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Jung H, Zarlenga D, Martin JC, Geldhof P, Hallsworth-Pepin K, Mitreva M. The identification of small molecule inhibitors with anthelmintic activities that target conserved proteins among ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes. mBio 2024; 15:e0009524. [PMID: 38358246 PMCID: PMC10936192 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00095-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are a major concern for the ruminant industry worldwide and result in significant production losses. Naturally occurring polyparasitism and increasing drug resistance that potentiate disease outcomes are observed among the most prevalent GINs of veterinary importance. Within the five major taxonomic clades, clade Va represents a group of GINs that predominantly affect the abomasum or small intestine of ruminants. However, the development of effective broad-spectrum anthelmintics against ruminant clade Va GINs has been challenged by a lack of comprehensive druggable genome resources. Here, we first assembled draft genomes for three clade Va species (Cooperia oncophora, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and Ostertagia ostertagi) and compared them with closely related ruminant GINs. Genome-wide phylogenetic reconstruction showed a relationship among ruminant GINs structured by taxonomic classification. Orthogroup (OG) inference and functional enrichment analyses identified 220 clade Va-specific and Va-conserved OGs, enriched for functions related to cell cycle and cellular senescence. Further transcriptomic analysis identified 61 taxonomically and functionally conserved clade Va OGs that may function as drug targets for new broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Chemogenomic screening identified 11 compounds targeting homologs of these OGs, thus having potential anthelmintic activity. In in vitro phenotypic assays, three kinase inhibitors (digitoxigenin, K-252a, and staurosporine) exhibited broad-spectrum anthelmintic activities against clade Va GINs by obstructing the motility of exsheathed L3 (xL3) or molting of xL3 to L4. These results demonstrate valuable applications of the new ruminant GIN genomes in gaining better insights into their life cycles and offer a contemporary approach to discovering the next generation of anthelmintics.IMPORTANCEGastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in ruminants are caused by parasites that inhibit normal function in the digestive tract of cattle, sheep, and goats, thereby causing morbidity and mortality. Coinfection and increasing drug resistance to current therapeutic agents will continue to worsen disease outcomes and impose significant production losses on domestic livestock producers worldwide. In combination with ongoing therapeutic efforts, advancing the discovery of new drugs with novel modes of action is critical for better controlling GIN infections. The significance of this study is in assembling and characterizing new GIN genomes of Cooperia oncophora, Ostertagia ostertagi, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis for facilitating a multi-omics approach to identify novel, biologically conserved drug targets for five major GINs of veterinary importance. With this information, we were then able to demonstrate the potential of commercially available compounds as new anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeim Jung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dante Zarlenga
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - John C. Martin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Meza Ocampos G, Torres Ñumbay M, Haddad M, Messi Ambassa LM, Alvarenga N, Hoste H. Two in vitro anthelmintic assays of four Paraguayan medicinal plants for proof of concept of the role of polyphenols in their biological activities and LC-HRMS analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116453. [PMID: 37019160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) control in small ruminants has relied on the systematic use of synthetic anthelmintics (AH), their effectiveness has been progressively decreasing due to the rise and diffusion of anthelmintic resistances. The most prevalent genera affecting small ruminants were Haemonchus spp., and Trichostrongylus spp. The investigation of new anthelmintics in plants is a highly studied option, especially when it is linked to ethnobotanical knowledge and phenolic compounds. THE AIMS OF OUR STUDY Four medicinal plants mentioned in traditional medicine were selected to evaluate their anthelmintic proprieties at different stages of the life cycle of GIN, namely: Kyllinga odorata Valh., Cassia occidentalis L., Artemisia absinthium L, and Verbena litoralis Kunth and to explore the role of polyphenols in the AH activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS To evaluate the anthelmintic activity in this study, two models of GIN species, namely Haemonchus contortus (Hc) and Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Tc) were selected and tested on two in vitro assays: 1) Larval Exsheathment Inhibition Assay (LEIA) and, 2) Egg Hatch Assay (EHA). To explore the role of tannins and polyphenols in AH activity by comparing the effects of LEIA and EHA with or without polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and to characterize the phytochemical composition of the most active plants using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). RESULTS C. occidentalis exhibited the highest activity on LEIA (EC50 = 250.42-41.80 μg/mL) and A. absinthium on egg hatching processes (EC50 = 121.70-137.34 μg/mL) in both species of GIN. The inhibition in the development of eggs was from 67.70% to 96.36% on H. contortus, and from 78.87% to 99.65% on T. colubriformis. At the maximal dose, Additionally, it was observed that the AH on eggs varies according to the GIN species: on H. contortus the extracts tested blocked the formation of larvae Ovicidal Effect (% higher OE) and on T. colubriformis they blocked the appearance of L1 larvae, Larvae Failing Eclosion (% higher LFE). After PVPP, a reduction in AH activity on LEIA and EHA was noted, especially with C. occidentalis (87.20-67.00% of larvae exsheathment, (p < 0.05) and 40.51-24.96% of egg hatching, (p > 0.05) of both parasite species. Nine putative features were identified using HRMS and MS/MS after addition of PVPP. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that C. occidentalis, A. absinthium, and K. odorata, which parts have been traditionally used as medicinal plants are a valuable source of active compounds with anthelmintic activity. The medicinal use of these plants against GIN parasites was proven by in vitro analysis. Therefore exploration of the secondary metabolites of these plant extracts and testing of isolated fractions of active compounds under in vivo experiments are planned and represent a specific challenge for alternative drug research. Regarding the PVPP, in this study we hypotheses about the standard doses it was not able to completely absorb the polyphenols of extracts of K. odorata, C. occidentalis, and A. absinthium, which would lead to more studies to evaluate the role of this product in the absorption of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselda Meza Ocampos
- Mixed Unit of Research, Host Pathogens Interactions 1225, National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (UMR IHAP 1225 INRAE, ENVT), 23 Chemin des Capelles, PO BOX 31076, Toulouse, France; National University of Asuncion (UNA) Campus Universitario Km 9,5, PO BOX 1061, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
| | - Miguel Torres Ñumbay
- National University of Asuncion (UNA) Campus Universitario Km 9,5, PO BOX 1061, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Lin Marcellin Messi Ambassa
- UMR152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Laboratory of Pharmacochemistry of Natural Substances, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Nelson Alvarenga
- Department of Phytochemistry. Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Asuncion (FCQ, UNA), Campus Universitario Km 9,5, PO BOX 1055, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
| | - Hervé Hoste
- Mixed Unit of Research, Host Pathogens Interactions 1225, National Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, National Veterinary School of Toulouse (UMR IHAP 1225 INRAE, ENVT), 23 Chemin des Capelles, PO BOX 31076, Toulouse, France.
