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Vilaró A, Karstensen KT, Cavaco LM, Angen Ø, Solé E, Seró I, Novell E, Enrique-Tarancón V, Guitart-Matas J, Migura-Garcia L, Fraile L. An investigation of the transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae within vertically integrated systems using whole genome sequencing. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110157. [PMID: 38917664 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry. Antibiotic treatment can be challenging due to its clinical urgency and the turnover of antimicrobial susceptibility results from the diagnostic laboratory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vertical transmission of APP within integrated systems as a criterion for optimising antimicrobial treatment in the field, using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Additionally, the genetic variability of Spanish APP isolates has been assessed to decipher antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, toxin presence, serotype, and phenotype/genotype concordance of AMR. A total of 169 isolates from clinical cases of porcine pleuropneumonia with known antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were sequenced. Additionally, 48 NCBI assemblies were included to perform a phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed high association between phylogenetic clusters, serotypes, and presence of toxins that are associated within vertically integrated systems by its epidemiological link. Concordance between presence of AMR determinants (genotype) vs in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility pattern (phenotype) was acceptable for amoxicillin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, and enrofloxacin using epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs), but low concordance was observed for doxycycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (T/S). On the other hand, using CLSI clinical breakpoints (CBPs), concordance was acceptable for florfenicol and enrofloxacin and not evaluated for doxycycline, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (T/S), and amoxicillin because no CBP are available for them. Finally, WGS has demonstrated the clonality between isolates that shared a common origin (grandmother's farm) and resistance phenotype, suggesting vertical transmission of this pathogen and supporting the use of the epidemiological approach as a good criterion to optimise the antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vilaró
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí (GSP), Partida Caparrella 97C, Lleida 25192, Spain
| | - Kasper T Karstensen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lina M Cavaco
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma Solé
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí (GSP), Partida Caparrella 97C, Lleida 25192, Spain
| | - Ingrid Seró
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí (GSP), Partida Caparrella 97C, Lleida 25192, Spain
| | - Elena Novell
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí (GSP), Partida Caparrella 97C, Lleida 25192, Spain
| | | | - Judith Guitart-Matas
- Joint Research Unit IRTA-UAB in Animal Health, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; IRTA, Animal Health Program, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA), Collaborating Centre of the World Organisation for Animal Health for research and control of emerging and re-emerging pig diseases in Europe, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Migura-Garcia
- Joint Research Unit IRTA-UAB in Animal Health, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; IRTA, Animal Health Program, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA), Collaborating Centre of the World Organisation for Animal Health for research and control of emerging and re-emerging pig diseases in Europe, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO-CERCA Centre, Lleida 25198, Spain.
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2
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Litschko C, Di Domenico V, Schulze J, Li S, Ovchinnikova OG, Voskuilen T, Bethe A, Cifuente JO, Marina A, Budde I, Mast TA, Sulewska M, Berger M, Buettner FFR, Lowary TL, Whitfield C, Codée JDC, Schubert M, Guerin ME, Fiebig T. Transition transferases prime bacterial capsule polymerization. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01664-8. [PMID: 38951648 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Capsules are long-chain carbohydrate polymers that envelop the surfaces of many bacteria, protecting them from host immune responses. Capsule biosynthesis enzymes are potential drug targets and valuable biotechnological tools for generating vaccine antigens. Despite their importance, it remains unknown how structurally variable capsule polymers of Gram-negative pathogens are linked to the conserved glycolipid anchoring these virulence factors to the bacterial membrane. Using Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae as an example, we demonstrate that CpsA and CpsC generate a poly(glycerol-3-phosphate) linker to connect the glycolipid with capsules containing poly(galactosylglycerol-phosphate) backbones. We reconstruct the entire capsule biosynthesis pathway in A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 3 and 7, solve the X-ray crystal structure of the capsule polymerase CpsD, identify its tetratricopeptide repeat domain as essential for elongating poly(glycerol-3-phosphate) and show that CpsA and CpsC stimulate CpsD to produce longer polymers. We identify the CpsA and CpsC product as a wall teichoic acid homolog, demonstrating similarity between the biosynthesis of Gram-positive wall teichoic acid and Gram-negative capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Litschko
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valerio Di Domenico
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona Science Park, Tower R, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Schulze
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sizhe Li
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Olga G Ovchinnikova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thijs Voskuilen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Bethe
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Javier O Cifuente
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Alberto Marina
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Insa Budde
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim A Mast
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Sulewska
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Berger
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Proteomics, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain.
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona Science Park, Tower R, Barcelona, Spain.
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Timm Fiebig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany.
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Guarneri F, Romeo C, Scali F, Zoppi S, Formenti N, Maisano AM, Catania S, Gottschalk M, Alborali GL. Serotype diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated in Italian pig farms from 2015 to 2022. Vet Res 2024; 55:48. [PMID: 38594744 PMCID: PMC11005290 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a bacterium frequently associated with porcine pleuropneumonia. The acute form of the disease is highly contagious and often fatal, resulting in significant economic losses for pig farmers. Serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of APP strains circulating in north Italian farms from 2015 to 2022 were evaluated retrospectively to investigate APP epidemiology in the area. A total of 572 strains isolated from outbreaks occurring in 337 different swine farms were analysed. The majority of isolates belonged to serotypes 9/11 (39.2%) and 2 (28.1%) and serotype diversity increased during the study period, up to nine different serotypes isolated in 2022. The most common resistances were against tetracycline (53% of isolates) and ampicillin (33%), followed by enrofloxacin, florfenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (23% each). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was common, with a third of isolates showing resistance to more than three antimicrobial classes. Resistance to the different classes and MDR varied significantly depending on the serotype. In particular, the widespread serotype 9/11 was strongly associated with florfenicol and enrofloxacin resistance and showed the highest proportion of MDR isolates. Serotype 5, although less common, showed instead a concerning proportion of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance. Our results highlight how the typing of circulating serotypes and the analysis of their antimicrobial susceptibility profile are crucial to effectively manage APP infection and improve antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy.
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Marco Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - G Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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4
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To H, Maldonado J, Tsutsumi N, Gottschalk M, Frey J, Nagai S. Characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biovar 2 isolates reportedly reacted with the serovar 4 antiserum, and development of a multiplex PCR for O-antigen typing. Vet Microbiol 2024; 291:110030. [PMID: 38428226 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
We have analyzed the capsule (CPS) and the lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen (O-Ag) biosynthesis loci of twelve Spanish field isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biovar 2, eleven of them previously typed serologically as serovar 4 and one non-typable (NT) (Maldonado et al., 2009, 2011). These isolates have the common core genes of the type I CPS locus, sharing >98% identity with those of serovar 2. However, the former possesses the O-Ag locus as serovar 4, and the latter possesses the O-Ag locus as serovar 7. The main difference found between the CPS loci of the 11 isolates and that of serovar 2 reference strain S1536 are two deletions, one of an 8 bp sequence upstream of the coding sequence and one of 111 bp sequence at the 5' end of the cps2G gene. The deletion mutations mentioned lead to a defect in the production of CPS in these isolates, which contributed to their previous mis-identification. In order to complement the serotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae in diagnostics and epidemiology, we have developed a multiplex PCR for the comprehensive O-Ag typing of all A. pleuropneumoniae isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture and Aquaculture, University of Cuu Long, Vinh Long, Viet Nam.
