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Paungpin W, Thongdee M, Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Sariya L, Sirimanapong W, Kasantikul T, Phonarknguen R, Darakamas P, Arya N. Coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and herpesvirus in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles ( Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand. Vet World 2021; 14:1908-1914. [PMID: 34475716 PMCID: PMC8404128 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1908-1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim For a decade, chlamydial and herpesvirus infections have caused significant morbidity and mortality in farmed crocodiles. In September 2017, a total of 160 juvenile freshwater Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) with conjunctivitis/pharyngitis lesions were admitted at the Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University. All crocodiles did not respond well to antibiotics or supportive treatments and died. This study aimed to detect and identify the causative agents associated with conjunctivitis/pharyngitis and fatal outcomes in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles. Materials and Methods A total of 138 pharyngeal and conjunctival swabs and conjunctival scrapes were collected from live crocodiles. All swab and scrape samples were DNA-extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Chlamydiaceae- and herpesvirus-specific primers. Tissue samples (brain, lung, liver, heart, spleen, and intestine) were collected from two representative postmortem animals. All tissue samples were processed for molecular and pathological analyses. Results PCR examinations identified chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA in 92% (126/138) and 100% (138/138), respectively, of the tested swab and scrape samples. Of those positive samples, 79% (26/33), 67% (4/6), and 98% (97/99) of the pharyngeal swabs, conjunctival swabs, and conjunctival scrapes, respectively, were positive for both chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA. Histopathological examination indicated necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver, kidney, and intestine of the affected animals. The intracytoplasmic accumulation of Chlamydia was randomly observed in the examined tissue sample. Moreover, the presence of chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA was also detected in the tissue samples, including the heart, intestine, brain, lung, liver, and spleen, of the affected animals by PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Chlamydia spp. detected in the juvenile Siamese crocodiles was notably different from other known species in the Chlamydia genus, while the herpesvirus detected in the crocodiles was closely related to crocodyline herpesvirus 1. Conclusion Based on histopathological and molecular examinations, this report provided the first evidence of coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and crocodyline herpesvirus 1 in juvenile Siamese crocodiles in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weena Paungpin
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Metawee Thongdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Sariya
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wanna Sirimanapong
- The Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tanit Kasantikul
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Clemson Livestock Poultry Health, 500 Clemson Rd, Columbia, SC 29229, USA
| | - Rassameepen Phonarknguen
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Poonnut Darakamas
- Prasu-Arthorn Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nlin Arya
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Shilton CM, Jerrett IV, Davis S, Walsh S, Benedict S, Isberg SR, Webb GJW, Manolis C, Hyndman TH, Phalen D, Brown GP, Melville L. Diagnostic investigation of new disease syndromes in farmed Australian saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) reveals associations with herpesviral infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:279-90. [PMID: 27075848 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716642268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, 3 new disease syndromes have emerged in farmed saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. We describe the syndromes through a retrospective study of laboratory findings from 187 diagnostic cases submitted to Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories between 2005 and 2014. The first syndrome was characterized by conjunctivitis and/or pharyngitis (CP), primarily in hatchlings. Herpesviruses were isolated in primary crocodile cell culture, or were detected by PCR directly from conjunctiva or pharyngeal tissue, in 21 of 39 cases of CP (54%), compared with 9 of 64 crocodiles without the syndrome (14%, p < 0.0001). Chlamydiaceae were detected by PCR in conjunctiva or pharyngeal tissue of 55% of 29 CP cases tested, and of these, 81% also contained herpesvirus. The second syndrome occurred in juveniles and growers exhibiting poor growth, and was characterized histologically by systemic lymphoid proliferation and nonsuppurative encephalitis (SLPE). Herpesviruses were isolated or detected by PCR from at least 1 internal organ in 31 of 33 SLPE cases (94%) compared with 5 of 95 crocodiles without the syndrome (5%, p < 0.0001). The third syndrome, characterized by multifocal lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the dermis (LNS), occurred in 6 harvest-sized crocodiles. Herpesviruses were isolated from at least 1 skin lesion in 4 of these 6 cases. Although our study revealed strong associations between herpesvirus and the CP and SLPE syndromes, the precise nature of the role of herpesvirus, along with the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the syndromes, requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Ian V Jerrett
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Steven Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Susan Walsh
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Suresh Benedict
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Sally R Isberg
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Grahame J W Webb
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Charlie Manolis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Timothy H Hyndman
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - David Phalen
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Gregory P Brown
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Lorna Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
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