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Kamathewatta KI, Condello AK, Kulappu Arachchige SN, Young ND, Shil PK, Noormohammadi AH, Tivendale KA, Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Characterisation of the tracheal transcriptional response of chickens to chronic infection with Mycoplasma synoviae. Vet Microbiol 2024; 294:110119. [PMID: 38772075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae causes infectious synovitis and respiratory tract infections in chickens and is responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Effective attachment and colonisation of the trachea is critical for the persistence of the organism and progression of the disease it causes. The respiratory tract infection is usually sub-clinical, but concurrent infection with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is known to enhance the pathogenicity of M. synoviae. This study aimed to explore differentially expressed genes in the tracheal mucosa, and their functional categories, during chronic infection with M. synoviae, using a M. synoviae-IBV infection model. The transcriptional profiles of the trachea were assessed 2 weeks after infection using RNA sequencing. In chickens infected with M. synoviae or IBV, only 1 or 8 genes were differentially expressed compared to uninfected chickens, respectively. In contrast, the M. synoviae-IBV infected chickens had 621 upregulated and 206 downregulated genes compared to uninfected chickens. Upregulated genes and their functional categories were suggestive of uncontrolled lymphoid cell proliferation and an ongoing pro-inflammatory response. Genes associated with anti-inflammatory effects, pathogen removal, apoptosis, regulation of the immune response, airway homoeostasis, cell adhesion and tissue regeneration were downregulated. Overall, transcriptional changes in the trachea, 2 weeks after infection with M. synoviae and IBV, indicate immune dysregulation, robust inflammation and a lack of cytotoxic damage during chronic infection. This model provides insights into the pathogenesis of chronic infection with M. synoviae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka I Kamathewatta
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly A Tivendale
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Kaplan BS, Dassanayake RP, Briggs RE, Kanipe CR, Boggiatto PM, Crawford LS, Olsen SC, Menghwar H, Casas E, Tatum FM. An injectable subunit vaccine containing Elongation Factor Tu and Heat Shock Protein 70 partially protects American bison from Mycoplasma bovis infection. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1408861. [PMID: 38988984 PMCID: PMC11234848 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1408861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is the etiologic agent of high mortality epizootics of chronic respiratory disease in American bison (Bison bison). Despite the severity of the disease, no efficacious commercial vaccines have been licensed for the prevention of M. bovis infection in bison. Elongation factor thermal unstable (EFTu) and Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70, DnaK) are highly conserved, constitutively expressed proteins that have previously been shown to provide protection against M. bovis infection in cattle. To assess the suitability of EFTu and Hsp70 as vaccine antigens in bison, the immune response to and protection conferred by an injectable, adjuvanted subunit vaccine comprised of recombinantly expressed EFTu and Hsp70 was evaluated. Vaccinates developed robust antibody and cellular immune responses against both EFTu and Hsp70 antigens. To assess vaccine efficacy, unvaccinated control and vaccinated bison were experimentally challenged with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) 4 days prior to intranasal infection with M. bovis. Vaccinated bison displayed reductions in joint infection, lung bacterial loads, and lung lesions compared to unvaccinated controls. Together, these results showed that this subunit vaccine reduced clinical disease and bacterial dissemination from the lungs in M. bovis challenged bison and support the further development of protein subunit vaccines against M. bovis for use in bison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Kaplan
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Robert E. Briggs
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carly R. Kanipe
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paola M. Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lauren S. Crawford
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Steven C. Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Harish Menghwar
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Fred M. Tatum
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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Kanci Condello A, Wawegama NK, Ekanayake D, Zhu L, Tivendale KA, Shil PK, Daly J, Mohotti S, Todhunter P, Underwood GJ, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Browning GF. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the novel Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine, Vaxsafe MG304, after spray-vaccination of 1-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110093. [PMID: 38692193 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry. A novel vaccine, Vaxsafe MG304 (the ts-304 strain), has greater protective efficacy in chickens than the Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-11) vaccine when delivered by eye drop at 3 weeks of age. Applying this vaccine in the hatchery to 1-day-old birds, using mass administration methods, would improve animal welfare and reduce labour costs associated with handling individual birds. This study assessed the protection provided by vaccination with Vaxsafe MG304 after administration to 1-day-old chicks. Chicks were administered a single dose of the vaccine to assess the efficacy of either a high dose (107.0 colour changing units, CCU) or a low dose (105.7 CCU) after eye drop or spray (in water or gel) administration against experimental challenge with virulent M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS at 7 weeks of age. The vaccine was able to colonise the palatine cleft of chicks after vaccination by eye drop (at both doses) or by spray (in water or gel) (at the high dose). The high dose of vaccine, when delivered by eye drop or spray, was shown to be safe and induced a serological response and protective immunity (as measured by tracheal mucosal thickness and air sac lesion scores) against challenge. Vaccination of 1-day-old chicks with Vaxsafe MG304 by eye drop induced protective immunity equivalent to vaccination at 3 weeks of age. Vaxsafe MG304 was also protective when applied by both coarse- and gel spray methods at the higher dose and is therefore a suitable live attenuated vaccine for use in 1-day-old chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dilhani Ekanayake
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Kelly A Tivendale
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - June Daly
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Sameera Mohotti
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited Research & Diagnostic Laboratory (RDL), RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Philip Todhunter
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Gregory J Underwood
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Kamathewatta KI, Kulappu Arachchige SN, Young ND, Condello AK, Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Transcriptomic analysis of the effects of tylosin on the protective immunity provided by the Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine Vaxsafe MG ts-304. Vet Microbiol 2024; 291:110029. [PMID: 38364466 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The antimicrobial tylosin is commonly used to control mycoplasma infections, sometimes in combination with vaccination. However, the efficacy of a live mycoplasma vaccine, when combined with subsequent antimicrobial treatment, against the effects of subsequent infection with a virulent strain is unknown. This study employed differential gene expression analysis to evaluate the effects of tylosin on the protection provided by the live attenuated Vaxsafe MG ts-304 vaccine, which has been shown to be safe and to provide long-term protective immunity against infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The transcriptional profiles of the tracheal mucosa revealed significantly enhanced inflammation, immune cell proliferation and adaptive immune responses in unvaccinated, untreated birds and in unvaccinated birds treated with tylosin 2 weeks after infection with virulent M. gallisepticum. These responses, indicative of the typical immune dysregulation caused by infection with M. gallisepticum, were less severe in the unvaccinated, tylosin-treated birds than in the unvaccinated, untreated birds. This was attributable to the effect of residual levels of tylosin in the tracheal mucosa on replication of virulent M. gallisepticum. These responses were not detected in vaccinated, tylosin-treated birds or in vaccinated, untreated birds after infection. The tracheal mucosal transcriptional profiles of these birds resembled those of unvaccinated, untreated, uninfected birds, suggesting a rapid and protective secondary immune response and effective vaccination. Overall, these results show that, although tylosin treatment reduced the duration of immunity, the initial protective immunity induced by Vaxsafe MG ts-304 lasted for at least 22 weeks after vaccination, even after the administration of tylosin for 16 weeks following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka I Kamathewatta