| | - Jaime Maldonado
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Laboratorios HIPRA S.A., Paratge Arbusset s/n, Girona 17170, Spain
| | | | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joachim Frey
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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He Q, Zheng Y, Yan K, Tang J, Yang F, Tian Y, Yang L, Dou B, Chen Y, Gu J, Chen H, Yuan F, Bei W. The cAMP receptor protein gene contributes to growth, stress resistance, and colonization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:110006. [PMID: 38308931 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Porcine infectious pleuropneumonia (PCP) is a severe disease of porcine caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP). The spread of PCP remains a threat to the porcine farms and has been known to cause severe economic losses. The cAMP receptor protein (CRP) serves as a pivotal player in helping bacteria adapt to shifts in their environment, particularly when facing the challenges posed by bacterial infections. In this study, we investigated the role of CRP in APP. Our results revealed that crp mutant (Δcrp) strains were more sensitive to acidic and osmotic stress resistance and had lower biofilm formation ability than wild-type (WT) strains. Furthermore, the Δcrp strains showed deficiencies in anti-phagocytosis, adhesion, and invasion upon interaction with host cells. Mice infected with the Δcrp strains demonstrated reduced bacterial loads in their lungs compared to those infected with the WT strains. This study reveals the pivotal role of crp gene expression in regulating pleuropneumonia growth, stress resistance, iron utilization, biofilm formation, phagocytosis, adhesion, invasion and colonization. Our discoveries offer novel perspectives on understanding the development and progression of APP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaxuan Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengming Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhong Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Beibei Dou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunpeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Yang Z, Yang X, Wang M, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Tian B, Zhu D, Cheng A. Genome-wide association study reveals serovar-associated genetic loci in Riemerella anatipestifer. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:57. [PMID: 38216873 PMCID: PMC10787497 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disease caused by Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer, RA) results in large economic losses to the global duck industry every year. Serovar-related genomic variation, such as the O-antigen and capsular polysaccharide (CPS) gene clusters, has been widely used for serotyping in many gram-negative bacteria. RA has been classified into at least 21 serovars based on slide agglutination, but the molecular basis of serotyping is unknown. In this study, we performed a pan-genome-wide association study (Pan-GWAS) to identify the genetic loci associated with RA serovars. RESULTS The results revealed a significant association between the putative CPS synthesis gene locus and the serological phenotype. Further characterization of the CPS gene clusters in 11 representative serovar strains indicated that they were highly diverse and serovar-specific. The CPS gene cluster contained the key genes wzx and wzy, which are involved in the Wzx/Wzy-dependent pathway of CPS synthesis. Similar CPS loci have been found in some other species within the family Weeksellaceae. We have also shown that deletion of the wzy gene in RA results in capsular defects and cross-agglutination. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the CPS synthesis gene cluster of R. anatipestifer is a serotype-specific genetic locus. Importantly, our finding provides a new perspective for the systematic analysis of the genetic basis of the R anatipestifer serovars and a potential target for establishing a complete molecular serotyping scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishuang Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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7
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Ozawa M, Kawano M, Abo H, Issiki Y, Kumakawa M, Kawanishi M, Kojima A, Iwamoto S. Characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs in Japan using whole genome sequencing. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 102:102062. [PMID: 37741218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
We conducted whole-genome sequencing to investigate the serotypes, the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and the genetic relationships among isolates of Actinobacillus. pleuropneumoniae derived from diseased pigs. Serotype 2 (71.2%) was the most common, but the prevalence of serotypes 6 (13.6%) and 15 (6.8%) increased. Existing vaccines are considered ineffective on the isolates belonging to serotypes 6 and 15. The phylogenetic tree based on core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that the isolates were clustered by serotype. Of the isolates, 62.5% did not have an antimicrobial resistance gene, including a florfenicol resistance gene, but 32.2% had a tetracycline resistance gene. The antimicrobial resistant phenotype and genotype were almost identical. The plasmid-derived contigs harbored resistance genes of aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, β-lactams, phenicols, or sulfonamides. It has been suggested that isolates with different genetic properties from vaccine strains are circulating; however, antimicrobial resistance may not be widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manao Ozawa
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan.
| | - Motoshi Kawano
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Abo
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Yukari Issiki
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Mio Kumakawa
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Michiko Kawanishi
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Akemi Kojima
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
| | - Shoko Iwamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan
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8
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To H, Tsutsumi N, Ito S, Gottschalk M, Nagai S. Characterization of nonencapsulated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar K12:O3 isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:766-771. [PMID: 37542385 PMCID: PMC10621555 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231190875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from clinical cases of porcine pleuropneumonia were positive by capsular serovar 12-specific PCR assay, but not reactive to antiserum prepared against serovar 12 using the rapid slide agglutination (RSA) test. The isolates were positive for apxIICA, apxIIICA, apxIBD, apxIIIBD, and apxIVA in the PCR toxin gene assay, which is the profile seen in serovars 2, 4, 6, 8, and 15, and reacted with antisera against serovars 3, 6, 8, 15, and 17. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that genes involved in the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide of the 3 isolates were identical or nearly identical to those of serovar 12. However, genes involved in the biosynthesis of O-polysaccharide of the 3 isolates were highly similar to those of reference strains of serovars 3, 6, 8, 15, 17, and 19. In agreement with results from the RSA test, transmission electron microscopic analysis confirmed the absence of detectable capsular material in the 3 isolates. The existence of nonencapsulated A. pleuropneumoniae serovar K12:O3 would hamper precise serodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Aquaculture, University of Cuu Long, Vinh Long, Vietnam
| | | | - Soma Ito
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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To H, Akaike Y, Kon M, Koike F, Shibuya K, Sasakawa C, Nagai S. Characterization of an atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 2 isolate with a rough-type lipopolysaccharide. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:157-162. [PMID: 36477365 PMCID: PMC10017293 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe phenotypic and genetic characterization of an atypical Japanese Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolate OT761. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that gene clusters involved in capsular polysaccharide and O-polysaccharide (O-PS) biosynthesis of the isolate were nearly identical to those of serovar 2 reference strain. The main difference found between the O-PS loci is the shortening of 31 amino acids from the C terminus of WcaJ in the atypical isolate due to a 93 bp deletion at the 3' end of wcaJ gene. Immunoblot analysis revealed that this isolate could not produce O-PS. Taken together, our results showed that the C-terminal domain of the A. pleuropneumoniae WcaJ plays a critical role in enzyme function of WcaJ involved in the biosynthesis of O-PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture and Aquaculture, University of Cuu Long, Vinh Long, VietNam
| | - Yuta Akaike
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiha Kon
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Li Y, Bossé JT, Stringer OW, Hennig-Pauka I, Mortensen P, Langford PR. Detection of Novel Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serovars by Multiplex PCR: a Cautionary Tale. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0446122. [PMID: 36722957 PMCID: PMC10100907 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04461-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janine T. Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver W. Stringer
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bakum, Germany
| | | | - Paul R. Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Comparative Efficacy in Challenge Dose Models of a Toxin Expressing Whole-Cell Vaccine against Eight Serovars of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233244. [PMID: 36496765 PMCID: PMC9740876 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a major economically significant bacterial respiratory pig pathogen, and whole cell vaccines are used to prevent disease. However, there is little data available on multi-serovar whole cell vaccine protection. Therefore, we determined the protective efficacies of a whole-cell A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 and 2 vaccine comprising ApxI-III toxins (C-vaccine, Coglapix®, Ceva, France) against serovars 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9/11, and 13. The infection doses used induced disease representative of endemic field conditions, and standard protocols were used for all studies. Protection against homologous serovars 1 and 2 significantly reduced lung lesion scores (LLS) compared to positive controls: p = 0.00007 and p = 0.00124, respectively. The protection against heterologous serovars 4, 5, 6, 7, 9/11, and 13 also significantly reduced LLS: range p = 2.9 × 10-10 to p = 0.00953. As adjudged by the estimated random effect, reproducibility between studies was high. A highly significant serovar-independent reduction of pathological lung lesions by the C-vaccine was found for all the serovars tested (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9/11, and 13). We conclude that the C-vaccine gives high serovar-independent protection against disease and is suitable for this use in the field.
