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Fathima S, Al Hakeem WG, Shanmugasundaram R, Lourenco J, Selvaraj RK. The effect of supplemental arginine on the gut microbial homeostasis of broilers during sub-clinical necrotic enteritis challenge. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1463420. [PMID: 39355151 PMCID: PMC11442325 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1463420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an enteric disease of poultry that alters the structure of the gut microbial community causing dysbiosis. This 28 day experiment investigated the effects of 125% and 135% arginine diets on the gut microbial diversity and composition of broilers during a subclinical NE challenge. One hundred and twenty one-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with six replicates each- Uninfected + Basal, NE + Basal, NE + Arg 125%, and NE + Arg 135% diet groups. NE was induced by inoculating 1 × 104 E. maxima sporulated oocysts on day 14 and 1 × 108 CFU C. perfringens on days 19, 20, and 21 of age. The NE challenge significantly decreased the number of observed amplicon sequence variants (p = 0.03), the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes (p < 0.01), and the species Mediterraneibacter cottocaccae (p = 0.01) in the ceca of birds on day 21. The NE challenge significantly increased the Bray-Curtis index (p < 0.01), and the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidota (p < 0.01), family Odoribacteraceae (p < 0.01), genus Odoribacter (p < 0.01), and species O. splanchnicus (p = 0.01) on day 21. During NE, the 125% arginine diet restored the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidota (p = 0.03), family Odoribacteraceae (p = 0.03) and Oscillospiraceae (p = 0.03), genus Odoribacter (p = 0.03), and species O. splanchnicus (p = 0.03) and M. cottocaccae (p < 0.01) on day 21. The 135% arginine diet effectively restored the loss in alpha diversity (p = 0.01) caused by NE, the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes (p = 0.01) and Bacteroidota (p < 0.01), family Oscillospiraceae (p = 0.03) and Odoribacteraceae (p < 0.01), genus Odoribacter (p < 0.01), and species O. splanchnicus (p < 0.01) and M. cottocaccae (p < 0.01) on day 21. On day 28, the treatments had a significant effect on the cecal propionate (p = 0.01), butyrate (p = 0.04), and total SCFA (p = 0.04) concentrations. In conclusion, the 125% and 135% arginine diets restored gut microbial composition during a subclinical NE challenge, but not the cecal SCFA profile. Hence, arginine in combination with other feed additives could be used in restoring gut microbial homeostasis during NE in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Walid G Al Hakeem
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jeferson Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ramesh K Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Buiatte V, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Miska K, Dominguez D, Mahmoud M, Lesko T, Panek BP, Chopra S, Jenkins M, Lorenzoni AG. The effects of a high-flavonoid corn cultivar on the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in chickens undergoing necrotic enteritis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307333. [PMID: 39288108 PMCID: PMC11407631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for alternative therapies to antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) in poultry production has gained momentum in the past years because of consumer preference and government restrictions on the use of AGP in animal production. Flavonoids are plant-derived metabolites that have been studied for their health-promoting properties that could potentially be used as an alternative to AGP in poultry. In a previous study, we showed that the inclusion of a flavonoid-rich corn cultivar (PennHFD1) in the diet improved the health of broilers undergoing necrotic enteritis. However, the mechanisms of action by which the PennHFD1-based diet ameliorated necrotic enteritis are unknown. This study describes the microbial diversity and composition of the jejunum and ileum of chickens co-infected with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens and treated with a high-flavonoid corn-based diet. Luminal content and mucosal samples from the jejunum and ileum were collected for DNA extraction, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and data analyses. The infection model and the dietary treatments significantly changed the alfa diversity indices (Mucosal samples: ASVs, P = 0.04; Luminal content samples: ASVs, P = 0.03), and beta diversities (Mucosal samples: P < 0.01, Luminal content: P < 0.01) of the ileal samples but not those of the jejunal samples. The microbial composition revealed that birds fed the high-flavonoid corn diet had a lower relative abundance of C. perfringens compared to birds fed the commercial corn diet. The treatments also changed the relative abundance of other bacteria that are related to gut health, such as Lactobacillus. We concluded that both the infection model and the dietary high-flavonoid corn changed the broilers' gut microbial diversity and composition. In addition, the decrease in the relative abundance of C. perfringens corroborates with a decrease in mortality and intestinal lesions due to necrotic enteritis. Collecting different segments and sample types provided a broader understanding of the changes in the gut microbiota among treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Buiatte
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- Animal Biosciences & Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Katarzyna Miska
- Animal Biosciences & Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Dorian Dominguez
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Tyler Lesko
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Bryan P Panek
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Surinder Chopra
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Mark Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Alberto Gino Lorenzoni
