobenedenia spp. was the primary parasitic pathogen (16%) in sea cages. Given these findings, further investigations were conducted, including antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity tests specific to N. seriolae in golden pompanos. Antibiotic susceptibility tests of N. seriolae revealed that all strains were susceptible to doxycycline, oxytetracycline, florfenicol and erythromycin but resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. Additionally, a pathogenicity assessment was carried out by administering an intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mL containing 107 CFU of N. seriolae per fish. The mortality rates observed varied between 40% and 90%, with the P2 strain exhibiting the highest level of virulence, resulting in a cumulative mortality of 90%. Therefore, disease outbreaks in fish can be minimized by developing effective treatments and prevention methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xiao Yan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Tseng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Rou Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Lattos A, Chaligiannis I, Papadopoulos D, Giantsis IA, Petridou EI, Vafeas G, Staikou A, Michaelidis B. How Safe to Eat Are Raw Bivalves? Host Pathogenic and Public Health Concern Microbes within Mussels, Oysters, and Clams in Greek Markets. Foods 2021; 10:2793. [PMID: 34829074 PMCID: PMC8623680 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw-bivalves consumption is a wide trend in Mediterranean countries. Despite the unambiguous nutritional value of seafood, raw consumption of bivalves may involve risks that could pose a significant threat to consumers' health. Their filter-feeding behavior is responsible for the potential hosting of a wide variety of microorganisms, either pathogenic for the bivalves or public health threats. Under this prism, the current study was conducted in an effort to evaluate the risk of eating raw bivalves originating from the two biggest seafood markets in Thessaloniki, the largest production area of bivalves in Greece. Both microbiological and molecular methodologies were applied in order to assess the presence of various harmful microbes, including noroviruses, Bonamia, Marteilia, Esherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio. Results indicated the presence of several Vibrio strains in the analyzed samples, of which the halophilic Vibrio harveyi was verified by 16S rRNA sequencing; other than this, no enteropathogenic Vibrio spp. was detected. Furthermore, although Esherichia coli was detected in several samples, it was mostly below the European Union (EU) legislation thresholds. Interestingly, the non-target Photobacterium damselae was also detected, which is associated with both wound infections in human and aquatic animals. Regarding host pathogenic microorganisms, apart from Vibrio harveyi, the protozoan parasite Marteilia refrigens was identified in oysters, highlighting the continuous infection of this bivalve in Greece. In conclusion, bivalves can be generally characterized as a safe-to-eat raw food, hosting more bivalve pathogenic microbes than those of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lattos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ilias Chaligiannis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece
| | - Evanthia I. Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George Vafeas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Alexandra Staikou
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Pham TH, Cheng TC, Wang PC, Chen SC. Protective efficacy of four heat-shock proteins as recombinant vaccines against photobacteriosis in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:179-188. [PMID: 33556554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp) is the causative agent of photobacteriosis in marine fish and is responsible for huge losses to marine aquaculture worldwide. Efforts have been made to develop a vaccine against this disease. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of proteins that are ubiquitous in cellular life. Bacteria produce elevated levels of HSPs as a survival strategy when exposed to stressful environments in a host during infection. This group of proteins are also important antigens that can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. In this study, four HSPs of Phdp, HSP90, HSP33, HSP70, and DnaJ, were selected for cloning and recombinant expression. Western blotting with rabbit anti-Phdp helped identify rHSP70 and rHSP33 as immunogenic proteins. Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) immunised with rHSP90, rHSP33, rHSP70, and rDnaJ showed 48.28%, 62.07%, 51.72%, and 31.03% relative percent survival, respectively, after being challenged with Phdp strain AOD105021. High expression levels of immune-related genes and high antibody titres were observed in the rHSP33 group, and the sera of this group also exhibited a high level of bactericidal activity against Phdp. Collectively, our results suggest that HSP33 is a potential candidate for vaccine development against Phdp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Hieu Pham
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Chih Cheng
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
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Wan P, Chen D, Chen H, Zhu X, Chen X, Sun H, Pan J, Cai B. Hypolipidemic effects of protein hydrolysates from Trachinotus ovatus and identification of peptides implied in bile acid-binding activity using LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20098-20109. [PMID: 35520431 PMCID: PMC9054252 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02428g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, analysis of the hypolipidemic properties of Trachinotus ovatus protein hydrolysates (TOPHs) and identification of peptides with bile acid-binding activity were performed. Hydrolysates prepared by trypsin digestion exhibited the highest in vitro bile acid-binding capacities compared with hydrolysates prepared with the other four proteases and were mainly composed of small peptides and amino acids with molecular weights <3 kDa, accounting for 77.30%. Among the five ultra-filtration fractions of TOPHs, TOPHs-5 (<3 kDa) exhibited the highest in vitro bile acid-binding