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Yang Y, Xie S, He F, Xu Y, Wang Z, Ihsan A, Wang X. Recent development and fighting strategies for lincosamide antibiotic resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0016123. [PMID: 38634634 PMCID: PMC11237733 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00161-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYLincosamides constitute an important class of antibiotics used against a wide range of pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, due to the misuse of lincosamide and co-selection pressure, the resistance to lincosamide has become a serious concern. It is urgently needed to carefully understand the phenomenon and mechanism of lincosamide resistance to effectively prevent and control lincosamide resistance. To date, six mobile lincosamide resistance classes, including lnu, cfr, erm, vga, lsa, and sal, have been identified. These lincosamide resistance genes are frequently found on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids, transposons, integrative and conjugative elements, genomic islands, and prophages. Additionally, MGEs harbor the genes that confer resistance not only to antimicrobial agents of other classes but also to metals and biocides. The ultimate purpose of discovering and summarizing bacterial resistance is to prevent, control, and combat resistance effectively. This review highlights four promising strategies, including chemical modification of antibiotics, the development of antimicrobial peptides, the initiation of bacterial self-destruct program, and antimicrobial stewardship, to fight against resistance and safeguard global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shiyu Xie
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fangjing He
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yindi Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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2
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De Lorenzi G, Gherpelli Y, Luppi A, Pupillo G, Bassi P, Dottori M, Di Donato A, Merialdi G, Bonilauri P. In vitro susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains isolated in pigs in northern Italy between 2005 and 2022. Res Vet Sci 2024; 168:105152. [PMID: 38219471 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Pleuromutilins (tiamulin and valnemulin) are often used to treat swine dysentery due to recurrent resistance to macrolides and lincosamides. Recently, reduced susceptibility of B. hyodysenteriae to pleuromutilin has been reported. 536 strains of B. hyodysenteriae were isolated from symptomatic pigs weighing 30-150 kg in northern Italy between 2005 and 2022. B. hyodysenteriae was isolated by standard methods and confirmed by PCR. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to doxycycline, lincomycin, tiamulin, tylosin, tylvalosine and valnemulin was evaluated according to CLSI procedures and MIC data were reported as MIC 50 and MIC 90. The temporal trend of the MIC values was evaluated by dividing the data into two groups (2005-2013 and 2014-2022). Comparison of the distribution in frequency classes in the two periods was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test (p < 0.01). MIC 50 was close to the highest values tested for lincomycin and tylosin, while MIC 90 was close to the highest values tested for all antibiotics. 71.7% of the strains were susceptible to tylvalosin, while 75%-80.4% had reduced susceptibility to valnemulin and tiamulin, respectively. The difference in the distribution of MIC classes was statistically significant in the two periods for doxycycline, tiamulin, tylvalosin and valnemulin, and more MIC classes above the epidemiological cut-off were observed in 2014-2022 compared with 2005-2013. The evaluation of the trends during the period considered shows a decreasing rate of wild-type strains with MIC values below the epidemiological cut-off over time and confirms the presence of resistant strains in northern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia De Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Yuri Gherpelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Pupillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Bassi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Michele Dottori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Di Donato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Merialdi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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Stubberfield E, AbuOun M, Card RM, Welchman D, Anjum MF. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Brachyspira species isolated from UK chickens: Identification of novel variants of pleuromutilin and beta-lactam resistance genes. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109992. [PMID: 38306769 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.109992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Brachyspira species are Gram negative, anaerobic bacteria that colonise the gut of many animals, including poultry. In poultry, Brachyspira species can be commensal (B. innocens, B. murdochii, 'B. pulli') or pathogenic (B. pilosicoli, B. intermedia, B. alvinipulli or rarely B. hyodysenteriae), the latter causing avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS). Antimicrobial therapy options for treatment is limited, frequently involving administration of the pleuromutilin, tiamulin, in water. In this study 38 Brachyspira isolates from chickens in the UK, representing both commensal and pathogenic species, were whole genome sequenced