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Fritzen JTT, Zucoloto NZ, Lorenzetti E, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Outbreak of persistently infected heifer calves with bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotypes 1b and 1d in a BVDV-vaccinated open dairy herd. Acta Trop 2024; 254:107198. [PMID: 38531427 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection has a significant economic impact on beef and dairy industries worldwide. Fetal infection with a non-cytopathic strain may lead to the birth of persistently infected (PI) offspring, which is the main event in the epidemiological chain of BVDV infection. This report describes the birth of 99 BVDV-PI heifer calves within 52 days of birth in a regular BVDV-vaccinated Brazilian dairy cattle herd and the subgenotypes of the infecting field strains. This study was conducted in a high-yielding open dairy cattle herd that frequently acquired heifers from neighboring areas for replacement. The farm monitors the birth of PI calves by screening all calves born using an ELISA (IDEXX) for BVDV antigen detection. All calves aged 1-7 days were evaluated. For positive and suspected results, the ELISA was repeated when the calves were close to one month old. A total of 294 heifer calves were evaluated between February and March 2021. Of these, 99 (33.7 %) had positive ELISA results and were considered PI calves. To evaluate the predominant BVDV species and subgenotypes in this outbreak, whole blood samples were collected from 31 calves born during the study period. All samples were submitted to the RT-PCR assay for the partial amplification of the BVDV 5'-UTR region, and these amplicons were subjected to nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis identified BVDV-1b and BVDV-1d in 16 and 13 heifer calves, respectively. In two calves, it was not possible to determine the BVDV-1 subgenotype. Detection of PI animals and monitoring of circulating BVDV subgenotype strains are central to disease control. This study shows that regular BVDV vaccination alone may be insufficient to prevent BVDV infection in high-yielding open dairy cattle herds. Other biosecurity measures must be adopted to avoid the purchase of cattle with acute infections by BVDV or BVDV-PI, which can cause a break in the health profile of the herd and economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Natalia Zaparoli Zucoloto
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Animal Health and Production, Universidade Pitágoras Unopar, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil; Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT-LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
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2
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HoBi-like Pestivirus Is Highly Prevalent in Cattle Herds in the Amazon Region (Northern Brazil). Viruses 2023; 15:v15020453. [PMID: 36851667 PMCID: PMC9965828 DOI: 10.3390/v15020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses are globally distributed and cause substantial economic losses to the cattle industry. In Brazil, the country with the world's largest cattle population, pestivirus infections are well described in some regions, such as in the south, where a high frequency of BVDV-2 is described and contrasts with the high prevalence of HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) in the northeast. However, there is a lack of information about pestiviruses in the Amazon Region, in northern Brazil, with a cattle population estimated at 55.7 million head, which has a significant impact on the international livestock market. Therefore, this study investigated the seroprevalence and genetic variability of ruminant pestiviruses in 944 bovine serum samples from four states in northern Brazil: Pará (PA), Amapá (AP), Roraima (RR), and Amazonas (AM). Our results showed that 45.4% of the samples were seropositive (19.8% for BVDV-1, 14.1% for BVDV-2, and 20.9% for HoBiPeV). All samples were tested by RT-qPCR, and three were positive and classified as HoBiPeV in a phylogenetic analysis. These serological and molecular results contrast with those from other regions of the world, suggesting that the northern Brazilian states have a high prevalence of all bovine pestiviruses including HoBiPeV.