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Gelgie AE, Desai SE, Gelalcha BD, Kerro Dego O. Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1322267. [PMID: 38515536 PMCID: PMC10956102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1322267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis has recently been identified increasingly in dairy cows causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry. M. bovis is a causative agent for mastitis, pneumonia, endometritis, endocarditis, arthritis, otitis media, and many other clinical symptoms in cattle. However, some infected cows are asymptomatic or may not shed the pathogen for weeks to years. This characteristic of M. bovis, along with the lack of adequate testing and identification methods in many parts of the world until recently, has allowed the M. bovis to be largely undetected despite its increased prevalence in dairy farms. Due to growing levels of antimicrobial resistance among wild-type M. bovis isolates and lack of cell walls in mycoplasmas that enable them to be intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics that are widely used in dairy farms, there is no effective treatment for M. bovis mastitis. Similarly, there is no commercially available effective vaccine for M. bovis mastitis. The major constraint to developing effective intervention tools is limited knowledge of the virulence factors and mechanisms of the pathogenesis of M. bovis mastitis. There is lack of quick and reliable diagnostic methods with high specificity and sensitivity for M. bovis. This review is a summary of the current state of knowledge of the virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and control of M. bovis mastitis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aga E. Gelgie
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sarah E. Desai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Benti D. Gelalcha
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Jaramillo D, Foxwell J, Burrows L, Snell A. Mycoplasma bovis testing for the screening of semen imported into New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36866578 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2186506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the fitness of three PCR assays for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis in dilute (extended) bovine semen, and a reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) adaptation as a proxy for viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four commercial kit-based methods for nucleic acid extraction were compared to test for the presence of PCR inhibitors in nucleic acid extracted from undiluted and diluted semen. Then, analytical sensitivity, analytical specificity, and diagnostic specificity of two real-time PCR and one conventional PCR were evaluated for the detection of M. bovis DNA in semen and compared against microbial culture. Furthermore, an RT-PCR was adapted to detect RNA only and tested on viable and non-viable M. bovis to establish its ability to discriminate between the two. RESULTS No significant PCR inhibition was detected from the dilute semen. All DNA extraction methods except one were equivalent, regardless of semen dilution. The analytical sensitivity of the real-time PCR assays was estimated as 45.6 cfu per 200 µL semen straw (2.2 × 102 cfu/mL). The conventional PCR was 10 times less sensitive. No cross-reactivity was observed for the real-time PCR for any of the bacteria tested and the diagnostic specificity was estimated as 100 (95% CI = 94.04-100) %. The RT-PCR was poor in distinguishing between viable and non-viable M. bovis. The mean quantification cycle (Cq) values for RNA extracted from different treatments to kill M. bovis remained unchanged 0-48 hours after inactivation. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The real-time PCR were fit for the purpose of screening dilute semen for the detection of M. bovis to prevent incursion via importation of infected semen. The real-time PCR assays can be used interchangeably. The RT-PCR could not reliably indicate the viability of M. bovis. Based on the results from this study, a protocol and guidelines have been produced for laboratories elsewhere that wish to test bovine semen for M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jaramillo
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - J Foxwell
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - L Burrows
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - A Snell
- Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
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Walsh DP, Felts BL, Cassirer EF, Besser TE, Jenks JA. Host vs. pathogen evolutionary arms race: Effects of exposure history on individual response to a genetically diverse pathogen. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1039234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThroughout their range, bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations have seen significant disease-associated declines. Unfortunately, understanding of the underlying epidemiological processes driving the disease dynamics in this species has hindered conservation efforts aimed at improving the health and long-term viability of these populations. Individual response to pathogen exposure emerges from dynamic interactions between competing evolutionary processes within the host and pathogen. The host’s adaptive immune system recognizes pathogens and mounts a defensive response. Pathogens have evolved strategies to overcome adaptive immune defenses including maintaining high genetic diversity through rapid evolution. The outcomes of this evolutionary warfare determine the success of pathogen invasion of the host and ultimately the success of conservation efforts.MethodsDuring an epizootic dominated by a single strain, we explore these host-pathogen dynamics by examining the variation in effects of pathogen invasion on captive bighorn sheep with differing histories of exposure to genetically diverse strains of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Movi). We monitored clinical signs of disease and sampled animals and their environment to detect spread of Movi among 37 bighorn sheep separated into nine pens based on known exposure histories.ResultsWe documented Movi transmission within and across pens and we detected Movi DNA in air, water, and invertebrate samples. Higher levels of antibody to Movi prior to the epizootic were associated with a lower likelihood of presenting clinical signs of pneumonia. Nonetheless, higher antibody levels in symptomatic individuals were associated with more severe progressive disease, increased probability and speed of pneumonia-induced mortality, and reduced likelihood of returning to a healthy state. Bighorn sheep with previous exposure to a strain other than the predominant epizootic strain were more likely to recover.DiscussionOur results indicate that Movi-strain variability was sufficient to overwhelm the adaptive host immunological defenses. This outcome indicates, in free-ranging herds, past exposure is likely insufficient to protect bighorn sheep from infection by new Movi strains, although it influences the progression of disease and recovery within the herd. Therefore, given Movi-strain variability and the lack of immunological protection from past exposure, focusing management efforts on minimizing the introduction of Movi into bighorn herds, through separation of domestic and bighorn sheep and avoidance of management activities that create commingling of bighorn sheep carrying differing Movi strains, will likely be the most effective approach for reducing the effects of disease and achieving bighorn sheep conservation goals.