to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to a number of antimicrobials was also determined. We identified several new variants of blaOXA in B. pilosicoli and B. pulli isolates, and variations in tva which led to two new tva variants in B.murdochii and B.pulli. A number of isolates also harboured mutations known to encode AMR in the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. The percentage of isolates that were genotypically multi-drug resistance (MDR) was 16%, with the most common resistance profile being: tetracycline, pleuromutilin and beta-lactam, which were found in three 'B. pulli' and one B. pilosicoli. There was good correlation with the genotype and the corresponding antibiotic MIC phenotypes: pleuromutilins (tiamulin and valnemulin), macrolides (tylosin and tylvalosin), lincomycin and doxycycline. The occurrence of resistance determinants identified in this study in pathogenic Brachyspira, especially those which were MDR, is likely to impact treatment of AIS and clearance of infections on farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Stubberfield
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Roderick M Card
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - David Welchman
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Winchester, Itchen Abbas, Winchester SO21 1BX, UK
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Kulathunga DGRS, Harding JCS, Rubin JE. Antimicrobial susceptibility of western Canadian Brachyspira isolates: Development and standardization of an agar dilution susceptibility test method. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286594. [PMID: 37390052 PMCID: PMC10313021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The re-emergence of Brachyspira-associated disease in pigs since the late 2000s has illuminated some of the diagnostic challenges associated with this genus; notably, the lack of standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methods and interpretive criteria. Consequently, laboratories have relied heavily on highly variable in-house developed methods. There are currently no published investigations describing the antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira isolates collected from pigs in Canada. The first objective of this study was therefore to develop a standardized protocol for conducting agar dilution susceptibility testing of Brachyspira spp., including determining the optimal standardized inoculum density, a key test variable that impacts test performance. The second objective was to determine the susceptibility of a collection of western Canadian Brachyspira isolates using the standardized methodology. After assessing multiple media, an agar dilution test was standardized in terms of starting inoculum (1-2 × 108 CFU/ml), incubation temperature and time, and assessed for repeatability. The antimicrobial susceptibility of a collection of clinical porcine Brachyspira isolates (n = 87) collected between 2009-2016 was then determined. This method was highly reproducible; repeat susceptibility testing yielded identical results 92% of the time. Although most of the isolates had very low MICs to the commonly used antimicrobials to treat Brachyspira-associated infections, several isolates with elevated MICs (>32 μg/ml) for tiamulin, valnemulin, tylosin, tylvalosin, and lincomycin were identified. Overall, this study underscores the importance of establishing CLSI approved clinical breakpoints for Brachyspira to facilitate the interpretation of test results and support the evidence-based selection of antimicrobials in swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. R. S. Kulathunga
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John C. S. Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph E. Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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5
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Emergence of lnu(C) variant conferring lincomycin resistance in Campylobacter coli of chicken origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 388:110098. [PMID: 36716575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lincomycin is widely used in respiratory and gastrointestinal infection in veterinary medicine and food animal production. Campylobacter members are vital foodborne pathogens causing campylobacteriosis, and the resistance to lincosamides is seldom reported. To date, only the rRNA methyltransferase Erm(B) has been confirmed to be associated with lincosamides resistance in Campylobacter. In this study, we identified a lnu(C) variant conferring lincomycin resistance in this pathogen of chicken origin. The Lnu(C) encoded by this gene variant showed substitution at position 8 (Asn8Lys), 11 (Phe11Leu) and 112 (Leu112Phe), when compared with the firstly reported Lnu(C) from Streptococcus agalactiae. Cloning of the lnu(C) variant into lincosamide-susceptible Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 confirmed its function in conferring resistance to lincomycin with the 32-fold increased MICs. Sequencing analysis showed that the lnu(C) variant was located within a MTnSag1-like transposon together with insLNU, which is inserted between panB and cj0299 genes on the chromosome. lnu(C) gene was distributed among C. coli globally, and various STs were involved in the dissemination of lnu(C). Although transposition mediated by MTnSag1-like transposon failed to occur, the horizontal transfer mediated by natural transformation and reservoir for resistance genes may facilitate their adaptation to the antimicrobial selection pressure in chickens, which should not be ignored.
