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Teixeira IM, Guimarães L, da Silva IT, Fonseca C, Assumpção Y, Lima Dos Santos AL, Antunes M, Pesset C, Ferreira E, Penna B. High prevalence of Panton-Valentine Leucocidin among Staphylococcus coagulans isolated from dogs in Rio de Janeiro. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad256. [PMID: 37943996 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to characterize the capacity for biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance rates, and search for genetic determinants of resistance and virulence in the species. METHODS AND RESULTS Strains were collected from asymptomatic and infected dogs. Identification was conducted using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF), antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion and PCR targeting mecA. Biofilm formation was evaluated on a microtiter plate assay. A total of 27 strains were selected for whole-genome sequencing. We identified 111 Staphylococcus coagulans. The highest number was obtained from infected dogs. The highest resistance rates were observed for penicillin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin/erythromycin. Twelve strains were characterized as resistant to methicillin. All isolates had the ability to form biofilm and were strong producers. Among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus coagulans (MRSC), SCCmec types IIIA, and Vc were identified. Acquired resistance genes, such as aac(6')-aph(2''), tet(K), blaZ, qacG, qacJ, and erm(C) were found. Different virulence genes were identified. Of note, Panton-Valentine Leucocidin was highly prevalent among the isolates. CONCLUSION Staphylococcus coagulans had a high isolation rate among infected dogs and demonstrated significant resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin and gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabel M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Depto. Microbiologia Médica, IMPG, UFRJ, 21941-902 - Rio de janeiro - Brazil
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Luciana Guimarães
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Isabella T da Silva
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Carolina Fonseca
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Yasmim Assumpção
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Lima Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Milena Antunes
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Camilla Pesset
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
| | - Eliane Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Depto. Microbiologia Médica, IMPG, UFRJ, 21941-902 - Rio de janeiro - Brazil
| | - Bruno Penna
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Depto. de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, 24210-130 - Niteroi - Brazil
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Teixeira IM, de Moraes Assumpção Y, Paletta ACC, Aguiar L, Guimarães L, da Silva IT, Côrtes MF, Botelho AMN, Jaeger LH, Ferreira RF, de Oliveira Ferreira E, Penna B. Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic diversity among Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from dogs in Rio de Janeiro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20219. [PMID: 37980395 PMCID: PMC10657392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen causing a variety of infections that are difficult to treat, especially because of the development of antimicrobial resistance. It has a clonal distribution around the world. To have a better understanding of the MRSP population, we search the presence of MRSP in colonized or infected dogs. Samples from 99 dogs with infections and 35 from asymptomatic dogs were collected. Isolates were identified by mass spectrometry and Multiplex-PCR. The mecA gene was confirmed by conventional PCR. MRSP strains were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. 75 S. pseudintermedius were identified, most from infection cases. The species were isolated from 70 out of the 135 dogs. Penicillin and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole presented higher resistance rates. Forty-seven strains were classified as multi-drug resistant (MDR), and were more isolated from dogs with infection (P < 0.05). Eighteen samples were classified as MRSP, representing 24.0% of the population. Six of 16 MRSP sequenced samples belonged to the world spread clone ST71; others belonged to unknown clones. Most samples carried the SCCmec type IIIA. Twenty-one different genetic resistance determinants were found among MRPS strains. MRSP is circulating among infected and colonized dogs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabel Mello Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento Microbiologia Médica, IMPPG, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yasmim de Moraes Assumpção
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento Microbiologia Médica, IMPPG, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Cabral Paletta
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Louise Aguiar
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Guimarães
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella Thomaz da Silva
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina F Côrtes
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Nunes Botelho
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lauren Hubert Jaeger
- Laboratório de Células-Tronco e Parasitologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento Microbiologia Médica, IMPPG, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Penna
- Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Destruel L, Lecomte M, Grand M, Leoz M, Pestel-Caron M, Dahyot S. Impact of clonal lineages on susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis to chlorhexidine digluconate and chloride benzalkonium. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:337. [PMID: 37957548 PMCID: PMC10642039 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis to antiseptics. The objective of this study was to evaluate, at the molecular and phenotypic level, the susceptibility of 49 clinical S. lugdunensis strains (belonging to the seven clonal complexes [CCs] defined by multilocus sequence typing) to two antiseptics frequently used in healthcare settings (chlorhexidine digluconate [CHX] and chloride benzalkonium [BAC]). RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), by broth microdilution method, varied for BAC from 0.25 mg/L to 8 mg/L (MIC50 = 1 mg/L, MIC90 = 2 mg/L) and for CHX from 0.5 mg/L to 2 mg/L (MIC50 = 1 mg/L, MIC90 = 2 mg/L). The BAC and CHX minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) varied from 2 mg/L to 8 mg/L (MBC50 = 4 mg/L, MBC90 = 8 mg/L) and from 2 mg/L to 4 mg/L (MBC50 and MBC90 = 4 mg/L), respectively. A reduced susceptibility to CHX (MIC = 2 mg/L) was observed for 12.2% of the strains and that to BAC (MIC ≥ 4 mg/L) for 4.1%. The norA resistance gene was detected in all the 49 isolates, whereas the qacA gene was rarely encountered (two strains; 4.1%). The qacC, qacG, qacH, and qacJ genes were not detected. The two strains harboring the qacA gene had reduced susceptibility to both antiseptics and belonged to CC3. CONCLUSION The norA gene was detected in all the strains, suggesting that it could belong to the core genome of S. lugdunensis. S. lugdunensis is highly susceptible to both antiseptics tested. Reduced susceptibility to BAC and CHX was a rare phenomenon. Of note, a tendency to higher MICs of BAC was detected for CC3 isolates. These results should be confirmed on a larger collection of strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Destruel
- Univ Rouen Normandie, UNICAEN, Inserm, Normandie Univ, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, F - 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Marine Lecomte
- Univ Rouen Normandie, UNICAEN, Inserm, Normandie Univ, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, F - 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Maxime Grand
- Univ Rouen Normandie, UNICAEN, Inserm, Normandie Univ, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, F - 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Marie Leoz
- Univ Rouen Normandie, UNICAEN, Inserm, Normandie Univ, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, F - 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Martine Pestel-Caron
- Univ Rouen Normandie, UNICAEN, Inserm, Normandie Univ, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, CHU Rouen, Department of Bacteriology, F - 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Sandrine Dahyot
- Univ Rouen Normandie, UNICAEN, Inserm, Normandie Univ, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, CHU Rouen, Department of Bacteriology, F - 76000, Rouen, France.
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Tong Y, Lu P, Zhang W, Liu J, Wang Y, Quan L, Ding A. The shock of benzalkonium chloride on aerobic granular sludge system and its microbiological mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165010. [PMID: 37353018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a kind of biocides and surfactants widely used around the world and wastewater treatment systems were identified as its largest pool. QACs could significantly inhibit microbial activity in biological treatment. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is an emerging wastewater biological treatment technology with high efficiency and resistance, but it is still unclear if AGS system could tolerate QACs shock. In this study, a typical QAC (benzalkonium chloride (BACC12)) was selected to investigate its effect on AGS system. Results indicate that BAC could inhibit the pollutants removal performance of AGS system, including COD, NH4+-N and PO43- in the short term and the inhibition ratio had positive correlation with BAC concentration. However, AGS system could gradually adapt to the BAC stress and recover its original performance. BAC shock could destroy AGS structure by decreasing its particle size and finally leading to particle disintegration. Although AGS could secret more EPS to resist the stress, BAC still had significant inhibition on cell activity. Microbial community analysis illustrated that after high BAC concentration shock in short term, Thauera decreased significantly while Flavobacterium became the dominant genus. However, after the performance of AGS system recovered the dominant genus returned to Thauera and relevant denitrifiers Phaeodactylibacter, Nitrosomonas and Pseudofulvimonas also increased. The typical phosphorous removal microorganism Rubrivivax and Leadbetterella also showed the similar trend. The variation of denitrification and phosphorus removal microbial community was consistent with AGS system performance indicating the change of functional microorganism played key role in the AGS response to BAC stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Chongqing Three Gorges Water Service Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400020, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Sinopec Chongqing Shale Gas Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 408400, China
