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Shurson GC, Urriola PE, Schroeder DC. Biosecurity and Mitigation Strategies to Control Swine Viruses in Feed Ingredients and Complete Feeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2375. [PMID: 37508151 PMCID: PMC10376163 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
No system nor standardized analytical procedures at commercial laboratories exist to facilitate and accurately measure potential viable virus contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds globally. As a result, there is high uncertainty of the extent of swine virus contamination in global feed supply chains. Many knowledge gaps need to be addressed to improve our ability to prevent virus contamination and transmission in swine feed. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge involving: (1) the need for biosecurity protocols to identify production, processing, storage, and transportation conditions that may cause virus contamination of feed ingredients and complete feed; (2) challenges of measuring virus inactivation; (3) virus survival in feed ingredients during transportation and storage; (4) minimum infectious doses; (5) differences between using a food safety objective versus a performance objective as potential approaches for risk assessment in swine feed; (6) swine virus inactivation from thermal and irradiation processes, and chemical mitigants in feed ingredients and complete feed; (7) efficacy of virus decontamination strategies in feed mills; (8) benefits of functional ingredients, nutrients, and commercial feed additives in pig diets during a viral health challenge; and (9) considerations for improved risk assessment models of virus contamination in feed supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, Smid B, Verheij E, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Determination of Intestinal Viral Loads and Distribution of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Classical Swine Fever Virus, and Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus: A Pilot Study. Pathogens 2021; 10:1188. [PMID: 34578220 PMCID: PMC8466767 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine viral loads and distribution over the total length, at short distances, and in the separate layers of the intestine of virus-infected animals for future inactivation studies. Two calves, two pigs, and two goats were infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), respectively. Homogenously distributed maximum BVDV viral loads were detected in the ileum of both calves, with a mean titer of 6.0 log10 TCID50-eq/g. The viral loads in colon and caecum were not distributed homogenously. In one pig, evenly distributed CSFV mean viral loads of 4.5 and 4.2 log10 TCID50-eq/g were found in the small and large intestines, respectively. Mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer/serosa showed mean viral loads of 5.3, 3.4, and 4.0 log10 TCID50-eq/g, respectively. Homogenous distribution of PPRV was shown in the ileum of both goats, with a mean viral load of 4.6 log10 TCID50-eq/g. Mean mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer/serosa viral loads were 3.5, 2.8, and 1.7 log10 TCID50-eq/g, respectively. This pilot study provides essential data for setting up inactivation experiments with intestines derived from experimentally infected animals, in which the level and the homogeneous distribution of intestinal viral loads are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.175, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Bregtje Smid
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Eline Verheij
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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Fischer M, Pikalo J, Beer M, Blome S. Stability of African swine fever virus on spiked spray-dried porcine plasma. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2806-2811. [PMID: 34171166 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease that affects members of the Suidae family. The notifiable disease is considered a major threat to the pig industry, animal health, and food security worldwide. According to the European Food Safety Authority, ASF virus (ASFV) survival and transmission in feed and feed materials is a major research gap. Against this background, the objective of this study was to determine the survival of ASFV on spiked spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) when stored at two different temperatures. To this means, commercial SDPP granules were contaminated with high titers of ASFV in a worst-case external contamination scenario. Three samples per time point and temperature condition were subjected to blind passaging on macrophage cultures and subsequent haemadsorption test to determine residual infectivity. In addition, viral genome was detected by real-time PCR. The results indicate that heavily contaminated SDPP stored at 4°C remains infectious for at least 5 weeks. In contrast, spiked SDPP stored at room temperature displayed a distinct ASFV titer reduction after 1 week (>2.8 log levels) and complete inactivation after 2 weeks (>5.7 log levels). In conclusion, the residual risk of ASFV transmission through externally contaminated SDPP is low if SDPP is stored at room temperature (21 ± 2°C) for a period of at least 2 weeks before feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Fischer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jutta Pikalo