capacity, which was equivalent to 77.97% of cholestyramine at the same concentration. A total of 68 peptides were identified from TOPHs-5 by LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS and 9 of them had hydrophobicity of more than 60%. These highly hydrophobic peptides might be associated with the bile acid-binding activity of TOPHs-5. In vivo experiments indicated that the TOPHs could effectively reduce total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the atherogenic index (AI), while they could evidently increase the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) content. Furthermore, TOPHs exerted a marked protective effect on hepatorenal function, as evidenced by decreased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine (CREA). Histopathological studies confirmed that TOPHs evidently protected the liver from histological alterations. In summary, for the first time, hypolipidemic effects and subsequential identification were obtained from TOPHs, which are promising natural ingredients that could potentially be employed in the management of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China +86 20 84451515 +86 20 89023145
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences China
| | - Deke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China +86 20 84451515 +86 20 89023145
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China +86 20 84451515 +86 20 89023145
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences China
| | - Xiaolian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China +86 20 84451515 +86 20 89023145
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University Foshan China
| | - Huili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China +86 20 84451515 +86 20 89023145
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences China
| | - Jianyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China +86 20 84451515 +86 20 89023145
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences China
| | - Bingna Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China +86 20 84451515 +86 20 89023145
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences China
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8
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Li J, Chen C, Zhang T, Liu W, Wang L, Chen Y, Wu L, Hegazy AM, El-Sayed AF, Zhang X. μEvaluation of microcystin-LR absorption using an in vivo intestine model and its effect on zebrafish intestine. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 206:186-194. [PMID: 30496952 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is regarded as one of the most toxic microcystins (MCs) isoforms. Microcystins could cause multiple organs dysfunction, and more attention has been drawn to the toxic effects on the gastrointestinal disorder. By using ex vivo everted gut sac model in 6 fish (Carassius auratus, Megalobrama amblycephala, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Ctenopharyngodon idellus and Cyprinus carpio) and determining the accumulation of MC-LR in zebrafish intestine, we found a dose-dependent manner in the absorption and accumulation of MC-LR. Until now, little studies have been reported concerning the gut microbiota composition caused by different MC-LR exposure. The present study is the first time characterized the phylogenetic composition and taxonomic of the bacterial communities growth in the intestines of zebrafish treated with MC-LR using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. After 30 days of treatment with 0, 1, 5 or 20 μg/L MC-LR, the alpha and beta diversity did not generate significant differences, indicating the existence of a core microbiota. However, db-RDA analysis showed that treatment with 20 μg/L MC-LR changed the characteristics of high abundances microbiota. The expression of Oatp2b1, stress related enzyme activities in gut and their associations with gut microbiota were also determined. The identified phylotypes including Actinobacteria, Lactobacillus and some opportunistic pathogens highlight the increasing risks of pathogen invasion and recovery tendency via potential probiotics resistance in zebrafish exposed to MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuanyue Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tongzhou Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Abeer M Hegazy
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China; Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring "CLEQM" National Water Research Center "NWRC" Cairo, Egypt
| | - A F El-Sayed
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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9
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Transcription of IVIAT and Virulence Genes in Photobacterium damselae Subsp. piscicida Infecting Solea senegalensis. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030067. [PMID: 30002314 PMCID: PMC6163594 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp) is responsible for disease outbreaks in marine aquaculture worldwide. Solea senegalensis, a valuable fish species for aquaculture in the south of Europe, is frequently affected by this pathogen. It is well established that bacteria respond to environmental signals and, in the case of pathogens, this ability may determine the outcome of their interaction with the host. Determination of gene expression under in vivo conditions constitutes a valuable tool in the assessment of microbial pathogenesis. Considering that different hosts may represent different environments for the pathogen, expression of Phdp virulence and in vivo induced antigen (IVIAT) genes during S. senegalensis infection has been determined in the present work. Increased transcription of genes encoding proteins involved in iron acquisition (Irp1, Irp2, HutB and HutD), oxidative stress defence (AhpC and Sod), adhesion (PDP_0080), toxins (AIP56) and metabolism (Impdh, Shmt and AlaRS) were detected in Phdp infecting S. senegalensis head kidney or liver. The highest increases corresponded to genes involved in survival under iron limiting conditions and oxidative stress, indicating their essential role during infection of sole. Results obtained give insight into Phdp virulence strategies and contribute to the identification of promising targets for the control of photobacteriosis.