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Predictive Power of Long-Read Whole-Genome Sequencing for Rapid Diagnostics of Multidrug-Resistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Strains. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0412322. [PMID: 36602320 PMCID: PMC9927316 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04123-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the etiological agent of swine dysentery, result in major economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Even though microbial differentiation of various Brachyspira species can be obtained via PCR, no quick diagnostics for antimicrobial susceptibility testing are in place, which is mainly due to the time-consuming (4 to 7 days) anaerobic growth requirements of these organisms. Veterinarians often rely on a clinical diagnosis for initiating antimicrobial treatment. These treatments are not always effective, which may be due to high levels of acquired resistance in B. hyodysenteriae field isolates. By using long-read-only whole-genome sequencing and a custom-trained Bonito base-calling model, 81 complete B. hyodysenteriae genomes with median Q51 scores and 99% completeness were obtained from 86 field strains. This allowed the assessment of the predictive potential of genetic markers in relation to the observed acquired resistance phenotypes obtained via agar dilution susceptibility testing. Multidrug resistance was observed in 77% and 21% of the tested strains based on epidemiological cutoff and clinical breakpoint values, respectively. The predictive power of genetic hallmarks (genes and/or gene mutations) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing was promising. Sensitivity and specificity for tiamulin [tva(A) and 50SL3N148S, 99% and 67%], valnemulin [tva(A), 97% and 92%), lincomycin (23SA2153T/G and lnuC, 94% and 100%), tylvalosin (23SA2153T/G, 99% and 93%), and doxycycline (16SG1026C, 93% and 87%) were determined. The predictive power of these genetic hallmarks is promising for use in sequencing-based workflows to speed up swine dysentery diagnostics in veterinary medicine and determine proper antimicrobial use. IMPORTANCE Diagnostics for swine dysentery rely on the identification of Brachyspira species using molecular techniques. Nevertheless, no quick diagnostic tools are available for antimicrobial susceptibility testing due to extended growth requirements (7 to 14 days). To enable practitioners to tailor antimicrobial treatment to specific strains, long-read sequencing-based methods are expected to lead to rapid methods in the future. Nevertheless, their potential implementation should be validated extensively. This mainly implies assessing sequencing accuracy and the predictive power of genetic hallmarks in relation to their observed (multi)resistance phenotypes.
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Min J, Kim P, Yun S, Hong M, Park W. Zoo animal manure as an overlooked reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes and multidrug-resistant bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:710-726. [PMID: 35906519 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Animal fecal samples collected in the summer and winter from 11 herbivorous animals, including sable antelope (SA), long-tailed goral (LTG), and common eland (CE), at a public zoo were examined for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Seven antibiotics, including meropenem and azithromycin, were used to isolate culturable multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The manures from three animals (SA, LTG, and CE) contained 104-fold higher culturable MDR bacteria, including Chryseobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Stenotrophomonas species, while fewer MDR bacteria were isolated from manure from water buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant against all tested antibiotics. Three MDR bacteria-rich samples along with composite samples were further analyzed using nanopore-based technology. ARGs including lnu(C), tet(Q), and mef(A) were common and often associated with transposons in all tested samples, suggesting that transposons carrying ARGs may play an important role for the dissemination of ARGs in our tested animals. Although several copies of ARGs such as aph(3')-IIc, blaL1, blaIND-3, and tet(42) were found in the sequenced genomes of the nine MDR bacteria, the numbers and types of ARGs appeared to be less than expected in zoo animal manure, suggesting that MDR bacteria in the gut of the tested animals had intrinsic resistant phenotypes in the absence of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Min
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Yun
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Van der Stede Y, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in swine. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07124. [PMID: 35317125 PMCID: PMC8922405 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (B. hyodysenteriae) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for swine in a previous scientific opinion. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR B. hyodysenteriae can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (33-66% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 3 (Categories A, B and C; 1-10%, 10-33% and 10-33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel was uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 4 and 5 (Categories D and E, 50-90% and 33-66% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The main animal species to be listed for AMR B. hyodysenteriae according to Article 8 criteria are pigs and some species of birds, such as chickens and ducks.