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Wang F, Zhang H, Hou L, Yang C, Wen Y. Advance of African swine fever virus in recent years. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:535-539. [PMID: 33882382 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most devastating hemorrhagic infectious diseases that affect pigs and wild suids due to the lack of a vaccine or an effective treatment. The large dsDNA genome of African swine fever virus (ASFV) contains up to 167 ORFs that are predicted to encode proteins. Since its introduction to China in 2018, this genome has aroused the enthusiasm of researchers throughout the world. Here, we review the research progress on ASFV in recent years. Given the importance of this disease, this review will highlight recent discoveries in basic virology, focusing mainly on epidemiology, virulence, pathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment; this will help in understanding virus-host interactions and disease prevention regarding ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases at the Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010018, People's Republic of China
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Michel V, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Boklund A, Botner A, Gervelmeyer A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Roberts HC. Ability of different matrices to transmit African swine fever virus. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06558. [PMID: 33936310 PMCID: PMC8077412 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This opinion assesses the risk posed by different matrices to introduce African swine fever virus (ASFV) to non-affected regions of the EU. Matrices assessed are feed materials, enrichment/bedding materials and empty live pigs transport vehicles returning from affected areas. Although the risk from feed is considered to be lower than several other pathways (e.g. contact with infected live animals and swill feeding), it cannot be ruled out that matrices assessed in this opinion pose a risk. Evidence on survival of ASFV in different matrices from literature and a public consultation was used in an Expert Knowledge Elicitation (EKE) on the possible contamination of products and traded or imported product volumes used on pig farms. The EKE results were used in a model that provided a risk-rank for each product's contamination likelihood ('q'), its trade or import volume from affected EU or Eurasian areas (N) and the modelled number of potentially infected pig farms (N × q). The products ranking higher regardless of origin or destination were mash and pelleted compound feed, feed additives and cereals. Bedding/enrichment materials, hydrolysed proteins and blood products ranked lowest regardless of origin or destination. Empty vehicles ranked lower than compound feed but higher than non-compound feed or bedding/enrichment material. It is very likely (95-99% certainty) that compound feed and cereals rank higher than feed materials, which rank higher than bedding/enrichment material and forage. As this is an assessment based on several parameters including the contamination and delivery to a pig farm, all of which have the same impact on the final ranking, risk managers should consider how the relative rank of each product may change with an effective storage period or a virus inactivation step.
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Kumar M, Mazumder P, Mohapatra S, Kumar Thakur A, Dhangar K, Taki K, Mukherjee S, Kumar Patel A, Bhattacharya P, Mohapatra P, Rinklebe J, Kitajima M, Hai FI, Khursheed A, Furumai H, Sonne C, Kuroda K. A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Seasonality, environmental fate, transport, inactivation, and antiviral drug resistance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124043. [PMID: 33268203 PMCID: PMC7536132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the environmental perspectives of the viruses and antiviral drugs related to SARS-CoV-2. The present review paper discusses occurrence, fate, transport, susceptibility, and inactivation mechanisms of viruses in the environment as well as environmental occurrence and fate of antiviral drugs, and prospects (prevalence and occurrence) of antiviral drug resistance (both antiviral drug resistant viruses and antiviral resistance in the human). During winter, the number of viral disease cases and environmental occurrence of antiviral drug surge due to various biotic and abiotic factors such as transmission pathways, human behaviour, susceptibility, and immunity as well as cold climatic conditions. Adsorption and persistence critically determine the fate and transport of viruses in the environment. Inactivation and disinfection of virus include UV, alcohol, and other chemical-base methods but the susceptibility of virus against these methods varies. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major reserviors of antiviral drugs and their metabolites and transformation products. Ecotoxicity of antiviral drug residues against aquatic organisms have been reported, however more threatening is the development of antiviral resistance, both in humans and in wild animal reservoirs. In particular, emergence of antiviral drug-resistant viruses via exposure of wild animals to high loads of antiviral residues during the current pandemic needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India.