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10
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Li P, Yu Q, Li F, Qin X, Dong D, Chen B, Qin Q. First identification of the nervous necrosis virus isolated from cultured golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) in Guangxi, China. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1177-1180. [PMID: 29790575 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Q Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - F Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - X Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - D Dong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - B Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Q Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Wei S, Yu Y, Qin Q. Establishment of a new fish cell line from the caudal fin of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus and its susceptibility to iridovirus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:1675-1686. [PMID: 29691845 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new cell line derived from the caudal fin of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (TOCF) was successfully established and characterized. TOCF cells grew well at 28° C in L-15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS). The cell line has been subcultured in more than 100 passages. Molecular characterization of 18S ribosomal (r)RNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) confirmed that the TOCF cells were derived indeed from T. ovatus. TOCF cells have a modal chromosome number of 54. It was further showed that TOCF cells were transfected successfully with pEGFP-N3 and pDsRED-N1 plasmid, suggesting that TOCF cells could be used to research gene functions in vitro. Viral susceptibility tests showed that TOCF cells were susceptible to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), observed by the occurrence of the cytopathic effect (CPE) with the formation of inclusion bodies. In addition, the expression of major capsid protein (MCP) gene of SGIV changed during virus infection in TOCF cells. Thus, our present results described the characteristic of a TOCF cell line that could be a valuable tool for genetic manipulation, as well as isolation and propagation of iridovirus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wei
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Y Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Q Qin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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12
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Núñez-Díaz JA, García de la Banda I, Lobo C, Moriñigo MA, Balebona MC. Transcription of immune related genes in Solea senegalensis vaccinated against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. Identification of surrogates of protection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:455-465. [PMID: 28532666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solea senegalensis is a flatfish with a great potential for aquaculture, but infectious diseases restrict its production, being this fish species highly susceptible to Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp) infections. A better understanding of the mechanisms related to fish immune response is crucial for the development of effective approaches in disease management. In the present work, transcriptional changes of immune related genes have been evaluated in farmed S. senegalensis specimens vaccinated against Phdp by intraperitoneal injection (IP) and immersion (IM). IP fish showed higher antibody levels and increased transcription of genes encoding lysozyme C1, complement factors involved in the classical pathway and components involved in the opsonization and the limitation of free iron availability, all of them facilitating the faster elimination of the pathogen and promoting higher RPS after the infection with Phdp. The results of this study seem to support a different intensity of the specimens immune response in the head kidney. Analysis of the immune response in 15 day post-challenged fish showed up-regulation of genes involved in all stages of S. senegalensis immune response, but especially those genes encoding proteins related to the innate response such as complement, lysozyme and iron homeostasis in the head kidney. On the other hand, liver transcription was higher for genes related to inflammation, apoptosis and cell mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). Furthermore, comparison of the differential response of S. senegalensis genes in vaccinated and unvaccinated fish to Phdp infection allowed the identification of a potential biosignature, consisting in 10 genes, as a surrogate of protection and therefore, as indicator of vaccine success against fotobacteriosis after IP vaccination. These results provide important insights into the S. senegalensis protection against Phdp induced by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Núñez-Díaz
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - I García de la Banda
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Center of Santander, 39080 Santander, Spain
| | - C Lobo
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Center of Santander, 39080 Santander, Spain
| | - M A Moriñigo
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M C Balebona
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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13
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Moi IM, Roslan NN, Leow ATC, Ali MSM, Rahman RNZRA, Rahimpour A, Sabri S. The biology and the importance of Photobacterium species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4371-4385. [PMID: 28497204 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Photobacterium species are Gram-negative coccobacilli which are distributed in marine habitats worldwide. Some species are unique because of their capability to produce luminescence. Taxonomically, about 23 species and 2 subspecies are validated to date. Genomes from a few Photobacterium spp. have been sequenced and studied. They are considered a special group of bacteria because some species are capable of producing essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, antibacterial compounds, lipases, esterases and asparaginases. They are also used as biosensors in food and environmental monitoring and detectors of drown victim, as well as an important symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Musa Moi
