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Tu Z, Pang L, Lai S, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Zhou Q, Qi H, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Gan Y, Wu J, Yu J, Tao W, Ma B, Wang H, Zhang A. The hidden threat: Comprehensive assessment of antibiotic and disinfectant resistance in commercial pig slaughterhouses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174222. [PMID: 38945230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), disinfectant resistance genes (DRGs), and pathogens in animal food processing environments (FAPE) poses a significant risk to human health. However, knowledge of the contamination and risk profiles of a typical commercial pig slaughterhouse with periodic disinfectant applications is limited. By creating the overall metagenomics-based behavior and risk profiles of ARGs, DRGs, and microbiomes in a nine-section pig slaughterhouse, an important FAPE in China. A total of 454 ARGs and 84 DRGs were detected in the slaughterhouse with resistance genes for aminoglycosides and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively. The entire slaughtering chain is a hotspot for pathogens, including 83 human pathogenic bacteria (HPB), with 47 core HPB. In addition, 68 high-risk ARGs were significantly correlated with 55 HPB, 30 of which were recognized as potential bacteria co-resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants, confirm a three-fold risk of ARGs, DRGs, and pathogens prevailing throughout the chain. Pre-slaughter pig house (PSPH) was the major risk source for ARGs, DRGs, and HPB. Moreover, 75 Escherichia coli and 47 Proteus mirabilis isolates showed sensitivity to potassium monopersulfate and sodium hypochlorite, suggesting that slaughterhouses should use such related disinfectants. By using whole genome multi-locus sequence typing and single nucleotide polymorphism analyses, genetically closely related bacteria were identified across distinct slaughter sections, suggesting bacterial transmission across the slaughter chain. Overall, this study underscores the critical role of the PSPH section as a major source of HPB, ARGs, and DRGs contamination in commercial pig slaughterhouses. Moreover, it highlights the importance of addressing clonal transmission and cross-contamination of antibiotic- and disinfectant-resistant bacteria within and between slaughter sections. These issues are primarily attributed to the microbial load carried by animals before slaughter, carcass handling, and content exposure during visceral treatment. Our findings provide valuable insights for One Health-oriented slaughterhouse management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunfang Tu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Microbiological Testing and Research Department, Sichuan Institute for Drug Control (Sichuan Testing Center of Medical Devices), Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Lina Pang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shanming Lai
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yixiao Zhu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yingting Wu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haoxuan Qi
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanhang Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yongyi Dong
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yumeng Gan
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weilai Tao
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bingcun Ma
- Microbiological Testing and Research Department, Sichuan Institute for Drug Control (Sichuan Testing Center of Medical Devices), Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Anyun Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Król J, Wanecka A, Twardoń J, Florek M, Marynowska M, Banaszkiewicz S, Kaczmarek-Pieńczewska A, Pląskowska E, Brodala M, Chwirot W, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, De Buck J. Staphylococcus borealis - A newly identified pathogen of bovine mammary glands. Vet Microbiol 2023; 286:109876. [PMID: 37776630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Twelve Staphylococcus borealis strains, isolated in Canada and Poland from milk of cows with intramammary infections, were characterized phenotypically (biochemical reactions on ID 32 STAPH and Biolog Phenotype MicroArrays™ PM1 and PM2A, ability of biofilm production) and genotypically (random amplified polymorphic DNA). In addition, a genomic comparison was done with S. borealis strains of human and porcine origin using the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technique. The bovine isolates showed a high degree of phenotypic and genotypic diversity, however, they could be differentiated from human strains by the negative test for urease (found in all but one bovine isolate examined with ID 32 STAPH) and positive reaction for D-galactose (on Biolog phenotype microarray PM1) and D-lactose (on both commercial systems). The MLST method, utilizing six concatenated genes of the total length of ∼2930 bp, revealed that bovine strains (irrespective of the country of origin) show a distinctly greater degree of mutual relationship than to the strains of human and porcine origin, suggesting that S. borealis has evolved independently in these hosts. In conclusion, bovine-specific S. borealis can be involved in intramammary infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Król
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Wanecka
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Twardoń
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Florek
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Marynowska
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sylwia Banaszkiewicz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Kaczmarek-Pieńczewska
- Department of Plant Protection, Division of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pląskowska
- Department of Plant Protection, Division of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Brodala
- Student of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Chwirot
- Student of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, St. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
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Ambrosio M, Nocera FP, Garofalo F, De Luca P, Grinberg A, De Martino L. Staphylococcus microti Strains Isolated from an Italian Mediterranean Buffalo Herd. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13010182. [PMID: 36611790 PMCID: PMC9817920 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
S. microti is a new species among non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) frequently found in bovine milk samples and associated with subclinical mastitis (SCM). The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of S. microti in 200 composite milk samples and 104 milking parlor surface swabs collected at a buffalo farm in Southern Italy to define its presence in milk and a milking parlor environment. The samples were inoculated onto different agar plates, and the isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The strains identified as S. microti (54/304 samples, 17.8%) were collected, and their purified genomic DNA was subjected to PCR amplification and whole 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, their phenotypic resistance profiles were evaluated by a disk diffusion method, and the genotypic characterization of the tetracycline resistance was performed for the tetM and tetK genes by multiplex PCR. Four and forty-seven S. microti isolates from milk samples of lactating animals with subclinical mastitis (SCM) and intramammary infection (IMI), respectively, and three isolates from milking parlor surfaces were recovered. The genomic DNA was purified from the bacterial isolates, and the amplification and sequencing of the 16S gene further supported the proteomic identification as S. microti. No clinical mastitis was detected in the herd during the study period. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed a worrisome 100% resistance to tetracyclines, genotypically mediated by the tetM gene for all strains. This study highlights that S. microti may be commonly isolated from dairy buffalo milk and milking parlor equipment. Its association with SCM or IMI remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ambrosio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Paola Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Garofalo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Luca
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn of Naples, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Alex Grinberg