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Baudinette E, O’Handley R, Trengove C. Anthelmintic Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Goats: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vet Parasitol 2022; 312:109809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Muchiut S, Fiel C, Lirón JP, Lloberas M, Ceriani C, Lorenzo R, Riva E, Bernat G, Cardozo P, Fernández S, Steffan P. Population replacement of benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus with susceptible strains: evidence of changes in the resistance status. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2623-2632. [PMID: 35779120 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spread of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in nematode populations threatens the viability of sheep production systems worldwide, and warrants the adoption of sensitive, practical, and standardized tests to detect AR. The aim of this study was to characterize the replacement of an Haemonchus contortus population resistant to benzimidazoles (BZDs) by a susceptible one, by means of both phenotypic and genotypic techniques. Phenotypic methods to assess BZD resistance included in vivo tests, such as the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), and in vitro tests, such as the egg hatch assay (EHA). Additionally, genotypification of polymorphisms associated with BZD resistance by sequencing a fragment of the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene was carried out. The initial, BZD-resistant population (initial Balcarce population) exhibited an egg count reduction (ECR) of 59.3%. Following refugium replacement, the final population (final Balcarce population) exhibited an ECR of 95.2%. For the initial Balcarce population, the median effective dose (ED50) for the EHA was 0.607 μg thiabendazole (TBZ)/mL, with a rate of eclosion at a discriminating dose (EDD) of 0.1 μg TBZ/mL of 76.73%. For the final Balcarce population, ED50 was 0.02 μg TBZ/mL, and EDD was 1.97%. In the initial population, 93% of the analyzed individuals exhibited genotypic combinations associated with BZD resistance (53% Phe/Phe167-Tyr/Tyr200, 37% Phe/Tyr167-Phe/Tyr200, and 3% Phe/Tyr167-Glu/Leu198). Conversely, no combination associated with resistance was found in individuals from the final population. All of the tests were useful for detecting AR to BZDs. The results from the genetic and phenotypical studies were consistent, and the resulting information greatly aided in interpreting the outcomes of the population replacement and the potential impact of this strategy on management of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Muchiut
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina. .,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - César Fiel
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Juan Pedro Lirón
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lloberas
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce) EEA-INTA, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Carolina Ceriani
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.,Área de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Lorenzo
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Eliana Riva
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Gisele Bernat
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Patricia Cardozo
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce) EEA-INTA, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Silvina Fernández
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Pedro Steffan
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
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Isolation of nematophagous fungi from soil samples collected from three different agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:159. [PMID: 35715731 PMCID: PMC9204992 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several species of nematophagous fungi exist in nature that can capture and kill nematodes as natural predators of soil-dwelling worms. These are important in agriculture and animal husbandry as biological control agents. The diversity of nematophagous fungi found from soil had not been studied in Ethiopia. Objective This study aimed to isolate Nematophagous Fungi from Soil Samples Collected From three Different Agro-Ecologies of Ethiopia. Methods Cross-sectional study was conducted and samples were collected from three different agro-climatic zones of Ethiopia; Debre-Berhan (highland), Bishoftu (mid-altitude), and Awash (lowland). Twenty-seven soil samples were randomly taken from each of the three different agro-ecological climates (9 from each agro-ecological climatic zone). For each study site, samples were collected from the soil of decomposed animal feces/dung, agricultural/farmlands, and forest lands in triplicates. Results The present study disclosed that nematophagous fungi were widespread from the study area. A total of 33 species of nematophagous fungi belonging to four genera, Arthrobotryes, Paecilomyces, Monacrosporium, and Harposporium were identified. Arthrobotrys were the most commonly isolated genera followed by Paecilomyces. The six identified species were Arthrobotrys oligospora, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Arthrobotryes dactyloides, Monacosporum eudermatum, Harposporium helicoides, and Monacosporum cionopagum. Conclusion This study indicated that Arthrobothryes oligospora was the most common species in Bishoftu and Awash whereas. In Debre-Berhan, Paecilomyces lilacinus was the most prevalent species. Monacosporum cionapagum was not isolated from dung soil and agricultural soil whereas Harposporium helicoides and Arthrobothryes dactyloides were not found from dung and forest soil respectively. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02572-4.
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Wondimu A, Bayu Y. Anthelmintic Drug Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Naturally Infected Goats in Haramaya, Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:4025902. [PMID: 35083085 PMCID: PMC8786542 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4025902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites and their anthelmintic resistance are major constraints to goat production in Ethiopia. Experimental investigation by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and larval cultures were used to assess the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance in naturally infected goats with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in Haramaya, Ethiopia. One hundred goats with a minimum of 150 eggs per gram (EPG) count were selected and randomly divided into five groups, 20 goats in each group, four treated and one untreated group. The result of the faecal egg count reduction test percentage (FECRT%) and the lower 95% confidence limit showed the presence of anthelmintic resistance for all tested drugs except tetramisole. FECRT% and lower 95% confidence limit were 69.9% and 36.9 for albendazole, 84.3% and 66.1 for tetraclozan, 95.7% and 87.4 for tetramisole, and 71.1% and 38.2 for ivermectin, respectively. Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia, and Haemonchus showed anthelmintic resistance for tested drugs. Coproculture from different treatment groups revealed Trichostrongylus (69.2% in ivermectin and 59.6% in albendazole) were the predominant nematode followed by Teladorsagia (21.9% in albendazole and 14.7% in ivermectin). In tetraclozan treatment group, Trichostrongylus (42%) and Teladorsagia (41.3%) were comparable, followed by Haemonchus (13%). In group treated with tetramisole, Teladorsagia (54.3%) were the most frequently detected nematode followed by Trichostrongylus (25.7%) and Haemonchus (11.4%). Therefore, this study demonstrated the presence of multidrug resistant nematodes that may limit the productivity of goats. Moreover, further studies covering wider areas of Ethiopia and mechanisms of nematode resistance need to be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh Wondimu
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Bonga University, P.O. Box 334, Bonga, Ethiopia
| | - Yehualashet Bayu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
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Dolenga CJR, Anjos AD, Barbosa VHG, Yoshitani UY, Castilho PLDSP, Miyakawa VI, Molento MB. Acaricidal effect of major compounds to control Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) in dairy cows and possible alternatives for reversing multidrug resistance. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e005422. [PMID: 35648979 PMCID: PMC9901876 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tick control represent a great challenge to animal health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of acaricidal compounds against Rhipicephalus microplus from dairy cattle systems in Paraná State, Brazil. Six farms (PR1-PR6) were selected, where anti-tick products were applied at fixed intervals. Two other farms that adopted alternative protocols; target selective treatment (PRS), and individual-based agroecological protocol (PRA) were also included in the trial. Fully engorged R. microplus were collected for the in vitro adult immersion test (AIT), and the egg hatch test (EHT) in all eight populations. The larval packet test (LPT) was used on PR6 and PRA tick populations. The treatment groups were composed of G1: dichlorvos 45% plus cypermethrin 5%, G2: deltamethrin 2.5%, G3: cypermethrin 15%, chlorpyriphos 25%, plus citronellal 1%, and G4: amitraz 12.5%. The efficacy at PR1 to PR6 revealed that G3 and G4 achieved moderate to high efficacy, from 75.0 to 100.0% and 73 to 98%, respectively. In the LPT, the efficacy at PR6 was 76.0, 67.0, 93.0 and 30.6%, while PRA presented 100.0, 100.0, 100.0, and 54.0%, for G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively. Sustainable parasite control strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Juliana Ribeiro Dolenga
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Clínica Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Alan Dos Anjos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Clínica Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Victor Hugo Granza Barbosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Clínica Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Ursula Yaeko Yoshitani
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Clínica Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Beltrão Molento
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Clínica Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Sarah A, Khanal P, Holler LD, Holler SW, Hildreth MB. Extended effects of an aggressive spring-time anthelmintic treatment on Haemonchus contortus in sheep from a North America cold winter climate. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pilarczyk B, Tomza-Marciniak A, Pilarczyk R, Bombik E, Seremak B, Udała J, Sadowska N. A Comparison of the Prevalence of the Parasites of the Digestive Tract in Goats from Organic and Conventional Farms. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2581. [PMID: 34573546 PMCID: PMC8468771 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in goats kept on organic (n = 76) and conventional farms (n = 82). In general, a higher prevalence of some gastrointestinal parasitic infections was found in the conventional farms compared to the organic farms: the mean prevalence of Eimeria spp. was 85.4% in conventional farms and 77.6% in organic farms, that of Fasciola hepatica was 6.10% in conventional farms and 2.63% in organic farms, and that of Moniezia expansa was 31.7% and 17.1%, in conventional and organic farms, respectively. Both farm types demonstrated a similar mean prevalence of nematodes (80.3 vs. 84.2%). Conventional farms demonstrated a significantly higher intensity of infection with E. arloingi, Haemonchus spp., Nematodirus spp. and Moniezia expansa compared to organic farms. They also demonstrated a higher intensity of infection with Eimeria spp. than organic farms. The prophylactic programs used to combat parasitic infections in both types of farms appear ineffective and require improvement. There is a need for goat herds to be covered by ongoing parasitological monitoring. It is also recommended that keepers employ rotational or intensive rotational grazing methods and take care to ensure the hygiene of animal quarters and livestock rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumiła Pilarczyk
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (B.P.); (B.S.); (J.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (B.P.); (B.S.); (J.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Renata Pilarczyk
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Bombik
- Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Beata Seremak
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (B.P.); (B.S.); (J.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Jan Udała
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (B.P.); (B.S.); (J.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikola Sadowska
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (B.P.); (B.S.); (J.U.); (N.S.)