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Kanci Condello A, Morrow CJ, Kulappu Arachchige SN, Shil PK, Underwood GJ, Andrews DM, Omotainse OS, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Effects of administration of tylosin on the duration of protective immunity induced by the novel Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain, Vaxsafe MG ts-304, in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2023; 276:109605. [PMID: 36455495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic use of antimicrobials after administration of live vaccines is a common practice in the poultry industry, but the impact of this on the efficacy and duration of protection induced by the vaccines is unknown. The effect of treatment with tylosin on the efficacy of vaccination with the live attenuated M. gallisepticum strain, Vaxsafe MG ts-304, was examined. This vaccine has previously been shown to provide protection for at least 57 weeks. Ten-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with Vaxsafe MG ts-304 and then treated with tylosin at a therapeutic dose in drinking water from 6 weeks after vaccination. Tylosin was withdrawn 5 days before challenge with M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS at 6, 10, 14, 18 or 22 weeks after vaccination. Air sac lesions, tracheal mucosal thickening and the concentrations of serum antibodies against M. gallisepticum were assessed at 2 weeks after challenge. The protection induced by the vaccine in the 6 weeks before initiation of tylosin treatment persisted for 18 weeks after vaccination, with lesions only observed in the air sacs of vaccinated birds that had been treated with tylosin after challenge at 22 weeks after vaccination. Concentrations of serum antibodies against M. gallisepticum began to decrease in vaccinated birds that had been treated with tylosin from 16 weeks after vaccination. This study has suggested that treatment of chickens with tylosin after vaccination with a live attenuated mycoplasma vaccine reduces the duration of protective immunity afforded by the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Chris J Morrow
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Gregory J Underwood
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Daniel M Andrews
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Oluwadamilola S Omotainse
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Klose SM, Omotainse OS, Zare S, Vaz PK, Armat P, Shil P, Wawegama N, Kanci Condello A, O'Rourke D, Disint JF, Andrews DM, Underwood GJ, Morrow CJ, Marenda MS, Noormohammadi AH. Virulence factors of Mycoplasma synoviae: Three genes influencing colonization, immunogenicity, and transmissibility. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042212. [PMID: 36532420 PMCID: PMC9749132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Mycoplasma synoviae are major welfare and economic concerns in poultry industries worldwide. These infections cause chronic respiratory disease and/or synovitis in chickens and turkeys leading to reduced production and increased mortality rates. The live attenuated vaccine strain MS-H (Vaxsafe® MS), commonly used for protection against M. synoviae infection in many countries, contains 32 single nucleotide variations compared to its wildtype parent strain, 86079/7NS. Genomic analysis of vaccine strains reisolated from flocks following the administration of MS-H has identified reversions to the original 86079/7NS sequence in the obgE, oppF and gapdh genes. Here, three MS-H field reisolates containing the 86079/7NS genotype in obgE (AS2), obgE and oppF (AB1), and obgE, oppF and gapdh (TS4), as well as the vaccine MS-H and the parental strain 86079/7NS were experimentally inoculated to chickens. The strains were assessed for their ability to infect and elicit immune responses in the recipient chickens, as well as in naïve in-contact chickens. Despite the loss of temperature sensitivity phenotype and colonization of the reisolates in the lower respiratory tract, there was no significant differences detected in the microscopic mucosal thickness of the middle or lower trachea of the inoculated chickens. Concurrent reversions in ObgE, OppF and GAPDH proteins were associated with higher gross air sac lesion scores and increased microscopic upper-tracheal mucosal thickness in chickens directly inoculated with the reisolates following intratracheal administration of a virulent strain of infectious bronchitis virus. The gross air sac lesions of the chickens in-contact with those inoculated with reisolates were not significantly different to those of chickens in-contact with MS-H inoculated chickens, suggesting that horizontal transmission of the reisolates in the poultry flock will not lead to higher pathogenicity or clinical signs. These results suggest a significant role of GAPDH and/or cumulative effect of ObgE, OppF and GAPDH on M. synoviae pathogenicity. Future experiments will be required to investigate the effect of single mutations in gapdh or oppF gene on pathogenicity of M. synoviae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Klose
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Oluwadamilola S. Omotainse
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Sahar Zare
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Paola K. Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Parisa Armat
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pollob Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadeeka Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Denise O'Rourke
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Jillian F. Disint
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Chris J. Morrow
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Bioproperties Pty Ltd., Ringwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc S. Marenda
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Amir H. Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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Valeris-Chacin R, Powledge S, McAtee T, Morley PS, Richeson J. Mycoplasma bovis is associated with Mannheimia haemolytica during acute bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946792. [PMID: 35979489 PMCID: PMC9376970 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) represents a significant burden to the health of feedlot cattle and the profitability of the beef industry in the US. Mannheimia haemolytica is widely regarded as the primary bacterial pathogen driving acute BRD. While Mycoplasma bovis is most commonly implicated in chronic cases of BRD, this agent's potential role in acute stages of BRD is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate potential associations between M. bovis and M. haemolytica during acute BRD in feedlot cattle. Nasal swabs (n = 1,044) were collected over time from feedlot cattle (n = 270) enrolled in an experiment assessing the effect of vaccination for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV). Swabs were analyzed for detection of M. bovis, M. haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and BRSV via multiplex qPCR assays. Data were analyzed using inverse conditional probability weighted (ICPW) logistic regression models to investigate potential effects of M. bovis presence on arrival (d0), day seven (d7) and day 14 (d14) post-arrival on M. haemolytica prevalence on day 28 (d28) post-arrival, adjusting for the previous history of P. multocida, H. somni, BRSV, BRD morbidity, and body weight. The potential association between time-to-BRD detection and M. bovis presence on d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival, was inferred via an ICPW time-to-event model. The presence of M. bovis in nasal swabs collected on d7 post-arrival was significantly associated with an increase in the prevalence of M. haemolytica on d28 (prevalence difference: 45%; 95% Confidence Interval: 31%, 60%; P-value < 0.001). Significant time-varying coefficients for M. bovis presence were detected at d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival in the ICPW time-to-event model (P-value < 0.001). The shortest median time-to-BRD detection was 29 days in cattle that were M. bovis positive on d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival and in those that were positive on d0 and d14 post-arrival. Under the conditions of this study, our findings suggest that M. bovis may be influencing the respiratory environment during the acute phase of BRD, increasing the abundance of M. haemolytica, which could have important impacts on the occurrence of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Valeris-Chacin
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach (VERO), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert Valeris-Chacin
| | - Sherri Powledge
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Taylor McAtee
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Paul S. Morley
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach (VERO), Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - John Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
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Noda J, Tomizawa S, Takahashi K, Morimoto K, Mitarai S. Air pollution and airborne infection with mycobacterial bioaerosols: a potential attribution of soot. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2022; 19:717-726. [PMID: 33643419 PMCID: PMC7897364 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-021-03203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollutants are hypothesized to enhance the viability of airborne microbes by preventing them from degradation processes, thereby enhancing their atmospheric survival. In this study, Mycobacterium smegmatis is used as a model airborne bacteria, and different amounts of soot particles are employed as model air pollutants. The toxic effects of soot on aerosolized M. smegmatis are first evaluated and excluded by introducing them separately into a chamber, being sampled on a filter, and then cultured and counted. Secondly, the bacteria-soot mixture is exposed to UV with different durations and then cultured for bacterial viability evaluations. The results show that under UV exposure, the survival rates of the low-, medium-, and high-soot groups are 1.1 (±0.8) %, 70.9 (±4.3) %, and 61.0 (±17.6) %, respectively. This evidence significantly enhanced survival rates by soot at all UV exposures, though the combinations of UV exposure and soot amounts revealed a changing pattern of survival rates. The possible influence by direct and indirect effects of UV-damaging mechanisms is proposed. This study indicates the soot-induced survival rate enhancements of M. smegmatis under UV stress conditions, representing the possible relations between air pollution and the extended pathogenic viability and, therefore, increased airborne infection probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Noda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido Japan
| | - S. Tomizawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido Japan
| | - K. Takahashi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido Japan
| | - K. Morimoto
- Division of Clinical Research, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, Research Institute of Tuberculosis Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Mitarai
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, Research Institute of Tuberculosis Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Enhanced Pathogenesis Caused by Influenza D Virus and Mycoplasma bovis Coinfection in Calves: a Disease Severity Linked with Overexpression of IFN-γ as a Key Player of the Enhanced Innate Immune Response in Lungs. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0169021. [PMID: 34937196 PMCID: PMC8694133 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01690-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major disease of young cattle whose etiology lies in complex interactions between pathogens and environmental and host factors. Despite a high frequency of codetection of respiratory pathogens in BRD, data on the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis associated with viral and bacterial interactions are still limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of a coinfection with influenza D virus (IDV) and Mycoplasma bovis in cattle. Naive calves were infected by aerosol with a French IDV strain and an M. bovis strain. The combined infection shortened the incubation period, worsened the disease, and led to more severe macroscopic and microscopic lesions compared to these parameters in calves infected with only one pathogen. In addition, IDV promoted colonization of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) by M. bovis and increased white cell recruitment to the airway lumen. The transcriptomic analysis highlighted an upregulation of immune genes in the lungs of coinfected calves. The gamma interferon (IFN-γ) gene was shown to be the gene most statistically overexpressed after coinfection at 2 days postinfection (dpi) and at least until 7 dpi, which correlated with the high level of lymphocytes in the LRT. Downregulation of the PACE4 and TMPRSS2 endoprotease genes was also highlighted, being a possible reason for the faster clearance of IDV in the lungs of coinfected animals. Taken together, our coinfection model with two respiratory pathogens that when present alone induce moderate clinical signs of disease was shown to increase the severity of the disease in young cattle and a strong transcriptomic innate immune response in the LRT, especially for IFN-γ. IMPORTANCE Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is among the most prevalent diseases in young cattle. BRD is due to complex interactions between viruses and/or bacteria, most of which have a moderate individual pathogenicity. In this study, we showed that coinfection with influenza D virus (IDV) and Mycoplasma bovis increased the severity of the respiratory disease in calves in comparison with IDV or M. bovis infection. IDV promoted M. bovis colonization of the lower respiratory tract and increased white cell recruitment to the airway lumen. The transcriptomic analysis highlighted an upregulation of immune genes in the lungs of coinfected calves. The IFN-γ gene in particular was highly overexpressed after coinfection, correlated with the disease severity, immune response, and white cell recruitment in the lungs. In conclusion, we showed that IDV facilitates coinfections within the BRD complex by modulating the local innate immune response, providing new insights into the mechanisms involved in severe respiratory diseases.