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Huilca-Ibarra MP, Vasco-Julio D, Ledesma Y, Guerrero-Freire S, Zurita J, Castillejo P, Barceló Blasco F, Yanez L, Changoluisa D, Echeverría G, Bastidas-Caldes C, de Waard JH. High Prevalence of Prototheca bovis Infection in Dairy Cattle with Chronic Mastitis in Ecuador. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120659. [PMID: 36548820 PMCID: PMC9784310 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Prototheca, a unicellular, non-photosynthetic, yeast-like microalgae, is a pathogen of concern for the dairy industry. It causes bovine mastitis that currently cannot be cured, and hence generates significant economic losses in milk production. In this study, for the first time in Ecuador, we identify Prototheca bovis as the etiologic agent of chronic mastitis in dairy cattle. Milk samples (n = 458) of cows with chronic mastitis were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Microscopy and cytB gene sequencing were used to identify Prototheca, whereby Prototheca bovis was isolated from 15.1% (n = 69) of the milk samples, one of the highest infection rates that can be found in the literature in a "non-outbreak" situation. No other Prototheca species were found. We were unable to isolate the alga from environmental samples. We showed that P. bovis was relatively resistant to disinfectants used to sterilize milking equipment on the cattle farms where it was isolated. We discuss how to avoid future infection and also hypothesize that the real prevalence of Prototheca infection in bovine mastitis is probably much higher than what was detected. We recommend a protocol to increase the diagnostic yield in the bacteriology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P. Huilca-Ibarra
- Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170124, Ecuador
| | - David Vasco-Julio
- Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170124, Ecuador
| | - Yanua Ledesma
- Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170124, Ecuador
| | - Salome Guerrero-Freire
- Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170124, Ecuador
| | - Jeannete Zurita
- Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito 170104, Ecuador
| | - Pablo Castillejo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170124, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Barceló Blasco
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis-CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
| | - Lisseth Yanez
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis-CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
| | - Darwin Changoluisa
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis-CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
| | - Gustavo Echeverría
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis-CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Bastidas-Caldes
- Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170124, Ecuador
- Programa de Doctorado en Salud Pública y Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170124, Ecuador
| | - Jacobus H. de Waard
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170124, Ecuador
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +593-4168052488
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Marques-Bastos SLS, Coelho MLV, de Sousa Santos IN, Moreno DSA, Barrias ES, de Mendonça JFM, Mendonça LC, Lange CC, de Paiva Brito MAV, do Carmo de Freire Bastos M. Effects of the natural antimicrobial peptide aureocin A53 on cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae involved in bovine mastitis in the excised teat model. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:5. [PMID: 36346468 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aureocin A53 is an N-formylated antimicrobial peptide (AMP) produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Aureocin A53 has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against human and animal pathogens. In the present study, its antagonistic activity was investigated towards 30 strains of S. aureus and 30 strains of Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis cases in Brazil. Bovine mastitis is a disease that causes a major economic impact worldwide. Aureocin A53 inhibited the growth of all 60 strains tested, including multidrug-resistant streptococcal isolates and strains of S. aureus belonging to different pulsotypes. This AMP proved to be bactericidal against the six target strains randomly selected among staphylococci and streptococci, also exhibiting a lytic mode of action against the staphylococcal cells. Furthermore, it was determined that 2,048 AU/mL of the AMP were required to inhibit 99.99% of the cell growth of the strain less sensitive to aureocin A53. Aureocin A53 was not toxic to bovine mammary gland epithelial cells after a 24-h exposure and maintained its antimicrobial activity when tested in the excised-teat model against strains of S. aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, the species responsible for most intramammary infections, not only in Brazil but in other countries as well. Therefore, the use of aureocin A53 in the development of new pharmacological products for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of bovine mastitis was considered promising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Lívio Varella Coelho
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ilana Nascimento de Sousa Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sales Alviano Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emile Santos Barrias
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade E Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria do Carmo de Freire Bastos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Mastitis: What It Is, Current Diagnostics, and the Potential of Metabolomics to Identify New Predictive Biomarkers. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Periparturient diseases continue to be the greatest challenge to both farmers and dairy cows. They are associated with a decrease in productivity, lower profitability, and a negative impact on cows’ health as well as public health. This review article discusses the pathophysiology and diagnostic opportunities of mastitis, the most common disease of dairy cows. To better understand the disease, we dive deep into the causative agents, traditional paradigms, and the use of new technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mastitis. This paper takes a systems biology approach by highlighting the relationship of mastitis with other diseases and introduces the use of omics sciences, specifically metabolomics and its analytical techniques. Concluding, this review is backed up by multiple studies that show how earlier identification of mastitis through predictive biomarkers can benefit the dairy industry and improve the overall animal health.
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Israel L, Rabello R, Ferreira L, Peruquetti R, Medeiros L. Biofilm production by Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis in dairy herds in state of Acre, Brazil and its implications. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the Staphylococcus species responsible for bovine mastitis in dairy herds in northern Brazil, to investigate the capacity of biofilm production, and to analyze the association of biofilm production with multiresistance and intensity of California Mastitis Tests (CMT) reactions that can make treatment more difficult and cause misdiagnoses, respectively. Milk samples were collected from 23 dairy farms located in five municipalities in the state of Acre. A total of 339 crossbred cows were tested by CMT, with 109 animals (229 udder ceilings) reacting to the test. After bacterial isolation in blood agar, the catalase-positive and gram-positive cocci were submitted for identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Of 103 strains identified as staphylococci, Staphylococcus chromogenes (58.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.4%) were the most prevalent species. Biofilm production was quantitatively evaluated using a microplate adherence test. Among the Staphylococcus strains, 71.8% were biofilm producers. Most strains of S. chromogenes (68.3%) had the capacity to produce biofilms, ranging from weak (43.3%), moderate (13.3%), and strong (11.7%) producers. Among S. aureus strains, 50% were non-biofilm producers, and none were strong producers. Our data showed an association between biofilm production capacity and multidrug resistance. In addition, there was a reduction in the response to the CMT test, which can mask the diagnosis.
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Peptidomic changes in the milk of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with intramammary infection by non-aureus staphylococci. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8371. [PMID: 35589845 PMCID: PMC9120474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis by non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) is a significant issue in dairy buffalo farming. In a herd with subclinical NAS mastitis, we identified Staphylococcus microti as the predominant species. To assess milk protein integrity and investigate potential disease markers, we characterized 12 NAS-positive and 12 healthy quarter milk samples by shotgun peptidomics combining peptide enrichment and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). We observed significant changes in the milk peptidome. Out of 789 total peptides identified in each group, 49 and 44 were unique or increased in NAS-positive and healthy milk, respectively. In NAS-positive milk, the differential peptides belonged mainly to caseins, followed by milk fat globule membrane proteins (MFGMP) and by the immune defense/antimicrobial proteins osteopontin, lactoperoxidase, and serum amyloid A. In healthy milk, these belonged mainly to MFGMP, followed by caseins. In terms of abundance, peptides from MFGMP and immune defense protein were higher in NAS-positive milk, while peptides from caseins were higher in healthy milk. These findings highlight the impact of NAS on buffalo milk quality and mammary gland health, even when clinical signs are not evident, and underscore the need for clarifying the epidemiology and relevance of the different NAS species in this dairy ruminant.