| | - Payal Mazumder
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- Environmnetal Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Alok Kumar Thakur
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Kiran Dhangar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Kaling Taki
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Arbind Kumar Patel
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pranab Mohapatra
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42285, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, University of Sejong, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Wollongong, Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Anwar Khursheed
- Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Centre for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama 9390398, Japan
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Intestinal Viral Loads and Inactivation Kinetics of Livestock Viruses Relevant for Natural Casing Production: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020173. [PMID: 33557372 PMCID: PMC7915499 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal intestines are the source of edible sausage casings, which are traded worldwide and may come from areas where notifiable infectious animal diseases are prevalent. To estimate the risks of virus contamination, knowledge about the quantity of virus and decimal reduction values of the standard preservation method by salting is of great importance. A literature search, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was performed in search engine CAB Abstracts to determine the viral load of 14 relevant animal viruses in natural casings or intestines. Only a very limited number of scientific publications per virus were found and viral loads in the intestines varied from high for ASFV (five publications), BVDV (3), CSFV (6), PPRV (3), RPV (2) and TGEV (3) to moderate for PEDV (2) and SVDV (3), low for HEV (2) and FMDV (5), very low for VESV (1) and negative for PrV (2) and VSV (1). PRRSV was found in intestines, however, viral titers were not published. Three viruses (BVDV, CSFV and PPRV) with high viral loads were selected to search for their inactivation kinetics. For casings, no inactivation data were found, however, thermal inactivation data of these viruses were available, but differed in quantity, quality and matrices. In conclusion, important data gaps still exist when it comes to the quantitative inactivation of viruses in sausage casings or livestock intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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Olesen AS, Belsham GJ, Bruun Rasmussen T, Lohse L, Bødker R, Halasa T, Boklund A, Bøtner A. Potential routes for indirect transmission of African swine fever virus into domestic pig herds. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1472-1484. [PMID: 32150785 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following its introduction into Georgia in 2007, African swine fever virus (ASFV) has become widespread on the European continent and in Asia. In many cases, the exact route of introduction into domestic pig herds cannot be determined, but most introductions are attributed to indirect virus transmission. In this review, we describe knowledge gained about different matrices that may allow introduction of the virus into pig herds. These matrices include uncooked pig meat, processed pig-derived products, feed, matrices contaminated with the virus and blood-feeding invertebrates. Knowledge gaps still exist, and both field studies and laboratory research are needed to enhance understanding of the risks for ASFV introductions, especially via virus-contaminated materials, including bedding and feed, and via blood-feeding, flying insects. Knowledge obtained from such studies can be applied to epidemiological risk assessments for the different transmission routes. Such assessments can be utilized to help predict the most effective biosecurity and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sofie Olesen
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Bødker
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Boklund
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mazur-Panasiuk N, Woźniakowski G. Natural inactivation of African swine fever virus in tissues: Influence of temperature and environmental conditions on virus survival. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108609. [PMID: 32122613 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals and their excretions, or indirect contact with contaminated fomites. Risk assessment of the disease spreading requires quantitative knowledge about time and conditions needed for its inactivation in various material of pig origin. In this study we aimed to assess ASFV stability in naturally contaminated tissues during storage in selected environmental conditions. Virus half-life (T ½) and decimal reduction rate (D-value) were determined for temperatures relevant for freezing, chilling and ambient storage. A nonlinear regression model was developed to predict T ½ for temperatures between -20 °C and +23 °C. The half-life of the infectious ASFV in tissues ranged from 31.95 days at -20 °C to 0.38 days at +23 °C, with estimated D-values between 106.12-1.27 days, respectively. In order to assess the influence of environmental conditions on the rate of ASFV inactivation in decomposing tissue, viral half-life was evaluated at +4 °C and +23 °C in tissues stored within various matrices, mimicking possible natural conditions. Water, soil and leaf litter presence induced significantly faster ASFV inactivation. Straw, hay and grain provided stable conditions and prolonged virus viability for a considerable amount of time. In contrast to viable virus reduction over time, no change in ASFV DNA concentration was detected by real-time PCR. Based on estimated half-life values, the investigated tissues are predicted to remain infectious for 353-713 days at -20 °C, 35-136 days at +4 °C, and from 9 to 17 days at +23 °C. These data provide valuable information for the ASF preventive measures improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mazur-Panasiuk
- National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Department of Swine Diseases, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Department of Swine Diseases, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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