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13
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Kulappu Arachchige SN, Wawegama NK, Coppo MJC, Derseh HB, Vaz PK, Kanci Condello A, Omotainse OS, Noormohammadi AH, Browning GF. Mucosal immune responses in the trachea after chronic infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in unvaccinated and vaccinated mature chickens. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13383. [PMID: 34343404 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tracheitis associated with the chronic respiratory disease in chickens caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum is marked by infiltration of leukocytes into the mucosa. Although cytokines/chemokines are known to play a key role in the recruitment, differentiation, and proliferation of leukocytes, those that are produced and secreted into the trachea during the chronic stages of infection with M. gallisepticum have not been described previously. In this study, the levels of transcription in the trachea of genes encoding a panel of 13 cytokines/chemokines were quantified after experimental infection with the M. gallisepticum wild-type strain Ap3AS in unvaccinated chickens and chickens vaccinated 40-, 48- or 57-weeks previously with the novel attenuated strain ts-304. These transcriptional levels in unvaccinated/infected and vaccinated/infected chickens were compared with those of unvaccinated/uninfected and vaccinated/uninfected chickens. Pathological changes and subsets of leukocytes infiltrating the tracheal mucosa were concurrently assessed by histopathological examination and indirect immunofluorescent staining. After infection, unvaccinated birds had a significant increase in tracheal mucosal thickness and in transcription of genes for cytokines/chemokines, including those for IFN-γ, IL-17, RANTES (CCLi4), and CXCL-14, and significant downregulation of IL-2 gene transcription. B cells, CD3+ or CD4+ cells and macrophages (KUL01+ ) accumulated in the mucosa but CD8+ cells were not detected. In vaccinated birds, the levels of transcription of the genes for IL-6, IL-2, RANTES and CXCL-14 were significantly lower after infection than in the unvaccinated/infected and/or unvaccinated/uninfected birds, while the transcription of the IFN-γ gene was significantly upregulated, and there were aggregations of B cells in the tracheal mucosa. These observations indicated that M. gallisepticum may have suppressed Th2 responses by upregulating secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17 by CD4+ cells and induced immune dysregulation characterized by depletion of CD8+ cells and downregulation of IL-2 in the tracheas of unvaccinated birds. The ts-304 vaccine appeared to induce long-term protection against this immune dysregulation. TAKE AWAY: The ts-304 vaccine-induced long-term protection against immune dysregulation caused by M. gallisepticum Detection of B cells and plasma cells in the tracheal mucosa suggested that long-term protection is mediated by mucosal B cell memory Infection of unvaccinated birds with M. gallisepticum resulted in CD8+ cell depletion and downregulation of IL-2 in the tracheal mucosa, suggestive of immune dysregulation Infection of unvaccinated birds with M. gallisepticum resulted in upregulation of IFN-γ and infiltration of CD4+ cells and antigen presenting cells (B and KUL01+ cells) into the tracheal mucosa, suggesting enhanced antigen processing and presentation during chronic infection Th2 responses to infection with M. gallisepticum may be dampened by CD4+ cells through upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-17 during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mauricio J C Coppo
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Habtamu B Derseh
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oluwadamilola S Omotainse
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Kulappu Arachchige SN, Kanci Condello A, Zhu L, Shil PK, Tivendale KA, Underwood GJ, Noormohammadi AH, Browning GF, Wawegama NK. Effects of immunosuppression on the efficacy of vaccination against Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2021; 260:109182. [PMID: 34315003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression can increase the susceptibility of chickens to other disease-causing pathogens and interfere with the efficacy of vaccination against those pathogens. Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are common causes of immunosuppression in chickens. Immunosuppression was induced by experimental infection with either CAV or IBDV to assess the effect of immunosuppression on the efficacy of vaccination with Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain ts-304 against infection with virulent M. gallisepticum, a common bacterial pathogen of chickens worldwide. Birds were experimentally infected with either CAV or IBDV at 1 week of age, before vaccination and challenge with M. gallisepticum to examine the effect of immunosuppression at the time of vaccination, or at 6 weeks of age, after vaccination against M. gallisepticum but before challenge with virulent M. gallisepticum, to investigate the effect of immunosuppression at the time of challenge. All birds were vaccinated with a single dose of the ts-304 vaccine at 3 weeks of age and experimentally challenged with the virulent M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS at 8 weeks of age. In immunosuppressed chickens there was a reduction in protection offered by the ts-304 vaccine at two weeks after challenge, as measured by tracheal mucosal thicknesses, serum antibody levels against M. gallisepticum, air sac lesion scores and virulent M. gallisepticum load in the trachea. Immunosuppressed birds with detectable serum antibodies against M. gallisepticum were less likely to have tracheal lesions. This study has shown that immunosuppression caused by infection with CAV or IBDV can interfere with vaccination against mycoplasmosis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly A Tivendale
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J Underwood
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Kulappu Arachchige SN, Young ND, Kanci Condello A, Omotainse OS, Noormohammadi AH, Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Transcriptomic Analysis of Long-Term Protective Immunity Induced by Vaccination With Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strain ts-304. Front Immunol 2021; 11:628804. [PMID: 33603758 PMCID: PMC7885271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines are commonly used to control Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in chickens. M. gallisepticum ts-304 is a novel live attenuated vaccine strain that has been shown to be safe and effective. In this study, the transcriptional profiles of genes in the tracheal mucosa in chickens challenged with the M. gallisepticum wild-type strain Ap3AS at 57 weeks after vaccination with ts-304 were explored and compared with the profiles of unvaccinated chickens that had been challenged with strain Ap3AS, unvaccinated and unchallenged chickens, and vaccinated but unchallenged chickens. At two weeks after challenge, pair-wise comparisons of transcription in vaccinated-only, vaccinated-and-challenged and unvaccinated and unchallenged birds detected no differences. However, the challenged-only birds had significant up-regulation in the transcription of genes and enrichment of gene ontologies, pathways and protein classes involved in infiltration and proliferation of inflammatory cells and immune responses mediated through enhanced cytokine and chemokine production and signaling, while those predicted to be involved in formation and motor movement of cilia and formation of the cellular cytoskeleton were significantly down-regulated. The transcriptional changes associated with the inflammatory response were less severe in these mature birds than in the relatively young birds examined in a previous study. The findings of this study demonstrated that vaccination with the attenuated M. gallisepticum strain ts-304 protects against the transcriptional changes associated with the inflammatory response and pathological changes in the tracheal mucosa caused by infection with M. gallisepticum in chickens for at least 57 weeks after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Oluwadamilola S Omotainse
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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Mycoplasma bovis mbfN Encodes a Novel LRR Lipoprotein That Undergoes Proteolytic Processing and Binds Host Extracellular Matrix Components. J Bacteriol 2020; 203:JB.00154-20. [PMID: 33077633 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00154-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes serious infections in ruminants, leading to huge economic losses. Lipoproteins are key components of the mycoplasma membrane and are believed to function in nutrient acquisition, adherence, enzymatic interactions with the host, and induction of the host's immune response to infection. Many genes of M. bovis have not been assigned functions, in part because of their low sequence similarity with other bacteria, making it difficult to extrapolate gene functions. This study examined functions of a surface-localized leucine-rich repeat (LRR) lipoprotein encoded by mbfN of M. bovis PG45. Homologs of MbfN were detected as 48-kDa peptides by Western blotting in all the strains of M. bovis included in this study, with the predicted 70-kDa full-length polypeptide detected in some strains. Sequence analysis of the gene revealed the absence in some strains of a region encoding the carboxyl-terminal 147 amino acids found in strain PG45, which could account for the variation detected by immunoblotting. In silico analysis of MbfN suggested that it may have an adhesion-related function. In vitro binding assays confirmed MbfN to be a fibronectin and heparin-binding protein. Disruption of mbfN in M. bovis PG45 significantly reduced (P = 0.033) the adherence of M. bovis PG45 to MDBK cells in vitro, demonstrating the role of MbfN as an adhesin.IMPORTANCE Experimental validation of the putative functions of genes in M. bovis will advance our understanding of the basic biology of this economically important pathogen and is crucial in developing prevention strategies. This study demonstrated the extracellular matrix binding ability of a novel immunogenic lipoprotein of M. bovis, and the role of this protein in adhesion by M. bovis suggests that it could play a role in virulence.
