1
|
Papatsiros VG, Athanasiou LV, Kostoulas P, Giannakopoulos A, Tzika E, Billinis C. Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Swine: Implications for Public Health. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:823-840. [PMID: 34491108 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, due to Toxoplasma gondii, is a parasitic disease with global importance. Among livestock, chronic T. gondii infection has been reported in higher rates in pigs and small ruminants, but with subclinical infections in case commonly encountered in pigs. Seroprevalence in the global pig population ranges according to the age or species of pigs, geographical distribution, production programs, and systems. Generally, T. gondii infections are noticed in low prevalence rates in conventional pig farms with high hygiene standards. In contrast, higher prevalence is common on free-ranging farms, outdoor or backyard small pig fams, as well as in farmed or hunted wild boars. The T. gondii average worldwide seroprevalence in pigs is reported to be 13% in Europe, 21% in Africa, 25% in North America, 21% in Asia, and 23% in South America. Human toxoplasmosis outbreaks have been correlated with the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, especially from infected pigs or wild boars, as well as of contaminated drinking water. The risk of infection in processed pork products is lower compared with fresh pork, as meat processing can reduce or inactivate T. gondii tissue cysts. Hence, the prevalence of T. gondii in the pig population may be a useful indicator of the risk of human toxoplasmosis associated with the consumption of pork products. The lack of obligatory screening methods at farm level for the detection of antibodies in farmed animals or the viable T. gondii in carcasses at slaughterhouse level increases the risk of contaminated pork or meat products. For this reason, the application of biosecurity and surveillance programs at farm level is very important to prevent a T. gondii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Eleni Tzika
- Farm Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Flores C, Villalobos-Cerrud D, Borace J, Fábrega L, Norero X, Sáez-Llorens X, Moreno MT, Restrepo CM, Llanes A, Quijada R. M, Ladrón De Guevara M, Guzmán G, de la Guardia V, García A, Lucero MF, Wong D, Mcleod R, Soberon M, Caballero E. Z. Epidemiological Aspects of Maternal and Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Panama. Pathogens 2021; 10:764. [PMID: 34204401 PMCID: PMC8234371 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Panama, epidemiological data on congenital toxoplasmosis are limited, making it difficult to understand the scope of clinical manifestations in the population and factors that may increase the risk of infection. This study provides insight into the epidemiological situation of maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis in Panama and contributing information on the burden of this disease in Central America. Blood samples were collected from 2326 pregnant women and used for the detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. A high seroprevalence (44.41%) was observed for T. gondii infection in pregnant women from different regions of Panama, with an estimated incidence rate of congenital toxoplasmosis of 3.8 cases per 1000 live births. The main risk factors associated with T. gondii infection using bivariate statistical analysis were an elementary level education and maternal age range of 34-45 years. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed that in some regions (San Miguelito, North and West regions), the number of positive cases correlated with the presence of pets, stray dogs and the consumption of poultry. In other regions (East and Metropolitan regions), the absence of pets was considered a protective factor associated with negative cases, while the presence of stray cats and the age range of 25-34 years did not represent any risk in these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Flores
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (C.F.); (D.V.-C.); (L.F.); (C.M.R.); (A.L.); (M.Q.R.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Santo Tomás, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama;
| | - Delba Villalobos-Cerrud
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (C.F.); (D.V.-C.); (L.F.); (C.M.R.); (A.L.); (M.Q.R.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama 4, Panama City 3366, Panama
| | - Jovanna Borace
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Santo Tomás, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama;
| | - Lorena Fábrega
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (C.F.); (D.V.-C.); (L.F.); (C.M.R.); (A.L.); (M.Q.R.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Ximena Norero
- Departamento de Infectología, Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama; (X.N.); (X.S.-L.); (M.T.M.)
| | - X. Sáez-Llorens
- Departamento de Infectología, Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama; (X.N.); (X.S.-L.); (M.T.M.)
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación-Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovasión (SNI-SENACYT), Panama City 0816-02852, Panama
| | - María Teresa Moreno
- Departamento de Infectología, Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama; (X.N.); (X.S.-L.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Carlos M. Restrepo
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (C.F.); (D.V.-C.); (L.F.); (C.M.R.); (A.L.); (M.Q.R.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación-Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovasión (SNI-SENACYT), Panama City 0816-02852, Panama
| | - Alejandro Llanes
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (C.F.); (D.V.-C.); (L.F.); (C.M.R.); (A.L.); (M.Q.R.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Mario Quijada R.
