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Elbahnaswy S, Elshopakey GE. Recent progress in practical applications of a potential carotenoid astaxanthin in aquaculture industry: a review. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:97-126. [PMID: 36607534 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is the main natural C40 carotenoid used worldwide in the aquaculture industry. It normally occurs in red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma and green alga Haematococcus pluvialis and a variety of aquatic sea creatures, such as trout, salmon, and shrimp. Numerous biological functions reported its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities since astaxanthin possesses the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and is considered to be over 500 more times effective than vitamin E and other carotenoids such as lutein and lycopene. Thus, synthetic and natural sources of astaxanthin have a commanding influence on industry trends, causing a wave in the world nutraceutical market of the encapsulated product. In vitro and in vivo studies have associated astaxanthin's unique molecular features with various health benefits, including immunomodulatory, photoprotective, and antioxidant properties, providing its chemotherapeutic potential for improving stress tolerance, disease resistance, growth performance, survival, and improved egg quality in farmed fish and crustaceans without exhibiting any cytotoxic effects. Moreover, the most evident effect is the pigmentation merit, where astaxanthin is supplemented in formulated diets to ameliorate the variegation of aquatic species and eventually product quality. Hence, carotenoid astaxanthin could be used as a curative supplement for farmed fish, since it is regarded as an ecologically friendly functional feed additive in the aquaculture industry. In this review, the currently available scientific literature regarding the most significant benefits of astaxanthin is discussed, with a particular focus on potential mechanisms of action responsible for its biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Elbahnaswy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Gehad E Elshopakey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Chen J, Wu S, Wu R, Ai H, Lu X, Wang J, Luo Y, Li L, Cao J. Essential oil from Artemisia argyi alleviated liver disease in zebrafish (Danio rerio) via the gut-liver axis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108962. [PMID: 37488037 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of intensive fish farming has led to the emergence of fish diseases characterized by hepatobiliary syndrome. Artemisia argyi (A. argyi) essential oils have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. However, their alleviating effects and mechanism on liver disease in fish are still unclear. Thus, adult zebrafish were used to construct an animal model to observe histopathological damages, determine biochemical parameters and expression of inflammatory cytokines and mRNAs in the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway, and conduct 16 S sequencing of intestinal microbiota. The results found that after treatment with A. argyi essential oil, the histopathological damage caused by ethanol was relieved; the CAT, SOD, and GSH levels were remarkably elevated, while the MDA level was obviously lowered (P < 0.05); the expression levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ mRNAs were enhanced, but the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, PPAR-γ, NF-κB, and TNF-α mRNAs were reduced (P < 0.05) relative to the EtOH group. A. argyi essential oil remarkably attenuated the damage to intestinal tissue structure, and elevated the levels of Muc2, ZO-1, Claudin-1, and Occludin mRNA (P < 0.05). Sequencing of the gut flora showed that A. argyi essential oil significantly altered the composition of gut microbes compared with the EtOH group. In addition, KEGG and COG analyses also showed significant (P < 0.05) changes in acetate cycling metabolism in the EtOH group, catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase and nitroreductase were significantly increased (P < 0.001), and lipid metabolism and terpenoid synthesis were significantly elevated (P < 0.001) in A. argyi essential oil group. The results indicate that A. argyi essential oil could effectively relieve ethanol-caused histopathological damage of livers by modulating the composition of gut microbiota, thus inhibiting the level of IL-1β and mRNAs in the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway, increasing the IL-10 level, reducing the oxidative stress. This may offer a rationale for further research on the rationality of A. argyi as a substitute for feed antibiotics in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Honghu Ai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Xingru Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Yongju Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Science, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- College of Food and Environment, Jinzhong College of Information, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jinling Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.
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Dietary Leucine Improves Fish Intestinal Barrier Function by Increasing Humoral Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Tight Junction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054716. [PMID: 36902147 PMCID: PMC10003359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study attempted to evaluate the possible impact and mechanism of leucine (Leu) on fish intestinal barrier function. One hundred and five hybrid Pelteobagrus vachelli ♀ × Leiocassis longirostris ♂ catfish were fed with six diets in graded levels of Leu 10.0 (control group), 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, and 40.0 g/kg diet for 56 days. Results showed that the intestinal activities of LZM, ACP, and AKP and contents of C3, C4, and IgM had positive linear and/or quadratic responses to dietary Leu levels. The mRNA expressions of itnl1, itnl2, c-LZM, g-LZM, and β-defensin increased linearly and/or quadratically (p < 0.05). The ROS, PC, and MDA contents had a negative linear and/or quadratic response, but GSH content and ASA, AHR, T-SOD, and GR activities had positive quadratic responses to dietary Leu levels (p < 0.05). No significant differences on the CAT and GPX activities were detected among treatments (p > 0.05). Increasing dietary Leu level linearly and/or quadratically increased the mRNA expressions of CuZnSOD, CAT, and GPX1α. The GST mRNA expression decreased linearly while the GCLC and Nrf2 mRNA expressions were not significantly affected by different dietary Leu levels. The Nrf2 protein level quadratically increased, whereas the Keap1 mRNA expression and protein level decreased quadratically (p < 0.05). The translational levels of ZO-1 and occludin increased linearly. No significant differences were indicated in Claudin-2 mRNA expression and protein level. The transcriptional levels of Beclin1, ULK1b, ATG5, ATG7, ATG9a, ATG4b, LC3b, and P62 and translational levels of ULK1, LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, and P62 linearly and quadratically decreased. The Beclin1 protein level was quadratically decreased with increasing dietary Leu levels. These results suggested that dietary Leu could improve fish intestinal barrier function by increasing humoral immunity, antioxidative capacities, and tight junction protein levels.
