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Yu R, Dong S, Chen B, Si F, Li C. Developing Next-Generation Live Attenuated Vaccines for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Using Reverse Genetic Techniques. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:557. [PMID: 38793808 PMCID: PMC11125984 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the etiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a highly contagious digestive disease in pigs and especially in neonatal piglets, in which a mortality rate of up to 100% will be induced. Immunizing pregnant sows remains the most promising and effective strategy for protecting their neonatal offspring from PEDV. Although half a century has passed since its first report in Europe and several prophylactic vaccines (inactivated or live attenuated) have been developed, PED still poses a significant economic concern to the swine industry worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel vaccines in clinical practice, especially live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) that can induce a strong protective lactogenic immune response in pregnant sows. Reverse genetic techniques provide a robust tool for virological research from the function of viral proteins to the generation of rationally designed vaccines. In this review, after systematically summarizing the research progress on virulence-related viral proteins, we reviewed reverse genetics techniques for PEDV and their application in the development of PED LAVs. Then, we probed into the potential methods for generating safe, effective, and genetically stable PED LAV candidates, aiming to provide new ideas for the rational design of PED LAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China; (R.Y.); (S.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Chunhua Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China; (R.Y.); (S.D.); (B.C.)
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Zhang Y, Si L, Gao J, Shu X, Qiu C, Zhang Y, Zu S, Hu H. Serial passage of PDCoV in cell culture reduces its pathogenicity and its damage of gut microbiota homeostasis in piglets. mSystems 2024; 9:e0134623. [PMID: 38349151 PMCID: PMC10949489 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01346-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an enteropathogenic coronavirus that mainly causes diarrhea in suckling piglets, and also has the potential for cross-species transmission. However, there are still no commercial vaccines available to prevent and control PDCoV infection. In this study, PDCoV strain HNZK-02 was serially propagated in vitro for up to 150 passages and the amino acid changes have mainly occurred in the S protein during serial passage which caused structure change. PDCoV HNZK-02-passage 5 (P5)-infected piglets exhibited acute and severe watery diarrhea, an obvious intestinal damage, while the piglets infected with PDCoV HNZK-02-P150 showed no obvious clinical signs, weak intestinal lesions, and lower viral loads in rectal swabs and various tissues. Compared with the PDCoV HNZK-02-P5 infection, HNZK-02-P150 infection resulted in a decrease in intestinal mucosal permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, PDCoV HNZK-02-P5 infection had significantly reduced bacterial diversity and increased relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens, while PDCoV HNZK-02-P150 infection did not significantly affect the bacterial diversity, and the relative abundance of probiotics increased. Furthermore, the alterations of gut microbiota were closely related to the change of pro-inflammatory factor. Metagenomics prediction analysis demonstrated that HNZK-02-P150 modulated the tyrosine metabolism, Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, which coincided with lower inflammatory response and intestinal permeability in the piglets infected with HNZK-02-P150. In conclusion, the PDCoV HNZK-02 was successfully attenuated by serial passage in vitro, and the changes of S gene, metabolic function, and gut microbiota may contribute to the attenuation. The PDCoV HNZK-02-P150 may have the potential for developing live-attenuated vaccine.IMPORTANCEPorcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an enteropathogen causing severe diarrhea, dehydration, and death in nursing piglets, devastating great economic losses for the global swine industry, and has cross-species transmission and zoonotic potential. There are currently no approved treatments or vaccines available for PDCoV. In addition, gut microbiota has an important relationship with the development of many diseases. Here, the PDCoV virulent HNZK-02 strain was successfully attenuated by serial passage on cell cultures, and the pathogenesis and effects on the gut microbiota composition and metabolic function of the PDCoV HNZK-02-P5 and P150 strains were investigated in piglets. We also found the genetic changes in the S protein during passage in vitro and the gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of PDCoV, while their interaction molecular mechanism would need to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lulu Si