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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Khan S, McWhorter AR, Andrews DM, Underwood GJ, Moore RJ, Van TTH, Gast RK, Chousalkar KK. A live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine dose and diluent have minimal effects on the caecal microbiota of layer chickens. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1364731. [PMID: 38686027 PMCID: PMC11057240 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1364731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the Salmonella reduction strategies in poultry production, one option is to use a Salmonella vaccine. The aim of vaccinating layer flocks is to reduce the shedding of wild-type Salmonella in the poultry environment, thereby reducing the contamination of poultry products (eggs and meat). Nutritive diluent and a higher dose of vaccine may enhance its colonization potential in the gut of chickens. In this study, a commercially available live attenuated vaccine (Vaxsafe® ST) was reconstituted in different media and delivered orally to day-old chicks at three different doses (107, 108, and 109 CFU/chick). Gut colonization of the vaccine strain and the effects of vaccination on gut microbiota were assessed in commercial-layer chickens. The vaccine diluent and dosage minimally affected microbiota alpha diversity. Microbiota beta diversity was significantly different (P < 0.05) based on the vaccine diluent and dose, which indicated that the vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens had different gut microbial communities. Differences were noted in the abundance of several genera, including Blautia, Colidextribacter, Dickeya, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Sellimonas. The abundance of Colidextribacter was significantly lower in chickens that received vaccine reconstituted in Marek's and water diluents, while Lactobacillus abundance was significantly lower in the water group. The highest vaccine dose (109 CFU/chick) did not significantly alter (P > 0.05) the abundance of microbial genera. Chicken age affected the microbiota composition more significantly than the vaccine dose and diluent. The abundance of Lactobacillus, Blautia, Caproiciproducens, Pediococcus, and Colidextribacter was significantly higher on day 14 compared with day 7 post-vaccination. The Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine load in the caeca was not significantly affected by diluent and vaccine dose; however, it was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) on day 14 compared with day 7 post-vaccination. Overall, the S. Typhimurium vaccine minimally affected the gut microbiota structure of layer chicks, whereas changes in microbiota were more significant with chicken age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea R. McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert J. Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard K. Gast
- U. S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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Moore RJ. Necrotic enteritis and antibiotic-free production of broiler chickens: Challenges in testing and using alternative products. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:288-298. [PMID: 38371475 PMCID: PMC10869589 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The global trend towards raising broiler chickens without the use of in-feed antibiotics (IFAs) means that there is an ongoing need to develop alternative treatments capable of delivering the benefits that IFAs previously provided. IFAs supported the productivity performance of chickens and played a key role in maintaining their health. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important disease of broilers that affects health, productivity, and welfare, and was previously well controlled by IFAs. However, with the reduction in IFA use, NE is resurgent in some countries. Vaccines and various feed additives, including pre-, pro-, and postbiotics, phytobiotics, fatty acids, and phage therapies have been introduced as alternative methods of NE control. While some of these feed additives have specific activity against the NE pathogen, Clostridium perfringens, most have the more general goal of reinforcing gut health. Extensive reviews of the effects of many of these feed additives on gut health have been published recently. Hence, rather than cover previously well reviewed areas of research this review focuses on the challenges and pitfalls in undertaking experimental assessment of alternative NE treatments and translating laboratory research to real world commercial production settings. The review is based on the author's particular experience, reading, thoughts, and analysis of the available information and inevitably presents a particular understanding that is likely to be at odds with others thinking on these issues. It is put forward to stimulate thinking and discussion on the issues covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Heidarpanah S, Thibodeau A, Parreira VR, Quessy S, Segura M, Gottschalk M, Gaudreau A, Juette T, Gaucher ML. Evaluation of the Immunoprotective Capacity of Five Vaccine Candidate Proteins against Avian Necrotic Enteritis and Impact on the Caecal Microbiota of Vaccinated Birds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3323. [PMID: 37958078 PMCID: PMC10650611 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian necrotic enteritis is an enteric disease of broiler chickens caused by certain pathogenic strains of Clostridium perfringens in combination with predisposing factors. A vaccine offering complete protection against the disease has not yet been commercialized. In a previous study, we produced five recombinant proteins predicted to be surface-exposed and unique to necrotic enteritis-causing C. perfringens and the immunogenicity of these potential vaccine candidates was assessed in broiler chickens. In the current work, the relative contribution of the antibodies raised by these putative antigens to protect broiler chickens was evaluated using an experimental necrotic enteritis induction model. Additionally, the link between the immune response elicited and the gut microbiota profiles in immunized birds subjected to infection with virulent C. perfringens was studied. The ELISA results showed that the IgY antibody titers in vaccinated birds on days 21 and 33 were significantly higher than those on days 7 and 14 and those in birds receiving the adjuvant alone, while the relative contribution of the specific immunity attributed to these antibodies could not be precisely determined using this experimental necrotic enteritis induction model. In addition, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed that immunization of birds with recombinant proteins had a low impact on the chicken caecal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Heidarpanah
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.H.); (A.T.); (S.Q.)
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.H.); (A.T.); (S.Q.)
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Valeria R. Parreira
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety (CRIFS), Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.H.); (A.T.); (S.Q.)
| | - Mariela Segura
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Annie Gaudreau
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Tristan Juette
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.H.); (A.T.); (S.Q.)