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George MM, Vatta AF, Howell SB, Storey BE, McCoy CJ, Wolstenholme AJ, Redman EM, Gilleard JS, Kaplan RM. Evaluation of changes in drug susceptibility and population genetic structure in Haemonchus contortus following worm replacement as a means to reverse the impact of multiple-anthelmintic resistance on a sheep farm. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 15:134-143. [PMID: 33667995 PMCID: PMC7937535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A population of Haemonchus contortus that was highly resistant to benzimidazoles and avermectin/milbemycins with a subpopulation that was resistant to levamisole, was replaced with a susceptible laboratory isolate of H. contortus in a flock of sheep. The anthelmintic susceptibility and population genetics of the newly established population were evaluated for 3.5 years using in vivo, in vitro, and molecular methods. Successful replacement of the resistant population with a susceptible population was confirmed using phenotypic and genotypic measurements; larval development assay indicated full anthelmintic susceptibility; albendazole treatment yielded 98.7% fecal egg count reduction; pyrosequence genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms in positions 167 and 200 of the isotype-1 beta tubulin gene were present at 0.0 and 1.7%, respectively; microsatellite genotyping indicated the background haplotype was similar to the susceptible isolate; and haplotypes of the isotype-1 beta tubulin gene were similar to the susceptible isolate. To sustain the susceptibility of the new population, targeted selective treatment was implemented using albendazole. Surprisingly, within 1.5 years post-replacement, the population reverted to a resistant phenotype. Resistance to albendazole, ivermectin, and moxidectin was confirmed via fecal egg count reduction test, larval development assay, and pyrosequencing-based genotyping. Targeted selective treatment was then carried out using levamisole. However, within one year, resistance was detected to levamisole. Population genetics demonstrated a gradual change in the genetic structure of the population until the final population was similar to the initial resistant population. Genetic analyses showed a lack of diversity in the susceptible isolate, suggesting the susceptible isolate had reduced environmental fitness compared to the resistant population, providing a possible explanation for the rapid reversion to resistance. This work demonstrates the power of combining molecular, in vitro, and in vivo assays to study phenotypic and genotypic changes in a field population of nematodes, enabling improved insights into the epidemiology of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M George
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Adriano F Vatta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sue B Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bob E Storey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ciaran J McCoy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Adrian J Wolstenholme
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330, Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330, Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ray M Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Drug Efficacy of Ivermectin Against Primary Nematodes Parasitizing Captive Przewalski's Horse ( Equus Ferus Przewalskii) after Ten Years of Annually Treatment. Helminthologia 2020; 57:57-62. [PMID: 32063741 PMCID: PMC6996257 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reintroduction of endangered species to natural habitat is considered as an important tool for conservation. The effect of drug management on captive population of reintroduced species is largely neglected. Decreased drug efficacy could pose a substantial threat to health of animals. More importantly, captive population without proper drug administration could act as transmission medium of resistance nematodes to wild population, making it important to delay the occurrence of drug resistance in captive population. Ivermectin have been used in captive Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) to eradicate intestinal parasitic nematodes annually, while no available studies describing the drug efficacy in the recent ten years. Here, fecal egg counts pre- and post-treatment were performed with ivermectin through individual trace. Both large and small strongyles were identifi ed by larval culture. The fecal egg count reduction was almost 100% based on egg counting data of 448 samples from 13 Przewalski’s horses. Feces of two Przewalski’s horses were sampled for successive 20 days. Eggs per gram feces usually increased dramatically at the period of 1 – 2 post-treatment days and declined persistently to 0.0 within 15 days. A sustained high ivermectin efficacy against neither Parascaris equorum nor strongyles was indicated, which can be partly explained by the low deworm frequency.
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12
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Mpofu TJ, Nephawe KA, Mtileni B. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in communal goats from different agro-ecological zones of South Africa. Vet World 2020; 13:26-32. [PMID: 32158147 PMCID: PMC7020112 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.26-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: A longitudinal study was conducted to assess the epidemiology of common gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infections affecting goats in South Africa as influenced by agro-ecological zone (AEZ), sampling season, and the age and sex of animals. Materials and Methods: A total of 288 goats (101 male and 187 female) were randomly sampled during winter and summer in areas representing four AEZs (arid: 80; semi-arid: 76; humid: 62; and dry sub-humid: 70) of South Africa. Fecal samples from each animal were collected from the rectum, and the presence of GIP eggs was determined using a modified McMaster technique. A sample was considered positive when a minimum of one GIP egg was detected under the microscope. Fecal cultures were prepared, and infective larvae were collected and identified. The data were analyzed by MiniTab17 (2017) using the FREQ procedure, and the association between the independent factors and the prevalence of various GIPs were evaluated using the Pearson Chi-square test (p<0.05). Results: The overall prevalence of GIP in the present study was 37.1%, with a mean prevalence of 30.0, 26.4, 31.1, 36.6, and 59.6% for Eimeria spp., Trichuris, Strongyloides papillosus, Moniezia spp., and strongyles, respectively. There was a significant (p<0.05) association between the prevalence of strongyles, Trichuris, Moniezia spp., and AEZs, whereas an insignificant (p>0.05) association was observed for the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and S. papillosus. A significant (p<0.05) association between goat age and prevalence of all GIPs was observed, where the prevalence was higher in young goats, followed by adults, and then by suckling goats. The prevalence of various GIPs was similar between male and female goats. The percentage of infection with Eimeria spp., Trichuris, S. papillosus, and strongyle parasitic infections was marginally higher in males than in females, whereas that of the Moniezia spp. was higher in females. A significant (p<0.05) association between the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and sampling season was observed, and there was an insignificant (p>0.05) association between the other GIPs and sampling season. The prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection was higher in winter (34.0%) than in summer (26.0%). Conclusion: AEZs and goat age are the most important risk factors influencing GIP infections in South African communal goats. These epidemiological parameters are important for outlining effective parasite control management systems against these GIPs in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takalani J Mpofu
- Department of Animal Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Khathutshelo A Nephawe
- Department of Animal Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Bohani Mtileni
- Department of Animal Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Muchiut SM, Fernández AS, Lloberas M, Steffan PE, Luque SE, Cardozo PA, Bernat GA, Riva E, Fiel CA. Recovery of fenbendazole efficacy on resistant Haemonchus contortus by management of parasite refugia and population replacement. Vet Parasitol 2019; 271:31-37. [PMID: 31303200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of fenbendazole efficacy against Haemonchus contortus was attempted in a sheep intensive production system, using a strategy of population replacement in which the initial absolute efficacy of fenbendazole was 0%. The strategy was based on managing the parasite populations in refugia. Firstly, the resistant parasite population was reduced by means of anthelmintic treatments with efficacious drugs (Phase I), then a new, susceptible population was introduced in summer by way of artificially infected lambs at weaning, which were left to graze on the experimental pasture for eleven months (Phase II). Lastly, the impact of the replacement strategy, in terms of benzimidazole efficacy, was measured (Phase III). Faecal egg counts from permanent lambs and worm burdens as a measure of pasture infectivity from tracer lambs were determined throughout the study. During Phase I, faecal egg counts diminished from a peak of 2968 (300-7740) epg to 0 epg at the end, while adult worm burdens of H. contortus were reduced from 2625 (800-5100) to 0, which showed that the treatment strategy used in Phase I was effective in reducing the resistant population. These parameters also showed that good levels of pasture contamination and infectivity were achieved in Phase II, as faecal egg counts of up to 7275 (3240-13080) epg and adult worm burdens of 500 (200-800) H. contortus were reached. The absolute benzimidazole efficacy on H. contortus estimated at 16 months post-population replacement (Phase III) was 97.58%. The results lead to the conclusion that the recovery of anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole against a resistant population of H. contortus may be achieved by means of a strategy based on management of refugia and a subsequent introduction of a susceptible population. This strategy might be translatable to other resistant nematode genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Manuel Muchiut
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - Alicia Silvina Fernández
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lloberas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (EEA-INTA), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Pedro Eduardo Steffan
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | | | - Patricia Alejandra Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (EEA-INTA), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Gisele Anahí Bernat
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Argentina
| | - Eliana Riva
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Argentina
| | - César Alberto Fiel
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina
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14
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Anthelmintic resistance and novel control options in equine gastrointestinal nematodes. Parasitology 2018; 146:425-437. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractControl of equine nematodes has relied on benzimidazoles (BZs), tetrahydropyrimidines and macrocyclic lactones. The intensive use of anthelmintics has led to the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in equine cyathostomins and Parascaris equorum. Field studies indicate that BZ and pyrantel resistance is widespread in cyathostomins and there are also increasing reports of resistance to macrocyclic lactones in cyathostomins and P. equorum. The unavailability of reliable laboratory-based techniques for detecting resistance further augments the problem of nematode control in horses. The only reliable test used in horses is the fecal egg count reduction test; therefore, more focus should be given to develop and validate improved methodologies for diagnosing AR at an early stage, as well as determining the mechanisms involved in resistance development. Therefore, equine industry and researchers should devise and implement new strategies for equine worm control, such as the use of bioactive pastures or novel feed additives, and control should increasingly incorporate alternative and evidence-based parasite control strategies to limit the development of AR. This review describes the history and prevalence of AR in equine nematodes, along with recent advances in developing resistance diagnostic tests and worm control strategies in horses, as well as giving some perspective on recent research into novel control strategies.