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Crespi E, Pereyra AM, Puigdevall T, Rumi MV, Testorelli MF, Caggiano N, Gulone L, Mollerach M, Gentilini ER, Srednik ME. Antimicrobial resistance studies in staphylococci and streptococci isolated from cows with mastitis in Argentina. J Vet Sci 2021; 23:e12. [PMID: 36448431 PMCID: PMC9715389 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae are the main cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Argentina, whereas coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and environmental streptococci are the main cause of subclinical mastitis. Bacteria isolated from infected animals show increasing antimicrobial resistance. OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine the antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci and streptococci isolated from milk with mastitis, and to genotypically characterize the methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci. METHODS Isolation was performed on blood agar and identification was based on biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility was according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The antimicrobial resistance genes, SCCmec type and spa type were detected by the polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS We isolated a total of 185 staphylococci and 28 streptococci from 148 milk samples. Among the staphylococcal isolates, 154 were identified as CNS and 31 as S. aureus. Among the 154 CNS, 24.6% (n = 38) were resistant to penicillin, 14.9% (n = 23) to erythromycin, 17.5% (n = 27) to clindamycin, 6.5% (n = 10) to cefoxitin and oxacillin. Among the S. aureus isolates, 16.1% (n = 5) were resistant to penicillin, 3.2% (n = 1) to cefoxitin and oxacillin (MRSA). Six MR isolates (5 CNS and 1 MRSA) were positive to the mecA gene, and presented the SCCmec IVa. The MRSA strain presented the sequence type 83 and the spa type 002. Among the 28 streptococcal isolates, 14.3% (n = 4) were resistant to penicillin, 10.7% (n = 3) to erythromycin and 14.3% (n = 4) to clindamycin. CONCLUSIONS The present findings of this study indicate a development of antimicrobial resistance in main bacteria isolated from cows with mastitis in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Crespi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Pereyra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Tomás Puigdevall
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - María V. Rumi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - María F. Testorelli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Caggiano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Lucía Gulone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Microbiología, Junín 954, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Marta Mollerach
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Microbiología, Junín 954, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Elida R. Gentilini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Mariela E. Srednik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
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Identification of bovine mastitis pathogens using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in Brazil. J DAIRY RES 2021; 88:302-306. [PMID: 34372963 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029921000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this Research Communication we evaluate the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to identify 380 bacteria isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in Brazil. MALDI-TOF MS identifications were compared to previous identifications by biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. MALDI-TOF MS achieved a typeability of 95.5%. The accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of Staphylococcus isolates was 93.2%. The agreement between MALDI-TOF MS and biochemical identification of Streptococcus agalactiae was 96%, however, the agreement between these techniques for identifying other catalase-negative, Gram-positive cocci was lower. Agreement in identifying Gram-negative bacteria at the genus level was 90.5%. Our findings corroborate that MALDI-TOF MS is an accurate, rapid and simple technique for identifying bovine mastitis pathogens. The availability of this methodology in some research institutions would represent a significant step toward increasing the diagnosis and epidemiological studies of bovine mastitis and other animal infectious diseases in Brazil.
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Crespi E, Pereyra AM, Puigdevall T, Rumi MV, Testorelli MF, Caggiano N, Gulone L, Mollerach M, Gentilini ER, Srednik ME. Antimicrobial resistance studies in staphylococci and streptococci isolated from cows with mastitis in Argentina. J Vet Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Crespi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, CABA, Buenos Aires, C1427CWN, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Pereyra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, CABA, Buenos Aires, C1427CWN, Argentina
| | - Tomás Puigdevall
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, CABA, Buenos Aires, C1427CWN, Argentina
| | - María V. Rumi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, CABA, Buenos Aires, C1427CWN, Argentina
| | - María F. Testorelli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, CABA, Buenos Aires, C1427CWN, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Caggiano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, CABA, Buenos Aires, C1427CWN, Argentina
| | - Lucía Gulone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Microbiología, CABA, Buenos Aires, C1427CWN, Argentina
| | - Marta Mollerach
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Microbiología, CABA, Buenos Aires, C1427CWN, Argentina
| | - Elida R. Gentilini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, CABA, Buenos Aires, C1427CWN, Argentina
| | - Mariela E. Srednik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, CABA, Buenos Aires, C1427CWN, Argentina
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Gu J, Xie XJ, Liu JX, Shui JR, Zhang HY, Feng GY, Liu XY, Li LC, Lan QW, Jin QH, Li R, Peng L, Lei CW, Zhang AY. Prevalence and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococci and Enterococci from shared bicycles in Chengdu, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139735. [PMID: 32531590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shared bicycles are prevailing in China but the extent to which they contribute to maintaining and transmitting pathogens and antibiotic-resistant bacteria remain largely unknown. To fill the knowledge gap, herein, swab samples (n = 963) were collected from handlebars of shared bicycles in areas of hospital, school, metro station (n = 887) and riders (n = 76) in Chengdu, China. Staphylococci (n = 241) and Enterococci (n = 69) were widely distributed across sampling locations at a frequency of 2.3%-12.9%, and 0.08%-5.5%, respectively. Bicycle or rider-borne Gram-positive bacteria were frequently resistant to clinically important antibiotics including linezolid, fosfomycin, and vancomycin, and a significant portion of these isolates (3.4%-16.6% for Staphylococci and 0.1%-13.8% for Enterococci) indicated multidrug resistance. Nineteen Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified in this collection and 52.6% of which were considered as methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Whole genome sequencing further characterized 26 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) including fosB, fusB, and lnu(G) in S. aureus and 21 ARGs including optrA in Enterococci. Leveraging a complementary approach with conventional MLST, whole genome SNP and MLST analyses, we present that genetically closely-related bacteria were found in bicycles and riders across geographical-distinct locations suggesting bacterial transmission. Further, five new ST types 5697-5701 were firstly characterized in S. aureus. ST 942 and ST 1640 are new ST types observed in E. faecalis, and E. faecium, respectively. Our results highlighted the risk of shared bicycle system in disseminating pathogens and antibiotic resistance which warrants effective disinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Gu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xian-Jun Xie
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jin-Xin Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Jun-Rui Shui