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (C.F.); (D.V.-C.); (L.F.); (C.M.R.); (A.L.); (M.Q.R.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | | | - German Guzmán
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama 4, Panama City 3366, Panama; (G.G.); (M.F.L.)
| | - Valli de la Guardia
- Maternidad del Hospital Santo Tomás, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama; (M.L.D.G.); (V.d.l.G.)
| | - Anabel García
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (C.F.); (D.V.-C.); (L.F.); (C.M.R.); (A.L.); (M.Q.R.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - María F. Lucero
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama 4, Panama City 3366, Panama; (G.G.); (M.F.L.)
| | - Digna Wong
- Centros de Investigaciones Clínicas y Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama;
| | - Rima Mcleod
- Toxoplasmosis Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Mariangela Soberon
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (C.F.); (D.V.-C.); (L.F.); (C.M.R.); (A.L.); (M.Q.R.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Zuleima Caballero E.
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (C.F.); (D.V.-C.); (L.F.); (C.M.R.); (A.L.); (M.Q.R.); (A.G.); (M.S.)
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación-Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovasión (SNI-SENACYT), Panama City 0816-02852, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Foroutan M, Fakhri Y, Riahi SM, Ebrahimpour S, Namroodi S, Taghipour A, Spotin A, Gamble HR, Rostami A. The global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 269:42-52. [PMID: 31079827 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is an important disease with worldwide distribution. Infection can occur from ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat, and among food animal species, pork is known to be one of the main sources of meat-borne infection. Here, we present results of the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the global T. gondii seroprevalence in pigs. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were comprehensively searched for relevant studies published between January 1, 1990 and October 25, 2018. We used a random effects model to calculate pooled seroprevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and analyzed data from five continents. We also conducted subgroup and meta-regression analyses to evaluate the effects of geographical and climate variables on pooled seroprevalence rates. Among 1542 publications identified, 148 studies containing 150 datasets were included in the meta-analysis, and comprised 148,092 pigs from 47 countries. The pooled global T. gondii seroprevalence in pigs was estimated to be 19% (95%CI, 17-22%; 23,696/148,092), with the lowest seroprevalence in Europe (13%; 10-15%) and highest seroprevalence in Africa (25%; 17-34%) and North America (25%; 19-33%). The seropositivity rates in Asia and South America regions were (21%, 16-26%) and (23%; 17-30%), respectively. A significantly higher T. gondii seroprevalence was associated with higher mean annual temperature and lower geographical latitude. The presence of cats on farms was identified as a potential risk factor for T. gondii seropositivity (OR, 1.41; 95%CI, 1.00-2.02). Our findings highlight the importance of pigs as a possible source of human T. gondii infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Foroutan
- Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Somayeh Namroodi
- Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Ray Gamble
- National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; mmunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rengifo-Herrera C, Pile E, García A, Pérez A, Pérez D, Nguyen FK, de la Guardia V, Mcleod R, Caballero Z. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic pets from metropolitan regions of Panama. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:9. [PMID: 28287391 PMCID: PMC5364778 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease but information regarding domestic animals in Central America is scarce and fragmented. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats and dogs in different metropolitan regions of Panama. A total of 576 samples were collected; sera from 120 cats and 456 dogs were tested using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies was 30.73%. There is high seroprevalence of T. gondii in cats and dogs in the metropolitan regions around the Panama Canal; however, differences between these species were not significant. Statistical analysis indicated that there are relevant variables, such as the age of animals, with a direct positive relationship with seroprevalence. None of the variables related to animal welfare (veterinary attention provided, type of dwelling, and access to green areas and drinking water) were associated with seropositivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rengifo-Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá. Campus Harmodio Árias Madrid (Curundu), Apartado 3366, Panama 4, Panama - Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT). Ciudad del Saber (Clayton), Apartado 0843-01103, Panama 4, Panama - National Research System, National Secretary of Science, Technology and Innovation (SNI-SENACYT). Ciudad del Saber (Clayton), Apartado 0816-02852, Panama 5, Panama
| | - Edwin Pile
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT). Ciudad del Saber (Clayton), Apartado 0843-01103, Panama 4, Panama - National Research System, National Secretary of Science, Technology and Innovation (SNI-SENACYT). Ciudad del Saber (Clayton), Apartado 0816-02852, Panama 5, Panama
| | - Anabel García
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT). Ciudad del Saber (Clayton), Apartado 0843-01103, Panama 4, Panama