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12
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Outer Membrane Vesicles of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Exert Immunomodulatory Effects on Porcine Alveolar Macrophages. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0181922. [PMID: 36040198 PMCID: PMC9602539 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01819-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spontaneously released by Gram-negative bacteria, including Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which causes contagious pleuropneumonia in pigs and leads to considerable economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. A. pleuropneumoniae OMVs have previously been demonstrated to contain Apx toxins and proteases, as well as antigenic proteins. Nevertheless, comprehensive characterizations of their contents and interactions with host immune cells have not been made. Understanding the protein compositions and immunomodulating ability of A. pleuropneumoniae OMVs could help illuminate their biological functions and facilitate the development of OMV-based applications. In the current investigation, we comprehensively characterized the proteome of native A. pleuropneumoniae OMVs. Moreover, we qualitatively and quantitatively compared the OMV proteomes of a wild-type strain and three mutant strains, in which relevant genes were disrupted to increase OMV production and/or produce OMVs devoid of superantigen PalA. Furthermore, the interaction between A. pleuropneumoniae OMVs and porcine alveolar macrophages was also characterized. Our results indicate that native OMVs spontaneously released by A. pleuropneumoniae MIDG2331 appeared to dampen the innate immune responses by porcine alveolar macrophages stimulated by either inactivated or live parent cells. The findings suggest that OMVs may play a role in manipulating the porcine defense during the initial phases of the A. pleuropneumoniae infection. IMPORTANCE Owing to their built-in adjuvanticity and antigenicity, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are gaining increasing attention as potential vaccines for both human and animal use. OMVs released by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, an important respiratory pathogen in pigs, have also been investigated for vaccine development. Our previous studies have shown that A. pleuropneumoniae secretes OMVs containing multiple immunogenic proteins. However, immunization of pigs with these vesicles was not able to relieve the pig lung lesions induced by the challenge with A. pleuropneumoniae, implying the elusive roles that A. pleuropneumoniae OMVs play in host-pathogen interaction. Here, we showed that A. pleuropneumoniae secretes OMVs whose yield and protein content can be altered by the deletion of the nlpI and palA genes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that A. pleuropneumoniae OMVs dampen the immune responses in porcine alveolar macrophages stimulated by A. pleuropneumoniae cells, suggesting a novel mechanism that A. pleuropneumoniae might use to evade host defense.
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13
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Kleinmans M, Fiebig K, Tabeling R, Swam H, Duivelshof-Crienen A, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M. Explorative Field Study on the Use of Oral Fluids for the Surveillance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infections in Fattening Farms by an Apx-Real-Time PCR. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100552. [PMID: 36288165 PMCID: PMC9607612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral fluid sampling (OFS) is an animal friendly and easy way for surveillance purposes in domestic swine populations, especially concerning respiratory diseases. In case of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae surveillance, measures are usually combined with burdensome sampling for animals and humans. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of oral fluids (OFs) for surveillance purposes of A. pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening pigs using an Apx-toxin real-time PCR. We were able to demonstrate that the examination of OFs by an Apx-toxin real-time PCR is suitable for A. pleuropneumoniae surveillance in the field in an animal friendly and easy way. These results might contribute to an increased compliance of laboratory diagnostic measures on pig farms and thereby to increased animal welfare due to less burdensome sampling and improved animal health. Abstract Oral fluids (OFs) represent a cost effective and reliable tool for surveillance purposes, mostly regarding viruses. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of OFs for surveillance purposes concerning Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening pigs under field conditions. OFs were examined with an Apx-toxin real-time PCR that detects the genes encoding for Apx I-, Apx III-, and Apx IV-toxin. For this purpose, we conducted a pen-wise collection of OFs over one fattening period from fattening pigs of two farms (farm A and B) with a known history of A. pleuropneumoniae infection. Lung lesions were determined at slaughter to estimate the extend of pulmonary lesions and pleural affection. Apx III- and Apx IV-toxin DNA were present in the OFs of both farms whereas Apx I-toxin DNA was present on farm A only. We were able to detect Apx I-, Apx III-, and Apx IV-toxin DNA in different patterns directly after introduction of the new pigs in the farms and over the entire study period. In summary, or results indicate the suitability of OFS for the early detection and surveillance of A. pleuropneumoniae in fattening farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Fiebig
- Intervet Deutschland GmbH, MSD Animal Health, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Tabeling
- Intervet Deutschland GmbH, MSD Animal Health, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Hanny Swam
- Intervet International B.V., 5831 AK Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
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14
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Revealing Genomic Insights of the Unexplored Porcine Pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Using Whole Genome Sequencing. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0118522. [PMID: 35856711 PMCID: PMC9430968 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01185-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the causative agent of pleuropneumonia in pigs, one of the most relevant bacterial respiratory diseases in the swine industry. To date, 19 serotypes have been described based on capsular polysaccharide typing with significant virulence dissimilarities. In this study, 16 APP isolates from Spanish origin were selected to perform antimicrobial susceptibility tests and comparative genomic analysis using whole genome sequencing (WGS). To obtain a more comprehensive worldwide molecular epidemiologic analyses, all APP whole genome assemblies available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the time of the study were also included. An in-house in silico PCR approach enabled the correct serotyping of unserotyped or incorrectly serotyped isolates and allowed for the discrimination between serotypes 9 and 11. A pangenome analysis identified the presence or absence of gene clusters to be serotype specific, as well as virulence profile analyses targeting the apx operons. Antimicrobial resistance genes were correlated to the presence of specific plasmids. Altogether, this study provides new insights into the genetic variability within APP serotypes, correlates phenotypic tests with bioinformatic analyses and manifests the benefits of populated databases for a better assessment of diversity and variability of relatively unknown pathogens. Overall, genomic comparative analysis enhances the understanding of transmission and epidemiological patterns of this species and suggests vertical transmission of the pathogen, including the resistance genes, within the Spanish integrated systems. IMPORTANCE Pleuropneumonia is one of the most relevant respiratory infections in the swine industry. Despite Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) being one of the most important pathogens in the pig production, this is the first comparative study including all available whole genome sequencing data from NCBI. Moreover, this study also includes 16 APP isolates of Spanish origin with known epidemiological relationships through vertical integrated systems. Genomic comparisons provided a deeper understanding of molecular and epidemiological knowledge between different APP serotypes. Furthermore, determination of resistance and toxin profiles allowed correlation with the presence of mobile genetic elements and specific serotype, respectively.