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hao-Yu Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Gan-Yu Feng
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lin-Can Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qi-Wei Lan
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qi-Han Jin
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li Peng
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chang-Wei Lei
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - An-Yun Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
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Conesa A, Dieser S, Barberis C, Bonetto C, Lasagno M, Vay C, Odierno L, Porporatto C, Raspanti C. Differentiation of non-aureus staphylococci species isolated from bovine mastitis by PCR-RFLP of groEL and gap genes in comparison to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104489. [PMID: 32910983 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Intramammary infections (IMI) cause serious economic losses for farmers and the dairy industry. Cases of subclinical mastitis are commonly the result of infection by minor pathogens such as non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), so their correct identification is important for appropriate therapeutic intervention and management. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the groEL and gap genes to discriminate between bovine-associated NAS species, using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as the reference method. MALDI-TOF MS was able to correctly identify 112 NAS isolates from bovine IMI at species level out of a total of 115 (97.4%). These results were considered definitive and thus compared with those from the PCR-RFLP analyses. Only 50% (56/112) of the samples classified through groEL PCR-RFLP matched the molecular identity determined by MALDI-TOF MS, whereas coincidence rose to 96.4% (108/112) when comparing results from gap PCR-RFLP and the spectral analysis. This study demonstrates that gap PCR-RFLP is a useful and reliable tool for the identification of NAS species isolated from bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Conesa
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas (IAPCByA), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, X5900KBJ, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvana Dieser
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, X5806JRA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Barberis
- Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, C1113AAD, Caba, Argentina
| | - Cesar Bonetto
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas (IAPCByA), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, X5900KBJ, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mirta Lasagno
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, X5806JRA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Vay
- Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, C1113AAD, Caba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Odierno
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, X5806JRA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carina Porporatto
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas (IAPCByA), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, X5900KBJ, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Raspanti
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, X5806JRA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Taher EM, Hemmatzadeh F, Aly SA, Elesswy HA, Petrovski KR. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes on farms and in commercial milk with emphasis on the effect of currently practiced heat treatments on viable but nonculturable formation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9936-9945. [PMID: 32861499 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the considerable advances that have been made to improve dairy food safety, there is rising concern that pasteurization is not sufficient for the destruction of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of resistant bacteria and could stimulate bacteria to enter into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. In the current study, we surveyed the prevalence of 1 genomic and 9 plasmid-mediated AMR genes in 100 samples (bulk tank milk and milk filter socks) at the farm level and 152 commercial milk samples (pasteurized and UHT milks) and assessed the VBNC state in dairy bacteria. Results revealed that sul2 was the most prevalent plasmid-mediated gene in milk filter socks (96%), bulk tank milk (48%), pasteurized milk (68%), and UHT (43%) milk; in contrast, mecA was not detected in any sample. Additionally, commercial pasteurization (as currently practiced) failed to decrease the prevalence of the blaTEM-B1 (43%), tetK (30%), and tetA (55%) plasmid-mediated AMR genes; thus, commercial pasteurization may be one of the factors creating the VBNC state in some dairy bacteria. Continued research is necessary to identify bacterial species entering the VBNC state after pasteurization, to assess their potential hazard level and shed more light on the expression and possibility of horizontal gene transfer of those plasmid-mediated AMR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Taher
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Salwa A Aly
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A Elesswy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kiro R Petrovski
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, SA 5064, Australia; Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, SA 5005, Australia
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Szafraniec GM, Szeleszczuk P, Dolka B. A Review of Current Knowledge on Staphylococcus agnetis in Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081421. [PMID: 32823920 PMCID: PMC7460464 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This literature review provides a synthesis and evaluation of the current knowledge on Staphylococcus agnetis (S. agnetis) and its implications in poultry pathology. Recent studies revealed that S. agnetis can cause bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), endocarditis, and septicemia in broiler chickens. Lameness constitutes one of the major health and welfare problems causing huge economic losses in the poultry industry. To date, a range of infectious and non-infectious factors have been associated with lameness in poultry. Among bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus is the main species associated with locomotor problems. This contrasts with S. agnetis, which until recently had not been considered as a poultry pathogen. Previously only reported in cattle, S. agnetis has expanded its host range to chickens, and due to its unique characteristics has become recognized as a new emerging pathogen. The genotypic and phenotypic similarities between S. agnetis and other two staphylococci (S. hyicus and S. chromogenes) make this pathogen capable of escaping recognition due to misidentification. Although a significant amount of research on S. agnetis has been conducted, many facts about this novel species are still unknown and further studies are required to understand its full significance in poultry pathology. Abstract This review aims to summarize recent discoveries and advancements regarding the characteristics of Staphylococcus agnetis (S. agnetis) and its role in poultry pathology. S. agnetis is an emerging pathogen that was primarily associated with mastitis in dairy cattle. After a presumed host jump from cattle to poultry, it was identified as a pathological agent in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), causing lameness induced by bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), septicemia, and valvular endocarditis. Economic and welfare losses caused by lameness are global problems in the poultry industry, and S. agnetis has been shown to have a potential to induce high incidences of lameness in broiler chickens. S. agnetis exhibits a distinct repertoire of virulence factors found in many different staphylococci. It is closely related to S. hyicus and S. chromogenes, hence infections caused by S. agnetis may be misdiagnosed or even undiagnosed. As there are very few reports on S. agnetis in poultry, many facts about its pathogenesis, epidemiology, routes of transmission, and the potential impacts on the poultry industry remain unknown.