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17
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Sacchini F, Liljander AM, Heller M, Poole EJ, Posthaus H, Schieck E, Jores J. Reproduction of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia via aerosol-based challenge with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:62. [PMID: 33198794 PMCID: PMC7670801 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. Infection occurs via Mycoplasma-containing droplets and therefore requires close contact between animals. The current infection models are suboptimal and based on intratracheal installation of mycoplasmas or in-contact infection. This work tested the infection of adult cattle via aerosols containing live mycoplasmas mimicking the infection of cattle in the field. Therefore, we infected six cattle with aerosolized Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strain Afadé over seven consecutive days with altogether 109 colony forming units. All animals seroconverted between 11–24 days post infection and five out of six animals showed typical CBPP lesions. One animal did not show any lung lesions at necropsy, while another animal had to be euthanized at 25 days post infection because it reached endpoint criteria. Seroconversion confirmed successful infection and the spectrum of clinical and lesions observed mirrors epidemiological models and the field situation, in which only a fraction of animals suffers from acute clinical disease post infection.
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18
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Kanci Condello A, Kulappu Arachchige SN, Shil PK, Underwood GJ, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Duration of protective immunity induced by Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain ts-304 vaccine in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108883. [PMID: 33069036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important pathogen of poultry worldwide, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys. MG ts-304 is a GapA positive clone recovered from Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-11) that has been shown to be safe in chickens when delivered by the eye drop route to 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens and to confer protection against challenge at 4 weeks after vaccination, as measured by tracheal mucosal thickness and air sac lesion scores. In this study, specific pathogen-free chickens (SPF) were vaccinated with a single dose of the MG ts-304 vaccine (106.0 colour changing units) at 3 weeks of age and experimentally challenged by aerosol with the virulent M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS at 40, 48 and 57 weeks after vaccination. There were no significant differences in tracheal mucosal thickness 2 weeks after challenge between chickens challenged at the three time points, or between the vaccinated birds after challenge and unvaccinated/unchallenged control birds. Thus there was clear evidence that the immunity conferred by vaccination with the MG ts-304 vaccine resulted in significant protection against tracheitis in chickens that extended to, but was highly likely to exceed, 57 weeks after vaccination and that similar long term protective immunity could be expected to be conferred by a vaccine dose lower than that used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Gregory J Underwood
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria, 3134, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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19
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Dudek K, Nicholas RAJ, Szacawa E, Bednarek D. Mycoplasma bovis Infections-Occurrence, Diagnosis and Control. Pathogens 2020; 9:E640. [PMID: 32781697 PMCID: PMC7459460 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a cause of bronchopneumonia, mastitis and arthritis but may also affect other main organs in cattle such us the eye, ear or brain. Despite its non-zoonotic character, M. bovis infections are responsible for substantial economic health and welfare problems worldwide. M. bovis has spread worldwide, including to countries for a long time considered free of the pathogen. Control of M. bovis infections is hampered by a lack of effective vaccines and treatments due to increasing trends in antimicrobial resistance. This review summarizes the latest data on the epizootic situation of M. bovis infections and new sources/routes of transmission of the infection, and discusses the progress in diagnostics. The review includes various recommendations and suggestions which could be applied to infection control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dudek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24100 Pulawy, Poland; (E.S.); (D.B.)
| | | | - Ewelina Szacawa
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24100 Pulawy, Poland; (E.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Dariusz Bednarek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24100 Pulawy, Poland; (E.S.); (D.B.)
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20
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Contagious Bovine and Caprine Pleuropneumonia: a research community's recommendations for the development of better vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:66. [PMID: 32728480 PMCID: PMC7381681 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are major infectious diseases of ruminants caused by mycoplasmas in Africa and Asia. In contrast with the limited pathology in the respiratory tract of humans infected with mycoplasmas, CBPP and CCPP are devastating diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Beyond their obvious impact on animal health, CBPP and CCPP negatively impact the livelihood and wellbeing of a substantial proportion of livestock-dependent people affecting their culture, economy, trade and nutrition. The causative agents of CBPP and CCPP are Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides and Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae, respectively, which have been eradicated in most of the developed world. The current vaccines used for disease control consist of a live attenuated CBPP vaccine and a bacterin vaccine for CCPP, which were developed in the 1960s and 1980s, respectively. Both of these vaccines have many limitations, so better vaccines are urgently needed to improve disease control. In this article the research community prioritized biomedical research needs related to challenge models, rational vaccine design and protective immune responses. Therefore, we scrutinized the current vaccines as well as the challenge-, pathogenicity- and immunity models. We highlight research gaps and provide recommendations towards developing safer and more efficacious vaccines against CBPP and CCPP.