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junlong Gao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangli Shu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Congrui Qiu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaopo Zu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Hu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Li X, Wu Y, Yan Z, Li G, Luo J, Huang S, Guo X. A Comprehensive View on the Protein Functions of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:165. [PMID: 38397155 PMCID: PMC10887554 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus (PEDV) is one of the main pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and fattening pigs. The clinical signs of PED are vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and mortality resulting in significant economic losses and becoming a major challenge in the pig industry. PEDV possesses various crucial structural and functional proteins, which play important roles in viral structure, infection, replication, assembly, and release, as well as in escaping host innate immunity. Over the past few years, there has been progress in the study of PEDV pathogenesis, revealing the crucial role of the interaction between PEDV viral proteins and host cytokines in PEDV infection. At present, the main control measure against PEDV is vaccine immunization of sows, but the protective effect for emerging virus strains is still insufficient, and there is no ideal safe and efficient vaccine. Although scientists have persistently delved their research into the intricate structure and functionalities of the PEDV genome and viral proteins for years, the pathogenic mechanism of PEDV remains incompletely elucidated. Here, we focus on reviewing the research progress of PEDV structural and nonstructural proteins to facilitate the understanding of biological processes such as PEDV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Yiwan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Zhibin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
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Guo X, Feng Y, Zhao X, Qiao S, Ma Z, Li Z, Zheng H, Xiao S. Coronavirus Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Utilizes Chemokine Interleukin-8 to Facilitate Viral Replication by Regulating Ca 2+ Flux. J Virol 2023; 97:e0029223. [PMID: 37133374 PMCID: PMC10231212 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00292-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine production by epithelial cells is crucial for neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation during viral infection. However, the effect of chemokine on epithelia and how chemokine is involved in coronavirus infection remains to be fully understood. Here, we identified an inducible chemokine interleukin-8 (CXCL8/IL-8), which could promote coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection in African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero) and Lilly Laboratories cell-porcine kidney 1 epithelial cells (LLC-PK1). IL-8 deletion restrained cytosolic calcium (Ca2+), whereas IL-8 stimulation improved cytosolic Ca2+. The consumption of Ca2+ restricted PEDV infection. PEDV internalization and budding were obvious reductions when cytosolic Ca2+ was abolished in the presence of Ca2+ chelators. Further study revealed that the upregulated cytosolic Ca2+ redistributes intracellular Ca2+. Finally, we identified that G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-phospholipase C (PLC)-inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) signaling was crucial for enhancive cytosolic Ca2+ and PEDV infection. To our knowledge, this study is the first to uncover the function of chemokine IL-8 during coronavirus PEDV infection in epithelia. PEDV induces IL-8 expression to elevate cytosolic Ca2+, promoting its infection. Our findings reveal a novel role of IL-8 in PEDV infection and suggest that targeting IL-8 could be a new approach to controlling PEDV infection. IMPORTANCE Coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious enteric coronavirus that caused severe economic losses worldwide, and more effort is needed to develop economical and efficient vaccines to control or eliminate this disease. The chemokine interleukin-8 (CXCL8/IL-8) is indispensable for the activation and trafficking of inflammatory mediators and tumor progression and metastasis. This study evaluated the effect of IL-8 on PEDV infection in epithelia. We found that IL-8 expression improved cytosolic Ca2+ in epithelia, facilitating PEDV rapid internalization and egress. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-phospholipase C (PLC)-inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-SOC signaling was activated by IL-8, releasing the intracellular Ca2+ stores from endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These findings provide a better understanding of the role of IL-8 in PEDV-induced immune responses, which will help develop small-molecule drugs for coronavirus cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingtong Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuang Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqian Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Si F, Song S, Yu R, Li Z, Wei W, Wu C. Coronavirus accessory protein ORF3 biology and its contribution to viral behavior and pathogenesis. iScience 2023; 26:106280. [PMID: 36945252 PMCID: PMC9972675 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is classified in the genus Alphacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae that encodes the only accessory protein, ORF3 protein. However, how ORF3 contributes to viral pathogenicity, adaptability, and replication is obscure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and identify gaps in many aspects of ORF3 protein in PEDV, with emphasis on its unique biological features, including membrane topology, Golgi retention mechanism, potential intrinsic disordered property, functional motifs, protein glycosylation, and codon usage phenotypes related to genetic evolution and gene expression. In addition, we propose intriguing questions related to ORF3 protein that we hope to stimulate further studies and encourage collaboration among virologists worldwide to provide constructive knowledge about the unique characteristics and biological functions of ORF3 protein, by which their potential role in clarifying viral behavior and pathogenesis can be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Ruisong Yu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Zheng L, Liu H, Tian Z, Kay M, Wang H, Cheng L, Xia W, Zhang J, Wang W, Cao H, Xu X, Gao Z, Geng R, Wu Z, Zhang H. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) ORF3 protein inhibits cellular type I interferon signaling through down-regulating proteins expression in RLRs-mediated pathway. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:146-159. [PMID: 37148734 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an entero-pathogenic coronavirus, which belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causing lethal watery diarrhea in piglets. Previous studies have shown that PEDV has developed an antagonistic mechanism by which it evades the antiviral activities of interferon (IFN), such as the sole accessory protein open reading frame 3 (ORF3) being found to inhibit IFN-β promoter activities, but how this mechanism used by PEDV ORF3 inhibits activation of the type I signaling pathway remains not fully understood. Thus, in this present study, we showed that PEDV ORF3 inhibited both polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))- and IFNα2b-stimulated transcription of IFN-β and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) mRNAs. The expression levels of antiviral proteins in the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs)-mediated pathway was down-regulated in cells with over-expression of PEDV ORF3 protein, but global protein translation remained unchanged and the association of ORF3 with RLRs-related antiviral proteins was not detected, implying that ORF3 only specifically suppressed the expression of these signaling molecules. At the same time, we also found that the PEDV ORF3 protein inhibited interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation and poly(I:C)-induced nuclear translocation of IRF3, which further supported the evidence that type I IFN production was abrogated by PEDV ORF3 through interfering with RLRs signaling. Furthermore, PEDV ORF3 counteracted transcription of IFN-β and ISGs mRNAs, which were triggered by over-expression of signal proteins in the RLRs-mediated pathway. However, to our surprise, PEDV ORF3 initially induced, but subsequently reduced the transcription of IFN-β and ISGs mRNAs to normal levels. Additionally, mRNA transcriptional levels of signaling molecules located at IFN-β upstream were not inhibited, but elevated by PEDV ORF3 protein. Collectively, these results demonstrate that inhibition of type I interferon signaling by PEDV ORF3 can be realized through down-regulating the expression of signal molecules in the RLRs-mediated pathway, but not via inhibiting their mRNAs transcription. This study points to a new mechanism evolved by PEDV through blockage of the RLRs-mediated pathway by ORF3 protein to circumvent the host's antiviral immunity.
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Li M, Guo L, Feng L. Interplay between swine enteric coronaviruses and host innate immune. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1083605. [PMID: 36619958 PMCID: PMC9814124 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1083605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal piglets, causing severe losses worldwide. SeCoV includes the following four members: transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Clinically, mixed infections with several SeCoVs, which are more common in global farms, cause widespread infections. It is worth noting that PDCoV has a broader host range, suggesting the risk of PDCoV transmission across species, posing a serious threat to public health and global security. Studies have begun to focus on investigating the interaction between SeCoV and its host. Here, we summarize the effects of viral proteins on apoptosis, autophagy, and innate immunity induced by SeCoV, providing a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of coronavirus.
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Wang X, Ma L, Li J, Yang L, Yuan H, Pang D, Ouyang H. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: An Updated Overview of Virus Epidemiology, Virulence Variation Patterns and Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112434. [PMID: 36366532 PMCID: PMC9695474 DOI: 10.3390/v14112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the coronavirus family, causing deadly watery diarrhea in newborn piglets. The global pandemic of PEDV, with significant morbidity and mortality, poses a huge threat to the swine industry. The currently developed vaccines and drugs are only effective against the classic GI strains that were prevalent before 2010, while there is no effective control against the GII variant strains that are currently a global pandemic. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the biology of PEDV, including its transmission and origin, structure and function, evolution, and virus-host interaction, in an attempt to find the potential virulence factors influencing PEDV pathogenesis. We conclude with the mechanism by which PEDV components antagonize the immune responses of the virus, and the role of host factors in virus infection. Essentially, this review serves as a valuable reference for the development of attenuated virus vaccines and the potential of host factors as antiviral targets for the prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lerong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (H.O.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6175 (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (H.O.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6175 (H.O.)