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Zayda MG, Masuda Y, Hammad AM, Honjoh KI, Elbagory AM, Miyamoto T. Molecular characterisation of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis and Egyptian raw milk cheese. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Salauddin M, Akter MR, Hossain MK, Nazir KHMNH, Noreddin A, El Zowalaty ME. Molecular Detection of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis Milk in Bangladesh. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E36. [PMID: 32235414 PMCID: PMC7355754 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDR-SA) from mastitis milk samples and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. A total of 48 bovine mastitis (BM) milk samples were collected from different parts of the Rangpur division, Bangladesh. After the collection of milk samples, mastitis was confirmed using the California mastitis test. Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus were performed using conventional cultural and biochemical tests as well as using molecular methods of PCR. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 23S rRNA gene of Staphylococcus aureus was determined. The antibiogram of the isolated bacteria was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Phylogenetic analysis of 23S rRNA was done using MEGA 7, ClustalW multiple sequence alignment, and NCBI-BLAST tools, where the sequence of the isolate showed 98% to 99% identity. Antibiogram test using 15 antimicrobial agents showed that all of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). It was found that the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, novobiocin, methicillin, vancomycin, and cephradine, and the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, and amoxicillin. The detection of MDR-SA in mastitis milk is alarming and represents a great public health concern. The findings of the present study help identify Staphylococcus aureus at the molecular level using 23S rRNA gene sequencing and will help select the appropriate and effective antimicrobial agent to control BM in the northern part of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Salauddin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh; (M.S.); (M.R.A.); (M.K.H.)
| | - Mir Rowshan Akter
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh; (M.S.); (M.R.A.); (M.K.H.)
| | - Md. Khaled Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh; (M.S.); (M.R.A.); (M.K.H.)
| | - K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ayman Noreddin
- Infectious Diseases and Anti-infective Therapy Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Sharjah Medical Research Institute, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Infectious Diseases and Anti-infective Therapy Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Sharjah Medical Research Institute, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 75185, Sweden
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Zigo F, Elecko J, Vasil M, Ondrasovicova S, Farkasova Z, Malova J, Takac L, Zigova M, Bujok J, Pecka-Kielb E, Timkovicova-Lackova P. The occurrence of mastitis and its effect on the milk malondialdehyde concentrations and blood enzymatic antioxidants in dairy cows. VET MED-CZECH 2019; 64:423-432. [DOI: 10.17221/67/2019-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
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Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of mastitis and its impact on the reproductive parameters in a herd of 180 dairy cows. Based on the herd records 127 cows of Slovak spotted cattle and their crosses with red Holstein were selected for study between 1—2 months after calving. The examination of the health status of the mammary glands consisted of: the clinical examination of the udder, the California mastitis test (CMT) supplemented by the collection of mixed milk samples, and the laboratory examination of bacterial pathogens causing the mastitis. In addition to the mammary investigation, reproduction indicators such as the length of the insemination interval, the service period, the intercalving period and the insemination index were also analyzed. The results of this study indicated: a high incidence of mastitis (41.6 %), especially latent (21.2 %), subclinical (15.7 %) and clinical (4.7 %) forms were most common in the herd. The most frequently isolated bacteria from the infected milk samples were: coagulase negative staphylococci (54.1 %), S. aureus (16.9 %), Streptococcus spp. (15.0 %), A. viridans (7.5 %) and Ent. faecalis (6.4 %). According to the available literature, the optimum values of the intercalving period were 365—400 days, the insemination interval 55—80 days, the insemination index 1.2—2 and the service period 60—110 days. In comparison, our results showed increased, unsatisfactory reproductive values in the group of dairy cows with clinical mastitis. While in healthy cows as well as in groups of cows with latent and subclinical mastitis, all of the reproductive indicators were within the optimal levels.
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Kosecka-Strojek M, Sabat AJ, Akkerboom V, Becker K, van Zanten E, Wisselink G, Miedzobrodzki J, Kooistra-Smid AMDM, Friedrich AW. Development and Validation of a Reference Data Set for Assigning Staphylococcus Species Based on Next-Generation Sequencing of the 16S-23S rRNA Region. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:278. [PMID: 31456949 PMCID: PMC6698797 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many members of the Staphylococcus genus are clinically relevant opportunistic pathogens that warrant accurate and rapid identification for targeted therapy. The aim of this study was to develop a careful assignment scheme for staphylococcal species based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S-23S rRNA region. All reference staphylococcal strains were identified at the species level using Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA, sodA, tuf, and rpoB genes and NGS of the 16S-23S rRNA region. To broaden the database, an additional 100 staphylococcal strains, including 29 species, were identified by routine diagnostic methods, 16S rRNA Sanger sequencing and NGS of the 16S-23S rRNA region. The results enabled development of reference sequences encompassing the 16S-23S rRNA region for 50 species (including one newly proposed species) and 6 subspecies of the Staphylococcus genus. This study showed sodA and rpoB targets were the most discriminative but NGS of the 16S-23S rRNA region was more discriminative than tuf gene sequencing and much more discriminative than 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Almost all Staphylococcus species could be distinguished when the max score was 99.0% or higher and the sequence similarity between the best and second best species was equal to or >0.2% (min. 9 nucleotides). This study allowed development of reference sequences for 21 staphylococcal species and enrichment for 29 species for which sequences were publicly available. We confirmed the usefulness of NGS of the 16S-23S rRNA region by identifying the whole species content in 45 clinical samples and comparing the results to those obtained using routine diagnostic methods. Based on the developed reference database, all staphylococcal species can be reliably detected based on the 16S-23S rRNA sequences in samples composed of both single species and more complex polymicrobial communities. This study will be useful for introduction of a novel diagnostic tool, which undoubtedly is an improvement for reliable species identification in polymicrobial samples. The introduction of this new method is hindered by a lack of reference sequences for the 16S-23S rRNA region for many bacterial species. The results will allow identification of all Staphylococcus species, which are clinically relevant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Artur J Sabat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Viktoria Akkerboom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Evert van Zanten
- Certe, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Guido Wisselink
- Certe, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jacek Miedzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna M D Mirjam Kooistra-Smid
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Certe, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Zigo F, Elečko J, Vasiľ M, Farkašová Z, Zigová M, Takáč L, Takáčová J, Bujok J, Kielb EP. Assessment of lipid peroxidation in dairy cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. POTRAVINARSTVO 2019. [DOI: 10.5219/1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is still one of the major causes of economic losses in dairy sector. The routine application of bacteriologic examination of milk samples is often insufficient and for this reason, alternative parameters are used to identify trends in the development of the udder health. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the relationship of oxidative product levels, using malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker on occurrence of mastitis and its causing pathogens. Dairy herd of 223 Slovak spotted cattle were tested for etiology and occurrence of mastitis based on assessment of clinical signs, abnormal udder secretions, Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) with subsequent collecting of milk samples for bacteriological examination. From 892 quarter milk samples were selected for MDA detection 51 subclinical (SM) and 26 clinical mastitis (CM) quarters with positive CMT score and positive bacteriological examination of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. as well 40 healthy quarters. Results showed that among the current pathogens of the mammary gland belong CNS, S. aureus, S. sanguinis, S. uberis and E. coli, which were the most frequently isolated from SM and CM. The highest MDA level was observed from clinical cases of mastitis however, increased MDA levels were detectable from subclinical cases. Bacterial isolates from subclinical quarter milk samples are different levels of MDA. In this study, we found that quarter milk samples infected with S. uberis were higher compared to other pathogens. In conclusion, differences in both severity of mastitis and mastitic pathogens were associated with differences of oxidative products in infected udders.