| | - Lin Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Aqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Leal M, Morais C, Ramos B, Pomba C, Abrantes P, Costa SS, Couto I. Exploring Efflux as a Mechanism of Reduced Susceptibility towards Biocides and Fluoroquinolones in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071270. [PMID: 37048526 PMCID: PMC10093712 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the main bacterial cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in companion animals, particularly dogs. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains, frequently with multidrug resistance phenotypes is a public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate efflux, a resistance mechanism still poorly characterized in S. pseudintermedius, as a contributor to biocide and fluoroquinolone resistance. Susceptibility to the efflux pump substrates ethidium bromide (EtBr), tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (TPP) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for 155 SSTIs-related S. pseudintermedius in companion animals. EtBr and TPP MIC distributions were analyzed to estimate cut-off (COWT) values. The effect of the efflux inhibitors (EIs) thioridazine and verapamil was assessed upon MICs and fluorometric EtBr accumulation assays, performed with/without glucose and/or EIs. This approach detected a non-wild type population towards TPP with increased efflux, showed to be strain-specific and glucose-dependent. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was mainly linked to target gene mutations, yet a contribution of efflux on CIP resistance levels could not be ruled out. In sum, this study highlights the relevance of efflux-mediated resistance in clinical S. pseudintermedius, particularly to biocides, and provides a methodological basis for further studies on the efflux activity on this important pathogen of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Leal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Morais
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Ramos
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Constança Pomba
- CIISA, Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- GeneVet, Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular Veterinário, Rua Quinta da Nora Loja 3B, 2790-140 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Abrantes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Santos Costa
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Couto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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Maillard J. Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3322-3346. [PMID: 35882500 PMCID: PMC9826383 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review examined 3655 articles on benzalkonium chloride (BKC), benzethonium chloride (BZT) and chloroxylenol (CHO) aiming to understand their impact on antimicrobial resistance. Following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, only 230 articles were retained for analysis; 212 concerned BKC, with only 18 for CHO and BZT. Seventy-eight percent of studies used MIC to measure BKC efficacy. Very few studies defined the term 'resistance' and 85% of studies defined 'resistance' as <10-fold increase (40% as low as 2-fold) in MIC. Only a few in vitro studies reported on formulated products and when they did, products performed better. In vitro studies looking at the impact of BKC exposure on bacterial resistance used either a stepwise training protocol or exposure to constant BKC concentrations. In these, BKC exposure resulted in elevated MIC or/and MBC, often associated with efflux, and at time, a change in antibiotic susceptibility profile. The clinical relevance of these findings was, however, neither reported nor addressed. Of note, several studies reported that bacterial strains with an elevated MIC or MBC remained susceptible to the in-use BKC concentration. BKC exposure was shown to reduce bacterial diversity in complex microbial microcosms, although the clinical significance of such a change has not been established. The impact of BKC exposure on the dissemination of resistant genes (notably efflux) remains speculative, although it manifests that clinical, veterinary and food isolates with elevated BKC MIC carried multiple efflux pump genes. The correlation between BKC usage and gene carriage, maintenance and dissemination has also not been established. The lack of clinical interpretation and significance in these studies does not allow to establish with certainty the role of BKC on AMR in practice. The limited literature and BZT and CHO do not allow to conclude that these will impact negatively on emerging bacterial resistance in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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7