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21
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Rapid Identification of Mycoplasma bovis Strains from Bovine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry after Enrichment Procedure. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00004-20. [PMID: 32229599 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00004-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a leading cause of pneumonia in modern calf rearing. Fast identification is essential to ensure appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a protocol to identify M. bovis from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS and to determine the diagnostic accuracy in comparison with other techniques. BALf was obtained from 104 cattle, and the presence of M. bovis was determined in the following three ways: (i) rapid identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS (RIMM) (BALf was enriched and after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation and was analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS), (ii) triplex real-time PCR for M. bovis, Mycoplasma bovirhinis, and Mycoplasma dispar, and (iii) 10-day incubation on selective-indicative agar. The diagnostic accuracy of the three tests was determined with Bayesian latent class modeling (BLCM). After 24 h of enrichment, M. bovis was identified with MALDI-TOF MS in 3 out of 104 BALf samples. After 48 and 72 h of enrichment, 32/104 and 38/100 samples, respectively, were M. bovis positive. Lipase-positive Mycoplasma-like colonies were seen in 28 of 104 samples. Real-time PCR resulted in 28/104 positive and 12/104 doubtful results for M. bovis The BLCM showed a sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of 86.6% (95% credible interval [CI], 69.4% to 97.6%) and 86.4% (CI, 76.1 to 93.8) for RIMM. For real-time PCR, Se was 94.8% (CI, 89.9 to 97.9) and Sp was 88.9% (CI, 78.0 to 97.4). For selective-indicative agar, Se and Sp were 70.5% (CI, 52.1 to 87.1) and 93.9% (CI, 85.9 to 98.4), respectively. These results suggest that rapid identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS after an enrichment procedure is a promising test for routine diagnostics in veterinary laboratories.
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22
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Kulappu Arachchige SN, Young ND, Shil PK, Legione AR, Kanci Condello A, Browning GF, Wawegama NK. Differential Response of the Chicken Trachea to Chronic Infection with Virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strain Ap3AS and Vaxsafe MG (Strain ts-304): a Transcriptional Profile. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00053-20. [PMID: 32122943 PMCID: PMC7171234 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00053-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the primary etiological agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Live attenuated vaccines are most commonly used in the field to control the disease, but current vaccines have some limitations. Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-304) is a new vaccine candidate that is efficacious at a lower dose than the current commercial vaccine strain ts-11, from which it is derived. In this study, the transcriptional profiles of the trachea of unvaccinated chickens and chickens vaccinated with strain ts-304 were compared 2 weeks after challenge with M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS during the chronic stage of infection. After challenge, genes, gene ontologies, pathways, and protein classes involved in inflammation, cytokine production and signaling, and cell proliferation were upregulated, while those involved in formation and motor movement of cilia, formation of intercellular junctional complexes, and formation of the cytoskeleton were downregulated in the unvaccinated birds compared to the vaccinated birds, reflecting immune dysregulation and the pathological changes induced in the trachea by infection with M. gallisepticum Vaccination appears to protect the structural and functional integrity of the tracheal mucosa 2 weeks after infection with M. gallisepticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Kanci Condello A, Underwood GJ, Shil PK, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain ts-304 is a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine for use in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108654. [PMID: 32402331 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-11) is a live attenuated vaccine against the important poultry pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum that has been used globally to improve poultry health. However, the majority of the bacterial cells in Vaxsafe MG do not express the GapA cytadhesin, reducing their capacity to colonise the respiratory tract. Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-304) is a GapA positive clone recovered from Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-11) that has been shown to be safe and efficacious in turkeys, and preliminary studies have suggested that Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-304) may have greater efficacy in chickens than Vaxsafe MG (ts-11). The studies described here aimed to meet the international regulatory requirements for safety and efficacy in chickens. The vaccine colonised the trachea of 3-week-old chickens without inducing signs of respiratory disease or significant lesions in the respiratory tract, and was safe at a tenfold overdose and after repeated administration. It was transmissible from vaccinated to naïve chickens with no evidence of reversion to virulence following multiple in vivo passages. Finally, the superiority of Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-304) was demonstrated by its capacity to induce similar protection against infection with wild type M. gallisepticum at a 40 fold lower dose than the end of shelf life titre dose of Vaxsafe MG (ts-11). The lower effective dose of Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-304) allows it to be freeze-dried, enhancing its stability, making it easier to transport and store the vaccine and increasing its shelf life. Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-304) is, therefore, a highly efficacious and promising live attenuated vaccine candidate suitable for use in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Gregory J Underwood
- Bioproperties Proprietary Limited, 36 Charter Street, Ringwood, Victoria, 3134, Australia
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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24
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Lu Y, Lu Q, Cheng Y, Wen G, Luo Q, Shao H, Zhang T. High concentration of coagulase-negative staphylococci carriage among bioaerosols of henhouses in Central China. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:21. [PMID: 31992193 PMCID: PMC6986044 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-1709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are a group of opportunistic pathogens, which are widely spread in the environment. Animal breeding is an important source of pathogen spreading. However, the concentration and characteristics of CoNS in the bioaerosols of henhouses are unclear. Results In this study, we showed that CoNS were significantly increased in bioaerosols of henhouses during the first 60 days, and reached 2.0 × 106 CFU/m3, which account for 75.4% of total bacteria. One hundred and two CoNS isolates from bioaerosols and nasal swabs of farmers were further identified, covering seven species. Among these, 41.2% isolates were Staphylococcus sciuri, which was the predominant species, followed by S. equorum, S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. xylosus, S. arlettae and S. gallinarum. There were high rates of resistance to oxacillin in CoNS (49.0%), which were defined as Methicillin-Resistant CoNS (MRCoNS), and 36.3% isolates contained resistance gene mecA. Bioaerosol infection models showed that, chickens exposed to aerosolized S. sciuri had significant induction of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 at 5 days post-infection (dpi) in lungs and at 7 dpi in spleens. Conclusions We reported a high concentration of CoNS in henhouses, and S. sciuri was the preponderant CoNS species. Antibiotic resistance analysis and bioaerosols infection of CoNS further highlighted its hazards on resistance and immunological challenge. These results suggested that, CoNS in bioaerosols could be one serious factor in the henhouses for not only poultry industry but also public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Lu
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Qin Lu
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Yiluo Cheng
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Guoyuan Wen
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Qingping Luo
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Huabin Shao
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Key laboratory of prevention and control agents for animal bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China.