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Semwal A, Kumar A, Kumar N. A review on pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila and their mitigation through medicinal herbs in aquaculture. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14088. [PMID: 36938468 PMCID: PMC10018484 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a freshwater, facultatively anaerobic, chemo-organoheterotrophic bacterium that distressed fishes with gastroenteritis, septicemia and causes a disease known as Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), which affects the aquatic environment. Haemolysin, aerolysin, cytosine, gelatinase, enterotoxin and antimicrobial peptides have been identified as virulence factors in A. hydrophila. Medicinal herbs/plants and their uses are the instant, easily available, cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly approach for socio-economic, sustainable development of modern aquaculture practice. Phytotherapy either through a dip or by incorporation into the diets is an alternative approach to synthetic pharmaceuticals to diminish the pathogenicity of aquatic environmental pathogens. Due to the presence of remarkable phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, pigments, terpenoids, steroids and essential oils, the medicinal plant exhibits anti-microbial, appetite-stimulating, anti-stress, growth-promoting and immunostimulatory activities. Aqua-industry preferred phytotherapy-based techniques/compounds to develop resistance against a variety of aquatic pathogens in culturable fishes because they are inexpensive and environment-friendly. As a result, this review elaborates on the diverse applications of phytotherapy as a promising tool for disease management in aquaculture and a major step toward organic aquaculture.
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Woo SJ, Jeong MG, Jeon EJ, Do MY, Kim NY. Antiparasitic potential of ethanolic extracts of Carpesii Fructus against Miamiensis avidus in hirame natural embryo cell line and their effects on immune response- and biotransformation-related genes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 251:109214. [PMID: 34673250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Scuticociliatosis, caused by Miamiensis avidus, is a severe parasitic disease affecting marine organisms, particularly Paralichthys olivaceus. The aim of this study was to assess the antiparasitic potential of ethanolic extracts of Carpesii Fructus (EECF), the dried fruit of Carpesium abrotanoides L., which is used in traditional Chinese medicine, in vitro. We found that 50%, 70%, and 100% EECF induced morphological changes in M. avidus, including reduced motility, cell shrinkage, and lysis. Nearly 100% cell lysis was observed in M. avidus after 2 h of treating with 100% EECF. After 24 h, the survival rates of M. avidus treated with 100%, 70%, and 50% EECF were 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. Additionally, the mRNA levels of immune response-related (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, and CD8-α) and biotransformation-related (CYP1A, CYP1B, CYP3A4, and UGT2B19) genes increased with 70% and 100% EECF treatment and decreased with 50% EECF treatment following pretreatment with concanavalin A. The viability of hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells was reduced by 50%, 70%, and 100% EECF (100 mg/L) and was between 67 and 80%. The IC50 values of 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100% EECF in HINAE cells were 102.3, 42.93, 39.15, and 38.39 mg/L, respectively. These results indicated that 50% EECF was less toxic to HINAE cells than 70% or 100% EECF, while still exhibiting antiparasitic activity against M. avidus. Therefore, we demonstrated the role of EECF as a natural antiparasitic agent against M. avidus. Our findings suggest that Carpesii Fructus has potential use as an antiparasitic agent in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ji Woo
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Min Gyeong Jeong
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Jeon
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Do
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, South Korea.