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15
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Keegan JD, Good B, Hanrahan JP, Lynch C, de Waal T, Keane OM. Live weight as a basis for targeted selective treatment of lambs post-weaning. Vet Parasitol 2018; 258:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Xue YJ, Li EL, Jing CX, Ma L, Cai KZ. Isolation, identification and characterization of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys (Monacrosporium) sinense from China. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:325-332. [PMID: 29654670 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With the development of anthelmintic resistance of parastic nematodes, it is necessary to isolate and study nematophagous fungi to screen out the native isolates for their potential in the biocontrol of domestic animal nematodosis. This study aimed to isolate the Arthrobotrys sinense (Monacrosporium sinense) of nematophagous fungus, to characterize representative molecular isolates using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and to determine the effect of the temperature and pH values on radial growth of the isolate. Five isolates were isolated from 1532 samples of different types, and their occurrence frequencies were 0.32% of the total samples. They were identified as A. sinense by means of morphology and the sequence of the 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rDNA, as well as internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2. The isolate NBS003 could grow from 11°C to 35°C and had optimal growth at 30°C. The isolate could grow at pH 4 to 11, and its optimal value was obtained at pH 9. SEM results showed that 6 h after their addition, the second stage larvae (L2) and the third stage infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus were captured. L2 and L3 were penetrated by the fungus at 18 and 24 h post-capture, respectively. L2 and L3 were completely digested at 84 and 90 h post-capture, respectively. The NBS003 of the A. sinense should have a certain potential to be used for capturing the free-living stage of nematodes in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Xue
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Er-Le Li
- Yan'an People's Hospital, Yan'an, 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Jing
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Li Ma
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Kui-Zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030, People's Republic of China
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17
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Muchiut SM, Fernández AS, Steffan PE, Riva E, Fiel CA. Anthelmintic resistance: Management of parasite refugia for Haemonchus contortus through the replacement of resistant with susceptible populations. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Cai KZ, Wang BB, Xu Q, Liu JL, Wang KY, Xue YJ, Zhang HY, Wang HY, Cao X, Ma ZR. In vitro and in vivo studies of nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys musiformis and Arthrobotrys robusta against the larvae of the trichostrongylides. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:666-674. [PMID: 28682779 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Six isolates of Arthrobotrys musiformis and five isolates of Arthrobotrys robusta were assessed in in vitro test regarding the capacity of prey larvae of the natural mixed trichostrongylides. In 5 isolates of A. robusta, the decrease percentage of infective larvae (L3) of trichostrongylides ranged from 97.71%-99.98% and for the isolates of A. musiformis, 5 isolates ranged from 97.99%-99.95% and only NF015 isolate 60.72%. In the following, the isolate (NPS045) of A. musiformis was selected to assess its excretion time in feces after oral administration of goats. Regarding L3 reduction rate, results demonstrated by NPS045 at each time point after fungal administration were 31.65% (12 h), 51.25% (24 h), 41.07% (48 h), 6.44% (72 h), 0% (96 h) and (120 h) (p<0.05) respectively, when compared to the control group. In the plates of the treated groups, the presence of the isolate (NPS045) was detected in samples at 12, 24 and 48 h after the fungus dose and 72 h later was not done. All native isolates of nematophagous fungi, including 6 isolates of A. musiformis and 5 isolates of A. robusta were assessed in vivo regarding the capacity of supporting the passage through goat gastrointestinal tract. The 3 isolates of A. musiformis could be able to pass through the digestive tract of goats without complete loss of ability of preying larvae of trichostrongylides in feces and their efficacies ranged from 47.60% to 55.93%. The two isolates of A. robusta survived the passage and the percentage reduction of L3 in feces were 41.96% and 66.97%, respectively. The remaining isolates were negative for both the efficacy of L3 reduction and the fungal examination in feces. In this study, the native isolates whose efficacies are good in vivo test have preliminarily demonstrated to be potential for the biological control of small ruminant parasite.