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Wu Y, Shi Z, Chen J, Zhang H, Li M, Zhao Y, Shi H, Shi D, Guo L, Feng L. Porcine deltacoronavirus E protein induces interleukin-8 production via NF-κB and AP-1 activation. Vet Microbiol 2022; 274:109553. [PMID: 36181744 PMCID: PMC9428115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Although they facilitate local antiviral immunity, their excessive release leads to life-threatening cytokine release syndrome, exemplified by the severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In the present study, we found that interleukin-8 (IL-8) was upregulated by PDCoV infection. We then demonstrated that PDCoV E protein induced IL-8 production and that the TM domain and the C-terminal domain of the E protein were important for IL-8 production. Subsequently, we showed here that deleting the AP-1 and NF-κB binding motif in porcine IL-8 promoter abrogated its activation, suggesting that IL-8 expression was dependent on AP-1 and NF-κB. Furthermore, PDCoV E induced IL-8 production, which was also dependent on the NF-κB pathway through activating nuclear factor p65 phosphorylation and NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) protein phosphorylation, as well as inducing the nuclear translocation of p65, eventually resulting in the promotion of IL-8 production. PDCoV E also activated c-fos and c-jun, both of which are members of the AP-1 family. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PDCoV-induced IL-8 production and help us further understand the pathogenesis of PDCoV infection.
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Li W, Wang H, Zheng SJ. Roles of RNA Sensors in Host Innate Response to Influenza Virus and Coronavirus Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158285. [PMID: 35955436 PMCID: PMC9368391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus and coronavirus are two important respiratory viruses, which often cause serious respiratory diseases in humans and animals after infection. In recent years, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and SARS-CoV-2 have become major pathogens causing respiratory diseases in humans. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the relationship between viral infection and host innate immunity is particularly important to the stipulation of effective control strategies. As the first line of defense against pathogens infection, innate immunity not only acts as a natural physiological barrier, but also eliminates pathogens through the production of interferon (IFN), the formation of inflammasomes, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this process, the recognition of viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is the initiation and the most important part of the innate immune response. In this review, we summarize the roles of RNA sensors in the host innate immune response to influenza virus and coronavirus infections in different species, with a particular focus on innate immune recognition of viral nucleic acids in host cells, which will help to develop an effective strategy for the control of respiratory infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.L.); (H.W.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongnuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.L.); (H.W.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J. Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.L.); (H.W.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-62834681
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11
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Functional mutations of SARS-CoV-2: implications to viral transmission, pathogenicity and immune escape. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1213-1222. [PMID: 35788093 PMCID: PMC9337262 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to major public health challenges globally. The increasing viral lineages identified indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 genome is evolving at a rapid rate. Viral genomic mutations may cause antigenic drift or shift, which are important ways by which SARS-CoV-2 escapes the human immune system and changes its transmissibility and virulence. Herein, we summarize the functional mutations in SARS-CoV-2 genomes to characterize its adaptive evolution to inform the development of vaccination, treatment as well as control and intervention measures.