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Nasr-Eldahan S, Nabil-Adam A, Shreadah MA, Maher AM, El-Sayed Ali T. A review article on nanotechnology in aquaculture sustainability as a novel tool in fish disease control. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2021; 29:1459-1480. [PMID: 33688117 PMCID: PMC7933385 DOI: 10.1007/s10499-021-00677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, aquaculture has played a significant role in fulfilling the vast demand for animal protein requirements and consequently in food security. However, environmental contamination and disease prevalence are considered essential challenges for the sector. In this regard, new approaches have been paved in technology to deal effectively with such challenges. Among these, nanotechnology-as a novel and innovative tool-has a broad spectrum of uses and a tremendous potential in aquaculture and seafood preservation. It can provide new technologies for management of drugs as liberation of vaccines and therefore hold the assurance for civilized protection of farmed fish against disease-causing pathogens. This article presents a review of nanotechnology and its applications in aquaculture. Additionally, it gives a brief idea about the fish disease and classical ways of controlling pathogens. On the other hand, this review sheds the light on nanotechnology as a potential novel tool which may possibly enhance the management and the control of disease prevalence. Therefore, the importance of this technology to promote sustainable aquaculture has also been highlighted. Focusing on the role of selenium nanoparticles as an efficient element is discussed also in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Nasr-Eldahan
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Nabil-Adam
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Adham M. Maher
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tamer El-Sayed Ali
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Liu Z, Hua Y, Wang S, Liu X, Zou L, Chen C, Zhao H, Yan Y. Analysis of the Prunellae Spica transcriptome under salt stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:314-322. [PMID: 32998098 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prunella vulgaris L. is a moderately salt tolerant plant commonly found in China and Europe, whose spica (Prunellae Spica) has been used as a traditional medicine. The scant transcriptomic and genomic resources of Prunellae Spica have greatly hindered further exploration of the underlying salt tolerance mechanism of this species. To clarify the genetic basis of its salt tolerance, high-throughput sequencing of mRNAs was employed for de novo transcriptome assembly differential expression analysis of Prunellae Spica under salt stress. 118,664 unigenes were obtained by assembling pooled reads from all libraries with 68,119 sequences annotated. A total of 3857 unigenes were differentially expressed under low, medium and high salt stress, including 2456 up-regulated and 1401 down-regulated DEGs, respectively. Gene ontology analysis revealed that salt stress-related categories involving 'catalytic activity', 'binding', 'metabolic process' and 'cellular process' were highly enriched. KEGG pathway annotation showed that the DEGs from different salt stress treatment groups were mainly enriched in the pathways of translation, signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism, accounting for over 60% of all DEGs. Finally, it showed that the results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis for 10 unigenes that randomly selected were significantly consistent with RNA-seq data, which further assisted in the selection of salt stress-responsive candidate genes in Prunellae Spica. This study represents a significant step forward in understanding the salt tolerance mechanism of Prunellae Spica, and also provides a significant transcriptomic resource for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujiao Hua
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xunhong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lisi Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuihua Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China; National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Bao L, Chen Y, Li H, Zhang J, Wu P, Ye K, Ai H, Chu W. Dietary Ginkgo biloba leaf extract alters immune-related gene expression and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp Cyprinus carpio. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:810-818. [PMID: 31546037 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaf is widely used in traditional medicine in China. The present study aimed to illustrate the effects of dietary Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBLE) on growth performance and immune responses in common carp infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Six different diets either not treated (control) or treated with 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 g/kg of GBLE were designed to feed the fishes for 8 weeks. The results indicated that, compared to the control groups, 10 g/kg dietary GBLE significantly increased body growth and feed utilization. In GBLE dietary groups, red blood cell levels, white blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly increased relative to the control groups. Dietary supplementation with 5 g/kg GBLE increased the phagocytic ratio, and phagocytic indexes increased in the 2, 5 and 10 g/kg groups relative to the control groups. Moreover, 2, 5 and 10 g/kg GBLE diets increased O2- production compared to the control groups. Additionally, GBLE diets stimulated lysozyme activity (in 10 g/kg group) and inhibited bactericidal activity (in 0.5, 2, 5 and 10 g/kg group). Quantitative real-time PCR showed that IL1β, IL8, TNF-α, IL10, TGFβ, and inducible enzyme genes were prone to decrease while SAA, hepcidin and GPX1 were increased due to the GBLE diet in the intestine. In the head-kidney, the GBLE treatment decreased IL1β, IL8, TNF-α, IL10, TGFβ, INOS and arginase gene expressions, whereas SOD upregulation was found in the GBLE condition. The mRNA expressions of IL1β, IL8, TNF-α, IL10 and INOS were decreased, but SAA, hepcidin, GPX1 and SOD mRNA levels were increased in the spleen in the GBLE diet compared to the control. Additionally, diet supplemented with GBLE improved the survival rate infected with A. hydrophila. Our observations suggest that GBLE effectively enhanced growth performance, modulated immune-related gene expression. It improved survival rate of common carp after A. hydrophila infection and the optimum concentration we recommend is 10 g/kg of GBLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingsheng Bao
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
| | - Yuanhua Chen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China
| | - Ke Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Honglian Ai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Wuying Chu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, China.