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15
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Sarkar R, Roychoudhury P, Kumar S, Dutta S, Konwar N, Subudhi PK, Dutta TK. Rapid detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae targeting the apxIVA gene for diagnosis of contagious porcine pleuropneumonia in pigs by Polymerase Spiral Reaction. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:442-449. [PMID: 35616177 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the primary etiological agent of contagious porcine pleuropneumonia associated with serious economic impact on pig husbandry worldwide. Diagnosis of the disease by existing techniques including isolation and identification bacteria followed by serotyping, serological techniques, conventional PCR, real-time PCR and LAMP assays are cumbersome, time consuming, costly and not suitable for rapid field application. A novel isothermal polymerase chain reaction (PSR) technique is standardized for all the reagents, incubation time and incubation temperature against A. pleuropneumoniae. Sensitivity of the assay was determined against various dilutions of purified DNA and total bacterial count. Specificity of the assay was determined against 11 closely related bacterial isolates. The relative sensitivity and specificity was compared with bacterial isolation, conventional PCR and real-time PCR assays. The PSR assay for specific detection was standardized at 64o C for 30 minutes incubation in a water bath. The result was visible by the naked eye after centrifugation of the reaction mixture or after incorporation of SYBR Green dye as yellow-green fluorescence. The technique was found to be 100% specific and equally sensitive with real-time PCR and 10 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. The PSR assay could be applicable in detection of the organisms in porcine nasal swabs spiked with A. pleuropneumoniae. This is the first ever report on development of PSR for specific detection of A. pleuropneumoniae and can be applied for early diagnosis at field level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sarkar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - P Roychoudhury
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - S Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - S Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - N Konwar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - P K Subudhi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - T K Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
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16
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Li SC, Huang JF, Hung YT, Wu HH, Wang JP, Lin JH, Chen ZW, Hsuan SL. In silico capsule locus typing for serovar prediction of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35404221 PMCID: PMC9453067 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a causative agent of pleuropneumonia in pigs of all ages. A. pleuropneumoniae is divided into 19 serovars based on capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) and lipopolysaccharides. The serovars of isolates are commonly determined by serological tests and multiplex PCR. This study aimed to develop a genomic approach for in silico A. pleuropneumoniae typing by screening for the presence of the species-specific apxIV gene in whole-genome sequencing (WGS) reads and identifying capsule locus (KL) types in genome assemblies. A database of the A. pleuropneumoniae KL, including CPS synthesis and CPS export genes, was established and optimized for Kaptive. To test the developed genomic approach, WGS reads of 189 A. pleuropneumoniae isolates and those of 66 samples from 14 other bacterial species were analysed. ariba analysis showed that apxIV was detected in all 189 A. pleuropneumoniae samples. These apxIV-positive WGS reads were de novo assembled into genome assemblies and assessed. A total of 105 A. pleuropneumoniae genome assemblies that passed the quality assessment were analysed by Kaptive analysis against the A. pleuropneumoniae KL database. The results showed that 97 assemblies were classified and predicted as 13 serovars, which matched the serovar information obtained from the literature. The six genome assemblies from previously nontypable isolates were typed and predicted as serovars 17 and 18. Notably, one of the two “Actinobacillus porcitonsillarum” samples was apxIV positive, and its genome assembly was typed as KL03 with high identity and predicted as A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 3. Collectively, a genomic approach was established and could accurately determine the KL type of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates using WGS reads. This approach can be used with high-quality genome assemblies for predicting A. pleuropneumoniae serovars and for retrospective analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siou-Cen Li
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Fang Huang
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-Hui Wu
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jyh-Perng Wang
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiunn-Horng Lin
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zeng-Weng Chen
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Ling Hsuan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Stringer OW, Li Y, Bossé JT, Forrest MS, Hernandez-Garcia J, Tucker AW, Nunes T, Costa F, Mortensen P, Velazquez E, Penny P, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Georgiou P, Langford PR. Rapid Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae From Clinical Samples Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:805382. [PMID: 35400111 PMCID: PMC8990124 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.805382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, resulting in high economic impact worldwide. There are currently 19 known serovars of APP, with different ones being predominant in specific geographic regions. Outbreaks of pleuropneumonia, characterized by sudden respiratory difficulties and high mortality, can occur when infected pigs are brought into naïve herds, or by those carrying different serovars. Good biosecurity measures include regular diagnostic testing for surveillance purposes. Current gold standard diagnostic techniques lack sensitivity (bacterial culture), require expensive thermocycling machinery (PCR) and are time consuming (culture and PCR). Here we describe the development of an isothermal point-of-care diagnostic test - utilizing recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for the detection of APP, targeting the species-specific apxIVA gene. Our APP-RPA diagnostic test achieved a sensitivity of 10 copies/μL using a strain of APP serovar 8, which is the most prevalent serovar in the UK. Additionally, our APP-RPA assay achieved a clinical sensitivity and specificity of 84.3 and 100%, respectively, across 61 extracted clinical samples obtained from farms located in England and Portugal. Using a small subset (n = 14) of the lung tissue samples, we achieved a clinical sensitivity and specificity of 76.9 and 100%, respectively) using lung imprints made on FTA cards tested directly in the APP-RPA reaction. Our results demonstrate that our APP-RPA assay enables a suitable rapid and sensitive screening tool for this important veterinary pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W. Stringer
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janine T. Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Juan Hernandez-Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander W. Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago Nunes
- Ceva Animal Health Ltd., Saúde Animal, Algés, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Paul Penny
- Ceva Animal Health Ltd., Amersham, United Kingdom
| | - Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelis Georgiou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Scherrer S, Peterhans S, Neupert C, Rademacher F, Bartolomei G, Sidler X, Stephan R. Development of a novel high resolution melting assay for identification and differentiation of all known 19 serovars of
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1272. [PMID: 35478285 PMCID: PMC8924696 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a respiratory infectious disease responsible for global economic losses in the pig industry. From a monitoring perspective as well as due to the different courses of disease associated with the various serovars, it is essential to distinguish them in different herds or countries. In this study, we developed a novel high resolution melting (HRM) assay based on reference strains for each of the 19 known serovars and additional 15 clinical A. pleuropneumoniae isolates. The novel HRM comprises the species‐specific APP‐HRM1 and two serovar‐specific HRM assays (APP‐HRM2 and APP‐HRM3). APP‐HRM1 allowed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of apxIV resulting in an A. pleuropneumoniae specific melting curve, while nadV specific primers differentiated biovar 2 from biovar 1 isolates. Using APP‐HRM2 and APP‐HRM3, 13 A. pleuropneumoniae serovars can be determined by inspecting the assigned melting temperature. In contrast, serovar 3 and 14, serovar 9 and 11, and serovar 5 and 15 have partly overlapping melting temperatures and thus represent a challenge to accurately distinguish them. Consequently, to unambiguously ensure the correct assignment of the serovar, it is recommended to perform the serotyping HRM assay using a positive control for each serovar. This rapid and user‐friendly assay showed high sensitivity with 1.25 fg–125 pg of input DNA and a specificity of 100% to identify A. pleuropneumoniae. Characteristic melting patterns of amplicons might allow detecting new serovars. The novel HRM assay has the potential to be implemented in diagnostic laboratories for better surveillance of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scherrer
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sophie Peterhans
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Fenja Rademacher
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Xaver Sidler
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Donà V, Ramette A, Perreten V. Comparative genomics of 26 complete circular genomes of 18 different serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35196217 PMCID: PMC8942016 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae causing pig pleuropneumonia associated with great economic losses worldwide. Nineteen serotypes with distinctive lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and capsular (CPS) compositions have been described so far, yet complete circular genomes are publicly available only for the reference strains of serotypes 1, 4 and 5b, and for field strains of serotypes 1, 3, 7 and 8. We aimed to complete this picture by sequencing the reference strains of 17 different serotypes with the MinION sequencer (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, ONT) and on an Illumina HiSeq (Illumina) platform. We also included two field isolates of serotypes 2 and 3 that were PacBio- and MinION-sequenced, respectively. Genome assemblies were performed following two different strategies, i.e. PacBio- or ONT-only de novo assemblies polished with Illumina reads or a hybrid assembly by directly combining ONT and Illumina reads. Both methods proved successful in obtaining accurate circular genomes with comparable qualities. blast-based genome comparisons and core-genome phylogeny based on core genes, SNP typing and multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) of the 26 circular genomes indicated well-conserved genomes across the 18 different serotypes, differing mainly in phage insertions, and CPS, LPS and RTX-toxin clusters, which, consistently, encode serotype-specific antigens. We also identified small antibiotic resistance plasmids, and complete subtype I-F and subtype II-C CRISPR-Cas systems. Of note, highly similar clusters encoding all those serotype-specific traits were also found in other pathogenic and commensal Actinobacillus species. Taken together with the presence of transposable elements surrounding these loci, we speculate a dynamic intra- and interspecies exchange of such virulence-related factors by horizontal gene transfer. In conclusion, our comprehensive genomics analysis provides useful information for diagnostic test and vaccine development, but also for whole-genome-based epidemiological studies, as well as for the surveillance of the evolution of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Donà
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alban Ramette