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Manning P, Beynon SA, Lewis OT. Quantifying immediate and delayed effects of anthelmintic exposure on ecosystem functioning supported by a common dung beetle species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182730. [PMID: 28800623 PMCID: PMC5553719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) support numerous ecosystem functions in livestock-grazed pastures. Exposure to veterinary anthelmintic residues in livestock dung can have lethal and sublethal effects on dung beetles, and can reduce rates of dung removal, but the immediate and longer-term consequences for other dung beetle mediated functions have rarely been studied. We investigated the consequences of anthelmintic exposure on survival of the dung beetle Aphodius fossor and its delivery of four ecosystems functions that underpin pasture production: dung removal, soil fauna feeding activity, primary productivity, and reduction of soil compaction. We tested whether anthelmintic exposure had immediate or delayed effects on these functions individually and simultaneously (i.e., ecosystem multifunctionality). We found no evidence that ivermectin residues had a lethal effect on adult beetles. For dung removal, we found a significant interaction between the timing of exposure and functioning: while dung removal was impaired by concurrent exposure to high levels of ivermectin, functioning was unaffected when beetles that had been exposed previously to the same concentration of anthelmintic later interacted with untreated dung. Other ecosystem functions were not affected significantly by anthelmintic exposure, and there was no evidence to suggest any persistent impact of anthelmintic exposure on ecosystem multifunctionality. While anthelmintic residues remain a significant threat to dung beetle populations, for adult beetles, we found no evidence that residues have detrimental consequences for ecosystem functioning beyond the immediate point of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Manning
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Dr Beynon’s Bug Farm, Lower Harglodd Farm, St. David’s, Pembrokeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah A. Beynon
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Dr Beynon’s Bug Farm, Lower Harglodd Farm, St. David’s, Pembrokeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Owen T. Lewis
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Seyoum Z, Demessie Y, Bogale B, Melaku A. Field evaluation of the efficacy of common anthelmintics used in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Dabat district, Northwest Ethiopia. Ir Vet J 2017; 70:18. [PMID: 28596826 PMCID: PMC5461779 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-017-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are the main impediments that restrict the welfare and productivity of small ruminant in the world. Effective management of GINs in grazing sheep relies heavily on the use of highly efficacious anthelmintic drugs. However, anthelmintic resistance is becoming a significant concern in the world, and this phenomenon severely threatens the potential utilisation of this control strategy. Therefore, this study was conducted 1) to evaluate the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintic on GINs in naturally infected sheep and 2) to assess the farmers’ perception on anthelmintics utilisation practices in Dabat district, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods One hundred twenty nematode infected sheep were used in this study. Sheep were selected based on the egg count (≥150 eggs per gram of faeces). The animals were allocated randomly into four groups (30 animals per group). Group-I, II and III were treated with Albendazole, Tetramisole, and Ivermectin, respectively. The 4th group was left untreated (as control). Faecal samples were collected on day 0 (before treatment), on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 (post-treatment). The modified McMaster technique was used for quantifying the eggs. Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was applied to determine the efficacy of anthelmintic at day 14 (post-treatment). In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 100 randomly selected sheep owners. Results All anthelmintics tested revealed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in nematode egg excretion in the sheep post-treatment. Faecal egg count reduction (FECR) levels for Albendazole, Tetramisole, and Ivermectin were 97.2, 98.9 and 97.7%, respectively. Post-treatment egg counts and percentage reduction of egg counts were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups. The nematode genera identified before treatment were Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Trichuris, Teladorsagia, Bunostomum, and Strongyloides. Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus were detected after treatment with Albendazole and Ivermectin. The questionnaire survey revealed that Albendazole was the most commonly (90%) used anthelmintic to treat nematodes in sheep, followed by Tetramisole (36%) and Tetraclozan (Tetramisole-Oxyclozanide combination) (20%). Respondents expressed that anthelmintic selection was made based on veterinarian prescription (84%), colour (27%), efficacy (4%), price affordability (1%) and availability (1%). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the tested anthelmintics had an acceptable level of efficacy against GINs of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdu Seyoum
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Ethiopia
| | - Yitayew Demessie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Ethiopia
| | - Basazinew Bogale
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Ethiopia
| | - Achenef Melaku
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Ethiopia
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Cai KZ, Wang FH, Wang KY, Liu JL, Wang BB, Xu Q, Xue YJ, Wang F, Zhang C, Fang WX, Cai B, Liu YQ, Cao X, Ma ZR. In vitro predatory activity of Arthrobotrys oligospora and after passing through gastrointestinal tract of small ruminants on infective larvae of trichostrongylides. Exp Parasitol 2017; 177:104-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Wang BB, Wang FH, Xu Q, Wang KY, Xue YJ, Ren R, Zeng JQ, Liu Y, Zhang HY, Wang HY, Cai B, Cai KZ, Cao X. In vitroandin vivostudies of the native isolates of nematophagous fungi from China against the larvae of trichostrongylides. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 57:265-275. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Bo Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | | | - Qiang Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Kang-Ying Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Yu-Jia Xue
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Rui Ren
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jia-Qing Zeng
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Hai-Yu Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Bin Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Kui-Zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
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Zvinorova PI, Halimani TE, Muchadeyi FC, Matika O, Riggio V, Dzama K. Breeding for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes - the potential in low-input/output small ruminant production systems. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:19-28. [PMID: 27369571 PMCID: PMC4938797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is mainly based on the use of drugs, grazing management, use of copper oxide wire particles and bioactive forages. Resistance to anthelmintic drugs in small ruminants is documented worldwide. Host genetic resistance to parasites, has been increasingly used as a complementary control strategy, along with the conventional intervention methods mentioned above. Genetic diversity in resistance to GIN has been well studied in experimental and commercial flocks in temperate climates and more developed economies. However, there are very few report outputs from the more extensive low-input/output smallholder systems in developing and emerging countries. Furthermore, results on quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with nematode resistance from various studies have not always been consistent, mainly due to the different nematodes studied, different host breeds, ages, climates, natural infections versus artificial challenges, infection level at sampling periods, among others. The increasing use of genetic markers (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs) in GWAS or the use of whole genome sequence data and a plethora of analytic methods offer the potential to identify loci or regions associated nematode resistance. Genomic selection as a genome-wide level method overcomes the need to identify candidate genes. Benefits in genomic selection are now being realised in dairy cattle and sheep under commercial settings in the more advanced countries. However, despite the commercial benefits of using these tools, there are practical problems associated with incorporating the use of marker-assisted selection or genomic selection in low-input/output smallholder farming systems breeding schemes. Unlike anthelmintic resistance, there is no empirical evidence suggesting that nematodes will evolve rapidly in response to resistant hosts. The strategy of nematode control has evolved to a more practical manipulation of host-parasite equilibrium in grazing systems by implementation of various strategies, in which improvement of genetic resistance of small ruminant should be included. Therefore, selection for resistant hosts can be considered as one of the sustainable control strategy, although it will be most effective when used to complement other control strategies such as grazing management and improving efficiency of anthelmintics currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Zvinorova
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Department of Para-clinical Veterinary Studies, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - T E Halimani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - F C Muchadeyi
- Biotechnology Platform, Agriculture Research Council Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - O Matika
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, MidlothianEH25 9RG, UK.
| | - V Riggio
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, MidlothianEH25 9RG, UK.
| | - K Dzama
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Cai KZ, Liu JL, Liu W, Wang BB, Xu Q, Sun LJ, Chen MY, Zhao MW, Wu JY, Li XS, Yang J, Wei S, Chen CR, Ma ZR, Xu CL, Wang F, Hu QL, Fang WX, Zheng TH, Wang YY, Zhu WL, Li D, Li Q, Zhang C, Cai B, Wang F, Yang ZY, Liu YQ. Screening of different sample types associated with sheep and cattle for the presence of nematophagous fungi in China. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:214-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jun-Lin Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Bo-Bo Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Long-Jie Sun
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Ming-Yue Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Ming-Wang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jia-Yan Wu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao-Shan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Shuan Wei
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Chun-Rong Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Zhong-Ren Ma
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Chun-Lan Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Qian-Lin Hu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Wen-Xiu Fang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Tian-Hui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Yue-Ying Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Wen-Long Zhu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Bing Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Fan Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Zai-Yun Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
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An evidence-based approach to the evaluation of ethnoveterinary medicines against strongyle nematodes of equids. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:40-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Reduction of benzimidazole resistance in established Haemonchus contortus populations in goats using a single infection with a benzimidazole-susceptible isolate. J Helminthol 2014; 89:641-5. [PMID: 25226395 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x14000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo study in goats evaluated the effect of superimposing a single artificial infection with a benzimidazole (BZ)-susceptible Haemonchus contortus isolate upon established H. contortus populations of known BZ resistance by measuring the phenotypic BZ resistance of eggs collected from faeces before and after re-infection. Two H. contortus isolates, one benzimidazole resistant (BZR) and the other susceptible (BZS), were used to infect worm-free goats. Eight goats were initially infected with 2000 third-stage larvae (L3). In each case the inoculum contained a pre-determined proportion of the two isolates: 100% BZS (one goat), 75% BZS/25% BZR (two goats), 50% BZS/50% BZR (two goats), 25%BZS/75% BZR (two goats) and, finally, 100% BZR (one goat). The phenotypic BZ susceptibility of the H. contortus population formed in each goat after the first infection was determined on days 30 and 36 post-infection using an egg-hatch assay (EHA) that estimated the concentration of thiabendazole (TBZ) required for 95% inhibition of larval hatching (EC(95)) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). On day 49 post-infection, goats were re-infected with 2000 L3 of the BZS isolate alone. A second set of EHA bioassays was performed 28 days and 34 days after re-infection. The first infection protocol produced three populations classified as BZS (EC(95) 0.055-0.065 μg TBZ/ml) while four were categorized as BZR (EC(95) 0.122-0.344 μg TBZ/ml). The status of one other population could not be determined. After re-infection with BZS L3, the number of susceptible populations increased to six (EC(95) 0.043-0.074 μg TBZ/ml) while the remaining two were deemed resistant (EC(95) 0.114-119 μg TBZ/ml). Re-infection with BZS L3 thereby reduced the resistance status of most H. contortus populations.