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Wanecka A, Król J, Twardoń J, Mrowiec J, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Wzorek A. Efficacy of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as well as genotypic and phenotypic methods in identification of staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus isolated from intramammary infections in dairy cows in Poland. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:523-530. [PMID: 31006359 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719845423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effectiveness of various methods for the identification of Staphylococcus spp. other than S. aureus isolated from intramammary infections of cows on 3 dairy farms in Lower Silesia, Poland. A total of 131 isolates belonging to 18 Staphylococcus species were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and dnaJ genes, as well using a commercial identification system (ID 32 STAPH; bioMérieux) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS; Bruker Daltonics). Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was found to have low discriminatory value because only 43% of isolates were recognized unequivocally. Much better results were obtained with the dnaJ gene (all isolates were correctly identified at the species level). However, some of these isolates achieved a low similarity level (<97%) and required a confirmatory test (sequencing of the rpoB gene). The performance of ID 32 STAPH was poor. Regardless of the probability level used (80% or 90%), the commercial system obtained identification rates <40%. Using MALDI-TOF MS and the commercial Bruker database, 67% of isolates were identified correctly with scores ≥2.0 (acceptable species-level identification) but this number increased to 97% after the database was expanded. The definitive identification of Staphylococcus spp. other than S. aureus causing intramammary infections in cattle often requires a combination of different procedures, and the existing databases should be updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wanecka
- Departments of Pathology (Wanecka, Król), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals (Twardoń, Mrowiec), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland (Korzeniowska-Kowal, Wzorek)
| | - Jarosław Król
- Departments of Pathology (Wanecka, Król), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals (Twardoń, Mrowiec), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland (Korzeniowska-Kowal, Wzorek)
| | - Jan Twardoń
- Departments of Pathology (Wanecka, Król), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals (Twardoń, Mrowiec), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland (Korzeniowska-Kowal, Wzorek)
| | - Jacek Mrowiec
- Departments of Pathology (Wanecka, Król), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals (Twardoń, Mrowiec), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland (Korzeniowska-Kowal, Wzorek)
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Departments of Pathology (Wanecka, Król), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals (Twardoń, Mrowiec), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland (Korzeniowska-Kowal, Wzorek)
| | - Anna Wzorek
- Departments of Pathology (Wanecka, Król), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals (Twardoń, Mrowiec), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland (Korzeniowska-Kowal, Wzorek)
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23
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Qu Y, Zhao H, Nobrega DB, Cobo ER, Han B, Zhao Z, Li S, Li M, Barkema HW, Gao J. Molecular epidemiology and distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes of Staphylococcus species isolated from Chinese dairy cows with clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1571-1583. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Wang J, Qiao M, Zhou Y, Du H, Bai J, Yuan W, Liu J, Wang D, Hu Y, Wu Y. In vitro synergistic effect of baicalin with azithromycin against Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from francolins with ophthalmia. Poult Sci 2019; 98:373-380. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Schmidt T, Kock MM, Ehlers MM. Identification and characterization of Staphylococcus devriesei isolates from bovine intramammary infections in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:324. [PMID: 30390671 PMCID: PMC6215665 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are among the leading bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in many dairy-producing countries. Among the challenges associated with the specific diagnosis of CoNS infections is the biochemical heterogeneity of the species in the genus and the unavailability of accurate, cost-effective and up-to-date diagnostic tests. A previous study investigating the diversity of CoNS associated with cases of bovine mastitis in South Africa, resulted in six CoNS isolates which could not be identified despite the use of a combination of different molecular assays. The identification and characterisation of the isolates was pursued further in this study. RESULTS The six CoNS isolates in question were identified by sequencing multiple housekeeping genes (dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB, 16S rRNA) and characterized through the use of matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and the Biolog GEN III Microplate™ bacterial identification system. Sequencing of housekeeping genes identified the isolates as S. devriesei. This Staphylococcus species was only described in 2010 and this is the first report documenting the isolation of S. devriesei from cases of bovine IMIs in South Africa. Analysis of mass spectra generated by the six isolates showed intra-species variation which was also observed when evaluating the metabolic profiles of the isolates using the Biolog GEN III system. Neither the MALDI-TOF MS nor the Biolog database are currently populated with data relating to S. devriesei, resulting in the isolates not being identified, in the case of MALDI-TOF MS analysis, or mis-identified as was observed with the Biolog GEN III system. CONCLUSIONS The phenotyping data collected during this investigation provides useful information concerning Staphylococcus devriesei which could be used to populate user system databases thereby ensuring the accurate identification of isolates in future. The availability of improved diagnostics will in turn facilitate studies to elucidate the epidemiology, pathogenicity and true prevalence of this species in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schmidt
- Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Private Bag X2, Cascades, 3202, South Africa. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Marleen M Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Marthie M Ehlers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Abstract
In this review, we explore the state-of-the-art of sand fly relationships with microbiota, viruses and Leishmania, with particular emphasis on the vector immune responses. Insect-borne diseases are a major public health problem in the world. Phlebotomine sand flies are proven vectors of several aetiological agents including viruses, bacteria and the trypanosomatid Leishmania, which are responsible for diseases such as viral encephalitis, bartonellosis and leishmaniasis, respectively. All metazoans in nature coexist intimately with a community of commensal microorganisms known as microbiota. The microbiota has a fundamental role in the induction, maturation and function of the host immune system, which can modulate host protection from pathogens and infectious diseases. We briefly review viruses of public health importance present in sand flies and revisit studies done on bacterial and fungal gut contents of these vectors. We bring this information into the context of sand fly development and immune responses. We highlight the immunity mechanisms that the insect utilizes to survive the potential threats involved in these interactions and discuss the recently discovered complex interactions among microbiota, sand fly, Leishmania and virus. Additionally, some of the alternative control strategies that could benefit from the current knowledge are considered.