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Nhu TQ, Bich Hang BT, Vinikas A, Bach LT, Buu Hue BT, Thanh Huong DT, Quetin-Leclercq J, Scippo ML, Phuong NT, Kestemont P. Screening of immuno-modulatory potential of different herbal plant extracts using striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) leukocyte-based in vitro tests. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:296-307. [PMID: 31352112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many medicinal plants have been shown to possess biological effects, including immuno-modulatory activities on human and other mammals. However, studies about the potential mechanisms of plant extracts on the humoral and tissular immunities in fish have received less attention. This study aimed to screen the immunestimulating properties of 20 ethanol plant extracts on striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus leukocytes. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) of striped catfish (50 ± 5 g per fish) were stimulated at 10 and 100 μg of each plant extract per mL of cell culture medium. Several humoral immune parameters (lysozyme, complement and total immunoglobulin) were examined at 24-h post stimulation (hps). Furthermore, the responses of four cytokine genes, namely il1β, ifrγ 2a and b, and mhc class II were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hps. The results showed that lysozyme, complement as well as total immunoglobulin levels in both PBMCs and HKLs were regulated by some of the plant extracts tested in a concentration-dependent manner; some plant extracts induced the highest immune responses at the low dose (10 μg mL-1) while others were more efficient at high dose (100 μg mL-1). Among the extracts, five extracts including garlic Allium sativum L. (As), neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Ai), asthma-plant Euphorbia hirta L. (Eh), bhumi amla Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et Thonn (Pa), and ginger Zingiber officinale Rosc (Zo) induced significant changes in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (il1β), antiviral cytokines (ifrγ 2a and b) and adaptive immune cytokine (mhc class II) in striped catfish cells. Pa always modulated the strongest expression of the four cytokines in PBMCs and HKLs over the whole experimental period (p < 0.05), whereas Zo did not stimulate the mhc class II expression in striped catfish leukocytes throughout experimental periods. These in vitro results demonstrated that some plant extracts could differently modulate great potential immune response in fish, supporting their applications in further in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Quynh Nhu
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam.
| | - Bui Thi Bich Hang
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam.
| | - Anais Vinikas
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 72 bte B1. 72.03, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Le Thi Bach
- College of Natural Sciences, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam.
| | - Bui Thi Buu Hue
- College of Natural Sciences, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam.
| | - Do Thi Thanh Huong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam.
| | - Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 72 bte B1. 72.03, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, bât. B43bis, 10 Avenue de Cureghem, Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Nguyen Thanh Phuong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam.
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium.
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Sheikhlar A, Meng GY, Alimon R, Romano N, Ebrahimi M. Dietary Euphorbia hirta Extract Improved the Resistance of Sharptooth Catfish Clarias gariepinus to Aeromonas hydrophila. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2017; 29:225-235. [PMID: 28937913 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2017.1374310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous and methanol extracts of lemon Citrus limon peel, Euphorbia hirta (aerial parts), and fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. A swab paper disk method showed that the methanol extract of E. hirta (EHE) had the largest inhibition zone and the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration compared to all other herbal extracts. Based on these results, EHE was included in the diets of Sharptooth Catfish Clarias gariepinus at 0 (control), 2, 5, or 7 g/kg of diet (experiment 1). Each treatment was conducted in triplicate, with 30 fish (mean weight ± SE = 9.4 ± 0.4 g) in each replicate. After 30 d, the growth, feed intake, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and plasma biochemical parameters were measured. With a separate batch of Sharptooth Catfish, the efficacy of the EHE diets in conferring fish resistance to A. hydrophila over 30 d was compared to that of a diet containing oxytetracycline (OTC; experiment 2). Six treatments were conducted in triplicate groups of 30 fish (mean weight ± SE = 9.0 ± 0.3 g); the Control fish were fed the control diet and were not injected with A. hydrophila, while the Control-AH and OTC-AH groups were infected with A. hydrophila and were fed either the control diet or the diet containing OTC at 1 g/199 g. The other three treatments included fish that were injected with A. hydrophila but fed diets with increasing EHE at 2, 5, or 7 g/kg. Experiment 1 showed no change to growth, feeding efficiency, HSI, or plasma biochemical parameters. In experiment 2, however, fish that were fed dietary EHE at 5 g/kg had significantly lower mortality than the Control-AH group, with further resistance observed for fish fed EHE at 7 g/kg. Dietary OTC was more effective than EHE as a prophylactic to A. hydrophila infection in Sharptooth Catfish. Nevertheless, EHE can potentially be a valuable dietary supplement to improve the resistance of Sharptooth Catfish to A. hydrophila infection. Received May 3, 2017; accepted August 24, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Sheikhlar
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Goh Yong Meng
- b Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
- c Institute of Tropical Agriculture , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Razak Alimon
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Nicholas Romano
- d Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- b Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
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11
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Awad E, Awaad A. Role of medicinal plants on growth performance and immune status in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:40-54. [PMID: 28526570 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks increase proportionally with increases in intensive aquaculture. Natural products including medicinal plants have been known from thousands of years for treating some human diseases. It is well known that many active compounds are responsible for potential bio-activities. For that reason, there has been considerable interest in the use of medicinal plants in aquaculture with a view to providing safe and eco-friendly compounds for replacing antibiotics and chemical compounds as well as to enhance immune status and control fish diseases. This article describes a wide range of medicinal plants such as herbs, seeds, and spices with different forms such as crude, extracts, mixed and active compounds, used as immunostimulants and resulting in a marked enhancement in the immune system of fish to prevent and control microbial diseases. Moreover, different activity was recorded from plant parts like seeds, roots, flowers and leaves. The mode of action of medicinal plants was stimulation of the cellular and humoral immune response which was monitored through elevation in immune parameters. Various levels of immune stimulation have been shown by medicinal plants at different concentrations through injection or immersion or oral administration. However, it is critically important to determine the optimal dose to enhance the immune system of fish and avoid the risk of immunosuppression. Some medicinal plants have been used to replace the protein in fishmeal as a cheap source of protein and proved to be efficient in this respect. Medicinal plants can act as a growth promoter and immunomodulator at the same time. Further investigations should be carried out to examine the influence of those plants on fish health (including physiological and histological parameters) as a preliminary step for use in large scale in aquaculture. The current review describes the role of medicinal plants and their derivatives on innate and adaptive immune status as well as growth performance in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Awad
- Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amani Awaad
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Guardiola FA, Bahi A, Messina CM, Mahdhi A, Santulli A, Arena R, Bakhrouf A, Esteban MA. Quality and antioxidant response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) to dietary supplements of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) alone or combined with probiotic strains. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:277-284. [PMID: 28232283 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the potential effect of the dietary intake of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds alone or in combination with Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus plantarum or B. subtilis on gilthead seabream quality and antioxidant response after 2 and 3 weeks of experimental feeding. The results showed that the supplements did not affect the percentage of the fatty acid profiles of muscle, demonstrating that all the additives tested can be administrated without any negative effect on biochemical composition and quality of gilthead seabream. The quantification of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in muscle demonstrated the significant beneficial effect of the experimental diets compared with the control one. Besides, an increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase in liver was recorded after 3 weeks of administration of experimental diets. Furthermore, real time qPCR revealed that dietary supplementation with FEBS significantly enhances the expression of scavenging enzymes, such as cat and gr genes in the liver after 3 weeks. The findings suggest that the administration of fenugreek supplement alone or combined with probiotic strains could be considered as a good source of natural antioxidants and as a functional aquafeed ingredient for gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Guardiola
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Fish Nutrition & Immunobiology Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Bahi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - C M Messina
- University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Sea Science, Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, (Trapani), Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Italy
| | - A Mahdhi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - A Santulli
- University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Sea Science, Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, (Trapani), Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Italy
| | - R Arena
- University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Sea Science, Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, (Trapani), Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Italy
| | - A Bakhrouf
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - M A Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Bahi A, Guardiola FA, Messina C, Mahdhi A, Cerezuela R, Santulli A, Bakhrouf A, Esteban MA. Effects of dietary administration of fenugreek seeds, alone or in combination with probiotics, on growth performance parameters, humoral immune response and gene expression of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:50-58. [PMID: 27856325 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of immunostimulants is considered a promising preventive practice that may help to maintain animal welfare and a healthy environment, while increasing production and providing higher profits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) of the dietary administration of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds, alone or combined with one of the following probiotic strains: Bacillus licheniformis (TSB27), Lactobacillus plantarum or Bacillus subtilis (B46). Gilthead seabream were fed a control or one of the supplemented diets for 3 weeks. The effects of these supplemented diets on growth performance parameters and the humoral immune response (natural haemolytic complement, peroxidase, total IgM levels, proteases and antiproteases activities) were evaluated after 2 and 3 weeks of feeding. Simultaneously, the expression levels of some immune-relevant genes (igm, tcr-β, csfr1 and bd) were measured in the head-kidney. Interestingly, all probiotic supplemented diets increased seabream growth rates, especially the B. licheniformis supplemented diet. Generally, humoral immune parameters were enhanced by the dietary supplementation at the different time points measured. The results showed a significant increases in the immune parameters, principally in fish fed only fenugreek or fenugreek combined with B. subtilis. Furthermore, real time qPCR revealed that dietary supplementation significantly enhances the expression of immune-associated genes in the head-kidney, particularly igm gene expression. These results suggest that fenugreek alone or combined with one of the probiotic strains mentioned enhances the immune response of gilthead seabream, a species with one of the highest rates of production in marine aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bahi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - F A Guardiola
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - C Messina
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Department of "Scienze della Terra e del Mare" DiSTeM, Marine Biology Institute (Trapani), University of Palermo, Via Barlotta 4, 91100 Trapani, Italy
| | - A Mahdhi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - R Cerezuela
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - A Santulli
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Department of "Scienze della Terra e del Mare" DiSTeM, Marine Biology Institute (Trapani), University of Palermo, Via Barlotta 4, 91100 Trapani, Italy
| | - A Bakhrouf
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - M A Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Growth performance and haematological and immunological indices of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings supplemented with dietary Ferulago angulata (Schlecht) Boiss. ACTA VET BRNO 2016. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201685030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of Ferulago angulata extract on the growth, haematological, and immunological indices of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings were evaluated. Basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 2 g·kg-1 F. angulata and was randomly allocated to experimental fish of an initial average weight of 7.45 ± 0.02 g. After 8 weeks of experiment, the fish supplemented with F. angulata extract showed increased but non-significant (P > 0.05) growth performance. No significant differences were found between trial control groups in haematological indices such as red blood cell count, haematocrit, and haemoglobin, but there was a significant increase in white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes in the F. angulata extract groups (P < 0.05). Also, there were significant differences between the fish supplemented with dietary F. angulata extract and the control group regarding immunological indices, including immunoglobulin M, lysozyme, and classical and alternative complement pathway (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the administration of F. angulata extract has a positive effect on the immunological indices and the immune system activity in rainbow trout fingerling.