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Bauchi State University Gadau, P.M.B. O65, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | - Noordiyanah Nadhirah Roslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azam Rahimpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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14
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Núñez-Díaz JA, Fumanal M, Viguera E, Moriñigo MA, Balebona MC. Use of in vivo induced technology to identify antigens expressed by Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida during infection of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:446-456. [PMID: 28359946 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp), the causative agent of photobacteriosis, is an important pathogen in marine aquaculture that affects many different fish species worldwide, including Solea senegalensis, an important fish species for aquaculture in the south of Europe. Bacteria express different repertoires of proteins in response to environmental conditions and when invading a host, sense in vivo environment and adapt by changing the expression of specific proteins. In the case of pathogens, identification of genes with up-regulated expression in vivo compared to in vitro conditions might give an insight into the genes relevant to the bacterial virulence. In the present work, in vivo induced antigen technology (IVIAT) has been used to search for Phdp genes only expressed or up-regulated in infected S. senegalensis. An expression library from Phdp was assayed against pooled sera from convalescent S. senegalensis specimens and 18 clones were positive, indicating that proteins encoded are expressed by Phdp during S. senegalensis infection and are immunogenic for this fish species. In addition, five proteins were reactive against adsorbed sera, indicating their in vivo induced character. Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, serine hydroxy methyltransferase and alanyl-tRNA synthethase, involved in aminoacid and nucleotide metabolism, the protein with antioxidant activity alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase responsible for the synthesis of the siderophore piscibactin have been identified as antigens induced in Phdp during S. senegalensis infection. Proteins induced during in vivo growth of Phdp represent promising targets for the development of novel antimicrobial or prophylactic agents in the treatment and prevention of photobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Núñez-Díaz
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M Fumanal
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - E Viguera
- Universidad de Málaga, Área de Genética, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M A Moriñigo
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M C Balebona
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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15
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Li P, Zhou L, Wei S, Yang M, Ni S, Yu Y, Cai J, Qin Q. Establishment and characterization of a cell line from the head kidney of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus and its application in toxicology and virus susceptibility. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1944-1959. [PMID: 28271507 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A cell line derived from the head kidney of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (TOHK) was established and characterized in this study. The TOHK cells grew most rapidly at 28° C and the optimum foetal bovine serum concentration in L-15 medium was 10%. The TOHK cells have a diploid chromosome number of 2N = 54. The transfection efficiency of TOHK cells was 7·5% at the 15th passage and 72% at the 40th passage. The transfection efficiency in TOHK cells was high, so these cells are suitable for foreign gene expression. The cytotoxic effects of heavy metals and extracellular products from Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio alginolyticus were demonstrated in TOHK cells, so this TOHK cell line could also be applied in environmental monitoring of heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria. TOHK cell line showed high virus susceptibility, such as grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV) and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV). Then, TOHK cell line could be used for the study of viral pathogenesis and the development of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - L Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - S Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - M Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Y Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - J Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Q Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Establishment and characterization of a mid-kidney cell line derived from golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus, a new cell model for virus pathogenesis and toxicology studies. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 53:320-327. [PMID: 27981423 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus, a popularly cultured and commercially important marine fish worldwide, has been recognized as a promising candidate for mariculture. However, outbreaks of infectious bacterial or viral diseases and environmental deterioration have led to great economic losses in T. ovatus aquaculture recently. In our research, we established a new mid-kidney cell line, designated as TOK, from golden pompano, T. ovatus. The optimized growth temperature and working concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) were 28°C and 10-20%, respectively. Foreign genes could express well in TOK cells. The modal number of TOK cells was 54. The TOK cells were susceptive to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), and the virus could propagate in cells. Propagation was verified by qRT-PCR, and virions were observed under electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed that TOK cells were sensitive to different concentrations of extracellular products (ECPs) from Vibrio alginolyticus and V. anguillarum. Moreover, heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Hg) also showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity to the TOK cell line. We established a mid-kidney cell line from T. ovatus which could be applied to cytotoxicity assays of heavy metals. The newly established TOK cell line possesses great application potential in genetic manipulation, virus-host interaction studies, and toxicity assays of bacterial extracellular products and heavy metals.