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27
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Ashraf A, Imran M. Diagnosis of bovine mastitis: from laboratory to farm. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1193-1202. [PMID: 29948774 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of disease is the major step between the cause and cure of disease. An economical, reliable, and rapid diagnostic tool is fundamental for the management of udder health. The earlier the disease is identified, the less will be the damage; keeping this in mind, many efforts are being made to develop reliable diagnostic tools for use on farm. However, traditional gold standard methods including somatic cell count and microbial culturing are still in use. They are partially being replaced with polymerase chain reaction and sequencing-based tests. Nanotechnology and protein-based tests have also gained lot of attention and some of them are potential candidate of future diagnostic tests for bovine mastitis. Research laboratories are struggling to develop simple, economical, and user-friendly biosensor-based methods that can be performed on farm for rapid diagnosis. The combination of both genomic and proteomic approaches, together with further involvement of nanotheranostic technologies and other sensors, will assist in the quest of better mastitis diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeela Ashraf
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
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28
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Khazandi M, Al-Farha AAB, Coombs GW, O’Dea M, Pang S, Trott DJ, Aviles RR, Hemmatzadeh F, Venter H, Ogunniyi AD, Hoare A, Abraham S, Petrovski KR. Genomic characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri causing bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Characterization of multiple antibiotic resistant clinical strains of Staphylococcus isolated from pregnant women vagina. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:607-617. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Wanecka A, Król J, Twardoń J, Mrowiec J, Bania J, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Tobiasz A. Characterization of a genetically distinct subpopulation of Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from milk of cows with intramammary infections. Vet Microbiol 2017; 214:28-35. [PMID: 29408029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to describe a novel subpopulation of Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolated from intramammary gland infections (IMI) in cattle. In total, eight isolates originating from milk samples from two unrelated dairy farms were examined phenotypically (using the ID 32 STAPH system) and genotypically. These isolates had almost identical sequences of each of the housekeeping genes examined (dnaJ, rpoB and sodA) but these sequences displayed similarity of only ∼92.5%, 95.0% and 96.8%, respectively, with known S. haemolyticus sequences. The atypical isolates could also be distinguished biochemically by the positive β-galactosidase test (with 2-naphthyl-β-d-galactopyranoside as the substrate). All the isolates were identified as S. haemolyticus upon MALDI-TOF analysis but half of them, that achieved scores 1.7-1.999 (not reliable species identification), required expanding the commercial database for secure identification. Our study has shown that IMI in cattle may be caused by two distinct subpopulations of S. haemolyticus, differing clearly by some genotypic and phenotypic properties. The first of these subpopulations seems to be common to many hosts (including humans), whereas the second (possibly at the subspecies rank) is, so far, found only in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wanecka
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Król
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jan Twardoń
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Mrowiec
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, St. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Tobiasz
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, St. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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Acosta AC, Santos SJD, Albuquerque L, Soares KDA, Mota RA, Medeiros ESD. Frequência de genes codificadores de toxinas em Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite de tanques expansão comunitários. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: A capacidade de produção de toxinas pelo Staphylococcus aureus no leite e produtos derivados está relacionado com surtos de intoxicação alimentar. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa, estudar a ocorrência de genes que codificam para enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (sea, seb, sed, seg, seh e sei) e toxinas α e β hemolítica (hla e hlb) em S. aureus isolados de 53 amostras de leite de tanques expansão comunitários no Estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Foram identificados 27 isolados (50,94%) como S. aureus pela amplificação do gene nuc. 13/27 isolados (48,1%) foram positivos para pelo menos um gene das enterotoxinas estudadas, sendo as frequências dos genes sea 33,3%, seh 18,5%, sei 11,1% e sed 7,4%; não entanto não foram identificados os genes seb e seg nestas bactérias. Para as toxinas hemolíticas, 51,9% dos isolados portavam ambos genes (hla e hlb), sendo a frequência para o gene hla de 81,5% e para o gene hlb de 51,9%. A frequência de genes das toxinas avaliadas é alta o que constitui um risco potencial para a saúde pública em especial, as enterotoxinas por serem termoestáveis e estarem asssociados com surtos de intoxicação alimentar.
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Rodrigues MX, Silva NCC, Trevilin JH, Cruzado MMB, Mui TS, Duarte FRS, Castillo CJC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG, Porto E. Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from cheese processing plants. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5167-5175. [PMID: 28457548 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research paper was to characterize coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci from raw milk, Minas cheese, and production lines of Minas cheese processing. One hundred isolates from 3 different cheese producers were characterized using molecular approaches, such as PCR, molecular typing, and DNA sequencing. Staphylococcus aureus (88% of the isolates) was the most abundant followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Staphylococcus warneri. Among the 22 enterotoxin genes tested, the most frequent was seh (62% of the isolates), followed by selx and ser. Hemolysin genes were widely distributed across isolates, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin and toxic shock syndrome toxin genes were also identified. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus were staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec III, IVa, IVd, and others nontypeable. In the phenotypic antibiotic resistance, multiresistant isolates were detected and resistance to penicillin was the most observed. Using spa typing, we identified several types and described a new one, t14969, isolated from cheese. These findings suggest that antibiotic resistance and potentially virulent strains from different sources can be found in the Brazilian dairy processing environment. Further research should be conducted with collaboration from regulatory agencies to develop programs of prevention of virulent and resistant strain dissemination in dairy products and the processing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory Xavier Rodrigues
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil; Department of Food Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Júlia Hellmeister Trevilin
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Melina Mary Bravo Cruzado
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Tsai Siu Mui
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rodrigo Sanches Duarte
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Carmen J Contreras Castillo
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Solange Guidolin Canniatti-Brazaca
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Ernani Porto
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
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Characterisation of penicillin and tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk samples in Minas Gerais, Brazil. J DAIRY RES 2017; 84:202-205. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029917000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This Regional Research Communication describes the characterisation of ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Ninety S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis exhibiting phenotypic resistance to ampicillin, penicillin and/or tetracycline were selected for this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each antibiotic was determined using the E-Test® and the production of beta-lactamase was determined by cefinase disks. The resistance genes blaZ, tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), and tet(O) were investigated by PCR in all of the isolates. The MIC results classified 77, 83 and 71% of the isolates as resistant to ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline, respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 were, respectively, 1 and 2 µg/ml for ampicillin, 0·5 and 1 µg/ml for penicillin and 32 and 64 µg/ml for tetracycline. Eighty-six per cent of beta-lactamase producing isolates were detected. Of the 90 isolates investigated, 97% amplified blaZ, 84% amplified tet(K), 9% amplified tet(L), 2% amplified tet(M) and 1% amplified tet(O). Seventy-nine isolates (88%) showed blaZ together with at least one tet gene. S. aureus isolates showed high MIC50 and MIC90 values for the three antimicrobials. The blaZ and tet(K) genes were widespread in the herds studied, and most of the isolates harboured blaZ and tet(K) concomitantly.