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3
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Margineda CA, Ferreyra FM, Masnyj F, Audrito M, Favaro PM, María José DS, Pecora A. HoBi-like pestivirus in 2 cases of fatal respiratory disease of feedlot cattle in Argentina. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:693-698. [PMID: 35593639 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221098356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) is an emerging virus that has been detected in cattle and other ruminants. We diagnosed 2 cases of fatal bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) associated with infection with HoBiPeV in a feedlot in Argentina. The main findings in 2 steers autopsied were interstitial bronchopneumonia (case 1) and fibrinous bronchopneumonia (case 2). HoBiPeV was detected by RT-PCR in lungs of both animals and by immunohistochemistry in case 2. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both strains clustered within the "Brazilian-Italian" clade. In case 2, Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated from the lung. There is scant information about the contribution of HoBiPeV to the pathogenesis of BRDC. To our knowledge, HoBiPeV has not been reported previously in association with M. haemolytica pneumonia. Our findings further support the involvement of HoBiPeV in cases of BRDC and contribute to understanding the synergy of this etiologic agent in the pathogenesis of BRD, which is critical for the development of appropriate preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Margineda
- Sanidad Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria (EEA) Marcos Juárez, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Córdoba, Argentina.,Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Franco Matías Ferreyra
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Franco Masnyj
- Sanidad Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria (EEA) Marcos Juárez, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | - Dus Santos María José
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Pecora
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF. Epidemiology of Pestivirus H in Brazil and Its Control Implications. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:693041. [PMID: 34368280 PMCID: PMC8342886 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.693041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with viruses in the Pestivirus A (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1, BVDV1) and B species (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2, BVDV2), members of the Pestivirus H are mainly cattle pathogens. Viruses belonging to the Pestivirus H group are known as HoBi-like pestiviruses (HoBiPev). Genetic and antigenic characterization suggest that HoBiPev are the most divergent pestiviruses identified in cattle to date. The phylogenetic analysis of HoBiPev results in at least five subgroups (a–e). Under natural or experimental conditions, calves infected with HoBiPev strains typically display mild upper respiratory signs, including nasal discharge and cough. Although BVDV1 and BVDV2 are widely distributed and reported in many South American countries, reports of HoBiPev in South America are mostly restricted to Brazil. Despite the endemicity and high prevalence of HoBiPev in Brazil, only HoBiPev-a was identified to date in Brazil. Unquestionably, HoBiPev strains in BVDV vaccine formulations are required to help curb HoBiPev spread in endemic regions. The current situation in Brazil, where at this point only HoBiPev-a seems present, provides a more significant opportunity to control these viruses with the use of a vaccine with a single HoBiPev subtype. Despite the lack of differentiation among bovine pestiviruses by current BVDV tests, the reduced genetic variability of HoBiPev in Brazil may allow reliable identification of cases within the region. On the other hand, introducing foreign ruminants, biologicals, and genetic material to South America, especially if it originated from other HoBiPev-endemic countries, should consider the risk of introducing divergent HoBiPev subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK, United States
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Al-Kubati AAG, Hussen J, Kandeel M, Al-Mubarak AIA, Hemida MG. Recent Advances on the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Molecular Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Vaccines Development. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:665128. [PMID: 34055953 PMCID: PMC8160231 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.665128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) consists of two species and various subspecies of closely related viruses of varying antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence-induced pathogenesis. Despite the great ongoing efforts to control and prevent BVDV outbreaks and the emergence of new variants, outbreaks still reported throughout the world. In this review, we are focusing on the molecular biology of BVDV, its molecular pathogenesis, and the immune response of the host against the viral infection. Special attention was paid to discuss some immune evasion strategies adopted by the BVDV to hijack the host immune system to ensure the success of virus replication. Vaccination is one of the main strategies for prophylaxis and contributes to the control and eradication of many viral diseases including BVDV. We discussed the recent advances of various types of currently available classical and modern BVDV vaccines. However, with the emergence of new strains and variants of the virus, it is urgent to find some other novel targets for BVDV vaccines that may overcome the drawbacks of some of the currently used vaccines. Effective vaccination strategy mainly based on the preparation of vaccines from the homologous circulating strains. The BVDV-E2 protein plays important role in viral infection and pathogenesis. We mapped some important potential neutralizing epitopes among some BVDV genomes especially the E2 protein. These novel epitopes could be promising targets against the currently circulating strains of BVDV. More research is needed to further explore the actual roles of these epitopes as novel targets for the development of novel vaccines against BVDV. These potential vaccines may contribute to the global eradication campaign of the BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A G Al-Kubati
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdullah I A Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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6
