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Dabbaghipour R, Ahmadi E, Entezam M, Farzam OR, Sohrabi S, Jamali S, Sichani AS, Paydar H, Baradaran B. Concise review: The heterogenous roles of BATF3 in cancer oncogenesis and dendritic cells and T cells differentiation and function considering the importance of BATF3-dependent dendritic cells. Immunogenetics 2024; 76:75-91. [PMID: 38358555 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-024-01335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor, known as basic leucine zipper ATF-like 3 (BATF3), is a crucial contributor to the development of conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1), which is definitely required for priming CD8 + T cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens and malignancies. In this respect, BATF3-dependent cDC1 can bring about immunological tolerance, an autoimmune response, graft immunity, and defense against infectious agents such as viruses, microbes, parasites, and fungi. Moreover, the important function of cDC1 in stimulating CD8 + T cells creates an excellent opportunity to develop a highly effective target for vaccination against intracellular pathogens and diseases. BATF3 has been clarified to control the development of CD8α+ and CD103+ DCs. The presence of BATF3-dependent cDC1 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) reinforces immunosurveillance and improves immunotherapy approaches, which can be beneficial for cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, BATF3 acts as a transcriptional inhibitor of Treg development by decreasing the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3. However, when overexpressed in CD8 + T cells, it can enhance their survival and facilitate their transition to a memory state. BATF3 induces Th9 cell differentiation by binding to the IL-9 promoter through a BATF3/IRF4 complex. One of the latest research findings is the oncogenic function of BATF3, which has been approved and illustrated in several biological processes of proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Dabbaghipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ahmadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mona Entezam
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Rahbar Farzam
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Sohrabi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Jamali
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Saber Sichani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hadi Paydar
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Hernández J, Li Y, Mateu E. Swine Dendritic Cell Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: An Update. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712109. [PMID: 34394113 PMCID: PMC8355811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, unique to initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response. In pigs, conventional DCs (cDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) have been described in blood and tissues. Different pathogens, such as viruses, could infect these cells, and in some cases, compromise their response. The understanding of the interaction between DCs and viruses is critical to comprehend viral immunopathological responses. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the most important respiratory pathogen in the global pig population. Different reports support the notion that PRRSV modulates pig immune response in addition to their genetic and antigenic variability. The interaction of PRRSV with DCs is a mostly unexplored area with conflicting results and lots of uncertainties. Among the scarce certainties, cDCs and pDCs are refractory to PRRSV infection in contrast to moDCs. Additionally, response of DCs to PRRSV can be different depending on the type of DCs and maybe is related to the virulence of the viral isolate. The precise impact of this virus-DC interaction upon the development of the specific immune response is not fully elucidated. The present review briefly summarizes and discusses the previous studies on the interaction of in vitro derived bone marrow (bm)- and moDCs, and in vivo isolated cDCs, pDCs, and moDCs with PRRSV1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Yanli Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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3
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Poderoso T, De la Riva PM, Álvarez B, Nieto-Pelegrín E, Ezquerra A, Domínguez J, Revilla C. Expression of Siglec-1, -3, -5 and -10 in porcine cDC1 and cDC2 subsets from blood, spleen and lymph nodes and functional capabilities of these cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 109:103692. [PMID: 32234314 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that play a critical role in the development of immune responses. DCs express a variety of Siglecs on their surface, which play a regulatory role modulating their activation through interaction with sialylated structures expressed by cells or pathogens. Here, we characterized the phenotype of porcine conventional dendritic cells subsets from blood, spleen and lymph nodes, emphasizing the analysis of the expression of Siglecs. Siglec-1 was detected in type 1 cDC and, at lower levels, in type 2 cDC in the spleen, being low to negative in blood and lymph node cDC. Siglec-3 and Siglec-5 were expressed in cDC1 at lower levels than in cDC2. Porcine cDCs did not express Siglec-10. cDC2 showed a higher capacity to phagocytose microspheres and to process DQ™-OVA than cDC1, but none of these functions was affected by engagement of Siglec-3 and -5 with antibodies on blood cDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Poderoso
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Martínez De la Riva
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Álvarez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Nieto-Pelegrín
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Ezquerra