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García-Martín AB, Roder T, Schmitt S, Zeeh F, Bruggmann R, Perreten V. Whole-genome analyses reveal a novel prophage and cgSNPs-derived sublineages of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae ST196. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:131. [PMID: 35168548 PMCID: PMC8845278 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae is a fastidious anaerobe spirochete that can cause swine dysentery, a severe mucohaemorragic colitis that affects pig production and animal welfare worldwide. In Switzerland, the population of B. hyodysenteriae is characterized by the predominance of macrolide-lincosamide-resistant B. hyodysenteriae isolates of sequence type (ST) ST196, prompting us to obtain deeper insights into the genomic structure and variability of ST196 using pangenome and whole genome variant analyses. Results The draft genome of 14 B. hyodysenteriae isolates of ST196, sampled during a 7-year period from geographically distant pig herds, was obtained by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and compared to the complete genome of the B. hyodysenteriae isolate Bh743-7 of ST196 used as reference. Variability results revealed the existence of 30 to 52 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), resulting in eight sublineages of ST196. The pangenome analysis led to the identification of a novel prophage, pphBhCH20, of the Siphoviridae family in a single isolate of ST196, which suggests that horizontal gene transfer events may drive changes in genomic structure. Conclusions This study contributes to the catalogue of publicly available genomes and provides relevant bioinformatic tools and information for further comparative genomic analyses for B. hyodysenteriae. It reveals that Swiss B. hyodysenteriae isolates of the same ST may have evolved independently over time by point mutations and acquisition of larger genetic elements. In line with this, the third type of mobile genetic element described so far in B. hyodysenteriae, the novel prophage pphBhCH20, has been identified in a single isolate of B. hyodysenteriae of ST196. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08347-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén García-Martín
- Division of Molecular Bacterial Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Roder
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Zeeh
- Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Division of Molecular Bacterial Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Dual Antimicrobial Effect of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids against an Italian Multidrug Resistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Strain. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020301. [PMID: 35208756 PMCID: PMC8875639 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The fastidious nature of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae limits an accurate in vitro pre-screening of conventionally used antibiotics and other candidate alternative antimicrobials. This results in a non-judicious use of antibiotics, leading to an exponential increase of the antibiotic resistance issue and a slowdown in the research for new molecules that might stop this serious phenomenon. In this study we tested four antibiotics (tylosin, lincomycin, doxycycline, and tiamulin) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA; hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, and dodecanoic acid) against an Italian field strain of B. hyodysenteriae and the ATCC 27164 strain as reference. We determined the minimal inhibitory concentrations of these substances, underlining the multidrug resistance pattern of the field strain and, on the contrary, a consistent and stable inhibitory effect of the tested MCFA against both strains. Then, sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics and MCFA were examined in modulating a panel of B. hyodysenteriae virulence genes (tlyA, tlyB, bhlp16, bhlp29.7, and bhmp39f). Results of gene expression analysis were variable, with up- and downregulations not properly correlated with particular substances or target genes. Decanoic and dodecanoic acid with their direct and indirect antimicrobial property were the most effective among MCFA, suggesting them as good candidates for subsequent in vivo trials.