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de Oliveira Freitas C, de Oliveira PSB, Monteiro FL, Noll JCG, Silva Júnior JVJ, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Sequence analysis of the DA domain of glycoprotein E2 of pestiviruses isolated from beef cattle in Southern Brazil. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1163-1170. [PMID: 33554289 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein E2 of pestiviruses is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we analyzed the E2 DA domain of 43 pestiviruses from Southern Brazil. The isolates were identified as Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) subtypes 1a and 1b or BVDV-2b. Compared to reference strains, the BVDV-1 and -2 isolates had four and two mutations in the DA domain, respectively. All BVDV-2 isolates had a deletion of residues 724 and 725. All mutated amino acids in the BVDV isolates had the same aa substitution, and all were in previously identified antibody binding sites. It is possible that an immunity-mediated selection is acting on the pestiviruses circulating in Southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Oliveira Freitas
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastian Britto de Oliveira
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francielle Liz Monteiro
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Caroline Gomes Noll
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Diel Laboratory, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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7
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Kalaiyarasu S, Mishra N, Jayalakshmi K, Selvaraj P, Sudhakar SB, Jhade SK, Sood R, Premalatha N, Singh VP. Molecular characterization of recent HoBi-like pestivirus isolates from cattle showing mucosal disease-like signs in India reveals emergence of a novel genetic lineage. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:308-326. [PMID: 33411944 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural infections with HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) have been detected in cattle in South America, Europe and Asia with a range of clinical manifestations including fatal mucosal disease (MD). In India, although HoBiPeV in cattle has been reported, there is no information on currently circulating HoBiPeV strains and associated severe clinical disease. Between September 2018 and December 2019, suspected cases of bovine viral diarrhoea with severe disease in cattle were noticed in farmers' small holdings in Tamil Nadu State. To determine the extent of pestivirus infection, blood, serum, nasal or oral swab samples of 46 cattle from 18 villages were tested. Based on the real-time RT-PCR, antigen ELISA and nucleotide sequencing results, pestivirus was detected in nine cattle from eight villages in two districts and all pestiviruses were identified as HoBiPeV. All nine HoBiPeV-infected cattle displayed clinical signs resembling MD and HoBiPeV isolates (n = 9) obtained were characterized at genetic and antigenic level. Phylogenetic analyses based on 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTR), Npro and combined 5'-UTR-Npro gene sequences revealed that eight HoBiPeV isolates clustered into a clade, distinct from all reported HoBiPeV clades (a-d), whereas one belonged to HoBiPeV-d clade, thus providing evidence of emergence of a novel HoBiPeV clade (e). This was also supported by HoBiPeV-e clade-specific amino acid substitutions in Npro and the antigenic reactivity patterns. The study demonstrates the existence and independent evolution of five HoBiPeV clades (four main clades) globally and surprisingly three exclusive to India. Also we confirm first HoBiPeV occurrence in southern India with predominant prevalence of HoBiPeV-e strains. Besides demonstrating increased HoBiPeV genetic diversity, here we show association of HoBiPeV with severe clinical disease involving fatalities highlighting impact of HoBiPeV on cattle health. The emergence of a novel HoBiPeV lineage provides new insights on global HoBiPeV epidemiology and genetic diversity reiterating the need for continuous monitoring of HoBiPeV in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Konappan Jayalakshmi
- Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC&RI), Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Palanisamy Selvaraj
- Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC&RI), Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | | | - Richa Sood
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Narayanasammi Premalatha
- Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC&RI), Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur, India
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8
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Diseases associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus subtypes 1a and 2b in beef and dairy cattle in Uruguay. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:357-368. [PMID: 31650465 PMCID: PMC7058746 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV, Pestivirus) causes significant economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. Although serological surveys show that BVDV exposure is widespread in cattle in Uruguay, BVDV-associated diseases are greatly underreported. The aim of this work is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and virological findings from spontaneous outbreaks of BVDV-associated diseases in cattle in Uruguay. Diagnostic investigations were performed during 6 spontaneous disease outbreaks on beef and dairy cattle farms in the departments of Colonia, Rio Negro, and Soriano between November 2016 and April 2018. Carcasses of 8 naturally deceased cattle from these outbreaks were necropsied and subjected to histological examination and immunohistochemistry to detect BVDV antigen in the tissues. Reverse transcription real-time PCR and genomic sequencing were also performed to identify BVDV at the species and subtype levels. Other ancillary diagnostic tests, including bacterial cultures, were performed on a case-by-case basis to rule in/out differential diagnoses based on initial clinicopathological presumptive diagnoses. BVDV-associated conditions that were diagnosed in the 8 cases included mucosal disease, transient postnatal BVDV infections associated with digestive/septicemic salmonellosis by Salmonella serovar typhimurium, Histophilus somni bronchopneumonia, urinary tract coinfections with Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp., enteric coinfection with coccidia, and transplacental fetal infections and abortions with Neospora caninum coinfection. BVDV-1a and BVDV-2b were each identified in four of the eight cases. We conclude that BVDV-1a and BVDV-2b contribute significantly to disease and mortality in cattle in Uruguay. Future research should estimate the economic impact of BVDV in the Uruguayan livestock sector.