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Wand ME, Sutton JM. Efflux-mediated tolerance to cationic biocides, a cause for concern? MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 36748532 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWith an increase in the number of isolates resistant to multiple antibiotics, infection control has become increasingly important to help combat the spread of multi-drug-resistant pathogens. An important component of this is through the use of disinfectants and antiseptics (biocides). Antibiotic resistance has been well studied in bacteria, but little is known about potential biocide resistance genes and there have been few reported outbreaks in hospitals resulting from a breakdown in biocide effectiveness. Development of increased tolerance to biocides has been thought to be more difficult due to the mode of action of biocides which affect multiple cellular targets compared with antibiotics. Very few genes which contribute towards increased biocide tolerance have been identified. However, the majority of those that have are components or regulators of different efflux pumps or genes which modulate membrane function/modification. This review will examine the role of efflux in increased tolerance towards biocides, focusing on cationic biocides and heavy metals against Gram-negative bacteria. As many efflux pumps which are upregulated by biocide presence also contribute towards an antimicrobial resistance phenotype, the role of these efflux pumps in cross-resistance to both other biocides and antibiotics will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Wand
- Technology Development Group, UK Health Security Agency, Research and Evaluation, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - J Mark Sutton
- Technology Development Group, UK Health Security Agency, Research and Evaluation, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
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Butucel E, Balta I, Ahmadi M, Dumitrescu G, Morariu F, Pet I, Stef L, Corcionivoschi N. Biocides as Biomedicines against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020379. [PMID: 35203588 PMCID: PMC8962343 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides are currently considered the first line of defense against foodborne pathogens in hospitals or food processing facilities due to the versatility and efficiency of their chemical active ingredients. Understanding the biological mechanisms responsible for their increased efficiency, especially when used against foodborne pathogens on contaminated surfaces and materials, represents an essential first step in the implementation of efficient strategies for disinfection as choosing an unsuitable product can lead to antibiocide resistance or antibiotic–biocide cross-resistance. This review describes these biological mechanisms for the most common foodborne pathogens and focuses mainly on the antipathogen effect, highlighting the latest developments based on in vitro and in vivo studies. We focus on biocides with inhibitory effects against foodborne bacteria (e.g., Escherichia spp., Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp.), aiming to understand their biological mechanisms of action by looking at the most recent scientific evidence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Butucel
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; (E.B.); (I.B.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Igori Balta
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; (E.B.); (I.B.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela Ahmadi
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Gabi Dumitrescu
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Florica Morariu
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK; (E.B.); (I.B.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (G.D.); (F.M.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (N.C.)
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Abreu ACDS, Crippa BL, Souza VVMAD, Nuñez KVM, Almeida JMD, Rodrigues MX, Silva NCC. Assessment of sanitiser efficacy against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from Minas Frescal cheese producers in São Paulo, Brazil. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Genomic insights into the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in veterinary clinics. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109119. [PMID: 34023637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common cause of skin and soft tissue infections in dogs but can also cause infections in cats and humans. The frequency of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains is increasing worldwide. Here, we obtained 43 MRSP isolates from dogs (n = 41), one cat (n = 1) and the small animal clinic environment (n = 1) in Slovenia from the period 2008-2018, which underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Five sequence types (STs) were identified, with ST71 (32/43) and ST551 (8/43) being the predominant. In Slovenia, ST551 was first detected in 2016, whereas a decrease in the frequency of ST71 was observed after 2015. All isolates were multidrug-resistant and most antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes could be linked to acquisition of the corresponding resistance genes or gene mutations. Core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) revealed several potential MRSP transmission routes: (i) between two veterinary clinics by a single MRSP-positive dog, (ii) between the environment of a veterinary clinic and a dog, and (iii) between a canine and a feline patient through the contaminated environment of a veterinary clinic. Of the six dogs that were additionally sampled from 14 days to five months after the initial sampling, each harbored the same MRSP strain, suggesting a limited within-host diversity of MRSP in symptomatic dogs. The present results highlight the importance of MRSP-positive dogs in the spread of veterinary care-associated MRSP infections and call for the implementation of strict control measures to reduce MRSP contamination in veterinary clinic environments originating from animal-contact surfaces.