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25
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Chao J, Han X, Liu K, Li Q, Peng Q, Lu S, Zhu X, Hu G, Dong Y, Hu C, Chen Y, Chen J, Khan FA, Chen H, Guo AA. Calves Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Mycoplasma bovis Strains Have Upregulated Th17 Inflammatory and Th1 Protective Responses, Respectively. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090656. [PMID: 31466385 PMCID: PMC6770603 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a critical bovine pathogen, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, the virulent HB0801 (P1) and attenuated HB0801-P150 (P150) strains of M. bovis were used to explore the potential pathogenesis and effect of induced immunity from calves’ differential transcriptomes post infection. Nine one-month-old male calves were infected with P1, P150, or mock-infected with medium and euthanized at 60 days post-infection. Calves in P1 group exhibited other clinical signs and pathological changes compared to the other two groups. Transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed seven and 10 hub differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in P1 and P150 groups compared with mock-infected group, respectively. Then, P1-induced pathogenesis was predicted to be associated with enhanced Th17, and P150-induced immunity with Th1 response and expression of ubiquitination-associated enzymes. Association analysis showed that 14 and 11 DEGs were positively and negatively correlated with pathological changes, respectively. Furthermore, up-regulated expression in molecules critical to differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells in lung and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in P1 group was validated at RNA and protein levels. The results confirmed virulent and attenuated strains might be associated with biased differentiation of pro-inflammatory pathogenic Th17 and Th1 subsets respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingni Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Siyi Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guyue Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaqi Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Farhan Anwar Khan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - And Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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26
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Petersen MB, Ersbøll AK, Krogh K, Nielsen LR. Increased incidence rate of undesired early heifer departure in Mycoplasma bovis-antibody positive Danish dairy cattle herds. Prev Vet Med 2019; 166:86-92. [PMID: 30935510 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis infections cause disease and production losses in cattle worldwide. The long-term consequences are not well described despite being important for management decisions during and after disease outbreaks. We investigated the association between M. bovis antibody-positivity and undesired early departure (UED, i.e. death, euthanasia or slaughter) before first calving in a cohort of 636 heifers from 36 Danish dairy herds with and without a history of M. bovis-associated disease. The herds were visited 4 times at 3-month intervals and blood samples from young stock and milk samples from lactating cows were collected. Poisson regression was performed to examine the association with UED as outcome, logarithmic transformation of risk time as offset and herd as a random effect. Individual antibody measurements and group-level variables representing the infection level among young stock and cows, age and mortality variables were included in the model. The incidence rate ratio of UED increased by 1.23 times for every 10% increase in M. bovis young stock seroprevalence, while the effect of individual antibody level was modified by age and influenced UED less. In conclusion, UED in heifers was associated with M. bovis antibody-positivity in young stock and should be controlled in dairy herds to reduce losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Bisgaard Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Annette Kjær Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaspar Krogh
- Ceva Animal Health A/S, Ladegaardsvej 2, 7100, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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27
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Liljander A, Sacchini F, Stoffel MH, Schieck E, Stokar-Regenscheit N, Labroussaa F, Heller M, Salt J, Frey J, Falquet L, Goovaerts D, Jores J. Reproduction of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia reveals the ability of convalescent sera to reduce hydrogen peroxide production in vitro. Vet Res 2019; 50:10. [PMID: 30736863 PMCID: PMC6368817 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae is a severe disease widespread in Africa and Asia. Limited knowledge is available on the pathogenesis of this organism, mainly due to the lack of a robust in vivo challenge model and the means to do site-directed mutagenesis. This work describes the establishment of a novel caprine challenge model for CCPP that resulted in 100% morbidity using a combination of repeated intranasal spray infection followed by a single transtracheal infection employing the recent Kenyan outbreak strain ILRI181. Diseased animals displayed CCPP-related pathology and the bacteria could subsequently be isolated from pleural exudates and lung tissues in concentrations of up to 109 bacteria per mL as well as in the trachea using immunohistochemistry. Reannotation of the genome sequence of ILRI181 and F38T revealed the existence of genes encoding the complete glycerol uptake and metabolic pathways involved in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the phylogenetically related pathogen M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Furthermore, the expression of L-α-glycerophosphate oxidase (GlpO) in vivo was confirmed. In addition, the function of the glycerol metabolism was verified by measurement of production of H2O2 in medium containing physiological serum concentrations of glycerol. Peroxide production could be inhibited with serum from convalescent animals. These results will pave the way for a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions during CCPP and subsequent vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Liljander
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 120, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elise Schieck
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Nadine Stokar-Regenscheit
- Institute of Animal Pathology (COMPATH), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Heller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute-Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Falquet
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Chemin du Musée 18, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Danny Goovaerts
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Joerg Jores
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya. .,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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28
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Calcutt MJ, Lysnyansky I, Sachse K, Fox LK, Nicholas RAJ, Ayling RD. Gap analysis of Mycoplasma bovis disease, diagnosis and control: An aid to identify future development requirements. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:91-109. [PMID: 29582590 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a worldwide problem of disease caused by Mycoplasma (M.) bovis in cattle; it has a significant detrimental economic and animal welfare impact on cattle rearing. Infection can manifest as a plethora of clinical signs including mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, otitis media and genital disorders that may result in infertility and abortion. Current diagnosis and control information are reviewed and analysed to identify gaps in knowledge of the causative organism in respect of the disease pathology, diagnosis and control methods. The main considerations are as follows: no vaccines are commercially available; antimicrobial resistance is increasing; diagnostic and antimicrobial sensitivity testing needs to be improved; and a pen-side test would facilitate more rapid diagnosis and implementation of treatment with antimicrobials. More data on host susceptibility, stress factors, immune response and infectious dose levels are required. The impact of asymptomatic carriers, M. bovis survival in the environment and the role of wildlife in transmitting the disease also needs investigation. To facilitate development of vaccines, further analysis of more M. bovis genomes, its pathogenic mechanisms, including variable surface proteins, is required, along with reproducible disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K Sachse
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany.,Department of RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - L K Fox
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - R D Ayling
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
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