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Hoppe IBAL, Souza-Pollo AD, Medeiros ASRD, Samara SI, Carvalho AAB. HoBi-like pestivirus infection in an outbreak of bovine respiratory disease. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:184-191. [PMID: 31539795 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HoBi-like is an emerging pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae detected in cattle herds and biological products of bovine origin in many parts of the world, causing disease similar to that observed in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections. In this study we reported the detection of HoBi-like pestivirus in an outbreak of respiratory disease in calves from Brazil, seropositive for viruses of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Thus, serum samples and nasal swabs were collected from calves up to one year old, presenting or not clinical signs of respiratory disease. Serum samples were submitted to virus neutralization test (VNT) for BVDV-1, BVDV-2, bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine parainfluenza-3 (BPIV-3). These samples were also tested for the presence of pestiviruses (BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and HoBi-like) and BoHV-1 by RT-PCR and PCR, respectively. Nasal swabs were analyzed by RT-PCR for pestiviruses, BRSV and BPIV-3. VNT results showed high serological prevalence and a wide range of antibodies titers, for all viruses studied, in calves of different age groups. The RT-PCR amplified the 5'UTR and E2 regions of pestiviruses of four calves, from both nasal swabs and serum samples, which sequencing identified the HoBi-like pestivirus. This is the first detection of HoBi-like in nasal secretions of calves in an outbreak of respiratory disease in Brazil, along with the serological detection of other respiratory viruses. We concluded that HoBi-like pestivirus should be considered as part of the BRDC, as a differential diagnosis, to take correct measures of control and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Bortolin Affonso Lux Hoppe
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n°, CEP: 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Andressa de Souza-Pollo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n°, CEP: 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréa Souza Ramos de Medeiros
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n°, CEP: 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samir Issa Samara
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n°, CEP: 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n°, CEP: 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The pestiviruses bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), 2 (BVDV-2), and HoBi-like (HoBiPeV) are endemic among Brazilian cattle, the world's largest commercial bovine herd. In the last two decades (1998-2018) over 300 bovine pestiviruses have been partially or fully sequenced in Brazil, including viruses from different regions, different epidemiological backgrounds, and associated with diverse clinical presentations. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses demonstrated a predominance of BVDV-1 (54.4%), with subgenotypes -1a (33.9% of total) and -1b (16.3%) being more frequent and subgenotypes -1d, -1e, and -1i at very low frequencies. The overall BVDV-2 frequency was 25.7% but it varied largely by region, reaching up to 48% in Southern states. BVDV-2b was the predominant subgenotype (84.8% of BVDV-2), followed by BVDV-2a (8.86%). HoBiPeV accounted for 19.9% (61/307) of the genotyped viruses and were detected at high frequency in cattle from Northeastern states. These findings demonstrate a unique mix of pestivirus species and subgenotypes, unlike that seen in Europe or North America. The design of effective diagnostic tools, vaccines, and control programs for limiting bovine pestivirus infections in Brazil must take into consideration this unique mix of viruses. This article provides a critical review of two decades of genetic identification of pestiviruses in Brazil.