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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Dittoe DK, Johnson CN, Byrd JA, Ricke SC, Piva A, Grilli E, Swaggerty CL. Impact of a Blend of Microencapsulated Organic Acids and Botanicals on the Microbiome of Commercial Broiler Breeders under Clinical Necrotic Enteritis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101627. [PMID: 37238057 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the supplementation of a microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals improved the health and performance of broiler breeders under non-challenged conditions. This study aimed to determine if the microencapsulated blend impacted dysbiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler breeders. Day-of-hatch chicks were assigned to non-challenge and challenge groups, provided a basal diet supplemented with 0 or 500 g/MT of the blend, and subjected to a laboratory model for NE. On d 20-21, jejunum/ileum content were collected for microbiome sequencing (n = 10; V4 region of 16S rRNA gene). The experiment was repeated (n = 3), and data were analyzed in QIIME2 and R. Alpha and beta diversity, core microbiome, and compositional differences were determined (significance at p ≤ 0.05; Q ≤ 0.05). There was no difference between richness and evenness of those fed diets containing 0 and 500 g/MT microencapsulated blend, but differences were seen between the non-challenged and challenged groups. Beta diversity of the 0 and 500 g/MT non-challenged groups differed, but no differences existed between the NE-challenged groups. The core microbiome of those fed 500 g/MT similarly consisted of Lactobacillus and Clostridiaceae. Furthermore, challenged birds fed diets containing 500 g/MT had a higher abundance of significantly different phyla, namely, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, and Verrucomicrobiota, than the 0 g/MT challenged group. Dietary supplementation of a microencapsulated blend shifted the microbiome by supporting beneficial and core taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Dittoe
- Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Casey N Johnson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - James A Byrd
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1933 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrea Piva
- DIMEVET, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro S.p.A., Via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- DIMEVET, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro Inc., 17 East Monroe St. Suite 179, Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Christina L Swaggerty
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Evaluation of Predisposing Factors of Necrotic Enteritis in Experimentally Challenged Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151880. [PMID: 35892530 PMCID: PMC9331785 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The ban of antibiotic growth promoters in animal feed increased the number of cases of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broilers, greatly affecting the poultry industry. The induction of experimental NE faces challenges, as it is a multifactorial disease and the pathogenesis is not fully understood, hampering the development of in vivo studies for disease control and prevention strategies. The literature reports several protocols using different factors to assist in NE induction. This study assessed predisposing factors, such as immunosuppression, infection or both, by Eimeria spp. in broilers (n = 99) fed a wheat-based diet and challenged with three different strains of Clostridium perfringens (CP). Under microscopy, Eimeria spp. had a negative effect on intestinal morphometry and favored the increase of intraepithelial lymphocytes. However, the macroscopic analysis did not show which factor was more effective in potentiating the lesions, suggesting a synergistic effect between the strain of CP used and the predisposing factors. Therefore, each experimental protocol should first be evaluated for the association of the CP strain with the predisposing factors. Abstract Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of NE, a disease that greatly affects the poultry industry. Experiments on the induction of NE are difficult to carry out, as it is a multifactorial disease, and thus different predisposing factors have been used. This study evaluated the effect of the Gumboro disease vaccine virus vaccine (IBDV-vac) associated or not with infection by Eimeria spp. in broilers, as a predisposing factor for NE. Broilers (n = 99) were divided into groups (11) challenged with IBDV-vac, Eimeria spp. CP type G (CP13, CP14 and CP03) or both. The macroscopic evaluation revealed that the highest average (3.45) of injury occurred for the CP13 + IBDV-vac group. The microscopic analysis showed that Eimeria spp. increased the population of intraepithelial lymphocytes and reduced the villus/crypt ratio in duodenum and jejunum when associated with CP13 or CP14. There was a synergistic effect between the CP strain used and the predisposing factors; nevertheless, it was not clear which was the most effective predisposing factor to potentiate the lesions, suggesting that the association of the strain with the factors should first be evaluated for each experimental protocol.
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Probiotics as Alternatives to Antibiotics for the Prevention and Control of Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060692. [PMID: 35745546 PMCID: PMC9229159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry is an economically important disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A bacteria. A global trend on restricting the use of antibiotics as feed supplements in food animal production has caused a spike in the NE incidences in chickens, particularly in broiler populations. Amongst several non-antibiotic strategies for NE control tried so far, probiotics seem to offer promising avenues. The current review focuses on studies that have evaluated probiotic effects on C. perfringens growth and NE development. Several probiotic species, including Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, and Bacteroides bacteria as well as some yeast species have been tested in chickens against C. perfringens and NE development. These findings have shown to improve bird performance, reduce C. perfringens colonization and NE-associated pathology. The underlying probiotic mechanisms of NE control suggest that probiotics can help maintain a healthy gut microbial balance by modifying its composition, improve mucosal integrity by upregulating expression of tight-junction proteins, and modulate immune responses by downregulating expression of inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these studies indicate that probiotics can offer a promising platform for NE control and that more investigations are needed to study whether these experimental probiotics can effectively prevent NE in commercial poultry operational settings.
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Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium, causes necrotic diseases associated with abundant life loss and economic burdens of billions of USD. The mechanism of C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases remains largely unknown, in part, because of the lack of effective animal models and the presence of a large array of exotoxins and diverse disease manifestations from the skin and deep tissues to the gastrointestinal tract. In the light of the advancement of medical and veterinary research, a large body of knowledge is accumulating on the factors influencing C. perfringens-induced necrotic disease onset, development, and outcomes. Here, we present an overview of the key virulence factors of C. perfringens exotoxins. Subsequently, we focus on comprehensively reviewing C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases such as myonecrosis, acute watery diarrhea, enteritis necroticans, preterm infant necrotizing enterocolitis, and chicken necrotic enteritis. We then review the current understanding on the mechanisms of myonecrosis and enteritis in relation to the immune system and intestinal microbiome. Based on these discussions, we then review current preventions and treatments of the necrotic diseases and propose potential new intervention options. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated and comprehensive knowledge on the role of the host–microbe interaction to develop new interventions against C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases.