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Yarahmadi P, Ghafari Farsani H, Khazaei A, Khodadadi M, Rashidiyan G, Jalali MA. Protective effects of the prebiotic on the immunological indicators of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:589-597. [PMID: 27184111 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of dietary administration of commercial prebiotic, Immunogen, on immunological indicators, enzymatic responses and stress tolerance in juvenile (81.65 ± 1.49) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The first group of fish was fed with the diet containing 2 g kg(-1) Immunogen whilst the control group received the diet free of Immunogen. There were three replicates per group. After 6 weeks feeding, the control group were divided into two treatments injected with saline buffer (control), and 1.5 × 10(8) CFU A. hydrophila respectively. The fish fed with the Immunogen supplemented diet were also injected with 1.5 × 10(8) CFU A. hydrophila. Our results revealed that dietary Immunogen increased the level of white blood cell (WBC) and percentage of lymphocyte (P < 0.05), however, the level of red blood cell (RBC), Hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb) and percent of monocyte decreased in Untreated-Challenged group but unaffected in the group fed with Immunogen (P < 0.05). The level of lysozyme, alternative complement, antiprotease activity, total protein, albumin and globulin decreased in Untreated- Challenged group compared to control group. However, there was an increase in the level of lysozyme, alternative complement, antiprotease activity, bactericidal activity, in the Treated- Challenged group compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Serum alkali phosphatase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase, significantly increased fallowing challenge with A. hydrophila but in the Treated-Challenged group, there was no significant difference compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was not different between groups (P > 0.05). Serum cortisol and glucose levels were higher in the challenge group, but these levels were lower in fish under challenge that were fed Immunogen-supplemented diet in contrast to the group fed control diet. The stress responses affected by A. hydrophila challenge (P < 0.05). Serum sodium, potassium and calcium concentration decreased by A. hydrophila exposure (P < 0.05), and Immunogen showed protection effect against this change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Yarahmadi
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Ghafari Farsani
- Young Reseasch and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amin Khazaei
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khodadadi
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Rashidiyan
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - M Ali Jalali
- Center for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Dhayanithi NB, Ajithkumar TT, Arockiaraj J, Balasundaram C, Ramasamy H. Immune protection by Rhizophora apiculata in clownfish against Vibrio alginolyticus. AQUACULTURE 2015; 446:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
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17
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Dhayanithi NB, Kumar TTA, Arockiaraj J, Balasundaram C, Harikrishnan R. Dietary supplementation of Avicennia marina extract on immune protection and disease resistance in Amphiprion sebae against Vibrio alginolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:52-58. [PMID: 25703711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Avicennia marina aqueous leaf extract on innate immune mechanisms such as total white blood cell counts (WBC), serum lysozyme activity, respiratory burst assay, alternative complement (ACH50) assay, phagocytic activity assay, disease resistance, gut bacteria, and survival rate of clownfish (Amphiprion sebae) against Vibrio alginolyticus is reported. Healthy fish challenged with V. alginolyticus (1 × 10(7) cells ml(-1)) were fed with diets supplemented (0, 1, 2, and 4%) with A. marina extract. The survival rate was 85% and 80% in infected fish fed with 4% and 8% supplementation diet; with 1% diet it was 70% while in the infected untreated group it was only 10%. The total gut bacteria flora was high in 8% and 4% supplementation diet groups with 2.8 × 10(5) and 4.7 × 10(4) cfu/g while it was 8.9 × 10(3) cfu/g in 1% diet group. The immunological parameters significantly increased on weeks 6 and 8 when infected fish were fed with 1% or 4% supplementation diet. This study reports that in clownfish challenged with V. alginolyticus, dietary administration of the 1% or 4% of A. marina extract improved the immune status and survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellam Balasundaram
- Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Yogeshwari G, Jagruthi C, Anbazahan SM, Mari LSS, Selvanathan J, Arockiaraj J, Dhayanithi NB, Ajithkumar TT, Balasundaram C, Ramasamy H. Herbal supplementation diet on immune response in Labeo rohita against Aphanomyces invadans. AQUACULTURE 2015; 437:351-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
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White mulberry (Morus alba) foliage methanolic extract can alleviate Aeromonas hydrophila infection in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:592709. [PMID: 25574488 PMCID: PMC4276671 DOI: 10.1155/2014/592709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were simultaneously conducted with Morus alba (white mulberry) foliage extract (MFE) as a growth promoter and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in separate 60 and 30 days trail (Experiments 1 and 2, resp.) in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). In Experiment 1, four diets, control and control supplemented with 2, 5, or 7 g MFE/kg dry matter (DM) of diet, were used. In Experiment 2, fish were intraperitoneally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and fed the same diets as experiment 1 plus additional two diets with or without antibiotic. Results of experiment 1 showed that growth was unaffected by dietary levels of MFE. Treatments with the inclusion of MFE at the levels of 5 and 7 g/Kg DM had no mortality. Red blood cells (RBC), albumin, and total protein were all higher for the treatments fed MFE (5 and 7 g/Kg DM). Results of experiment 2 showed RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, globulin, albumin, and total protein improved with the increase in MFE in the infected fish. The dietary MFE at the level of 7 g/kg DM reduced mortality rate. In conclusion, MFE at the level of 7 g/kg DM could be a valuable dietary supplement to cure the infected fish.