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11
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Stubberfield E, Sheldon J, Card RM, AbuOun M, Rogers J, Williamson S, Kay GL, Pallen MJ, Anjum MF. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Isolates From England and Wales Reveals Similarities to European Isolates and Mutations Associated With Reduced Sensitivity to Antimicrobials. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:713233. [PMID: 34531838 PMCID: PMC8439570 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.713233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the principal cause of swine dysentery, a disease that threatens economic productivity of pigs in many countries as it can spread readily within and between farms, and only a small number of antimicrobials are authorized for treatment of pigs. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 81 B. hyodysenteriae archived at the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) from diagnostic submissions and herd monitoring in England and Wales between 2004 and 2015. The resulting genome sequences were analyzed alongside 34 genomes we previously published. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) showed a diverse population with 32 sequence types (STs) among the 115 APHA isolates, 25 of them identified only in England; while also confirming that the dominant European clonal complexes, CC8 and CC52, were common in the United Kingdom. A core-genome SNP tree typically clustered the isolates by ST, with isolates from some STs detected only within a specific region in England, although others were more widespread, suggesting transmission between different regions. Also, some STs were more conserved in their core genome than others, despite these isolates being from different holdings, regions and years. Minimum inhibitory concentrations to commonly used antimicrobials (Tiamulin, Valnemulin, Doxycycline, Lincomycin, Tylosin, Tylvalosin) were determined for 82 of the genome-sequenced isolates; genomic analysis revealed mutations generally correlated well with the corresponding resistance phenotype. There was a major swine dysentery intervention program in 2009–2010, and antimicrobial survival curves showed a significant reduction in sensitivity to tiamulin and valnemulin in isolates collected in and after 2010, compared to earlier isolates. This correlated with a significant increase in post-2009 isolates harboring the pleuromutilin resistance gene tva(A), which if present, may facilitate higher levels of resistance. The reduction in susceptibility of Brachyspira from diagnostic submissions to pleuromutilins, emphasizes the need for prudent treatment, control and eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Stubberfield
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Sheldon
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick M Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Rogers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gemma L Kay
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Pallen
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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12
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McFadzean H, Schock A, Stubberfield E, Card RM, Thomson J, Rohde J, Murray L, Velo-Rego E, Ainsworth H, Barlow AM, Welchman D. Retrospective analysis of necrotizing typhlitis cases associated with Brachyspira spp. in British rheas. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:1-11. [PMID: 33779433 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1907305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a retrospective analysis of necrotizing typhlitis in common rheas (Rhea americana) diagnosed in the United Kingdom by the Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA). From January 2008 to January 2020, seven cases of spirochaetal typhlitis associated with Brachyspira spp. were identified using the Veterinary Investigation Diagnosis Analysis database. Gross examination was combined with selective anaerobic culture, polymerase chain reaction, and histopathology to diagnose typhlitis associated with spirochaetal infection. Whole-genome sequencing was subsequently utilized on archived isolates from six of the seven submissions, overcoming issues with traditional testing methods and yielded gains in the identification of Brachyspira to species level. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, an organism traditionally associated with typhlitis in rheas, was isolated in three sequenced submissions. One of these also demonstrated co-infection with Brachyspira intermedia. Brachyspira suanatina, Brachyspira hampsonii, and Brachyspira alvinipulli were identified by sequencing as single infections in the remaining three animals. This report demonstrates the ability of Brachyspira species other than B. hyodysenteriae to colonize the caeca of rheas presenting with typhlitis. Additionally, the B. alvinipulli isolate harboured a tva(A) gene, indicating higher potential pleuromutilin resistance, which has not previously been described in this Brachyspira species. This study discusses the epidemiology of examined cases and examines the potential role other species may play in these outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Schock
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Lasswade, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | - Jill Thomson
- SAC Consulting, Veterinary Services, Midlothian, UK
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Murray
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Starcross, Devon, UK
| | | | | | - Alex M Barlow
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Langford, Somerset, UK
| | - David Welchman
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Winchester, Hampshire, UK
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13
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The shared resistome of human and pig microbiota is mobilized by distinct genetic elements. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.01910-20. [PMID: 33310720 PMCID: PMC8090867 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01910-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of antibiotics in hospitals and in the animal breeding industry has promoted antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which resulted in the emergence of a large number of antibiotic resistance genes in the intestinal tract of human and farmed animals. Genetic exchange of resistance genes between the two ecosystems is now well documented for pathogenic bacteria, but the repertoire of shared resistance genes in the commensal bacterial community and by which genetic modules they are disseminated are still unclear. By analyzing metagenomics data of human and pig intestinal samples both collected in Shenzhen, China, a set of 27 highly prevalent antibiotic resistance genes was found to be shared between human and pig intestinal microbiota. The mobile genetic context for 11 of these core antibiotic resistance genes could be identified by mining their carrying scaffolds constructed from the two datasets, leading to the detection of seven integrative and conjugative/mobilizable elements and two IS-related transposons. The comparison of the relative abundances between these detected mobile genetic elements and their associated antibiotic resistance genes revealed that for many genes, the estimated contribution of the mobile elements to the gene abundance differs strikingly depending on the host. These findings indicate that although some antibiotic resistance genes are ubiquitous across microbiota of human and pig populations, they probably relied on different genetic elements for their dissemination within each population.IMPORTANCE There is growing concern that antibiotic resistance genes could spread from the husbandry environment to human pathogens through dissemination mediated by mobile genetic elements. In this study, we investigated the contribution of mobile genetic elements to the abundance of highly prevalent antibiotic resistance genes found in commensal bacteria of both human and pig intestinal microbiota originating from the same region. Our results reveal that for most of these antibiotic resistance genes, the abundance is not explained by the same mobile genetic element in each host, suggesting that the human and pig microbial communities promoted a different set of mobile genetic carriers for the same antibiotic resistance genes. These results deepen our understanding of the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among and between human and pig gut microbiota.