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Nabukenya I, Rubaire-Akiiki C, Olila D, Muhangi D, Höglund J. Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in goats and evaluation of FAMACHA diagnostic marker in Uganda. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:666-75. [PMID: 25174992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a challenge to goat production globally causing reduced growth, morbidity and mortality. We report here results of the first nation-wide anthelmintic resistance (AR) study and validation of assessment of clinical anaemia with FAMACHA eye scores in goats in Uganda. From August to December 2012 the efficacy of albendazole (7.5mg/kg), levamisole (10.5mg/kg) and ivermectin (0.3mg/kg) against strongyle nematodes was tested on 33 goat farms in Soroti, Gulu, Mpigi, Mbarara and Ssembabule districts of Uganda. Altogether 497 goats were subjected to a total of 45 different faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT), each involving 5-20 goats. On one farm all substances were tested. Faecal and blood samples were collected and FAMACHA eye scores evaluated on the day of treatment and 15 days later. A questionnaire survey was conducted on frequency, type and dose of anthelmintics used, farm size and grazing management system. Examination of infective third stage larvae (L3) from pooled faecal cultures demonstrated Haemonchus to be the predominant genus (>75%). Resistance to at least one anthelmintic group was detected on 61% of the 33 farms and in 49% of the 45 test groups. Prevalence of resistance to ivermectin, levamisole and albendazole was respectively 58%, 52% and 38%. Correlation between pre-treatment packed cell volume determinations and FAMACHA scores (r(498) = -0.89) was significant. Paddock grazing system (Odds ratio 4.9, 95% CI 1.4-17.3) and large farm size of >40 goats (odds ratio 4.4, 95% CI 1.2-16.1) were significant predictors of AR. In all districts, resistance to all three anthelmintics was higher on large-scale goat farms practising mostly paddock grazing. Interestingly, resistance to albendazole, the most commonly used anthelmintic in Uganda, was lower than that to ivermectin and levamisole. We recommend adaptation of FAMACHA to goats to help restrict anthelmintic treatment to heavily infected individuals. This will limit selection pressure and hence delay development of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immaculate Nabukenya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Chris Rubaire-Akiiki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Deogracious Olila
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Denis Muhangi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7063, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Nabukenya I, Rubaire-Akiiki C, Olila D, Ikwap K, Höglund J. Ethnopharmacological practices by livestock farmers in Uganda: survey experiences from Mpigi and Gulu districts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2014; 10:9. [PMID: 24467812 PMCID: PMC3916071 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is continued reliance on conventional veterinary drugs including anthelmintics, to some of which resistance has developed. Loss of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) from societies affects the opportunities for utilization of ethnopharmacological practices unless properly documented. This study was conducted to identify common traditional practices using medicinal plants against helminthosis and other livestock diseases in Mpigi and Gulu districts of Uganda. METHODS Seven focus group discussions with ten farmers per group plus 18 key informant interviews were held in each district from August to November 2011. Ranking was used to quantify disease burdens and to identify priority livestock and breeds. Samples of each plant were submitted to Makerere University herbarium for identification and documentation. The local name, relative availability and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status were recorded. RESULTS Seventy six farmers in Mpigi and 74 in Gulu were interviewed. Theileriosis and helminthosis were the most common disease conditions in cattle and goats, respectively. Forty plant species within 34 genera from 22 botanical families were identified, with 20 of these used against helminthosis. Other plants treated wounds and ecto-parasites, theileriosis, retained placenta and bovine ephemeral fever. Non-plant practices (7) and plants cited were used in combination depending on availability. Males older than 40 years had most ethnopharmacological knowledge. Most plants (75%, n = 40) were common, but 10 were rare. IUCN status was not evaluated for 95% of these plants. Conventional and traditional drug use in Gulu and Mpigi districts was different (χ2 = 24; p < 0.001). The scientific, English, Luganda and Acholi names of all plants and their availability within the communities are documented herein. CONCLUSION This is the first detailed livestock-related ethnopharmacological study in Gulu district. Farmers in Uganda are still using a variety of practices to treat livestock ailments. Scientific validation and evaluation of conservation status are urgently needed to ensure future availability and knowledge about these plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immaculate Nabukenya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chris Rubaire-Akiiki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Deogracious Olila
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kokas Ikwap
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7063, Uppsala, Sweden
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Methods to determine resistance to anthelmintics when continuing larval development occurs. Vet Parasitol 2014; 199:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Molento M, Veríssimo C, Amarante A, van Wyk J, Chagas A, Araújo JD, Borges F. Alternativas para o controle de nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572013000200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A criação de ovinos e caprinos depende de um manejo eficiente, devido, principalmente, ao prejuízo causado por parasitos em animais susceptíveis. Vários fatores colaboram para que os animais tolerem as infecções parasitárias, como: genética, nutrição, estado fisiológico e idade. O grave problema causado pela resistência anti-helmíntica promoveu a difusão de técnicas alternativas de controle parasitário. Dentre essas novas estratégias incluem-se a adoção do tratamento parcial seletivo com o método FAMACHA, fitoterapia, controle biológico com o uso de fungos nematófagos e estratégias que ainda necessitam de mais dados como a homeopatia, a diluição da resistência com a introdução de parasitos sensíveis e a combinação de produtos químicos sem efeito antiparasitário. O objetivo central destes métodos é reduzir o uso de antiparasitários, retardando o desenvolvimento da resistência, e promover melhor utilização de produtos ainda eficazes na propriedade e de novos produtos que venham a ser lançados. Este artigo abordará as técnicas descritas acima para o controle de nematoides de pequenos ruminantes e é direcionado aos técnicos interessados em ampliar seu conhecimento sobre os mecanismos de resistência dos parasitos aos anti-helmínticos e de alternativas ao uso desses produtos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - F.A. Borges
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
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31
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Anthelmintic utilisation practices and prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections in sheep kept in the urban and peri-urban areas of Bishoftu Town. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:633-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Efficacy of levamisole and ivermectin in the control of bovine parasitic gastroenteritis in the sub-humid savanna zone of southeastern Nigeria. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1683-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions. Animal 2010; 4:377-92. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109990991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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34
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Agola LE, Steinauer ML, Mburu DN, Mungai BN, Mwangi IN, Magoma GN, Loker ES, Mkoji GM. Genetic diversity and population structure of Schistosoma mansoni within human infrapopulations in Mwea, central Kenya assessed by microsatellite markers. Acta Trop 2009; 111:219-25. [PMID: 19427295 PMCID: PMC2763435 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed high-throughput technique that allows multi-locus microsatellite analysis of individual miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni was used to assess the levels of genetic diversity and population structure in 12 infrapopulations of the parasite, each infrapopulation derived from an infected school child from the Mwea area, central Kenya. The mean number of alleles per locus was in the range 8.22-10.22, expected heterozygosity in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was 0.68-0.70, and pairwise F(ST) values ranged from 0.16% to 3.98% for the 12 infrapopulations. Although the genetic diversity within each infrapopulation of S. mansoni in this area was generally high, low levels of genetic structure were observed, suggestive of high levels of gene flow among infrapopulations. Private alleles were found in 8 of the 12 infrapopulation, the highest number of private alleles recorded per infrapopulation was 3. Our data suggest that the level of gene flow among infrapopulations of S. mansoni in Mwea is extremely high, thus providing opportunity for spread of rare alleles, including those that may confer character traits such as drug resistance and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Agola
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Stafford K, Morgan E, Coles G. Weight-based targeted selective treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes in a commercial sheep flock. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Leathwick DM, Hosking BC, Bisset SA, McKay CH. Managing anthelmintic resistance: Is it feasible in New Zealand to delay the emergence of resistance to a new anthelmintic class? N Z Vet J 2009; 57:181-92. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Capece B, Afonso S, Lazáro R, Harun M, Godoy C, Castells G, Cristòfol C. Effect of age and gender in the pharmacokinetics of albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide enantiomers in goats. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86:498-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Steinauer ML, Hanelt B, Agola LE, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. Genetic structure of Schistosoma mansoni in western Kenya: The effects of geography and host sharing. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:1353-62. [PMID: 19464296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the spatial structure of Schistosoma mansoni, a parasite of humans, from natural infections at two levels: across the Lake Victoria basin of Kenya and among snail hosts. Using 20 microsatellite markers we examined geographic patterns of relatedness and population structure of cercariae and found weak, but significant structure detected by some, but not all analyses. We hypothesise structure created by aggregations of clonal individuals or adherence of hosts to local transmission sites is eroded by high amounts of gene flow in the region. This finding also supports previous hypotheses concerning the evolution of drug resistance in the region. Intrasnail dynamics were investigated in the context of aggregation and kin selection theory to determine how relatedness and also sex influence host sharing and host exploitation. Cercarial production did not differ significantly between snails with one or two genotypes suggesting that mixed infections resulted in decreased individual fitness and provides a framework for reproductive competition. Coinfection patterns in snails were independent of parasite relatedness indicating that schistosomes were not aggregated according to their relatedness and that kin selection was not influencing host sharing. Additionally, host exploitation in coinfections (measured by cercarial production) was not negatively correlated with relatedness, as predicted by classical models due to increased competition and thus exploitation when parasites are unrelated. Because of the low levels of relatedness within the population, schistosomes may rarely encounter close relatives and kin selection mechanisms that influence the distribution of individuals within snails or the virulence mode of the parasites may simply have not evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Steinauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM87131, USA.