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Jagruthi C, Yogeshwari G, Anbazahan SM, Mari LSS, Arockiaraj J, Mariappan P, Sudhakar GRL, Balasundaram C, Harikrishnan R. Effect of dietary astaxanthin against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:674-680. [PMID: 25462460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of astaxanthin at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg(-1) incorporated in basal feed on immune response and disease resistance in Cyprinus carpio against Aeromonas hydrophila was investigated. When fed with 25 mg kg(-1) diet, the cumulative mortality was 35% whereas it was 10% and 20% with 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) diets. With all enriched diets the growth rate increased significantly from week 1 to 4 when compared with control. However, the specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) did not vary significantly from that of the control except with 50 mg kg(-1) diet. When fed with 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) diets the red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values significantly increased. However, the serum total protein, albumin, and globulin contents significantly increased only when fed with 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) diets. The phagocytic ratio also significantly raised with 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) diets on week 2 and 4 whereas the phagocytic index significantly increased with all groups only on fourth week. The respiratory burst activity significantly increased in 25 mg kg(-1) diet group on first week whereas in 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) diet groups the activity increased on weeks 2 and 4; a similar trend was observed in the anti-protease activity only on weeks 2 and 4. The serum lysozyme activity and bactericidal activity registered a significant increase with all enriched diets. This study suggests that supplementation of astaxanthin at 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) with the basal diet significantly promotes the growth restores hematology and modulates the immune system in C. carpio against A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Jagruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
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Anbazahan SM, Mari LSS, Yogeshwari G, Jagruthi C, Thirumurugan R, Arockiaraj J, Velanganni AAJ, Krishnamoorthy P, Balasundaram C, Harikrishnan R. Immune response and disease resistance of carotenoids supplementation diet in Cyprinus carpio against Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:9-13. [PMID: 24954837 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of carotenoid-supplementation diet on immune response and disease resistance in common carp, Cyprinus carpio against Aeromonas hydrophila at weeks 1, 2, and 4 is reported. The cumulative mortality was 10% when fish were fed with 50 or 100 mg kg(-1) supplementation diets while the un-supplementation diet treated group suffered 90% mortality against the pathogen. The phagocytic activity and complement activity significantly increased with 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) diet groups from weeks 2 and 4 but not in other groups. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was significantly enhanced with 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) diets from weeks 1 to 4 while the production of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) enhanced on weeks 2 and 4. The lysozyme activity significantly increased when fed with 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) diets on weeks 2 and all supplementation diets on week 4. These results suggest that diet enriched with carotenoid pigment positively enhance the immune status and protects C. carpio from A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannasi Muthu Anbazahan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lourthu Samy Shanthi Mari
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govintharaj Yogeshwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrasekar Jagruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Thirumurugan
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Chellam Balasundaram
- Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kumar S, Raman RP, Pandey PK, Mohanty S, Kumar A, Kumar K. Effect of orally administered azadirachtin on non-specific immune parameters of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758) and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:564-573. [PMID: 23261511 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the immune responses using active bio-ingredients as a possible prophylaxis measure has been novel prospect for aquaculture. The present study evaluated the effects of azadirachtin EC 25% on non-specific immune responses in goldfish Carassius auratus and resistance against pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. The experimental trial for effects of azadirachtin on immuno-haematoloical parameters in goldfish was conducted by feeding the various levels of azadirachtin as control T(0) (without azadirachtin), T(1) (0.1%), T(2) (0.2%), T(3) (0.4%), T(4) (0.8%) and T(5) (1.6%) for a period of 28 days. Fishes were challenged with A. hydrophila 28 days post feeding and relative percentage survival (%) was recorded over 14 days post infection. Immuno-haematoloical (total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, NBT activity, phagocytic activity, serum lysozyme activity, myeloperoxidase activity, total immunoglobulin) and serum biochemical parameters (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and blood glucose) of fishes were examined at 14 and 28 days of feedings. Fish fed with azadirachtin, showed significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced TEC, TLC, Total Ig, total protein, NBT activity, serum lysozyme activity and myeloperoxidase level in different treatment groups in comparison with control group. Similarly, SGOT, SGPT and blood glucose level were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) high but PCV and Hb did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) in the treatment groups compared to control groups. Azadirachtin at the concentration of 4 g kg(-1) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher relative percentage survival (42.60%) when compared with the control against A. hydrophila infection. This study indicated that azadirachtin EC 25% (4 g kg(-1)) showed higher NBT activity, serum lysozyme, protein profiles, leukocyte counts and resistance against A. hydrophila infection and thus, can be used as a potential immunostimulant in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Kumar
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Andheri (West), Mumbai, India.