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17
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Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Phenotype of Portunus Trituberculatus. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Pathogenesis of Photobacterium damselae subspecies infections in sea bass and sea bream. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Núñez-Díaz JA, Fumanal M, Mancera JM, Moriñigo MA, Balebona MC. Two routes of infection with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida are effective in the modulation of the transcription of immune related genes in Solea senegalensis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 179:8-17. [PMID: 27590420 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The marine fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp) is responsible for important disease outbreaks affecting cultured fish species including the flatfish Solea senegalensis. In the present work, transcription of iron metabolism related genes (TF, FERR-M, HP-1 and HAMP-1) as well as innate immune system components such as complement proteins (C3 and C7), lysozyme (LYS-G), TNF family (TNFα, TRAF-3), NCCRP-1 and heat shock protein encoding genes (HSP70, HSP90AA, HSP90AB and GP96) has been determined in the liver and kidney of S. senegalensis specimens after Phdp infection. Intraperitoneal injection (IP) and immersion (IM) routes have been used for infection. Fish developed specific antibodies in both cases, higher levels being detected in IP infected specimens. Both infection routes resulted in increased relative transcript levels of FERR-M, HP-1 and HAMP-1 genes and TF decreased relative transcription, conducting to lower iron availability for the pathogen. This response can be considered as a strategy to limit iron availability for Phdp, a pathogen capable to obtain iron from transferrin. Relative transcription of genes encoding lysozyme and complement factors C3 and C7 were also increased regardless the infection route; the liver was the main organ involved in the initial stages and the kidney in later stages of the infection. TNFα and TRAF-3 relative gene transcription increased 24h post-infection. TRAF-3 gene induction was detected 30 d post-infection, whilst no changes in TNFα were observed 72h or 30 d post-infection. NCCRP-1 changes were observed after IP infection in the liver and kidney; however, IM infection resulted only in slight changes in the kidney of infected fish. This different response observed maybe related to a lower number of invaded cells by the pathogen. Finally, changes in HSP90AB and GP96 have been detected after infection by both routes. Different late modulation has been observed in assayed genes depending on the route of infection. Thus, only LYS-G, TF, NCCRP-1, GP96 and HSP90AB gene transcription was modulated 30 d post-infection in the kidney of IM infected specimens; however, IP infected fish showed modulation in a higher number of genes both in liver and kidney tissues. The implications of these responses in resistance to infection by Phdp need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Núñez-Díaz
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - M Fumanal
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - J M Mancera
- Universidad de Cádiz, Departamento de Biología, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M A Moriñigo
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - M C Balebona
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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Su YL, Feng J, Li YW, Bai JS, Li AX. Development of a quantitative PCR assay for monitoring Streptococcus agalactiae colonization and tissue tropism in experimentally infected tilapia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:229-238. [PMID: 25858765 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae has become one of the most important emerging pathogens in the aquaculture industry and has resulted in large economic losses for tilapia farms in China. In this study, three pairs of specific primers were designed and tested for their specificities and sensitivities in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) after optimization of the annealing temperature. The primer pair IGS-s/IGS-a, which targets the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, was finally chosen, having a detection limit of 8.6 copies of S. agalactiae DNA in a 20 μL reaction mixture. Bacterial tissue tropism was demonstrated by qPCR in Oreochromis niloticus 5 days post-injection with a virulent S. agalactiae strain. Bacterial loads were detected at the highest level in brain, followed by moderately high levels in kidney, heart, spleen, intestines, and eye. Significantly lower bacterial loads were observed in muscle, gill and liver. In addition, significantly lower bacterial loads were observed in the brain of convalescent O. niloticus 14 days post-injection with several different S. agalactiae strains. The qPCR for the detection of S. agalactiae developed in this study provides a quantitative tool for investigating bacterial tissue tropism in infected fish, as well as for monitoring bacterial colonization in convalescent fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Su
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Products Safety of Ministry of Education/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - J Feng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Y-W Li