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39
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The role of targeted selective treatments in the development of refugia-based approaches to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164:3-11. [PMID: 19450930 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance is recognised as a major problem affecting small ruminant production worldwide and now threatens the sustainability of many of these systems. One method that has been proposed to prolong the efficacy of our current anthelmintics is the maintenance of a parasite population in refugia (unexposed to a drug) which will maintain the genes for susceptibility within the parasite population. Management strategies that employ refugia-based methods include targeted or strategically timed whole flock treatments, targeted selective treatments (TST), whereby only a proportion of the flock is treated at any one time, and the dilution of resistant with susceptible parasites. The ability to effectively target anthelmintic use relies on the identification of those animals that will most benefit from treatment. This review explains the concept of refugia, describes the role of refugia-based approaches to the management of anthelmintic resistance and reviews the markers that have been studied as indicators for TSTs as well as the implementation of refugia-based strategies. Recent results suggest that targeting anthelmintic treatment on the basis of anaemia, milk production and liveweight gain may offer a means of reducing anthelmintic usage whilst still maintaining animal performance.
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Eguale T, Chaka H, Gizaw D. Efficacy of albendazole against nematode parasites isolated from a goat farm in Ethiopia: relationship between dose and efficacy in goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1267-73. [PMID: 19194779 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A suspected case of albendazole resistance in a goat farm of Hawassa University was examined using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), controlled anthelmintic efficacy test and egg hatch assay (EHA) to verify the development of resistance and/or the need for higher doses of the drug in goats than in sheep. The experiment was conducted in 12 sheep (2 groups: treatment versus control) and 24 goats (4 groups: 3 treatments versus control, n = 6; per group) following artificial infection with infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Oesophagostomum columbianum. The first group of sheep and goats were treated orally with albendazole at the dose rate of 3.8 mg/kg body weight (i.e. manufacturer's recommended dose for sheep) while the second group of sheep and the fourth group of goats were left untreated. The second and the third group of goats were treated with albendazole at 5.7 and 7.6 mg/kg respectively. The FECRT showed an efficacy of albendazole in goats to be 65.5, 81.4 and 84.1% at the dose rate of 3.8, 5.7 and 7.6 mg/kg body weight respectively while in sheep it was 62% at the dose rate of 3.8 mg/kg. Increasing the dose to 1.5 the sheep recommended dose induced minor improvement of efficacy in goats; however the efficacy was almost the same at 1.5 and twice the dose recommended for sheep. Worm counts at day 15 post-treatment revealed that H. contortus has developed resistance to albendazole. EHA results also supported these findings. On the other hand, O. columbianum was 100% susceptible at all dose levels tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia, National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia.
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41
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Keyyu JD, Kassuku AA, Kyvsgaard NC, Monrad J. Effectiveness of a community-based strategic anthelmintic treatment programme in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes and Fasciola gigantica in cattle in Kilolo district, Tanzania. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:555-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Bailey JN, Walkden-Brown SW, Kahn LP. Comparison of strategies to provide lambing paddocks of low gastro-intestinal nematode infectivity in a summer rainfall region of Australia. Vet Parasitol 2009; 161:218-31. [PMID: 19243890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A replicated field experiment using nine 2ha paddocks was designed to compare the efficacy of 3 management strategies to prepare spring lambing paddocks of low gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) infectivity. The management treatments were designed to provide the same overall stocking rate over the lambing paddock preparation period (Phase 1, 16 January-9 June, 2006). The first treatment involved two 21-day periods of intensive grazing with drenched wethers in Jan-Feb, and in late March (Smartgraze summer rainfall, SGSR). The second treatment was industry standard practice of continuous grazing of adult sheep over the entire preparation period (continuous sheep, CS) and the third treatment was industry best practice of continuous grazing of adult cattle (continuous cattle, CC). Phase 2 of the experiment (14 August-12 December, 2006) tested the efficacy of the paddock preparation treatments. Single-bearing ewes (n=10 per paddock) were introduced on 14 August following an effective short acting anthelmintic treatment. Lambing commenced 2 weeks later on the 25th of August with lamb marking at 7 weeks and weaning at 15 weeks when the experiment was terminated. Tracer sheep (n=2) were run in each of the paddocks for 2 weeks at the start of Phase 1, and at the start and conclusion of Phase 2 to assess pasture GIN contamination. Total worm counts in tracers were reduced by 97.7% (SGSR), 96.9% (CC) and 88.5% (CS) between the start of the experiment and the introduction of lambing ewes. Between the start of the experiment and weaning, total reductions were 87.9% (SGSR), 85.6% (CC) and 26% (CS). Worm egg counts of ewes and lambs grazing SGSR or CC paddocks were significantly lower than those grazing CS paddocks. As a consequence ewes grazing CS paddocks required anthelmintic treatment at both marking and weaning and their lambs at weaning, whereas no anthelmintic treatments were required for ewes or lambs on SGSR paddocks. Ewes and lambs grazing paddocks prepared with SGSR and CC were significantly heavier at weaning than those grazing paddocks prepared with CS, despite requiring fewer anthelmintic treatments. This experiment demonstrates that an understanding of regional GIN epidemiology can be employed to prepare pastures of very low infectivity in sheep only systems (SGSR) providing parasitological and production benefits equivalent to those obtained by grazing non-host species, in this case mature cattle (CC). Implications of these strategies for the development of anthelmintic resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Bailey
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, School of Rural Science and Agriculture, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Evaluation of the efficacy of anthelmintics sold on Ethiopian markets against Haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected Sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 41:973-8. [PMID: 19082869 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A total of 54 lambs, aged between 6-8 months were experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus to evaluate the efficacy of different anthelmintic brands sold on Ethiopian markets using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and controlled anthelmintic efficacy trial. Accordingly four different albendazole (Alzole, Analgon-300, Albenjung_s and Ahshialben-300), two tetramisole (Tetsole and Ashitetra 600) and two tetramisole-oxyclozanide (Tetraclozan sheep and Tetraclozash 900) brands were evaluated at the dosage rates recommended by the manufacturers. Animals were allocated into nine groups of six animals each, and balanced for faecal egg counts (FEC), based on their pre-treatment FEC and treatments were randomized among the groups. One group was kept untreated as a control. Faecal egg count was conducted on day 30 post-infection (day of treatment) and on the 10th day post-treatment. Evaluation of anthelmintics based on FECRT revealed high efficacy (99.55-100% reduction in FEC) for all anthelmintic brands tested against H. contortus. The worm count reduction test using controlled anthelmintic efficacy trial also supported the above finding with 99-100% efficacy of the tested anthelmintics. Therefore, the suspicion on the anthelmintic products as being substandard in quality is not credible, at least, for the brands investigated in this study and it might rather be attributed to under dosing. The need for a good extension system for livestock producers with regard to good anthelmintic usage practices, in light of the inevitable development of anthelminitic resistance, is emphasized. Regular surveillance and laboratory quality evaluation of the anthelmintic products in Ethiopia is indicated.