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Necrotic enteritis in chickens: a review of pathogenesis, immune responses and prevention, focusing on probiotics and vaccination. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 22:147-162. [DOI: 10.1017/s146625232100013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP), is one of the most common of poultry diseases, causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of NE in chickens and of the interaction of CP with the host immune system. The roles of management, nutrition, probiotics, and vaccination in reducing the incidence and severity of NE in poultry flocks are also discussed.
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Minich D, Madden C, Navarro MA, Glowacki L, French-Kim K, Chan W, Evans MV, Soares K, Mrofchak R, Madan R, Ballash GA, LaPerle K, Paul S, Vodovotz Y, Uzal FA, Martinez M, Hausmann J, Junge RE, Hale VL. Gut microbiota and age shape susceptibility to clostridial enteritis in lorikeets under human care. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:7. [PMID: 35000619 PMCID: PMC8744333 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteritis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in lorikeets that can be challenging to diagnose and treat. In this study, we examine gut microbiota in two lorikeet flocks with enteritis (Columbus Zoo and Aquarium—CZA; Denver Zoo—DZ). Since 2012, the CZA flock has experienced repeated outbreaks of enteritis despite extensive diet, husbandry, and clinical modifications. In 2018, both CZA and DZ observed a spike in enteritis. Recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota can influence susceptibility to enteropathogens. We hypothesized that a dysbiosis, or alteration in the gut microbial community, was making some lorikeets more susceptible to enteritis, and our goal was to characterize this dysbiosis and determine the features that predicted susceptibility.
Results We employed 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the cloacal microbiota in lorikeets (CZA n = 67, DZ n = 24) over time. We compared the microbiota of healthy lorikeets, to lorikeets with enteritis, and lorikeets susceptible to enteritis, with “susceptible” being defined as healthy birds that subsequently developed enteritis. Based on sequencing data, culture, and toxin gene detection in intestinal contents, we identified Clostridium perfringens type A (CZA and DZ) and C. colinum (CZA only) at increased relative abundances in birds with enteritis. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry further identified the presence of gram-positive bacilli and C. perfringens, respectively, in the necrotizing intestinal lesions. Finally, using Random Forests and LASSO models, we identified several features (young age and the presence of Rhodococcus fascians and Pseudomonas umsongensis) associated with susceptibility to clostridial enteritis. Conclusions We identified C. perfringens type A and C. colinum associated with lorikeet necrohemorrhagic enteritis at CZA and DZ. Susceptibility testing of isolates lead to an updated clinical treatment plan which ultimately resolved the outbreaks at both institutions. This work provides a foundation for understanding gut microbiota features that are permissive to clostridial colonization and host factors (e.g. age, prior infection) that shape responses to infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00148-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Minich
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christopher Madden
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Lab, University of California, Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA.,Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Leo Glowacki
- Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristen French-Kim
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Willow Chan
- Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Morgan V Evans
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kilmer Soares
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences (CCA), Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Ryan Mrofchak
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rushil Madan
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gregory A Ballash
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Krista LaPerle
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Comparative Pathology & Digital Imaging Shared Resource, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Subhadeep Paul
- Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Lab, University of California, Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Martinez
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Vanessa L Hale
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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12
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Naghizadeh M, Klaver L, Schönherz AA, Rani S, Dalgaard TS, Engberg RM. Impact of Dietary Sodium Butyrate and Salinomycin on Performance and Intestinal Microbiota in a Broiler Gut Leakage Model. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:111. [PMID: 35011218 PMCID: PMC8749775 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfavorable alterations of the commensal gut microbiota and dysbacteriosis is a major health problem in the poultry industry. Understanding how dietary intervention alters the microbial ecology of broiler chickens is important for prevention strategies. A trial was conducted with 672 Ross 308 day-old male broilers fed a basic diet (no additives, control) or the basic diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg encapsulated butyrate or 68 mg/kg salinomycin. Enteric challenge was induced by inclusion of 50 g/kg rye in a grower diet and oral gavage of a 10 times overdose of a vaccine against coccidiosis. Compared to control and butyrate-supplemented birds, salinomycin supplementation alleviated growth depression. Compared to butyrate and non-supplemented control, salinomycin increased potentially beneficial Ruminococcaceae and reduced potentially pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae and counts of Lactobacillus salivarius and Clostridium perfringens. Further, salinomycin supplementation was accompanied by a pH decrease and succinic acid increase in ceca, while coated butyrate (0.5 g/kg) showed no or limited effects. Salinomycin alleviated growth depression and maintained intestinal homeostasis in the challenged broilers, while butyrate in the tested concentration showed limited effects. Thus, further investigations are required to identify optimal dietary inclusion rates for butyrate used as alternative to ionophore coccidiostats in broiler production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naghizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.S.); (S.R.); (T.S.D.)
| | - Laura Klaver
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.S.); (S.R.); (T.S.D.)
| | - Anna A. Schönherz
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.S.); (S.R.); (T.S.D.)
| | - Sundas Rani
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.S.); (S.R.); (T.S.D.)