| | - Alexander Pérez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá. Campus Harmodio Árias Madrid (Curundu), Apartado 3366, Panama 4, Panama - Fundación San Francisco de Asís (Fundasis), Apartado 0816-04057, Panama
| | - Dimas Pérez
- Fundación San Francisco de Asís (Fundasis), Apartado 0816-04057, Panama
| | - Felicia K Nguyen
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT). Ciudad del Saber (Clayton), Apartado 0843-01103, Panama 4, Panama - Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Valli de la Guardia
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT). Ciudad del Saber (Clayton), Apartado 0843-01103, Panama 4, Panama
| | - Rima Mcleod
- Toxoplasmosis Center, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zuleima Caballero
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT). Ciudad del Saber (Clayton), Apartado 0843-01103, Panama 4, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:64-71. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2013 to September 2013 to determine the seroprevalence and possible risk factors for human Toxplasma gondii infection in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. Serum samples were analysed using direct agglutination test, and immunosorbent agglutination assay for detecting IgG (n = 354) and IgM (n = 167) T. gondii antibodies. The T. gondii IgG and IgM seroprevalences were 65·8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 60·62–70·75] and 8·98% (95% CI 5·11–14·38), respectively. Gender difference in IgG seroprevalence was not significant (P > 0·05), but 69·5% of adults exhibited an IgG seroresponse to T. gondii. Pregnant women showed 76·4% and 9·3% seropositivity to IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the risk factors significantly associated with T. gondii seropositivity were district [odds ratio (OR) 2·24, 95% CI 1·25–4·01, P = 0·007], pipe water source (OR 6·70, 95% CI 2·70–16·64, P < 0·001), age, with adults (OR 4·32, 95% CI 1·91–9·75, P < 0·001), and keeping cats in the home (OR 2·01, 95% CI 1·11–3·65, P = 0·021). The high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in the human population in the study area and the corresponding level of IgM seropositivity may be indicative of reactivation or recent infection and further studies on the status of congenital toxoplasmosis in the study area merit consideration.
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo M, Dubey JP, Hill D, Buchanan RL, Gamble HR, Jones JL, Pradhan AK. Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals and meat products destined for human consumption. J Food Prot 2015; 78:457-76. [PMID: 25710166 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is responsible for approximately 24% of all estimated deaths attributed to foodborne pathogens in the United States. Human infection results from accidental ingestion of oocysts from the environment, in water, or on insufficiently washed produce or from consumption of raw or undercooked meat products that contain T. gondii tissue cysts. This review focused on studies of T. gondii in meat because many human T. gondii infections are acquired through consumption of raw or undercooked meat. Prevalence of T. gondii is higher in conventionally reared pigs, sheep, and poultry than in cattle and is greater in meat products from organic than from conventionally reared meat animals because of outdoor access, which poses substantially greater opportunities for exposure to infected rodents, wildlife, and oocyst-contaminated feed, water, or environmental surfaces. Risk factors related to T. gondii exposure for livestock include farm type, feed source, presence of cats, methods of rodent and bird control, methods of carcass handling, and water quality. This review serves as a useful resource and information repository for informing quantitative risk assessment studies for T. gondii infection in humans through meat consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Dolores Hill
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - H Ray Gamble
- Fellowships Office, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Jones
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in fattening pigs farm from Yucatan, Mexico. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:231497. [PMID: 23841058 PMCID: PMC3690204 DOI: 10.1155/2013/231497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors associated with the presence of Toxoplasma gondii in pig-fattening farms from Yucatan, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a two-stage sampling. There were 429 pigs sampled from 39 farms randomly selected. Blood samples were collected to obtain DNA and serum. The presence of IgM and IgG antibodies was determined by indirect ELISA. Prevalence was estimated by diagnostic test. Potential risk factors to be included in a marginal logistic regression were tested by chi-square or Fisher. The prevalence of IgM and IgG was 92.5% (397/429) (CI 89.9–95.1%) and 95.8% (411/429) (CI 93.7–97.8%), respectively. Regarding PCR, a prevalence of 50.8% (218/429) (CI 45.9–55.6%) was found. The logistic regression showed an association with herd size and type of feeder (P < 0.05). The risk of a case in farms with ≤400 pigs was 27.9 times higher than in farms with >400 pigs. The manual feeder was a significant protective factor associated with the seropositive against T. gondii. Results indicate a high circulation of T. gondii in pig-fattening farms from Yucatan, finding an increased risk of infection for those farms with less than 400 animals and automatic feeders.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dubey J. Toxoplasmosis in pigs—The last 20 years. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164:89-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in breeding sows in Western Fujian Province, China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:115-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|