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Webster LMI, Johnson PCD, Adam A, Mable BK, Keller LF. Absence of three known benzimidazole resistance mutations in Trichostrongylus tenuis, a nematode parasite of avian hosts. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:302-10. [PMID: 19027239 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole (BZ) resistance is widespread in nematode parasites of livestock, but very little is known about the levels of BZ resistance in parasites with avian hosts. We investigated BZ resistance in Trichostrongylus tenuis, a nematode parasite of red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scotica. BZ anthelmintics had been in use in this system for up to 15 years, yet existing phenotypic evidence for resistance was inconclusive. We screened 1530 individuals from 14 populations at the principal beta-tubulin locus for BZ resistance (isotype 1, residue 200) and 940 of these at two further resistance sites (isotype 1, residue 167; isotype 2, residue 200). No BZ resistant genotypes were found. Alternative mechanisms may be responsible for BZ resistance in this system, or the method and timing of treatments may reduce selection pressure for BZ resistance by creating substantial refugia for susceptible genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M I Webster
- Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biological and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK.
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Kumsa B, Abebe G. Multiple anthelmintic resistance on a goat farm in Hawassa (southern Ethiopia). Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 41:655-62. [PMID: 18791803 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the presence of anthelmintic resistance on Hawassa University goat farm in southern Ethiopia. The 180 goats were stratified by age and sex and randomly assigned to treatment groups (albendazole, tetramisole and ivermectin and untreated control). Each treatment group included 15 goats and treatments were administered according to weight of each goat with 7.5 mg/kg bw albendazole, 22.5 mg/kg bw tetramisole and 0.2 mg/kg bw ivermectin dose rates recommended by scientists. Faecal samples were collected on day 0 before treatment, and again on day 12 post treatment. Efficacy of all the drugs was assessed on day 12 post treatment by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Multiple anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus spp. against albendazole, tetramisole and ivermectin was recorded in all age categories of the goats. Likewise, Trichostrongylus/Teladorsagia spp. showed resistance against ivermectin. Coprocultures from all pre- and post-treatments revealed the predominance of Haemonchus spp. Resistance against anthelmintics is attributed to the high frequency of treatment and low dosage of treatment practices on the farm. Large scale studies, however, are needed to assess the current status of anthelmintic resistance against the most commonly used anthelmintics in different agroecology, species of animals and management systems in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bersissa Kumsa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
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Márquez D, Jiménez G, García F, Garzón C. Resistencia a los antihelmínticos en nematodos gastrointestinales de bovinos en municipios de Cundinamarca y Boyacá. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.21930/rcta.vol9_num1_art:111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
En 36 fincas lecheras de la Sabana de Bogotá, los Valles de Ubaté y Chiquinquirá y la Región del Tequendama (Cundinamarca, Colombia) se determinó la resistencia a los antihelmínticos en nematodos gastrointestinales de bovinos mediante la prueba in vivo de la reducción del conteo de huevos (RCH). En cada finca se seleccionaron 40 bovinos de tres a 12 meses de edad, los cuales se distribuyeron en cuatro grupos de 10 animales: 1) control (no tratado), 2) albendazol 25% (dosis: 5 mg/kg peso vivo), 3) ivermectina 1% (0,2 mg/kg) y 4) levamisol 18,8% (1 mg/kg). En cada grupo se identificaron mediante coprocultivos seis géneros de parásitos siendo Cooperia spp. el predominante. La resistencia se declaró cuando el porcentaje de RCH fue menor de 95% y el límite inferior del intervalo de confianza (95%), menor a 90. El 25% de las fincas presentó resistencia: en 17% se detectó resistencia al albendazol y en 8% a la ivermectina; para estos dos antihelmínticos, Cooperia spp. fue el nematodo gastrointestinal involucrado. El promedio de reducción de huevos por gramo de heces (hpg), luego de los tratamientos con ivermectina, albendazol y levamisol, fue de 97,89% ± 6% (66% - 100%), 95,9% ± 9,3% (51% - 100%) y 99,4% ± 0,92% (97,6% - 100%), respectivamente. No se detectó resistencia al levamisol. Los factores de riesgo asociados con la resistencia fueron: vermifugación de bovinos adultos, dosificación no acorde con el peso de los animales y uso de un mismo principio activo por un tiempo mayor de cuatro años.
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Tibbo M, Aragaw K, Philipsson J, Malmfors B, Näsholm A, Ayalew W, Rege JEO. A field trial of production and financial consequences of helminthosis control in sheep production in Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2008; 84:152-60. [PMID: 18243378 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We used a partial-budget analysis to evaluate profitability of different management strategies of three genotypes of sheep in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial experiment conducted at Debre Berhan research station in the central highlands of Ethiopia. This involved two anthelmintic-treatment levels (treated vs. non-treated), two supplementary nutrition levels (protein-energy supplementation yes/no) and three genotypes: indigenous Menz (n=40), 50% Awassi x 50% Menz crosses (n=38) and 75% Awassi x 25% Menz crosses (n=31). All sheep were exposed to natural sub-clinical helminthosis challenge. Supplemented sheep were offered a concentrate mix daily on an individual basis. Anthelmintic-treated sheep were drenched with fenbendazole against nematodes and with triclabendazole against trematodes. Data were collected during the experimental period (for 10 months from approximately 1 year of age) on feed intake, live weight, eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, packed-cell volume (PCV), wool weight, and adult-worm burden. Actual market input and output prices were recorded. Supplemented sheep had significantly higher marginal profit (MP) per sheep than non-supplemented sheep (ETB 33 vs. 4). Likewise, anthelmintic treated sheep performed significantly better than their non-treated contemporaries (MP=ETB 28 vs. 8). The 75% Awassi crosses were least profitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tibbo
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Animal Genetic Resources, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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48
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Anthelmintic activity of Lippia sidoides essential oil on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet Parasitol 2008; 154:167-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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50
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Webster JP, Gower CM, Norton AJ. Evolutionary concepts in predicting and evaluating the impact of mass chemotherapy schistosomiasis control programmes on parasites and their hosts. Evol Appl 2008; 1:66-83. [PMID: 25567492 PMCID: PMC3352399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease of significant medical and veterinary importance in many regions of the world. Recent shifts in global health policy have led towards the implementation of mass chemotherapeutic control programmes at the national scale in previously 'neglected' countries such as those within sub-Saharan Africa. Evolutionary theory has an important role to play in the design, application and interpretation of such programmes. Whilst celebrating the rapid success achieved to date by such programmes, in terms of reduced infection prevalence, intensity and associated human morbidity, evolutionary change in response to drug selection pressure may be predicted under certain circumstances, particularly in terms of the development of potential drug resistance, evolutionary changes in parasite virulence, transmission and host use, and/or competitive interactions with co-infecting pathogens. Theoretical and empirical data gained to date serve to highlight the importance of careful monitoring and evaluation of parasites and their hosts whenever and wherever chemotherapy is applied and where parasite transmission remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne P Webster
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Charlotte M Gower
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Alice J Norton
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine Norfolk Place, London, UK
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