- SA-Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tina Sørensen Dalgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.S.); (S.R.); (T.S.D.)
| | - Ricarda Margarete Engberg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.K.); (A.A.S.); (S.R.); (T.S.D.)
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13
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Wang B, Zhou Y, Mao Y, Gong L, Li X, Xu S, Wang F, Guo Q, Zhang H, Li W. Dietary Supplementation With Lactobacillus plantarum Ameliorates Compromise of Growth Performance by Modulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Intestinal Dysbiosis in Broilers Under Clostridium perfringens Challenge. Front Nutr 2021; 8:706148. [PMID: 34722602 PMCID: PMC8551491 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.706148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important zoonotic pathogen associated with food contamination and poisoning, gas gangrene, necrotizing enterocolitis or necrotic enteritis in humans and animals. Dysbacteriosis is supposedly associated with the development of C. perfringens infection induced necrotic enteritis, but the detailed relationship between intestinal health, microbiome, and C. perfringens infection-induced necrotic enteritis remains poorly understood. This research investigated the effect of probiotics on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers, and the involved roles of intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolic functions under C. perfringens infection. Results showed that subclinical necrotic enteritis was successfully induced as evidenced by the significant lower body weight (BW), suppressed feed conversion ratio (FCR), decreased ileal villus height and mucosal barrier function, and increased ileal histopathological score and bursal weight index. Lactobacillus plantarum or Paenibacillus polymyxa significantly attenuated C. perfringens-induced compromise of growth performance (BW, FCR) and ileal mucosa damage as illustrated by the increased ileal villus height and villus/crypt ratio, the decreased ileal histopathological score and the enhanced ileal mucosal barrier function. L. plantarum also significantly alleviated C. perfringens-induced enlarged bursa of fabricius and the decreased levels of ileal total SCFAs, acetate, lactate, and butyrate. Furthermore, dietary L. plantarum improved C. perfringens infection-induced intestinal dysbiosis as evidenced by significantly enriched short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria (Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Oscillospira, Faecalibacterium, Blautia), reduced drug-resistant bacteria (Bacteroides, Alistipes) and enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis) and bacterial metabolic dysfunctions as illustrated by significantly increased bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis, decreased bacterial lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and antibiotic biosynthesis (streptomycin and vancomycin). Additionally, the BW and intestinal SCFAs were the principal factors affecting the bacterial communities and microbial metabolic functions. The above findings indicate that dietary with L. plantarum attenuates C. perfringens-induced compromise of growth performance and intestinal dysbiosis by increasing SCFAs and improving intestinal health in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shujie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianpeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihua Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Yang Q, Liu J, Wang X, Robinson K, Whitmore MA, Stewart SN, Zhao J, Zhang G. Identification of an Intestinal Microbiota Signature Associated With the Severity of Necrotic Enteritis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703693. [PMID: 34489892 PMCID: PMC8418326 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE), an economically devastating disease of poultry caused by pathogenic Clostridium perfringens, is known to induce small intestinal lesions and dysbiosis. However, the intestinal microbes that are associated with NE severity are yet to be characterized. Here, we investigated the link between the ileal microbiota and disease severity in a chicken model of clinical NE using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results indicated that richness and Shannon Index of the ileal microbiota were drastically reduced (p<0.01) as NE was exacerbated. While the relative abundance of C. perfringens increased from 0.02% in healthy chickens to 58–70% in chickens with severe infection, a majority of the ileal microbes were markedly diminished, albeit varying in their sensitivity to NE. Compositionally, a large group of ileal microbes showed a significant correlation with NE severity. Firmicutes, such as group A and B Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Subdoligranulum variabile, Mediterraneibacter, and Staphylococcus as well as two genera of Actinobacteria (Corynebacterium and Kocuria) and two highly related Cyanobacteria were progressively declined as NE was aggravated. Other Firmicutes, such as Weissella, Romboutsia, Kurthia, Cuneatibacter, Blautia, and Aerococcus, appeared much more sensitive and were rapidly abolished in chickens even with mild NE. On the other hand, Enterococcus cecorum and two Escherichia/Shigella species were only enriched in the ileal microbiota of chickens with extremely severe NE, while several other species such as Streptococcus gallolyticus and Bacteroides fragilis remained unaltered by NE. Functionally, secondary bile acid biosynthesis was predicted to be suppressed by NE, while biosynthesis of aromatic and branched-amino acids and metabolism of a majority of amino acids were predicted to be enhanced in the ileum of NE-afflicted chickens. These intestinal microbes showing a strong correlation with NE severity may provide important leads for the development of novel diagnostic or therapeutic approaches to NE and possibly other enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kelsy Robinson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Melanie A Whitmore
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Sydney N Stewart
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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15
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Coles ME, Forga AJ, Señas-Cuesta R, Graham BD, Selby CM, Uribe ÁJ, Martínez BC, Angel-Isaza JA, Vuong CN, Hernandez-Velasco X, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G. Assessment of Lippia origanoides Essential Oils in a Salmonella typhimurium, Eimeria maxima, and Clostridium perfringens Challenge Model to Induce Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1111. [PMID: 33924404 PMCID: PMC8069271 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present research was to evaluate dietary supplementation of essential oils from Lippia origanoides (LEO) on necrotic enteritis (NE). Chickens were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1: negative control; Group 2: positive control challenged with Salmonella typhimurium (day 1), Eimeria maxima (day 18), and C. perfringens (CP, days 22-23); Group 3: dietary supplementation LEO and challenged. On d 25 of age, serum samples were collected to evaluate fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d), superoxide dismutase (SOD), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), Immunoglobulin A (IgA). Group 3 showed a significant reduction of the harmful effects of induced infection/dysbiosis and a significant reduction in NE lesion scores, morbidity and mortality compared with the positive challenge control group (p < 0.05) compared with Group 2. Digested feed supernatant, supplemented with LEO and inoculated with CP, reduced CP burden (p < 0.05). Group 3 also exhibited a significant reduction in FITC-d, IFN-γ and IgA compared with Group 2. However, a significant increase SOD was observed in Group 3 compared with both control groups. Further investigation to compare the effect of LEO and the standard treatment of clostridial NE is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenly E. Coles
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Aaron J. Forga
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Roberto Señas-Cuesta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Brittany D. Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Callie M. Selby
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Álvaro J. Uribe
- Promitec S.A., Bucaramanga, Santander 680001, Colombia; (Á.J.U.); (B.C.M.); (J.A.A.-I.)