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Marjory XR, Nathalia CCS, Julia HT, Melina MBC, Tsai SM, Fabio RSD, Carmen JCC, Solange GCB, Ernani P. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus species from mastitic milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Wang D, Zhang L, Zhou X, He Y, Yong C, Shen M, Szenci O, Han B. Antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence genes, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from bovine mastitis in Ningxia, China. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9560-9569. [PMID: 27771092 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureusis the leading pathogen involved inbovine mastitis, but knowledgeabout antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus resulting in bovine mastitis in Ningxia, China, is limited. Therefore, antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence gene, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of Staph. aureus were carried out. A total of 327 milk samples from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis in 4 regions of Ningxia were used for the isolation and identification of pathogens according to phenotypic and molecular characteristics. Antimicrobial susceptibility against 22 antimicrobial agents was determined by disk diffusion. The presence of 8 virulence genes in Staph. aureus isolates was tested by PCR. Genotypes of isolates were investigated based on RAPD. Results showed that 35 isolates obtained from mastitis milk samples were identified as Staph. aureus. The isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole (100%), penicillin G (94.3%), ampicillin (94.3%), erythromycin (68.6%), azithromycin (68.6%), clindamycin (25.7%), amoxicillin (11.4%), and tetracycline (5.7%). All of the isolates contained one or more virulence genes with average (standard deviation) of 6.6±1.6. The most prevalent virulence genes were hlb (97.1%), followed by fnbpA, hla, coa (94.3% each), nuc (85.7%), fnbpB (80%), clfA (77.1%), and tsst-1 (40%). Nine different gene patterns were found and 3 of them were the dominant gene combinations (77.1%). Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=35) were divided into 6 genotypes by RAPD tying, the genotypes III and VI were the most prevalent genotypes. There was greatvariation in genotypes of Staph. aureus isolates, not only among different farms, but also within the same herd in Ningxia province. The study showed a high incidence of Staph. aureus with genomic variation of resistance genes, which is matter of great concern in public and animal health in Ningxia province of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuezhang Zhou
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yulong He
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Changfu Yong
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Shapotou District, Zhongwei, Ningxia 755000, China
| | - Mingliang Shen
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau of Shizuishan, Shizuishan, Ningxia 753000, China
| | - Otto Szenci
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Szent István Egyetem Large Animal Research Group, Üllő - Dóra major, H-2225 Hungary
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Staphylococcus chromogenes, a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Species That Can Clot Plasma. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1372-5. [PMID: 26912749 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03139-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus chromogenes is one of the main coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from mastitis of dairy cows. We describe S. chromogenes isolates that can clot plasma. Since the main pathogen causing mastitis is coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, the coagulase-positive phenotype of S. chromogenes described here can easily lead to misidentification.
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Fernandes Dos Santos F, Mendonça LC, Reis DRDL, Guimarães ADS, Lange CC, Ribeiro JB, Machado MA, Brito MAVP. Presence of mecA-positive multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in bovine milk samples in Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1374-1382. [PMID: 26709182 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus are one of the major pathogens causing bovine mastitis. In recent decades, resistance of this genus to oxacillin (methicillin) has been a matter of concern due to the possibility of reducing the effectiveness of mastitis treatments and the transfer of resistance determinants to other bacteria. Oxacillin resistance was studied in 170 staphylococci from bovine milk samples, including 79 Staphylococcus aureus and 91 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The susceptibility profile of 10 antimicrobial agents used in veterinary practice was determined by the Etest method. In addition to the Etest, the phenotypic characterization of oxacillin resistance was tested using the cefoxitin disk diffusion test. All isolates were screened by PCR to detect the mecA gene in 2 different regions of the gene. The isolates with an oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration ≥0.5 µg/mL or resistant to cefoxitin were identified by sequencing a 536-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. This group of isolates was also evaluated for the presence of blaZ and mecC genes. Molecular analysis of the mecA gene was carried out by typing of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). The relatedness of the mecA-positive isolates was evaluated by macrorestriction of chromosomal DNA followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. With the exception of penicillin and oxacillin, 86% of the isolates showed susceptibility to cephalothin, gentamicin, erythromycin, sulfonamide, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to oxacillin, whereas 47% (n=43) of the CNS isolates were resistant. The CNS isolates showed a higher resistance to cephalothin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin in comparison with S. aureus. The mecA gene was only detected in 10 CNS isolates, identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, and classified into 3 pulsotypes (A, B, and C) and 4 subtypes (A1, B1, B2, and B3). Among the isolates with an oxacillin resistance phenotype, 12 were positive for the blaZ gene, and 9 of them were mecA-positive. Two of the oxacillin-resistant isolates amplified the mecA homolog gene of Staphylococcus sciuri and none amplified mecC. Three SCCmec types, I, IV, and V, were found. Our results suggest that Staphylococcus epidermidis can be a reservoir for mecA for other Staphylococcus species. Studies investigating the molecular and phenotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal species should be performed for controlling the spread of resistance and the selection of appropriate therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Letícia Caldas Mendonça
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniele Ribeiro de Lima Reis
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Sá Guimarães
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Carla Christine Lange
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - João Batista Ribeiro
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Machado
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Król J, Wanecka A, Twardoń J, Mrowiec J, Dropińska A, Bania J, Podkowik M, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Paściak M. Isolation of Staphylococcus microti from milk of dairy cows with mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:163-9. [PMID: 26711044 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present paper is a case-report of multiple udder infections in a dairy herd caused by Staphylococcus microti. Over a 22-month period, eleven S. microti isolates from milk samples from 9 cows were collected. The animals experienced subclinical (with one exception) intramammary infections with a high self-cure rate. The identification of the microorganism was carried out by means of two independent approaches: nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, as well as some housekeeping genes (sodA, rpoB, dnaJ), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. All S. microti isolates belonged to an apparently single clone (as detected by the RAPD analysis), indicating that the microorganism could adapt, to some degree, to the bovine mammary gland or even spread from cow to cow in a contagious manner. This report is, to our knowledge, the first ever case of bovine mastitis caused by S. microti and the first instance of isolation of this microorganism from domesticated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Król
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Wanecka
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Twardoń
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Mrowiec
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Dropińska
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, St. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariola Paściak
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, St. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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