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14
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Stubberfield E, Pringle M, Landén A, Veldman KT, Geurts Y, Jouy E, Le Devendec L, Rubin JE, Kulathunga DGRS, Kristensen KA, Chanter J, Bollard A, Johnson P, Maycock J, Habighorst-Blome K, Rohde J, Card RM. Validation of an antimicrobial susceptibility testing protocol for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli in an international ring trial. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108645. [PMID: 32402332 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli cause economically important enteric disease in pigs. Treatment of these infections often includes antimicrobial administration, which can be most effective when therapeutic options are informed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing data. Here we describe a method for broth dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these bacteria, both of which are difficult to culture in vitro. The protocol was evaluated for its fitness for use in an inter-laboratory ring trial involving eight laboratories from seven countries, and employing eleven test strains (5 Brachyspira hyodysenteriae including the type strain B78T and 6 Brachyspira pilosicoli) and six antibiotics. Overall intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility of this method was very good (>90 % MICs at mode +/- 1 log2). Whole genome sequencing revealed good correspondence between reduced susceptibility and the presence of previously defined antimicrobial resistance determinants. Interestingly, lnu(C) was identified in B. pilosicoli isolates with elevated MICs of lincomycin, whilst tva(B) was associated with elevated MICs of pleuromutilins in this species. We designated two new control strains with MICs lying within currently tested ranges, including for the pleuromutilins, in contrast to the control strain B. hyodysenteriae B78T. These were deposited at the DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH. The validation of a standard protocol and identification of new control strains facilitates comparisons between studies, establishment of robust interpretative criteria, and ultimately contributes to rational antimicrobial use when treating infected livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stubberfield
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - M Pringle
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Landén
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K T Veldman
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Y Geurts
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - E Jouy
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology-Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - L Le Devendec
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology-Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - J E Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - D G R S Kulathunga
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - K A Kristensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J Chanter
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Starcross VIC, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - A Bollard
- VETQAS Quality Assurance Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - P Johnson
- VETQAS Quality Assurance Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - J Maycock
- VETQAS Quality Assurance Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - K Habighorst-Blome
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - R M Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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15
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García-Martín AB, Schwendener S, Perreten V. The tva(A) Gene from Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Confers Decreased Susceptibility to Pleuromutilins and Streptogramin A in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00930-19. [PMID: 31307989 PMCID: PMC6709466 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00930-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tva(A) gene suspected to confer resistance to pleuromutilins in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was tested for functionality in Escherichia coli AG100A and Staphylococcus aureus RN4220. Expression of the cloned tva(A) gene conferred decreased susceptibility to pleuromutilin (P) and streptogramin A (SA) antibiotics in E. coli and had a minor effect in S. aureus The finding provides evidence of the direct association of tva(A) with the PSA resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B García-Martín
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sybille Schwendener
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Card RM, La T, Burrough ER, Ellis RJ, Nunez-Garcia J, Thomson JR, Mahu M, Phillips ND, Hampson DJ, Rohde J, Tucker AW. Weakly haemolytic variants of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae newly emerged in Europe belong to a distinct subclade with unique genetic properties. Vet Res 2019; 50:21. [PMID: 30845993 PMCID: PMC6407217 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae is widespread globally, and can cause mucohaemorrhagic colitis (swine dysentery, SD) with severe economic impact in infected herds. Typical strains of B. hyodysenteriae are strongly haemolytic on blood agar, and the haemolytic activity is believed to contribute to virulence in vivo. However, recently there have been reports of atypical weakly haemolytic isolates of B. hyodysenteriae (whBh). In this study, 34 European whBh and 82 strongly haemolytic isolates were subjected