| | - Blanca C. Martínez
- Promitec S.A., Bucaramanga, Santander 680001, Colombia; (Á.J.U.); (B.C.M.); (J.A.A.-I.)
| | - Jaime A. Angel-Isaza
- Promitec S.A., Bucaramanga, Santander 680001, Colombia; (Á.J.U.); (B.C.M.); (J.A.A.-I.)
| | - Christine N. Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, FMVZ, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 4510, Mexico;
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
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16
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Nicholds JF, McQuain C, Hofacre CL, Mathis GF, Fuller AL, Telg BE, Montoya AF, Williams SM, Berghaus RD, Jones MK. The Effect of Different Species of Eimeria with Clostridium perfringens on Performance Parameters and Induction of Clinical Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2020; 65:132-137. [PMID: 34339132 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a common disease that causes great economic loss to the broiler industry due to mortality and reduced performance. Although Clostridium perfringens (CP) is a necessary component of this disease, coccidia species are a well-defined predisposing factor that exacerbates the condition. Different Eimeria species have been reported to influence NE to different degrees. In a pair of experiments, six different Eimeria species were evaluated in the presence and absence of C. perfringens. Male broiler chicks were housed in battery cages for the duration of both experiments. Feed conversion, body weight gain, and NE mortality were reported in both experiments. Experiment 1 challenged birds with E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. tenella, E. necatrix, and E. brunetti at day 13 and subsequently inoculated birds with CP on days 18, 19, and 20. In the second experiment, E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. tenella, and E. praecox were inoculated on day 15 and challenged with CP on days 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 of the experiment. In the first experiment, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, and E. necatrix with the addition of CP all stimulated necrotic enteritis mortality. In the second experiment, E. praecox had minimal impact on performance during the challenge (14-23 days) while E. maxima + CP decreased body weight gain and increased mortality compared to the CP alone control. Eimeria maxima had the highest mortality (21.9%) in this experiment followed by E. acervulina (6.3%). The remaining Eimeria with added CP in the second experiment did not induce NE mortality. While the challenge with CP alone did not induce mortality, feed conversion was increased compared to the unchallenged control group. When using isolated Eimeria species in these experiments, disturbances created by E. brunetti and E. maxima resulted in the most-severe challenges. These experiments highlight the NE risk of these species of Eimeria and give insight into how other species interact with the host in a controlled CP challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Nicholds
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - C McQuain
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - C L Hofacre
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Watkinsville, GA 30677
| | - G F Mathis
- Southern Poultry Research, Inc., Athens, GA 30607
| | - A L Fuller
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Services, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - B E Telg
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - A F Montoya
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - R D Berghaus
- Food Animal Health and Management, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - M K Jones
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Watkinsville, GA 30677,
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17
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la Mora ZVD, Macías-Rodríguez ME, Arratia-Quijada J, Gonzalez-Torres YS, Nuño K, Villarruel-López A. Clostridium perfringens as Foodborne Pathogen in Broiler Production: Pathophysiology and Potential Strategies for Controlling Necrotic Enteritis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1718. [PMID: 32972009 PMCID: PMC7552638 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (Cp.) is the cause of human foodborne desease. Meat and poultry products are identified as the main source of infection for humans. Cp. can be found in poultry litter, feces, soil, dust, and healthy birds' intestinal contents. Cp. strains are known to secrete over 20 identified toxins and enzymes that could potentially be the principal virulence factors, capable of degrading mucin, affecting enterocytes, and the small intestine epithelium, involved in necrotic enteritis (NE) pathophysiology, also leading to immunological responses, microbiota modification and anatomical changes. Different environmental and dietary factors can determine the colonization of this microorganism. It has been observed that the incidence of Cp-associated to NE in broilers has increased in countries that have stopped using antibiotic growth promoters. Since the banning of such antibiotic growth promoters, several strategies for Cp. control have been proposed, including dietary modifications, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, phytogenics, organic acids, and vaccines. However, there are aspects of the pathology that still need to be clarified to establish better actions to control and prevention. This paper reviews the current knowledge about Cp. as foodborne pathogen, the pathophysiology of NE, and recent findings on potential strategies for its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuamí Villagrán-de la Mora
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (Z.V.-d.l.M.); (Y.S.G.-T.)