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Hennig-Pauka I, Hartmann M, Merkel J, Kreienbrock L. Coinfections and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Strains Isolated From Diseased Swine in North Western Germany-Temporal Patterns in Samples From Routine Laboratory Practice From 2006 to 2020. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:802570. [PMID: 35155648 PMCID: PMC8831912 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.802570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is one major bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen causing disease outbreaks worldwide, although effective commercial vaccines are available. Due to frequent failure of this preventive measure, treatment with antimicrobials is indispensable to prevent animal losses within an outbreak situation. To preserve the effectivity of antimicrobial substances to fight APP should therefore be the primary aim of any interventions. In this study, the temporal development of antimicrobial resistance in APP was analyzed retrospectively in the time period 2006-2020 from a routine diagnostic database. In parallel, frequent coinfections were evaluated to identify most important biotic cofactors as important triggers for disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds. The proportion of APP serotype 2 decreased over time but was isolated most often from diseased swine (57% in 2020). In ~1% of the cases, APP was isolated from body sites outside the respiratory tract as brain and joints. The lowest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for cephalothin and ceftiofur (0.18%), florfenicol (0.24%), tilmicosin (2.4%), tiamulin (2.4%), enrofloxacin (2.7%), and spectinomycin (3.6%), while the highest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for gentamicin (30.9%), penicillin (51.5%), and tetracycline (78.2%). For enrofloxacin, tiamulin, tilmicosin, and tetracycline, significantly lower frequencies of resistant isolates were found in the time period 2015-2020 compared to 2006-2014, while gentamicin-resistant isolates increased. In summary, there is only a low risk of treatment failure due to resistant isolates. In maximum, up to six coinfecting pathogens were identified in pigs positive for APP. Most often pigs were coinfected with Porcine Circovirus 2 (56%), Streptococcus suis (24.8%), or the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (23.3%). Potential synergistic effects between these pathogens published from experimental findings can be hypothesized by these field data as well. To prevent APP disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds more efficiently in the future, next to environmental trigger factors, preventive measures must also address the coinfecting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bakum, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Merkel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Duan B, Peng W, Yan K, Liu F, Tang J, Yang F, Chen H, Yuan F, Bei W. The QseB/QseC two-component system contributes to virulence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by downregulating apf gene cluster transcription. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00036-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the major pathogen of porcine contagious pleuropneumoniae (PCP). The QseB/QseC two-component system (TCS) consists of the regulator QseB and the kinase QseC, which relates to quorum sensing (QS) and virulence in some bacteria. Here, we investigated the role of QseB/QseC in apf gene cluster (apfABCD) expression of APP. Our results have showed that QseB/QseC TCS can potentially regulate the expression of apf gene cluster. The ΔqseBC, ΔapfA, ΔapfB, ΔapfC and ΔapfD strains are more sensitive to acidic and osmotic stressful conditions, and exhibite lower biofilm formation ability than wild-type (WT) strain, whereas the complemented strains show similar phenotype to the WT strain. In additon, the mutants have defective anti-phagocytosis, adhesion and invasion when they come into contact with the host cells. In experimental animal models of infection, mice infected with ΔqseBC, ΔapfA, ΔapfB, ΔapfC and ΔapfD strains showed lower mortality and bacterial loads in the lung and the blood than those infected with WT strain. In conclusion, our results suggest that QseB/QseC TCS contributes to stress resistance, biofilm formation, phagocytosis, adhesion, invasion and virulence by downregulating expression of apf gene cluster in A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes porcine pleuropneumonia, an important disease in the pig industry. Accurate and sensitive diagnostics such as DNA-based diagnostics are essential for preventing or responding to an outbreak. The specificity of DNA-based diagnostics depends on species-specific markers. Previously, an insertion element was found within an A. pleuropneumoniae-specific gene commonly used for A. pleuropneumoniae detection, prompting the need for additional species-specific markers. Herein, 12 marker candidates highly conserved (99 - 100% identity) among 34 A. pleuropneumoniae genomes (covering 13 serovars) were identified to be A. pleuropneumoniae-specific in silico, as these sequences are distinct from 30 genomes of 13 other Actinobacillus and problematic [Actinobacillus] species and more than 1700 genomes of other bacteria in the Pasteurellaceae family. Five marker candidates are within the apxIVA gene, a known A. pleuropneumoniae-specific gene, validating our in silico marker discovery method. Seven other A. pleuropneumoniae-specific marker candidates within the eamA, nusG, sppA, xerD, ybbN, ycfL, and ychJ genes were validated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to be specific to 129 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae (covering all 19 serovars), but not to four closely related Actinobacillus species, four [Actinobacillus] species, or seven other bacterial species. This is the first study to identify A. pleuropneumoniae-specific markers through genome mining. Seven novel A. pleuropneumoniae-specific DNA markers were identified by a combination of in silico and molecular methods and can serve as additional or alternative targets for A. pleuropneumoniae diagnostics, potentially leading to better control of the disease. IMPORTANCE Species-specific markers are crucial for infectious disease diagnostics. Mutations within a marker sequence can lead to false-negative results, inappropriate treatment, and economic loss. The availability of several species-specific markers is therefore desirable. In this study, 12 DNA markers specific to A. pleuropneumoniae, a pig pathogen, were simultaneously identified. Five marker candidates are within a known A. pleuropneumoniae-specific gene. Seven novel markers can be used as additional targets in DNA-based diagnostics, which in turn can expedite disease diagnosis, assist farm management, and lead to better animal health and food security. The marker discovery strategy outlined herein requires less time, effort, and cost, and results in more markers compared with conventional methods. Identification of species-specific markers of other pathogens and corresponding infectious disease diagnostics are possible, conceivably improving health care and the economy.
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Pepovich R, Hristov K, Nikolov B, Genova K, Ivanova E, Kundurzhiev T, Tsachev I, Ciccozzi M, Baymakova M. Seroprevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs from Bulgaria. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2020-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. The purpose of the study was to present a serological report on App prevalence among pigs in industrial farms in Bulgaria. Seventy-two pigs from four industrial farms in four districts of Bulgaria – Eastern Bulgaria (Razgrad and Yambol districts) and Western Bulgaria (Lovech and Sofia districts) were included. Animals were divided in two age groups: weaners and fattening pigs. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, INgezim APP MIX, Eurofins Ingenasa, Madrid, Spain) for the detection of antibodies against App parasuis in porcine serum was used. Microtitrе plate was coated with App antigen of the serovars 1, 2, 9 and 11. Positive results for anti-App antibodies were detected in 32 (44.4%) of all 72 tested sera. The overall seropositivity in weaners and fattening pigs was 22.2% (8/36), and 66.7% (24/36), respectively. The highest App seropositivity in pigs was found in Eastern Bulgaria - 61.1% (22/36; P<0.001) in comparison to App seropositivity in Western Bulgaria – 27.8% (10/36; P=0.137). This study on anti-App prevalence among pigs in Bulgaria gives new insights on App epidemiology in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Pepovich
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - K. Hristov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - B. Nikolov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - K. Genova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - E. Ivanova
- National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T. Kundurzhiev
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Tsachev
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - M. Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemio¬logy, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Baymakova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
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24
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Bossé JT, Li Y, Cohen LM, Stegger M, Angen Ø, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Lei L, Koene M, Kuhnert P, Bandara AB, Inzana TJ, Holden MTG, Harris D, Oshota O, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW, Wren BW, Rycroft AN, Langford PR, On Behalf Of The BRaDP T Consortium. Complete genome for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 reference strain 405: comparative analysis with draft genomes for different laboratory stock cultures indicates little genetic variation. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34818145 PMCID: PMC8743550 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of the widely studied Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 reference strain 405, generated using the Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) RS II platform. Furthermore, we compared draft sequences generated by Illumina sequencing of six stocks of this strain, including the same original stock used to generate the PacBio sequence, held in different countries and found little genetic variation, with only three SNPs identified, all within the degS gene. However, sequences of two small plasmids, pARD3079 and p405tetH, detected by Illumina sequencing of the draft genomes were not identified in the PacBio sequence of the reference strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Liza Miriam Cohen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R China
| | - Miriam Koene
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aloka B Bandara
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Thomas J Inzana
- Present address: College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, USA.,Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Matthew T G Holden
- Present address: School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Harris
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olusegun Oshota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew N Rycroft
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Proposal of a subtype of serovar 4, K4b:O3, of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae based on serological and genotypic analysis. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109279. [PMID: 34798366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate an isolate of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, named 14-760, which was serologically not classifiable among the recognised serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae. It reacted with the antisera raised against serovars 3, 6, 8, 15 and 17 in the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test, and was positive in the capsular serovar 4-specific PCR (cps4B PCR) assay. The isolate contains a type II capsule locus similar to serovar 4 but with variations in the length of four intergeneric regions (modF-cpxA, cpxD-cpsA, cpsC-a 114 bp orf, and lysA-ydeN), and three gene sequences (modF, cpsC and ydeN). The main difference found between the K4 and K4b cps genes is the additional 35 AAs found in type 4b due to a 4 bp insert in cps4bC. The LPS O-Ag locus is highly similar to that of reference strains of serovars 3, 6, 8, 15, 17 and 19. Isolate 14-760 is biovar 1 and contains solely the structural genes required for toxin ApxII production (apxIICA), and the type I secretion system (apxIBD) for the export of ApxII. Antiserum against isolate 14-760 adsorbed with antigen prepared from serovars 8, 15 or 17 reference strains remained reactive with isolate 14-760, but not with antigens prepared from serovars 1-18. Taken together, our results indicate the existence of a subtype of A. pleuropneumoniae, serovar 4, that we called "K4b:O3″, and we propose isolate 14-760 as the reference strain.