to comparative genomic analysis. A phylogenetic tree constructed using core single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that the whBh formed a distinct sub-clade. All eight genes previously associated with haemolysis in B. hyodysenteriae were present in the whBh. No consistent patterns of amino acid substitutions for all whBh were found in these genes. In contrast, a genome region containing six coding sequences (CDSs) had consistent nucleotide sequence differences between strongly and whBh isolates. Two CDSs were predicted to encode ABC transporter proteins, and a TolC family protein, which may have a role in the export of haemolysins from B. hyodysenteriae. Another difference in this region was the presence of three CDSs in whBh that are pseudogenes in strongly haemolytic isolates. One of the intact CDSs from whBh encoded a predicted PadR-like transcriptional repressor that may play a role in repression of haemolysis functions. In summary, a sub-clade of whBh isolates has emerged in Europe, and several genomic differences, that potentially explain the weakly haemolytic phenotype, were identified. These markers may provide targets for discriminatory molecular tests needed in SD surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick M. Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Tom La
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Eric R. Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Richard J. Ellis
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Javier Nunez-Garcia
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
- Present Address: Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Maxime Mahu
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nyree D. Phillips
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - David J. Hampson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Hampson DJ, Lugsomya K, La T, Phillips ND, Trott DJ, Abraham S. Antimicrobial resistance in Brachyspira - An increasing problem for disease control. Vet Microbiol 2018; 229:59-71. [PMID: 30642599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Across all bacterial species the continuing reduction in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents is a critical and increasing threat for disease control. This mini-review outlines the extent of this problem amongst anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira, of which there are currently nine officially recognised species. These include some important pathogens that may cause colitis with diarrhoea and/or dysentery in various mammalian and avian species, but most notably in pigs and in adult chickens. The most economically significant pathogen is Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the spirochaete which causes swine dysentery in countries throughout the world. Control of infections with Brachyspira species has long relied on the prophylactic or therapeutic use of antimicrobials, but increasingly strains with reduced susceptibility and sometimes multidrug resistance to previously effective antimicrobial agents are being encountered. In this mini-review we outline these problems and explain the extent and molecular basis of the emerging resistance. Future control will rely on developing and applying standardised methods for measuring antimicrobial susceptibility; improving surveillance of resistance using traditional phenotypic as well as genomic analysis of known resistance determinants; improving understanding of the molecular basis of resistance to different drug classes; improving farmer and veterinarian education about prudent antimicrobial use so as to reduce selective pressure on the emergence of resistance; and developing alternatives to antimicrobials as a means to control these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hampson
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Tom La
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Nyree Dale Phillips
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, 5371, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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18
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García-Martín AB, Perreten V, Rossano A, Schmitt S, Nathues H, Zeeh F. Predominance of a macrolide-lincosamide-resistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae of sequence type 196 in Swiss pig herds. Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:97-102. [PMID: 30389050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae led us question whether specific clones are present in Switzerland. Fifty-one B. hyodysenteriae isolates originating from 27 different Swiss pig herds sampled between 2010 and 2017 were characterised. Multilocus sequence typing revealed the presence of four different sequence types (STs) ST6, ST66, ST196 and ST197 with ST196 being predominant. Antimicrobial susceptibility to six different antimicrobial agents was determined by measurement of the minimal inhibitory concentration by broth dilution. Isolates were examined for the presence of point mutations and genes known to be associated with antimicrobial resistance in B. hyodysenteriae by PCR and sequence analysis. Forty-one isolates belonging to ST6 (n = 1), ST66 (n = 4) and ST196 (n = 36) exhibited decreased susceptibility to macrolides and lincomycin associated with an A2058 T/G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. One isolate of ST66 and five isolates of ST196 exhibited decreased susceptibility to doxycycline associated with a G1058C mutation in the 16S rRNA gene. The Swiss B. hyodysenteriae population is characterised by a low genetic diversity, with macrolide-lincosamide-resistant isolates of ST196 being predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B García-Martín