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Bhooshan S, Negi V, Khatri PK. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: an undocumented, emerging pathogen in humans. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2020; 15:Doc32. [PMID: 33391967 PMCID: PMC7745645 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in humans were recorded in 2006, and is now becoming a concern because of its close similarities to human pathogens in the Staphylococcusintermedius group (SIG). These bacteria have all the properties which a multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus possesses. The literature was searched using the term “Staphylococcus pseudintermedius” in PubMed and other reference databases. The virulence factor and the pathogenicity are under investigation, but reports have suggested that this commensal of animals is transmitted easily via close contact to animals by owners, veterinarians and staff. Resistance to beta-lactams (including methicillin) is a primary concern. Drug resistance to methicillin is a considerable problem in developing countries, as antibiotic use is not regulated. Studies from Europe have reported multidrug resistant isolates from clinical specimens. Although data on drug resistance and pathogenesis of S. pseudintermedius are not sufficient, it is extremely important to identify the pathogen correctly. Only then can its pathogenesis be studied during the course of disease and appropriate measures developed to prevent it becoming a global problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Bhooshan
- Department of Microbiology Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vikrant Negi
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Haldwani Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prabhat K Khatri
- Department of Microbiology Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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12
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New spa types, resistance to sanitisers and presence of efflux pump genes in Staphylococcus aureus from milk. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Hritcu OM, Schmidt VM, Salem SE, Maciuca IE, Moraru RF, Lipovan I, Mareş M, Solcan G, Timofte D. Geographical Variations in Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance Amongst Staphylococci Isolated From Dogs From the United Kingdom and Romania. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:414. [PMID: 32851008 PMCID: PMC7396606 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare virulence and resistance factors of mucosal and cutaneous staphylococci from dogs with pyoderma in the UK and Romania, two countries with different approaches to antimicrobial use in companion animals. Staphylococcal isolates (n = 166) identified to the species level as being Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or coagulase negative (CoNS) were analyzed for their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile and presence of resistance and virulence genes. Of the investigated isolates, 26 were methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), 89 were methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) and 51 were coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS). A significantly larger number of isolates originating from Romania were resistant to clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol compared to the UK isolates (P < 0.05). Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole was more evident in UK isolates. Fusidic acid resistance was common in Staphylococcus spp. isolates from both countries. Most isolates carried virulence factors associated with siet (exfoliative toxin) and luk (leucocidin) genes. All MRSP UK isolates exhibited fusidic acid resistance genes whilst this was very rare in the MRSP isolates from Romania. The chlorhexidine resistance gene qacA/B was frequently identified in CoNS isolates from the UK (P < 0.001). The current study documented differences in antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus spp. isolates from dogs in two geographical locations in Europe, which could reflect differences in antimicrobial prescribing patterns. The study also highlights the need for further studies and interventions on antimicrobial use, prescribing patterns and AMR surveillance in companion animals in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozana M Hritcu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Vanessa M Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Shebl E Salem
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Iuliana E Maciuca
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Ramona F Moraru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Irina Lipovan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Mihai Mareş