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Loera-Muro A, Ramírez-Castillo FY, Moreno-Flores AC, Martin EM, Avelar-González FJ, Guerrero-Barrera AL. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Surviving on Environmental Multi-Species Biofilms in Swine Farms. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722683. [PMID: 34660763 PMCID: PMC8515031 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, an important respiratory disease for the pig industry. A. pleuropneumoniae has traditionally been considered an obligate pig pathogen. However, its presence in the environment is starting to be known. Here, we report the A. pleuropneumoniae surviving in biofilms in samples of drinking water of swine farms from Mexico. Fourteen farms were studied. Twenty drinking water samples were positive to A. pleuropneumoniae distributed on three different farms. The bacteria in the drinking water samples showed the ability to form biofilms in vitro. Likewise, A. pleuropneumoniae biofilm formation in situ was observed on farm drinkers, where the biofilm formation was in the presence of other bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Acinetobacter schindleri. Our data suggest that A. pleuropneumoniae can inhabit aquatic environments using multi-species biofilms as a strategy to survive outside of their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Loera-Muro
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noreste, La Paz, Mexico
| | - Flor Y Ramírez-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Adriana C Moreno-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Eduardo M Martin
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Avelar-González
- Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Departamento Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Alma L Guerrero-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Ma X, Zheng B, Wang J, Li G, Cao S, Wen Y, Huang X, Zuo Z, Zhong Z, Gu Y. Quinolone Resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Revealed through Genome and Transcriptome Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810036. [PMID: 34576206 PMCID: PMC8472844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a pathogen that infects pigs and poses a serious threat to the pig industry. The emergence of quinolone-resistant strains of A.pleuropneumoniae further limits the choice of treatment. However, the mechanisms behind quinolone resistance in A.pleuropneumoniae remain unclear. The genomes of a ciprofloxacin-resistant strain, A. pleuropneumoniae SC1810 and its isogenic drug-sensitive counterpart were sequenced and analyzed using various bioinformatics tools, revealing 559 differentially expressed genes. The biological membrane, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and quinolone resistance-determining region were detected. Upregulated expression of efflux pump genes led to ciprofloxacin resistance. The expression of two porins, OmpP2B and LamB, was significantly downregulated in the mutant. Three nonsynonymous mutations in the mutant strain disrupted the water–metal ion bridge, subsequently reducing the affinity of the quinolone–enzyme complex for metal ions and leading to cross-resistance to multiple quinolones. The mechanism of quinolone resistance in A. pleuropneumoniae may involve inhibition of expression of the outer membrane protein genes ompP2B and lamB to decrease drug influx, overexpression of AcrB in the efflux pump to enhance its drug-pumping ability, and mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region to weaken the binding of the remaining drugs. These findings will provide new potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.M.); (B.Z.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.M.); (B.Z.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jiafan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.M.); (B.Z.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Gen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.M.); (B.Z.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Bioengineering Department, Sichuan Water Conservancy Vocational College, Chengdu 611231, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.W.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.M.); (B.Z.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.M.); (B.Z.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (Y.G.)
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Draft Genome Sequences of Two Clinical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 19 Strains from Pigs in Switzerland. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0058821. [PMID: 34435857 PMCID: PMC8388544 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00588-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 19 is a very recently described new serotype with a novel type II capsule synthesis locus. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 19 strains with a serogroup 3/6/8/12/15 O-antigen locus that were isolated in 2018 and 2021 from two different pig farms in Switzerland.
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Stringer OW, Bossé JT, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Fodor L, Angen Ø, Velazquez E, Penny P, Lei L, Langford PR, Li Y. Rapid Detection and Typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serovars Directly From Clinical Samples: Combining FTA ® Card Technology With Multiplex PCR. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:728660. [PMID: 34447805 PMCID: PMC8382971 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.728660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is highly contagious and responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and economic losses in the swine industry worldwide, but quick serotyping and diagnosis are still not widely available. In this study, we sought to validate the use of Whatman FTA® cards for collection and processing of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates, or porcine lung tissue samples, for direct use in diagnostic multiplex PCRs. We have optimized the processing of 3-mm discs punched from FTA® cards loaded with cultured A. pleuropneumoniae, or imprinted on lesioned regions of lung tissue, with only three distilled water washes before addition into our APP-multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay for rapid, low-cost identification and serotyping. DNA captured on FTA® cards generated the same diagnostic PCR results as DNA extracted using commercial kits for 85 A. pleuropneumoniae clinical isolate cultures and 22 lung samples. Additionally, bacterial DNA bound to FTA® cards was detectable by PCR after 6 months of storage at 37°C. This study provides simple, efficient, rapid, and practical sample processing for detection and molecular serotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W. Stringer
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janine T. Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Paul Penny
- Ceva Animal Health Ltd., Amersham, United Kingdom
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Paul R. Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Application of the MISTEACHING(S) disease susceptibility framework to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to identify research gaps: an exemplar of a veterinary pathogen. Anim Health Res Rev 2021; 22:120-135. [PMID: 34275511 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252321000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the MISTEACHING (microbiome, immunity, sex, temperature, environment, age, chance, history, inoculum, nutrition, genetics) framework to describe the outcome of host-pathogen interaction, has been applied to human pathogens. Here, we show, using Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae as an exemplar, that the MISTEACHING framework can be applied to a strict veterinary pathogen, enabling the identification of major research gaps, the formulation of hypotheses whose study will lead to a greater understanding of pathogenic mechanisms, and/or improved prevention/therapeutic measures. We also suggest that the MISTEACHING framework should be extended with the inclusion of a 'strain' category, to become MISTEACHINGS. We conclude that the MISTEACHINGS framework can be applied to veterinary pathogens, whether they be bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites, and hope to stimulate others to use it to identify research gaps and to formulate hypotheses worthy of study with their own pathogens.