| | - María Esther Macías-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica 44430, Guadalajara, Mexico;
| | - Jenny Arratia-Quijada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Nuevo Perif. Ote. 555, Ejido San José, Tateposco 45425, Tonalá, Mexico;
| | - Yesica Sughey Gonzalez-Torres
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (Z.V.-d.l.M.); (Y.S.G.-T.)
| | - Karla Nuño
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Nuevo Perif. Ote. 555, Ejido San José, Tateposco 45425, Tonalá, Mexico;
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica 44430, Guadalajara, Mexico;
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18
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Lu M, Li RW, Zhao H, Yan X, Lillehoj HS, Sun Z, Oh S, Wang Y, Li C. Effects of Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens infections on cecal microbial composition and the possible correlation with body weight gain in broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:142-149. [PMID: 32575030 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the voluntary and regulatory withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from animal feed, coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) emerge as the top two enteric poultry infectious diseases responsible for major economic loss worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the cecal microbiota compositions with the growth trait after coccidiosis and NE. In this study, the effects of Eimeria maxima and/or Clostridium perfringens infections on the microbial composition and potential correlation with the body weight gain were investigated in broiler chickens using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. E. maxima and C. perfringens coinfection successfully induced NE with its typical gut lesions and significant reductions in the percentage of relative body weight gain (RBWG%). The NE challenge model did not affect cecal microbial diversity, but influenced the cecal microbial composition. KEGG enzymes in microbiota were significantly altered in abundance following dual infections. Furthermore, significant correlations between cecal microbiota modules and RBWG% were identified in the sham control, E. maxima or C. perfringens infected groups. Understanding of host-microbiota interaction in NE would enhance the development of antibiotics-independent strategies to reduce the harmful effect of NE on the gut microbiota structure, and improve the gut health and poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Robert W Li
- Animal Genomics & Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xianghe Yan
- Environment Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Zhifeng Sun
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - SungTak Oh
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Yueying Wang
- Animal Genomics & Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA; College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA.
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19
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Yang C, Kennes YM, Lepp D, Yin X, Wang Q, Yu H, Yang C, Gong J, Diarra MS. Effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde and citral on the performance and cecal microbiota of broilers vaccinated or not vaccinated against coccidiosis. Poult Sci 2019; 99:936-948. [PMID: 32029170 PMCID: PMC7587813 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and citral (CIT) alone or in combination (CIN + CIT) on the growth performance and cecal microbiota of nonvaccinated broilers and broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis. Vaccinated (1,600) and nonvaccinated (1,600) 0-day-old male Cobb500 broilers were randomly allocated to 5 treatments: basal diet (control) and basal diet supplemented with bacitracin (BAC, 55 ppm), CIN (100 ppm), CIT (100 ppm), and CIN (100 ppm) + CIT (100 ppm). In general, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in birds treated with BAC, CIN, CIT, and CIN + CIT (P < 0.05) but were all decreased in vaccinated birds compared with nonvaccinated birds (P < 0.05). Significant interactions (P < 0.05) between vaccination and treatments for average daily gain during the periods of starter (day 0–9) and BW on day 10 were noted. Broilers receiving vaccines (P < 0.01) or feed supplemented with BAC, CIN, CIT, or CIN + CIT (P < 0.01) showed reductions in mortality rate from day 0 to 28. The incidences of minor coccidiosis were higher (P < 0.05) in vaccinated birds than in nonvaccinated birds. Diet supplementation with BAC or tested encapsulated essential oils showed comparable effects on the coccidiosis incidences. Similar to BAC, CIN and its combination with CIT reduced both incidence and severity of necrotic enteritis (P < 0.05). No treatment effects were observed on the cecal microbiota at the phyla level. At the genus level, significant differences between vaccination and treatment groups were observed for 5 (Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Enterococcus, and Clostridium) of 40 detected genera (P < 0.05). The genus Lactobacillus was more abundant in broilers fed with CIT, while Clostridium and Enterococcus were less abundant in broilers fed with CIN, CIT, or CIN + CIT in both the vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups. Results from this study suggested that CIN alone or in combination with CIT in feed could improve chicken growth performance to the level comparable with BAC and alter cecal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwu Yang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Yan Martel Kennes
- Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, 120-A, chemin du Roy, Canada QC G0A 1S0
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
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20
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Chuang WY, Lin WC, Hsieh YC, Huang CM, Chang SC, Lee TT. Evaluation of the Combined Use of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Aspergillus Oryzae with Phytase Fermentation Products on Growth, Inflammatory, and Intestinal Morphology in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1051. [PMID: 31805670 PMCID: PMC6940866 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae are both ancient probiotic species traditionally used as microbes for brewing beer and soy sauce, respectively. This study investigated the effect of adding these two probiotics with phytase fermentation products to the broilers diet. Fermented products possess protease and cellulase, and the activities were 777.1 and 189.5 U/g dry matter (DM) on S. cerevisiae fermented products (SCFP) and 190 and 213.4 U/g DM on A. oryzae fermented products (AOFP), respectively. Liposaccharides stimulated PBMCs to produce nitric oxide to 120 μmol. Both SCFP and AOFP reduced lipopolysaccharides stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) nitric oxide release to 40 and 60 μmol, respectively. Nevertheless, in an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, SCFP and AOFP also increased the survival rate of lipopolysaccharides stimulated PBMCs by almost two-fold compared to the negative control. A total of 240 broilers were divided into four groups as Control, SCFP 0.1% (SCFP), SCFP 0.05% + AOFP 0.05% (SAFP), and AOFP 0.1% (AOFP) groups, respectively. Each group had 20 broilers, and three replicate pens. The results showed that the addition of SCFP, SAFP, and AOFP groups did not affect the growth performances, but increased the jejunum value of villus height and villus: crypt ratio on SAFP and AOFP groups compared to the control and SCFP groups. Furthermore, adding SCFP, SAFP, and AOFP significantly reduced the number of Clostridium perfringens in ileum chyme. SCFP, SAFP, and AOFP significantly reduced the amount of interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthases, interferon-γ, and nuclear factor kappa B mRNA expression in PBMCs, especially in the AOFP group. In summary, all the SCFP, SAFP, and AOFP groups can be suggested as a functional feed additive since they enhanced villus: crypt ratio and decreased inflammation-related mRNA expression, especially for AOFP group in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang. Chuang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (W.C.L.); (Y.C.H.); (C.M.H.)