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Products Safety of Ministry of Education/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - J-S Bai
- Guangzhou Airport Extry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - A-X Li
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Products Safety of Ministry of Education/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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21
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Li P, Zhou L, Ni S, Xu M, Yu Y, Cai J, Wei S, Qin Q. Establishment and characterization of a novel cell line from the brain of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:410-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abu-Elala NM, Abd-Elsalam RM, Marzouk MS. Molecular and Immunohistochemical Diagnosis of Photobacterium damselaeSubspecies piscicidaDuring Naturally Occurring Disease in Egypt. JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2015; 46:583-595. [DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen M. Abu-Elala
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Reham M. Abd-Elsalam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Marzouk
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
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23
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Zhenzhen X, Ling X, Dengdong W, Chao F, Qiongyu L, Zihao L, Xiaochun L, Yong Z, Shuisheng L, Haoran L. Transcriptome analysis of the Trachinotus ovatus: identification of reproduction, growth and immune-related genes and microsatellite markers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109419. [PMID: 25303650 PMCID: PMC4193775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Trachinotus ovatus (Teleostei, Carangidae) is an economically important marine fish species in the world. However, the lack of genomic information regarding this species limits our understanding of the genetics and biological mechanisms in Trachinotus ovatus. In this study, high throughput transcriptome sequencing was used to obtain comprehensive genomic information in Trachinotus ovatus. Principal Findings Transcriptome sequencing was performed by using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. The 98,534,862 high quality reads were yielded, and were de novo assembled into 156,094 unigenes with an average sequence length of 1179 bp. Transcriptome annotation revealed that 75,586 and 67,923 unigenes were functionally annotated in the NCBI non-redundant database and Swiss-Prot protein database, respectively. Functional analysis demonstrated that 67,923 unigenes were grouped into 25 Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) functional categories, 37,976 unigenes were clustered into 61 Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and 38,172 unigenes were assigned to 275 different Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Based on the transcriptome dataset, a large number of unigenes associated with reproduction, growth and immunity were identified. Furthermore, a total number of 38,794 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were discovered and 16 polymorphic loci were characterized in Trachinotus ovatus. Conclusion/Significance The present study is the first transcriptome analysis of a fish species belonging to the genus Trachinotus and provides a valuable genomic resource for novel gene discovery, gene expression and regulation studies, and the identification of genetic markers in Trachinotus ovatus and the other fish of the genus Trachinotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Zhenzhen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Dengdong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Qiongyu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zihao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Xiaochun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhang Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LSS); (LHR)
| | - Li Shuisheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LSS); (LHR)
| | - Lin Haoran
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Ocean, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Photobacteriosis: prevention and diagnosis. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:793817. [PMID: 24982922 PMCID: PMC4058529 DOI: 10.1155/2014/793817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Photobacteriosis or fish pasteurellosis is a bacterial disease affecting wild and farm fish. Its etiological agent, the gram negative bacterium Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, is responsible for important economic losses in cultured fish worldwide, in particular in Mediterranean countries and Japan. Efforts have been focused on gaining a better understanding of the biology of the pathogenic microorganism and its natural hosts with the aim of developing effective vaccination strategies and diagnostic tools to control the disease. Conventional vaccinology has thus far yielded unsatisfactory results, and recombinant technology has been applied to identify new antigen candidates for the development of subunit vaccines. Furthermore, molecular methods represent an improvement over classical microbiological techniques for the identification of P. damselae subsp. piscicida and the diagnosis of the disease. The complete sequencing, annotation, and analysis of the pathogen genome will provide insights into the pathogen laying the groundwork for the development of vaccines and diagnostic methods.
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