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Stringer OW, Bossé JT, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Fodor L, Angen Ø, Velazquez E, Penny P, Lei L, Langford PR, Li Y. Proposal of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 19, and reformulation of previous multiplex PCRs for capsule-specific typing of all known serovars. Vet Microbiol 2021; 255:109021. [PMID: 33667982 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two serologically and molecularly non-typeable isolates of the porcine lung pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae have been identified from diseased swine in two different continents. Genome sequencing was carried out to identify their diagnostically relevant genotypes. Both isolates are biovar 1 and encode genes for production of ApxIV and ApxII (apxIICA structural genes, and apxIBD export genes). They both possess the same novel type II capsule locus (most similar to serovar 1, but with two capsule genes not previously found in A. pleuropneumoniae) but differ in their O-Ag loci. Strain 7213384-1 from Denmark, which we propose as the reference strain for serovar 19, has a serogroup 3/6/8/15 O-Ag locus; the Canadian isolate A08-013 has a serogroup 4/7 O-Ag locus. We have expanded the second of our two previously described A. pleuropneumoniae mPCRs to include capsule gene-specific primers for definitive detection of serovars 13-14 and 16-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Stringer
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK
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Guo F, Guo J, Cui Y, Cao X, Zhou H, Su X, Yang B, Blackall PJ, Xu F. Exposure to Sublethal Ciprofloxacin Induces Resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Cross-Antibiotics, and Reduction of Fitness, Biofilm Formation, and Apx Toxin Secretion in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1290-1300. [PMID: 33739878 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is increasingly resistant to antibiotics. However, little is known about the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in this pathogen. In this study, we experimentally evolved the reference strain of both A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 and serovar 7, the most prevalent serovars worldwide, to quinolone resistance by sequential exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin. The adaptive ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 and serovar 7 had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) increment from 0.004 to 1 or 2 μg/mL, respectively. Adaptation to ciprofloxacin was shown to confer quinolone resistance with a 32- to 512-fold increase (serovars 1 and 7, respectively) as well as cross-resistance to ampicillin with an increased MIC by 16,384- and 64-fold (serovars 1 and 7, respectively). The genetic analysis of quinolone resistance-determining region mutations showed that substitutions occurred in gyrA (S83A) and parC (D84N) of serovar 1, and gyrA (D87N) of serovar 7. The ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants showed significantly reduced bacterial fitness. The mutants also showed changes in efflux ability and biofilm formation. Notably, the transcription and secretion levels of Apx toxins were dramatically reduced in ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants compared with their wild-type strains. Altogether, these results demonstrated marked phenotypic changes in ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of A. pleuropneumoniae. The results stress the need for further studies on the impact of both the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of A. pleuropneumoniae following exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifang Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Fuzhou Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Nahar N, Turni C, Tram G, Blackall PJ, Atack JM. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: The molecular determinants of virulence and pathogenesis. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:179-216. [PMID: 34147185 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is responsible for high economic losses in swine herds across the globe. Pleuropneumonia is characterized by severe respiratory distress and high mortality. The knowledge about the interaction between bacterium and host within the porcine respiratory tract has improved significantly in recent years. A. pleuropneumoniae expresses multiple virulence factors, which are required for colonization, immune clearance, and tissue damage. Although vaccines are used to protect swine herds against A. pleuropneumoniae infection, they do not offer complete coverage, and often only protect against the serovar, or serovars, used to prepare the vaccine. This review will summarize the role of individual A. pleuropneumoniae virulence factors that are required during key stages of pathogenesis and disease progression, and highlight progress made toward developing effective and broadly protective vaccines against an organism of great importance to global agriculture and food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Nahar
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Greg Tram
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - John M Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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Schuwerk L, Hoeltig D, Waldmann KH, Valentin-Weigand P, Rohde J. Sero- and apx-typing of German Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates from 2010 to 2019 reveals a predominance of serovar 2 with regular apx-profile. Vet Res 2021; 52:10. [PMID: 33472678 PMCID: PMC7818768 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotyping is the most common method to characterize field isolates of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae, the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Based on serology, many farms seem to be infected and antibodies against a wide variety of serovars are detectable, but, so far it is unknown to what degree respective serovars contribute to outbreaks of clinical manifest disease. In this study, 213 German A. pleuropneumoniae field isolates retrieved for diagnostic purposes from outbreaks of porcine pleuropneumonia between 2010 and 2019 were genetically serotyped and analyzed regarding their apx-toxin gene profile using molecular methods. Serotyping revealed a prominent role of serovar 2 in clinical cases (64% of all isolates) and an increase in the detection of this serovar since 2010 in German isolates. Serovar 9/11 followed as the second most frequent serovar with about 15% of the isolates. Furthermore, very recently described serovars 16 (n = 2) and 18 (n = 8) were detected. Most isolates (93.4%) showed apx-profiles typical for the respective serovar. However, this does not hold true for isolates of serovar 18, as 75% (n = 6) of all isolates of this serovar deviated uniformly from the “typical” apx-gene profile of the reference strain 7311555. Notably, isolates from systemic lesions such as joints or meninges did not harbor the complete apxICABD operon which is considered typical for highly virulent strains. Furthermore, the extremely low occurrence (n = 1) of NAD independent (biovar II) isolates in German A. pleuropneumoniae was evident in our collection of clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schuwerk
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany. .,Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Doris Hoeltig
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Waldmann
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Distribution of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (from 2015 to June 2020) and Glaesserella parasuis (from 2017 to June 2020) serotypes isolated from diseased pigs in Quebec. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2020; 61:1261-1263. [PMID: 33299240 PMCID: PMC7659881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) and Diagnostic Service, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) and Diagnostic Service, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
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Xiao J, Liu J, Bao C, Zhu R, Gu J, Sun C, Feng X, Du C, Han W, Li Y, Lei L. Recombinant tandem epitope vaccination provides cross protection against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae challenge in mice. AMB Express 2020; 10:123. [PMID: 32642871 PMCID: PMC7341470 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae/APP) is the pathogen that causes porcine contagious pleuropneumonia. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is divided into 18 serovars, and the cross protection efficacy of epitopes is debatable, which has resulted in the slow development of a vaccine. Consequently, epitope-based vaccines conferring Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae cross protection have rarely been reported. In this study, B cell epitopes in the head domain of trimeric autotransporter adhesin were predicted, and 6 epitopes were selected. Then, the predicted epitopes (Ba1, Bb5, C1, PH1 and PH2) were connected by linkers to construct a recombinant tandem antigen (rta) gene. The RTA protein encoded by the recombinant rta gene was expressed, and finally the ICR mice were immunized with the RTA protein with or without inactivated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (serovars 1 and 5b) and challenged with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to evaluate the protective effect of the epitope-based vaccine and combined vaccine. The mice in the RTA-immunized group and RTA plus inactivated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae vaccine group had a significant improvement in clinical symptoms and a higher level of antibody in the serum than those in the control group. The RTA immune group had a 40% survival rate after Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection, whereas the combination of RTA and inactivated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae produced very strong cross immune protection in mice, at least 50% (RTA IB1 + C5) and at most 100% (RTA IB5 + C1), whereas no cross immunoprotection was found in the solo Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae immune group. Overall, the combination of the RTA protein and inactivated bacteria significantly enhanced the cross protection effects. This implies that RTA protein in combination with a suitable inactivated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain could be a candidate vaccine for porcine contagious pleuropneumonia.
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A descriptive study of acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in Norwegian fattening pig herds. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:35. [PMID: 32580726 PMCID: PMC7312110 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory diseases are major health concerns in the pig production sector worldwide, contributing adversely to morbidity and mortality. Over the past years there was a rise in reported incidents of respiratory disease in pigs in Norway, despite population wide freedom from Aujeszky´s disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, porcine respiratory corona virus and enzootic pneumonia. The main objective of this study was to investigate acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in conventional Norwegian fattening pig herds. The study included 14 herds. In seven herds with reported outbreaks of acute respiratory disease, data on clinical signs was recorded and samples for laboratory examination were collected. Diagnostic protocols were compared by parallel analysis of clinically healthy pigs from seven non-outbreak herds. RESULTS The most commonly reported clinical signs were sudden deaths and dyspnea. An average compartment morbidity of 60%, mortality of 4% and case fatality of 9% was recorded in the outbreak herds. Post-mortem examinations revealed acute lesions resembling porcine pleuropneumonia in all 28 pigs investigated from the outbreak herds and in 2 of the 24 (8%) pigs from the non-outbreak herds. Chronic lesions were recorded in another 2 pigs (8%) from the non-outbreak herds. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 was isolated from lungs and/or pleura from all tested pigs (n = 28) in the outbreak herds, and from 2 out of 24 pigs (8%) in the non-outbreak herds, one pig with an acute and another pig with a chronic infection. No other significant bacterial findings were made. Seroconversion to A. pleuropneumoniae antibodies was detectable in all outbreak herds analyzed and in six out of seven non-outbreak herds, but the risk ratio for seroconversion of individual pigs was higher (risk ratio 2.3 [1.50- 3.43 95% CI; P < 0.001]) in the outbreak herds. All herds tested positive for porcine circovirus type 2 and negative for influenza A viruses on oral fluid RT-qPCR. CONCLUSION The main etiological pathogen found during acute outbreaks of respiratory disease was A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 8. All pigs from outbreak herds had typical lesions of acute porcine pleuropneumonia, and only A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 was identified. Co-infections were not found to impact disease development.