| | - Wei Chih. Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (W.C.L.); (Y.C.H.); (C.M.H.)
| | - Yun Chen. Hsieh
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (W.C.L.); (Y.C.H.); (C.M.H.)
| | - Chung Ming. Huang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (W.C.L.); (Y.C.H.); (C.M.H.)
| | - Shen Chang. Chang
- Kaohsiung Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Tzu-Tai Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.Y.C.); (W.C.L.); (Y.C.H.); (C.M.H.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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21
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Cameron A, McAllister TA. Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets? Benef Microbes 2019; 10:773-799. [PMID: 31965849 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are most frequently derived from the natural microbiota of healthy animals. These bacteria and their metabolic products are viewed as nutritional tools for promoting animal health and productivity, disease prevention and therapy, and food safety in an era defined by increasingly widespread antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens. In contemporary livestock production, antimicrobial usage is indispensable for animal welfare, and employed to enhance growth and feed efficiency. Given the importance of antimicrobials in both human and veterinary medicine, their effective replacement with direct-fed microbials or probiotics could help reduce antimicrobial use, perhaps restoring or extending the usefulness of these precious drugs against serious infections. Thus, probiotic research in livestock is rapidly evolving, aspiring to produce local and systemic health benefits on par with antimicrobials. Although many studies have clearly demonstrated the potential of probiotics to positively affect animal health and inhibit pathogens, experimental evidence suggests that probiotics' successes are modest, conditional, strain-dependent, and transient. Here, we explore current understanding, trends, and emerging applications of probiotic research and usage in major livestock species, and highlight successes in animal health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cameron
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - T A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
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22
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Bortoluzzi C, Vieira BS, Hofacre C, Applegate TJ. Effect of different challenge models to induce necrotic enteritis on the growth performance and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2800-2812. [PMID: 30877749 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, diversity, composition, and predicted function of the intestinal microbiota of broilers raised under 3 different methods to induce necrotic enteritis (NE). The chicks in Experiments 1 and 2 were vaccinated against coccidiosis on day 1. Experiment 1: non-challenged and challenged birds were raised in floor pens with new litter and 58 birds/pen. The challenge consisted of Eimeria maxima inoculation on day 14 and Clostridium perfringens via water on days 18 to 19. Cecal microbiota was evaluated on days 18, 21, and 28. Experiment 2: non-challenged and challenged birds were raised in floor pens with recycled litter and 50 birds/pen. The challenge consisted of C. perfringens via feed from days 18 to 20. Ileal and cecal microbiota were evaluated on day 21. In Experiment 3, non-challenged and challenged birds were raised in battery cages with 8 birds/cage. Challenged birds were inoculated with E. maxima on day 14 and with C. perfringens on days 19 to 21. In the 3 experiments, ileal or cecal microbiota or both were analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing. The performance of the birds was impaired in the 3 studies, regardless of the method used to induce NE. In Experiment 1, the microbiota did not significantly change across ages. In Experiment 2, α-diversity indices were lower in challenged vs. non-challenged birds in both ileal and cecal microbiota. The cecal microbiota composition and function was more affected than the ileal microbiota. In Experiment 3, Chao index (α-diversity) increased in challenged vs. non-challenged birds, and the composition of the ileal and cecal microbiota was not significantly affected. In conclusion, the overall feed conversion ratio was more affected in Experiment 3 (5.2, 11.1, and 30% for Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively), which also showed the highest degree of NE lesions. However, the largest variations of diversity and composition of the microbiota were observed in Experiment 2, when birds were raised in floor pens with reused litter, vaccinated against coccidiosis, and challenged with C. perfringens on days 19 to 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bortoluzzi
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - B S Vieira
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - C Hofacre
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Athens, GA 30677
| | - T J Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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