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Zheng L, Liu H, Tian Z, Kay M, Wang H, Wang X, Han H, Xia W, Zhang J, Wang W, Gao Z, Wu Z, Cao H, Geng R, Zhang H. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus E protein inhibits type I interferon production through endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERS)-mediated suppression of antiviral proteins translation. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:236-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang K, Lin S, Li J, Deng S, Zhang J, Wang S. Modulation of Innate Antiviral Immune Response by Porcine Enteric Coronavirus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845137. [PMID: 35237253 PMCID: PMC8882816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Host’s innate immunity is the front-line defense against viral infections, but some viruses have evolved multiple strategies for evasion of antiviral innate immunity. The porcine enteric coronaviruses (PECs) consist of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus (SADS-CoV), which cause lethal diarrhea in neonatal pigs and threaten the swine industry worldwide. PECs interact with host cells to inhibit and evade innate antiviral immune responses like other coronaviruses. Moreover, the immune escape of porcine enteric coronaviruses is the key pathogenic mechanism causing infection. Here, we review the most recent advances in the interactions between viral and host’s factors, focusing on the mechanisms by which viral components antagonize interferon (IFN)-mediated innate antiviral immune responses, trying to shed light on new targets and strategies effective for controlling and eliminating porcine enteric coronaviruses.
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Hu Y, Xie X, Yang L, Wang A. A Comprehensive View on the Host Factors and Viral Proteins Associated With Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:762358. [PMID: 34950116 PMCID: PMC8688245 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.762358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a coronavirus pathogen of the pig intestinal tract, can cause fatal watery diarrhea in piglets, thereby causing huge economic losses to swine industries around the world. The pathogenesis of PEDV has intensively been studied; however, the viral proteins of PEDV and the host factors in target cells, as well as their interactions, which are the foundation of the molecular mechanisms of viral infection, remain to be summarized and updated. PEDV has multiple important structural and functional proteins, which play various roles in the process of virus infection. Among them, the S and N proteins play vital roles in biological processes related to PEDV survival via interacting with the host cell proteins. Meanwhile, a number of host factors including receptors are required for the infection of PEDV via interacting with the viral proteins, thereby affecting the reproduction of PEDV and contributing to its life cycle. In this review, we provide an updated understanding of viral proteins and host factors, as well as their interactions in terms of PEDV infection. Additionally, the effects of cellular factors, events, and signaling pathways on PEDV infection are also discussed. Thus, these comprehensive and profound insights should facilitate for the further investigations, control, and prevention of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingchen Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Aibing Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,PCB Biotechnology, LLC, Rockville, MD, United States
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Jantraphakorn Y, Viriyakitkosol R, Jongkaewwattana A, Kaewborisuth C. Interaction Between PEDV and Its Hosts: A Closer Look at the ORF3 Accessory Protein. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:744276. [PMID: 34568481 PMCID: PMC8461092 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.744276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a causative agent of a highly contagious enteric disease in swine of all ages, leading to severe economic losses for the swine industry in many countries. One of the most effective approaches in controlling PEDV infection is vaccination. The ORF3 accessory protein has been proposed as a crucial viral virulence factor in a natural host. However, due to the lack of an extensive comparative study of ORF3, exactly how the ORF3 takes part in virus replication and pathogenesis as well as its role in host-virus interaction is unclear. In this review, we aim to discuss the current knowledge of ORF3 concerning its dispensability for viral replication in vitro, ability to modulate host responses, contribution to virus pathogenicity, and research gaps among ORF3 functional studies. These will be beneficial for further studies to a better understanding of PEDV biology and PEDV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuparat Jantraphakorn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | | | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Lu Y, Huang W, Zhong L, Qin Y, Liu X, Yang C, Wang R, Su X, Du C, Mi X, Wang H, He Y, Zhao W, Chen Y, Wei Z, Ouyang K. Comparative Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Novel Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) with a Naturally Occurring Truncated ORF3 Gene Coinfected with PEDVs Possessing an Intact ORF3 Gene in Piglets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081562. [PMID: 34452427 PMCID: PMC8402686 DOI: 10.3390/v13081562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfection caused by various genotypes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a new disease situation. We previously reported the coexistence of PEDV strains containing different ORF3 genotypes in China. In this study, the PEDV strains 17GXCZ-1ORF3d and 17GXCZ-1ORF3c were isolated and plaque-purified from the same piglet, which had a natural large deletion at the 172–554 bp position of the ORF3 gene or possessed a complete ORF3 gene, respectively. Meanwhile, 17GXCZ-1ORF3d had >99% nt identity with 17GXCZ-1ORF3c in the 5′UTR, ORF1a/1b, S, E, M, N and 3′UTR regions but only demonstrated low nucleotide identities (80.5%) in the ORF3 gene. To elucidate the pathogenicity, 7-day-old piglets were infected. Piglets infected with these two PEDV strains exhibited severe clinical signs and shed the virus at the highest level within 96 hpi. Compared with the piglets inoculated with the 17GXCZ-1ORF3c strain, the piglets inoculated with the 17GXCZ-1ORF3d strain had higher mortality rates (75% vs. 50%), an earlier onset of clinical signs with a significantly higher diarrhea score, lower VH:CD ratios and a higher percentage of PEDV-positive enterocytes. This study is the first to report PEDV coinfections with different ORF3 genotypes, and a PEDV strain with a large deletion in the ORF3 gene might have the advantage of a potential genetic marker, which would be useful during vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Weijian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Lian Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yibin Qin