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To H, Teshima K, Kon M, Yasuda S, Akaike Y, Shibuya K, Nagai S, Sasakawa C. Characterization of nontypeable Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:581-584. [PMID: 32517629 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720931469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from clinical cases of porcine pleuropneumonia in Japan were positive in the capsular serovar 15-specific PCR assay, but nontypeable (NT) in the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test. Nucleotide sequence analysis of gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide (O-PS) revealed that both clusters contained transposable element ISApl1 of A. pleuropneumoniae belonging to the IS30 family. Immunoblot analysis revealed that these 2 isolates could not produce O-PS. We conclude that the ISApl1 of A. pleuropneumoniae can interfere in the biosynthesis of both CPS and O-PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Kaho Teshima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Michiha Kon
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Saori Yasuda
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Yuta Akaike
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Kazumoto Shibuya
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan (To, Teshima, Kon, Yasuda, Akaike, Shibuya, Nagai, Sasakawa).,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (Sasakawa)
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Yan K, Liu T, Duan B, Liu F, Cao M, Peng W, Dai Q, Chen H, Yuan F, Bei W. The CpxAR Two-Component System Contributes to Growth, Stress Resistance, and Virulence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by Upregulating wecA Transcription. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1026. [PMID: 32528444 PMCID: PMC7255013 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the pathogen of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia. In A. pleuropneumoniae, the CpxAR two-component system is essential for fitness and growth. The O-antigen protrudes from the outer membrane to the exterior of the cell, and the outer membrane serves as a barrier that helps the bacteria to survive in harsh environments. WecA, a undecaprenyl phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase, is involved in O-antigen repeating unit biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated the role of CpxAR in the expression of wecA in A. pleuropneumoniae. Our results revealed that CpxR positively regulates wecA expression by directly binding to the putative promoter region of wecA. Wild-type, ΔcpxAR, ΔwecA, and complemented strains were investigated under serum, oxidative, and osmotic stresses. The ΔcpxAR and ΔwecA strains were more susceptible to these stresses than the wild-type, but the complemented strains showed phenotypes similar to those of the wild-type. Mice infected with the ΔcpxAR and ΔwecA strains exhibited lower mortality and bacterial loads in the lung than those infected with the wild-type or complemented strains. This study reveals that the CpxAR two-component system contributes to A. pleuropneumoniae growth, stress resistance, and virulence, by upregulating expression of wecA. Our findings provide new insight into the pathogenesis of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Benzhen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manman Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetically Engineered Veterinary Vaccines, Qingdao, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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40
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Budde I, Litschko C, Führing JI, Gerardy-Schahn R, Schubert M, Fiebig T. An enzyme-based protocol for cell-free synthesis of nature-identical capsular oligosaccharides from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5771-5784. [PMID: 32152227 PMCID: PMC7186170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is the etiological agent of acute porcine pneumonia and responsible for severe economic losses worldwide. The capsule polymer of App serotype 1 (App1) consists of [4)-GlcNAc-β(1,6)-Gal-α-1-(PO4-] repeating units that are O-acetylated at O-6 of the GlcNAc. It is a major virulence factor and was used in previous studies in the successful generation of an experimental glycoconjugate vaccine. However, the application of glycoconjugate vaccines in the animal health sector is limited, presumably because of the high costs associated with harvesting the polymer from pathogen culture. Consequently, here we exploited the capsule polymerase Cps1B of App1 as an in vitro synthesis tool and an alternative for capsule polymer provision. Cps1B consists of two catalytic domains, as well as a domain rich in tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs). We compared the elongation mechanism of Cps1B with that of a ΔTPR truncation (Cps1B-ΔTPR). Interestingly, the product profiles displayed by Cps1B suggested processive elongation of the nascent polymer, whereas Cps1B-ΔTPR appeared to work in a more distributive manner. The dispersity of the synthesized products could be reduced by generating single-action transferases and immobilizing them on individual columns, separating the two catalytic activities. Furthermore, we identified the O-acetyltransferase Cps1D of App1 and used it to modify the polymers produced by Cps1B. Two-dimensional NMR analyses of the products revealed O-acetylation levels identical to those of polymer harvested from App1 culture supernatants. In conclusion, we have established a protocol for the pathogen-free in vitro synthesis of tailored, nature-identical App1 capsule polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Budde
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christa Litschko
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jana I Führing
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Timm Fiebig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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41
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Comparative Genomics of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 8 Reveals the Importance of Prophages in the Genetic Variability of the Species. Int J Genomics 2020; 2020:9354204. [PMID: 32149072 PMCID: PMC7049842 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9354204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Currently, there are 18 different serotypes; the serotype 8 is the most widely distributed in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and southeastern Brazil. In this study, genomes of seven A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 8 clinical isolates were compared to the other genomes of twelve serotypes. The analyses of serotype 8 genomes resulted in a set of 2352 protein-coding sequences. Of these sequences, 76.6% are present in all serotypes, 18.5% are shared with some serotypes, and 4.9% were differential. This differential portion was characterized as a series of hypothetical and regulatory protein sequences: mobile element sequence. Synteny analysis demonstrated possible events of gene recombination and acquisition by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in this species. A total of 30 sequences related to prophages were identified in the genomes. These sequences represented 0.3 to 3.5% of the genome of the strains analyzed, and 16 of them contained complete prophages. Similarity analysis between complete prophage sequences evidenced a possible HGT with species belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. Thus, mobile genetic elements, such as prophages, are important components of the differential portion of the A. pleuropneumoniae genome and demonstrate a central role in the evolution of the species. This study represents the first study done to understand the genome of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 8.
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42
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Immunological and molecular techniques used for determination of serotypes in Pasteurellaceae. J Microbiol Methods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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43
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Frey J. RTX Toxins of Animal Pathogens and Their Role as Antigens in Vaccines and Diagnostics. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120719. [PMID: 31835534 PMCID: PMC6950323 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exotoxins play a central role in the pathologies caused by most major bacterial animal pathogens. The large variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts in the animal kingdom is reflected by a large variety of bacterial pathogens and toxins. The group of repeats in the structural toxin (RTX) toxins is particularly abundant among bacterial pathogens of animals. Many of these toxins are described as hemolysins due to their capacity to lyse erythrocytes in vitro. Hemolysis by RTX toxins is due to the formation of cation-selective pores in the cell membrane and serves as an important marker for virulence in bacterial diagnostics. However, their physiologic relevant targets are leukocytes expressing β2 integrins, which act as specific receptors for RTX toxins. For various RTX toxins, the binding to the CD18 moiety of β2 integrins has been shown to be host specific, reflecting the molecular basis of the host range of RTX toxins expressed by bacterial pathogens. Due to the key role of RTX toxins in the pathogenesis of many bacteria, antibodies directed against specific RTX toxins protect against disease, hence, making RTX toxins valuable targets in vaccine research and development. Due to their specificity, several structural genes encoding for RTX toxins have proven to be essential in modern diagnostic applications in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Frey
- Vetsuisse Facutly, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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44
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Aper D, Frömbling J, Bağcıoğlu M, Ehling-Schulz M, Hennig-Pauka I. Comparison of metabolic adaptation and biofilm formation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates from the upper and lower respiratory tract of swine with respiratory disease. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108532. [PMID: 31902502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Most outbreaks of disease due to infection with Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae are caused by pigs already pre-colonised in tonsillar tissue, where the pathogen is protected from exposure to antibiotic substances administered for treatment. As it has been shown recently under experimental conditions, A. pleuropneumoniae displays host tissue-specific metabolic adaptation. In this study, pairs of A. pleuropneumoniae field isolates were recovered from lung as well as from tonsillar and nasal tissue from 20 pigs suffering from acute clinical signs of pleuropneumonia and showing characteristic pathological lung alterations. Metabolic adaptation to the porcine lower and upper respiratory tract of 32 A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 field isolates was examined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a high resolution metabolic fingerprinting method. All strains showed metabolic adaptations to organ tissue reflected by hierarchical cluster analysis of FTIR spectra similar to those previously observed under experimental conditions. Notably, differences in antimicrobial resistance patterns and minimal inhibitory concentrations of isolates from different tissues in the same animal, but not in biofilm production capability in a microtiter plate assay were found. Overall, biofilm formation was observed for 71 % of the isolates, confirming that A. pleuropneumoniae field isolates are generally able to form biofilms, although rather in a serotype-specific than in an organ-specific manner. A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 6 isolates formed significantly more biofilm than the other serotypes. Furthermore, biofilm production was negatively correlated to the lung lesion scores and tonsillar isolates tended to be more susceptible to antimicrobial substances with high bioavailability than lung isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Aper
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - Janna Frömbling
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Murat Bağcıoğlu
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-49456 Bakum, Germany.
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