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Solcan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Walker MA, Singh A, Gibson TW, Rousseau J, Weese JS. Presence of Qac genes in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and their impact on chlorhexidine digluconate susceptibility. Vet Surg 2020; 49:971-976. [PMID: 32196706 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the presence of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) (resistance genes, qac A/B, smr, qacG, and qacJ, in clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MSSP) and methicillin-resistant S pseudintermedius (MRSP) from dogs and the impact on in vitro chlorhexidine susceptibility. STUDY DESIGN Experimental in vitro study. SAMPLE POPULATION Seventy isolates from dogs colonized or infected with MRSP (n = 50) or MSSP (n = 20). METHODS Agar dilution was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chlorhexidine digluconate. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of QAC resistance genes, qacA/B, smr, qacG, and qacJ genes. RESULTS One or more qac genes were identified in 52 of 70 (74%) isolates. Overall, there was no association between chlorhexidine MIC and the presence of one or more qac genes (P = .85) or the presence of qacA/B (P = .31), smr (P = .72) or qacJ (P = .93) individually. There was an association between qacG and MIC (P = .012), with a median MIC of 1.5 μg/mL for isolates possessing this gene and 1 μg/mL for those not possessing it. CONCLUSION Quaternary ammonium compound resistance genes were present in MRSP and MSSP isolates. With the exception of qacG, the presence of these genes was not associated with increased MIC. All isolates exhibited MIC 5000 to 80 000 times lower than the concentration recommended for use. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Despite the presence of QAC genes, chlorhexidine digluconate should be effective against MRSP and MSSP if used correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan A Walker
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ameet Singh
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom W Gibson
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joyce Rousseau
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Dittmann K, Schmidt T, Müller G, Cuny C, Holtfreter S, Troitzsch D, Pfaff P, Hübner NO. Susceptibility of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) to chlorhexidine digluconate, octenidine dihydrochloride, polyhexanide, PVP-iodine and triclosan in comparison to hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) and community-aquired MRSA (CA-MRSA): a standardized comparison. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:122. [PMID: 31367343 PMCID: PMC6647070 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent publications have raised concerns of reduced susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates towards biocides. This study presents a comparative investigation of the susceptibility of livestock-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA), hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) and community-aquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) to the commonly used antiseptics chlorhexidine (CHX), octenidine (OCT), polyhexanide (PHMB), PVP-iodine (PVP-I) and triclosan (TCX) based on internationally accepted standards. Methods In total, 28 (18 LA-, 5 HA- and 5 CA) genetically characterized MRSA strains representing a broad spectrum of hosts, clonal complexes and spa-types, as well as the reference methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strain ATCC 6538, were selected. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal microbicidal concentration (MBC) were determined in accordance with DIN 58940-7, 58940-8 and DIN EN ISO 20776-1. The microbicidal efficacy was determined in accordance with DIN EN 1040. Results Results from the MIC/MBC and quantitative suspension tests revealed differences between antiseptic substances but not between epidemiological groups of MRSA strains. OCT and PHMB were the most active substances with a minimal MIC of 1 mg/L, followed by CHX (2 mg/L), TCX (32 mg/L) and finally PVP-I (1024 mg/L). The MSSA reference strain showed a tendency to a higher susceptibility compared to the MRSA strains. Conclusions This investigation of the susceptibility of a range of LA-, HA- and CA-MRSA strains using standardized conditions gave no indication that LA-MRSA strains are less susceptible to commonly used antiseptics compared to HA- and CA-MRSA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Dittmann
- 1Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.,5University Medicine of Greifswald, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- 1Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerald Müller
- 1Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christiane Cuny
- 2Robert Koch Institute, Unit 13: Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Burgstraße 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- 3Department of Immunology, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Troitzsch
- 1Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Pfaff
- BBraun AG, Carl-Braun-Straße 1, 34212 Melsungen, Germany
| | - Nils-Olaf Hübner
- 1Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Guo J, Li C. Molecular epidemiology and decreased susceptibility to disinfectants in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from intensive care unit patients in central China. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:890-896. [PMID: 31230951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is an increasing problem for critically ill patients. The srains are frequently resistant to all antibiotics and disinfectants are often used to block the spread of these bacteria, playing an important role in infection control. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility, the clonal relationship, disinfectant resistance gene, β-lactamase genes and the disinfectant sensitivity of 82 A. baumannii isolates collected at a large hospital in Wuhan, China. DESIGN A retrospective basic study. METHODS Here we investigated 82 A. baumannii isolates from intensive care unit patients in a major teaching hospital in China for the distribution of resistance-associated genes and susceptibility to chlorine disinfectant (CLR), benzalkonium bromide (BB) and Chlorhexidine gluconate(CHG). Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was applied to explore their genetic evolution relationships. RESULTS qacE (30.48%, 25/82) and qac△E1 (76.82%, 63/82) genes were detected in our study, while none were positive for qacA/B, qacC/D or qacG. The MIC values of CLR were 250mg/L; The MIC values ranged from 32 to 128μg/mL for BB; The MIC values ranged from 0.0019% to 0.0078% for CHG. The presence or absence of qacE gene has a significant impact(p<0.05) on MICs of BB or CHG. All isolates harboured blaOXA-51/23 genes, and 98.78% of isolates contained the ISaba1 insertion sequence. All isolates were classified into 8 sequence types(STs) within clonal complex 92(CC92). CONCLUSIONS The predominant CRAB strains in our intensive care unit are blaOXA-23-containing A. baumannii of CC92. The high prevalence of qac genes and reduced susceptibility to disinfectants confirm the need for continued vigilance against nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Congrong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Benzalkonium Chlorides: Uses, Regulatory Status, and Microbial Resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00377-19. [PMID: 31028024 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00377-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are chemicals with widespread applications due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review provides an overview of the market for BACs, as well as regulatory measures and available data on safety, toxicity, and environmental contamination. We focus on the effect of frequent exposure of microbial communities to BACs and the potential for cross-resistant phenotypes to emerge. Toward this goal, we review BAC concentrations in consumer products, their correlation with the emergence of tolerance in microbial populations, and the associated risk potential. Our analysis suggests that the ubiquitous and frequent use of BACs in commercial products can generate selective environments that favor microbial phenotypes potentially cross-resistant to a variety of compounds. An analysis of benefits versus risks should be the guidepost for regulatory actions regarding compounds such as BACs.
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Frosini SM, Bond R, Rantala M, Grönthal T, Rankin SC, O’Shea K, Timofte D, Schmidt V, Lindsay J, Loeffler A. Genetic resistance determinants to fusidic acid and chlorhexidine in variably susceptible staphylococci from dogs. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:81. [PMID: 31023224 PMCID: PMC6485160 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern exists that frequent use of topically-applied fusidic acid (FA) and chlorhexidine (CHX) for canine pyoderma is driving clinically relevant resistance, despite rare description of FA and CHX genetic resistance determinants in canine-derived staphylococci. This study aimed to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and investigate presence of putative resistance determinants for FA and CHX in canine-derived methicillin-resistant (MR) and -susceptible (MS) staphylococci. Plasmid-mediated resistance genes (fusB, fusC, fusD, qacA/B, smr; PCR) and MICs (agar dilution) of FA and CHX were investigated in 578 staphylococci (50 MR S. aureus [SA], 50 MSSA, 259 MR S. pseudintermedius [SP], 219 MSSP) from Finland, U.S.A., North (NUK) and South-East U.K. (SEUK) and Germany. In all isolates with FA MIC ≥64 mg/L (n = 27) fusA and fusE were amplified and sequenced. RESULTS FA resistance determinants (fusA mutations n = 24, fusB n = 2, fusC n = 36) were found in isolates from all countries bar U.S.A. and correlated with higher MICs (≥1 mg/L), although 4 SP isolates had MICs of 0.06 mg/L despite carrying fusC. CHX MICs did not correlate with qacA/B (n = 2) and smr (n = 5), which were found in SEUK SA, and SP from NUK and U.S.A. CONCLUSIONS Increased FA MICs were frequently associated with fusA mutations and fusC, and this is the first account of fusB in SP. Despite novel description of qacA/B in SP, gene presence did not correlate with CHX MIC. Selection pressure from clinical use might increase prevalence of these genetic determinants, but clinical significance remains uncertain in relation to high skin concentrations achieved by topical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Frosini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - R. Bond
- 0000 0004 0425 573Xgrid.20931.39Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
| | - M. Rantala
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T. Grönthal
- 0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S. C. Rankin
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3850 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - K. O’Shea
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3850 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - D. Timofte
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE UK
| | - V. Schmidt
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE UK
| | - J. Lindsay
- 0000 0000 8546 682Xgrid.264200.2Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - A. Loeffler
- 0000 0004 0425 573Xgrid.20931.39Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
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