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.Q.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xueting Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Chunjie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ruomu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xueli Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Chen Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xue Mi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hejie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ying He
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.Q.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wu Zhao
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.Q.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Kang Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (Y.L.); (W.H.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (R.W.); (X.S.); (C.D.); (X.M.); (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Fang P, Fang L, Zhang H, Xia S, Xiao S. Functions of Coronavirus Accessory Proteins: Overview of the State of the Art. Viruses 2021; 13:1139. [PMID: 34199223 PMCID: PMC8231932 DOI: 10.3390/v13061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus accessory proteins are a unique set of proteins whose genes are interspersed among or within the genes encoding structural proteins. Different coronavirus genera, or even different species within the same coronavirus genus, encode varying amounts of accessory proteins, leading to genus- or species-specificity. Though accessory proteins are dispensable for the replication of coronavirus in vitro, they play important roles in regulating innate immunity, viral proliferation, and pathogenicity. The function of accessory proteins on virus infection and pathogenesis is an area of particular interest. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on accessory proteins of several representative coronaviruses that infect humans or animals, including the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with an emphasis on their roles in interaction between virus and host, mainly involving stress response, innate immunity, autophagy, and apoptosis. The cross-talking among these pathways is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (P.F.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (S.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (P.F.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (S.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huichang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (P.F.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (S.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sijin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (P.F.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (S.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (P.F.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (S.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Zheng L, Wang X, Guo D, Cao J, Cheng L, Li X, Zou D, Zhang Y, Xu J, Wu X, Shen Y, Wang H, Yu W, Li L, Xiao L, Song B, Ma J, Liu X, Li P, Xu S, Xu X, Zhang H, Wu Z, Cao H. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus E protein suppresses RIG-I signaling-mediated interferon-β production. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:108994. [PMID: 33486326 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.108994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) encodes many multifunctional proteins that inhibit host innate immune response during virus infection. As one of important structural proteins, PEDV E protein has been found to block the production of type I interferon (IFN) in virus life cycle, but little is known about this process that E protein subverts host innate immune. Thus, in this present study, we initiated the construction of eukaryotic expression vectors to express PEDV E protein. Subsequently, cellular localization analysis was performed and the results showed that the majority of PEDV E protein distributed at cytoplasm and localized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Over-expression of PEDV E protein significantly inhibited poly(I:C)-induced IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) productions. We also found that PEDV E protein remarkably suppressed the protein expression of RIG-I signaling-associated molecules, but all their corresponding mRNA levels remained unaffected and unchanged. Furthermore, PEDV E protein obviously interfered with the translocation of IRF3 from cytoplasm to nucleus through direct interaction with IRF3, which is crucial for the IFN-β production induced by poly(I:C). Taken together, our results suggested that PEDV E protein acts as an IFN-β antagonist through suppression of the RIG-I-mediated signaling. This study will pave the way for the further investigation into the molecular mechanisms by which PEDV E protein evades host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xianhe Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Dexuan Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jinglong Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Lixin Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xingzhi Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Dehua Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xuening Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yujiang Shen
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Wen Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Liyang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Lijie Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Shuyan Xu
- College of Science, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of HeiLongJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Zhijun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
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