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Verma VK, Rani KV, Sehgal N, Prakash O. Immunostimulatory response induced by supplementation of Ficus benghalensis root powder, in the artificial feed the Indian freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:590-596. [PMID: 22789713 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Methanol extract from the dried aerial root of Ficus benghalensis, was used to evaluate antibacterial activity on the bacterial strains of Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli, by disc diffusion method. In order to study, if there is any immunostimulatory response of F. benghalensis, immunized fish were fed with supplementary artificial feed containing 5% F. benghalensis dried root powder. There was no marked difference in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in control and treated fish, suggesting that the supplementary feed had no adverse effect on liver or kidney. Serum lysozyme, tissue super oxide dismutase (SOD), percentage phagocytosis, phagocytotic index, nitric oxide (NO), total serum protein and immunoglobulin increased significantly in the treated fish compared to control fish. Serum immunoglobulin levels were estimated by development of a sandwich ELISA, and levels were found to increase with successive immunizations of BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar Verma
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India
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Harikrishnan R, Son HJ, Kim DH, Hong SH, Mariappan P, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. WITHDRAWN: Effects of saponin supplementation diet on hematological, biochemical, and immunological responses in Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio alginolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012:S1050-4648(12)00285-9. [PMID: 22906763 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Marine Applied Microbes and Aquatic Organism Disease Control Lab, Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, College of Ocean Sciences & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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Harikrishnan R, Kim DH, Hong SH, Mariappan P, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. Non-specific immune response and disease resistance induced by Siegesbeckia glabrescens against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Epinephelus bruneus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:359-364. [PMID: 22626564 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effect of Siegesbeckia glabrescens extract-supplementation diets on innate immune response and disease resistance of kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio parahaemolyticus at weeks 1, 2, and 4 is reported. The serum lysozyme activity was significantly enhanced with any enriched diet from weeks 1-4 when compared to control diet (0%). The alternative complement haemolytic activities significantly were enhanced with all enriched diets on weeks 2 and 4 whereas the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly enhanced only with 1.0% and 2.0% diets. The reactive nitrogen intermediate (RNI) value was significantly enhanced with any enriched diet on weeks 2 and 4, but on first week it did not differ from control. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) production significantly increased with 1.0% and 2.0% diets from second week onwards; with other enriched diets the increase manifested on fourth week; but during first week it did not vary from that of the control with any enriched diet. The protection in terms of cumulative mortality was the least being 25% and 20% when fed with 1.0% and 2.0% diets. The present results indicate that feeding kelp grouper with S. glabrescens extract enriched diet at 1.0% and 2.0% levels significantly enhance the immunological parameters, increase the disease resistance and minimize the cumulative mortality in E. bruneus against V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, College of Ocean Sciences & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
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Harikrishnan R, Kim JS, Kim MC, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. Pomegranate enriched diet enhances the hematology, innate immune response, and disease resistance in olive flounder against Philasterides dicentrarchi. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:147-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Effect of dietary supplementation with Suaeda maritima on blood physiology, innate immune response, and disease resistance in olive flounder against Miamiensis avidus. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shin HY, Lee HJ, Lee YK, Lim SC, Kim JS. Modulatory Effects of Chrysanyhemi Flos Pharmacopuncture on Nitric-oxide (NO) Production in Murin Macrophagy Cells. J Pharmacopuncture 2012; 15:29-33. [PMID: 25780633 PMCID: PMC4331926 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2012.15.1.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Much evidence exists that herbs have effective immunomodulatory activities. Chrysanthemi Flos (CF) is effective in clearing heat, reducing inflammation, dropping blood pressure and treating headache and is used as a pharmaceutical raw material for an immune enhancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the modulatory effect of Chrysanthemi Flos pharmacopuncture on nitric-oxide (NO) production in activating macrophages. Methods: After a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, was cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), immune-modulating abilities of CF were evaluated by using NO, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production and phagocytic activity of macrophages. Results: CF enhanced the activities of macrophages by increasing the phagocytic activity and decreasing NO production. Especially, both LPS and CF, 200 ㎍/ml, treatment could significantly reduce the NO production, but did not change the production of IL-6 and TNF-α. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that CF may be of immunomodulatory value, especially for adverse diseases due to increased NO production. It may have potential for use as immunoenhancing pharmacopuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Shin
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Lee
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yun-Kyu Lee
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong-Chul Lim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Soo Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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