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11
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Monteiro FL, Martins B, Cargnelutti JF, Noll JG, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Genetic identification of pestiviruses from beef cattle in Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:557-563. [PMID: 30877664 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine pestiviruses, e.g., bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 (BVDV-1 or Pestivirus A), BVDV-2 (Pestivirus B), and HoBi-like pestiviruses (HoBiPeV or Pestivirus H), have been shown to circulate in Brazilian cattle in varied proportions. In this study, we identified genetically pestiviruses circulating in beef cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, the southern most Brazilian state. Screening of serum of 15.584 beef calves destined to be export by an antigen capture ELISA and, subsequently, by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), revealed 135 containing pestivirus RNA. Genetic typing of these viruses based on nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of the viral genome allowed for the identification of 90 different viruses, being 38 BVDV-1 (42.2%), 31 BVDV-2 (34.4%), and 21 HoBiPeV (23.4%). Among BVDV-1, only subtypes BVDV-1a (n = 28, 31.1%) and BVDV-1b (n = 10, 11.1%) were identified. All 31 BVDV-2 isolates belonged to BVDV-2b subtype and the 21 HoBiPeV viruses clustered to subgroup 3a. Thus, this study provides an approximate genetic profile of pestiviruses circulating in beef cattle in a traditional Brazilian beef cattle-raising state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Liz Monteiro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Setor de Virologia (SV), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Martins
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Setor de Virologia (SV), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Setor de Virologia (SV), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jessica G Noll
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Setor de Virologia (SV), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Setor de Virologia (SV), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Setor de Virologia (SV), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Monteiro FL, Cargnelutti JF, Martins B, Noll JG, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Detection of bovine pestiviruses in sera of beef calves by a RT-PCR based on a newly designed set of pan-bovine pestivirus primers. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:255-258. [PMID: 30698509 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719826299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pestiviruses bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and -2, respectively) and HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) are important pathogens of cattle, and a number of reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR)-based assays have been developed for their detection in clinical specimens. We evaluated a newly designed set of pan-bovine pestivirus primers (BP189-389) in a gel-based RT-PCR screening test for pestiviruses in the sera of beef calves destined for export from southern Brazil. Serum samples positive for BVDV antigens by an antigen ELISA ( n = 135) were submitted to RT-PCR assays using different sets of primers, followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons. RT-PCR with pestivirus primers 324-326 detected 110 positive samples: BVDV-1 ( n = 62), BVDV-2 ( n = 38), and HoBiPeV ( n = 10). A PCR using primers HCV90-368 detected 97 positive samples (64 BVDV-1; 33 BVDV-2). An additional RT-PCR round using BVDV-2-specific primers (2F-2R) detected 45 positive samples (including 38 detected by primers 324-326 and 33 by HCV90-368); whereas a RT-PCR using HoBiPeV-specific primers (N2-R5) detected 26 positive samples (including 10 detected by primers 324-326).The assay using the primers BP189-389 detected all 135 ELISA-positive samples, including the 26 HoBiPeV detected by primers N2-R5. Our results demonstrated that primers BP189-389 compare favorably against other primer sets in the detection of bovine pestiviruses, especially HoBiPeV. This conventional PCR may be useful for efficient detection of pestiviruses in bovine sera and other specimens as well, especially in laboratories without real-time PCR equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Liz Monteiro
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (Monteiro, Cargnelutti, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Monteiro, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (Monteiro, Cargnelutti, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Monteiro, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno Martins
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (Monteiro, Cargnelutti, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Monteiro, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jessica G Noll
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (Monteiro, Cargnelutti, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Monteiro, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (Monteiro, Cargnelutti, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Monteiro, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (Monteiro, Cargnelutti, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Monteiro, Martins, Noll, Weiblen, Flores), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Jardim JC, Amaral BP, Martins M, Sebastian P, Heinemann MB, Cortez A, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Respiratory signs, fever and lymphopenia in calves inoculated with Brazilian HoBi-like pestiviruses. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:264-268. [PMID: 30040999 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hobi-like viruses (HobiPeV) comprise a novel, recently classified species of bovine pestiviruses, originally identified in commercial fetal bovine serum of Brazilian origin and, subsequently, isolated from diseased animals in several countries. Although frequently isolated from clinical cases, most HobiPeV isolates failed to reproduce overt disease in cattle upon experimental inoculation. Herein, we describe the outcome of experimental infection of four to six months-old seronegative calves with two Brazilian HobiPeV isolates. Calves inoculated intranasally with isolate SV478/07 developed viremia between days 2 and 9 post-inoculation (pi) and shed virus in nasal secretions up to day 11pi. These animals presented hyperthermia (day 7 to 10-11 pi) and lymphopenia from days 4 to 8pi. Clinically, all four calves developed varied degrees of apathy, anorexia, mild to moderate respiratory signs (nasal secretion, hyperemia), ocular discharge and pasty diarrhea in the days following virus inoculation. In contrast, calves inoculated with isolate SV757/15 presented only hyperthermia (days 3 to 10-11 pi) and lymphopenia (days 4-8 pi), without other apparent clinical signs. In these animals, viremia was detected up to day 9 pi and virus shedding in nasal secretions lasted up to day 12-14 pi. Both groups seroconverted to the inoculated viruses, developing virus neutralizing (VN) titers from 320 to 5120 at day 28pi. These results extend previous findings that experimental infections of calves with HobiPeV are predominantly mild, yet they also indicate that field isolates may differ in their ability to cause disease in susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - B P Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - M Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - P Sebastian
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Brazil
| | - A Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Weiblen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
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