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandra Rossano
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Zeeh
- Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Massacci FR, De Luca S, Cucco L, Tentellini M, Perreten V, Pezzotti G, Magistrali CF. Multiresistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
shedding by pigs during the fattening period. Vet Rec 2018; 183:264. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Romana Massacci
- Research and Development Unit; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Umbria Italy
| | - Silvio De Luca
- Research and Development Unit; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Umbria Italy
| | - Lucilla Cucco
- Research and Development Unit; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Umbria Italy
| | - Michele Tentellini
- Research and Development Unit; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Umbria Italy
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pezzotti
- Research and Development Unit; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Umbria Italy
| | - Chiara Francesca Magistrali
- Research and Development Unit; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche; Perugia Umbria Italy
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20
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Card RM, Stubberfield E, Rogers J, Nunez-Garcia J, Ellis RJ, AbuOun M, Strugnell B, Teale C, Williamson S, Anjum MF. Identification of a New Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Provides Fresh Insights Into Pleuromutilin Resistance in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Aetiological Agent of Swine Dysentery. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1183. [PMID: 29971045 PMCID: PMC6018095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the aetiological agent of swine dysentery, a globally distributed disease that causes profound economic loss, impedes the free trade and movement of animals, and has significant impact on pig health. Infection is generally treated with antibiotics of which pleuromutilins, such as tiamulin, are widely used for this purpose, but reports of resistance worldwide threaten continued effective control. In Brachyspira hyodysenteriae pleuromutilin resistance has been associated with mutations in chromosomal genes encoding ribosome-associated functions, however the dynamics of resistance acquisition are poorly understood, compromising stewardship efforts to preserve pleuromutilin effectiveness. In this study we undertook whole genome sequencing (WGS) and phenotypic susceptibility testing of 34 UK field isolates and 3 control strains to investigate pleuromutilin resistance in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Genome-wide association studies identified a new pleuromutilin resistance gene, tva(A) (tiamulin valnemulin antibiotic resistance), encoding a predicted ABC-F transporter. In vitro culture of isolates in the presence of inhibitory or sub-inhibitory concentrations of tiamulin showed that tva(A) confers reduced pleuromutilin susceptibility that does not lead to clinical resistance but facilitates the development of higher-level resistance via mutations in genes encoding ribosome-associated functions. Genome sequencing of antibiotic-exposed isolates identified both new and previously described mutations in chromosomal genes associated with reduced pleuromutilin susceptibility, including the 23S rRNA gene and rplC, which encodes the L3 ribosomal protein. Interesting three antibiotic-exposed isolates harboured mutations in fusA, encoding Elongation Factor G, a gene not previously associated with pleuromutilin resistance. A longitudinal molecular epidemiological examination of two episodes of swine dysentery at the same farm indicated that tva(A) contributed to development of tiamulin resistance in vivo in a manner consistent with that seen experimentally in vitro. The in vitro studies further showed that tva(A) broadened the mutant selection window and raised the mutant prevention concentration above reported in vivo antibiotic concentrations obtained when administered at certain doses. We show how the identification and characterisation of tva(A), a new marker for pleuromutilin resistance, provides evidence to inform treatment regimes and reduce the development of resistance to this class of highly important antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick M Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Stubberfield
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Bury St. Edmunds, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Rogers
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Bury St. Edmunds, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Nunez-Garcia
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Ellis
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Strugnell
- Farm Post Mortems Ltd., Bishop Auckland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Teale
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Williamson
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Bury St. Edmunds, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
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21
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Isolation of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae from a crow ( Corvus corone ) in close proximity to commercial pigs. Vet J 2018; 236:111-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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