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Domínguez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Revilla
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Nazki S, Khatun A, Jeong CG, Mattoo SUS, Gu S, Lee SI, Kim SC, Park JH, Yang MS, Kim B, Park CK, Lee SM, Kim WI. Evaluation of local and systemic immune responses in pigs experimentally challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Res 2020; 51:66. [PMID: 32404209 PMCID: PMC7222343 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-associated defence system responsible for the clearance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from infected pigs is currently poorly understood. To better understand the dynamics of host–pathogen interactions, seventy-five of 100 pigs infected with PRRSV-JA142 and 25 control pigs were euthanized at 3, 10, 21, 28 and 35 days post-challenge (dpc). Blood, lung, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial lymph node (BLN) samples were collected to evaluate the cellular immune responses. The humoral responses were evaluated by measuring the levels of anti-PRRSV IgG and serum virus-neutralizing (SVN) antibodies. Consequently, the highest viral loads in the sera and lungs of the infected pigs were detected between 3 and 10 dpc, and these resulted in moderate to mild interstitial pneumonia, which resolved accompanied by the clearance of most of the virus by 28 dpc. At peak viremia, the frequencies of alveolar macrophages in infected pigs were significantly decreased, whereas the monocyte-derived DC/macrophage and conventional DC frequencies were increased, and these effects coincided with the early induction of local T-cell responses and the presence of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the lungs, BAL, and BLN as early as 10 dpc. Conversely, the systemic T-cell responses measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were delayed and significantly induced only after the peak viremic stage between 3 and 10 dpc. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of immune responses in the lung could be the key elements for restraining PRRSV through the early induction of T-cell responses at the sites of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Sameer Ul Salam Mattoo
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Suna Gu
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Sim-In Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Myoun-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea.
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea.
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5
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Parra-Sánchez H, Bustamante-Córdova L, Reséndiz M, Mata-Haro V, Pinelli-Saavedra A, Hernández J. Analysis of Swine Conventional Dendritic Cells, DEC205 +CD172a +/-CADM1 +, from Blood and Spleen in Response to PRRSV and PEDV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111001. [PMID: 31683569 PMCID: PMC6893809 DOI: 10.3390/v11111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) cannot be infected by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) but respond to infection via cytokine production, indicating a possible role in initiation/regulation of the immune response against PRRSV. In this work, we evaluated the responses of splenic and blood cDCs, with DEC205+CADM1+CD172a+/− phenotype, as well as those of CD163+ cells against PRRSV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Both populations were incubated in the presence of PRRSV or PEDV with and without naïve CD3+ T cells, and cytokine responses were evaluated by qPCR and ELISA. Our results showed that cDCs, but not CD163+ cells, produced IL-12 in response to PRRSV. PEDV did not induce IL-12 production. Cocultures of cDCs and autologous naïve CD3+ cells resulted in decreased IL-12 production and low expression of IFN-γ transcripts in response to PRRSV. Interestingly, cDCs increased the proliferation of naïve T cells in the presence of PRRSV compared with that achieved with monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cocultures of CD163+ cells induced IL-10 and IL-4 expression in the presence of PRRSV and PEDV, respectively. In conclusion, cDCs can selectively produce IL-12 in response to PRRSV but poorly participate in the activation of naïve T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Parra-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Lorena Bustamante-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Mónica Reséndiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Mata-Haro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Araceli Pinelli-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
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6
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Nedumpun T, Techakriengkrai N, Thanawongnuwech R, Suradhat S. Negative Immunomodulatory Effects of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Induced Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist on Porcine Innate and Adaptive Immune Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:579. [PMID: 30972072 PMCID: PMC6443931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired innate and adaptive immune responses are evidenced throughout the course of PRRSV infection. We previously reported that interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was involved in PRRSV-induced immunosuppression during an early phase of infection. However, the exact mechanism associated with PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra immunomodulation remains unknown. To explore the immunomodulatory properties of PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra on porcine immune functions, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) and leukocytes were cultured with type 2 PRRSV, and the immunological role of IL-1Ra was assessed by addition of anti-porcine IL-1Ra Ab. The results demonstrated that PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra reduced phagocytosis, surface expression of MHC II (SLA-DR) and CD86, as well as downregulation of IFNA and IL1 gene expression in the MoDC culture system. Interestingly, IL-1Ra secreted by the PRRSV-infected MoDC also inhibited T lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation, but not IFN-γ production. Although PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra was not directly linked to IL-10 production, it contributed to the differentiation of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) within the culture system. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PRRSV-induced IL-1Ra downregulates innate immune functions, T lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation, and influences collectively with IL-10 in the Treg induction. The immunomodulatory roles of IL-1Ra elucidated in this study increase our understanding of the immunobiology of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerawut Nedumpun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Navapon Techakriengkrai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
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Cellular Innate Immunity against PRRSV and Swine Influenza Viruses. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6010026. [PMID: 30862035 PMCID: PMC6466325 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a polymicrobial syndrome that results from a combination of infectious agents, such as environmental stressors, population size, management strategies, age, and genetics. PRDC results in reduced performance as well as increased mortality rates and production costs in the pig industry worldwide. This review focuses on the interactions of two enveloped RNA viruses—porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SwIV)—as major etiological agents that contribute to PRDC within the porcine cellular innate immunity during infection. The innate immune system of the porcine lung includes alveolar and parenchymal/interstitial macrophages, neutrophils (PMN), conventional dendritic cells (DC) and plasmacytoid DC, natural killer cells, and γδ T cells, thus the in vitro and in vivo interactions between those cells and PRRSV and SwIV are reviewed. Likewise, the few studies regarding PRRSV-SwIV co-infection are illustrated together with the different modulation mechanisms that are induced by the two viruses. Alterations in responses by natural killer (NK), PMN, or γδ T cells have not received much attention within the scientific community as their counterpart antigen-presenting cells and there are numerous gaps in the knowledge regarding the role of those cells in both infections. This review will help in paving the way for future directions in PRRSV and SwIV research and enhancing the understanding of the innate mechanisms that are involved during infection with these viruses.
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Montaner-Tarbes S, Del Portillo HA, Montoya M, Fraile L. Key Gaps in the Knowledge of the Porcine Respiratory Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:38. [PMID: 30842948 PMCID: PMC6391865 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important swine diseases in the world. It is causing an enormous economic burden due to reproductive failure in sows and a complex respiratory syndrome in pigs of all ages, with mortality varying from 2 to 100% in the most extreme cases of emergent highly pathogenic strains. PRRSV displays complex interactions with the immune system and a high mutation rate, making the development, and implementation of control strategies a major challenge. In this review, the biology of the virus will be addressed focusing on newly discovered functions of non-structural proteins and novel dissemination mechanisms. Secondly, the role of different cell types and viral proteins will be reviewed in natural and vaccine-induced immune response together with the role of different immune evasion mechanisms focusing on those gaps of knowledge that are critical to generate more efficacious vaccines. Finally, novel strategies for antigen discovery and vaccine development will be discussed, in particular the use of exosomes (extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin). As nanocarriers of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, exosomes have potential effects on cell activation, modulation of immune responses and antigen presentation. Thus, representing a novel vaccination approach against this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Montaner-Tarbes
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Innovex Therapeutics S.L, Badalona, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agraria (ETSEA), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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9
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Tonsil conventional dendritic cells are not infected by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virology 2019; 529:65-72. [PMID: 30665099 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infects monocyte-derived DCs, and previous reports have shown that PRRSV does not infect conventional DCs (cDCs) in vitro, but the effects on cDCs from lymphoid tissues are unknown. This study analyzed the response and susceptibility of tonsil DEC205+cDCs from infected pigs. We confirmed the phenotype and lineage of bona fide tonsil cDCs with the mRNA expression of FLT3+ and the phenotype MHCII+CADM1highDEC205+ (DEC205+cDCs). These cells were not infected by PRRSV, whereas CD163+ tonsil cells were infected. The numbers of tonsil cDCs and CD163+ cells were not affected by PRRSV, in contrast to the reduction in alveolar macrophage numbers. DEC205+cDCs exhibited an increase in the expression of IL-12 at 5 days postinfection, suggesting a proinflammatory response by these cells to the virus. In summary, this study confirms that, in vitro and in vivo, cDCs are not susceptible to PRRSV but can respond against it.
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