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Martí-Marco A, Moratal S, Torres-Blas I, Cardells J, Lizana V, Dea-Ayuela MA. Molecular Detection and Epidemiology of Potentially Zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa) from Eastern Spain. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2501. [PMID: 37570308 PMCID: PMC10416950 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoans Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are common causes of gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. While both are commonly documented in domestic animals, few studies have analysed their presence in wildlife. To assess the prevalence of both parasites in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Valencian Community (eastern Spain), 498 wild boar faecal samples were collected from 2018 to 2022. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected by performing a nested PCR targeting a 578 bp sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. For G. duodenalis, a qPCR amplifying a fragment of 62 bp from the SSU rRNA was employed. Positive samples were genotyped for glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes. Different epidemiological factors were considered potential modulating variables in the transmission of both parasites. G. duodenalis prevalence was 1.20%, while Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence reached 21.7%. Coinfection was observed in 0.2%. Genotyping of G. duodenalis isolates only detected genotype E. Two species of Cryptosporidium spp. were identified: Cryptosporidium scrofarum and Cryptosporidium suis. The results of this study demonstrate that the exposure to Cryptosporidium spp. in wild boars is high, particularly among young individuals belonging to the Typical Mediterranean climate. Moreover, the probability of infection is dependent on both the season and the density of wild boars. On the other side, exposure to G. duodenalis seems scarce and is influenced, in turn, by the climate. Both Cryptosporidium species detected in the present study have been reported in humans. Due to wild boar increasing in number and their colonisation of urban and peri-urban areas, this could represent an inherent health risk for the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martí-Marco
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (S.M.); (J.C.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Samantha Moratal
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (S.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Irene Torres-Blas
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jesús Cardells
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (S.M.); (J.C.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Victor Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (S.M.); (J.C.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - María Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Ramón y Cajal, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
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Dashti A, Köster PC, Bailo B, de Las Matas AS, Habela MÁ, Rivero-Juarez A, Vicente J, Serrano E, Arnal MC, de Luco DF, Morrondo P, Armenteros JA, Balseiro A, Cardona GA, Martínez-Carrasco C, Ortiz JA, Carpio AJ, Calero-Bernal R, González-Barrio D, Carmena D. Occurrence and limited zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Balantioides coli infections in free-ranging and farmed wild ungulates in Spain. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:189-197. [PMID: 37148738 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Little information is currently available on the occurrence and molecular diversity of the enteric protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Balantioides coli in wild ungulates and the role of these host species as potential sources of environmental contamination and consequent human infections. The presence of these three pathogens was investigated in eight wild ungulate species present in Spain (genera Ammotragus, Capra, Capreolus, Cervus, Dama, Ovis, Rupicapra, and Sus) by molecular methods. Faecal samples were retrospectively collected from free-ranging (n = 1058) and farmed (n = 324) wild ungulates from the five Spanish bioregions. Overall infection rates were 3.0% (42/1382; 95% CI: 2.1-3.9%) for Cryptosporidium spp., 5.4% (74/1382; 95% CI: 4.2-6.5%) for G. duodenalis, and 0.7% (9/1382; 95% CI: 0.3-1.2%) for B. coli. Cryptosporidium infection was detected in roe deer (7.5%), wild boar (7.0%) and red deer (1.5%), and G. duodenalis in southern chamois (12.9%), mouflon (10.0%), Iberian wild goat (9.0%), roe deer (7.5%), wild boar (5.6%), fallow deer (5.2%) and red deer (3.8%). Balantioides coli was only detected in wild boar (2.5%, 9/359). Sequence analyses revealed the presence of six distinct Cryptosporidium species: C. ryanae in red deer, roe deer, and wild boar; C. parvum in red deer and wild boar; C. ubiquitum in roe deer; C. scrofarum in wild boar; C. canis in roe deer; and C. suis in red deer. Zoonotic assemblages A and B were detected in wild boar and red deer, respectively. Ungulate-adapted assemblage E was identified in mouflon, red deer, and southern chamois. Attempts to genotype samples positive for B. coli failed. Sporadic infections by canine- or swine-adapted species may be indicative of potential cross-species transmission, although spurious infections cannot be ruled out. Molecular evidence gathered is consistent with parasite mild infections and limited environmental contamination with (oo)cysts. Free-ranging wild ungulate species would not presumably play a significant role as source of human infections by these pathogens. Wild ruminants do not seem to be susceptible hosts for B. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez de Las Matas
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Habela
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Sciences Faculty, Extremadura University, Caceres, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- SaBio Group, Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Wildlife Environmental Pathology Service (SEFaS), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria C Arnal
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José A Armenteros
- Council of Development, Territory Planning and the Environment of the Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University of León, León, Spain; Animal Health Department, Mountain Livestock Institute (CSIC-University of León), León, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Animal Health Department, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Ortiz
- Medianilla S.L., Department of Veterinary and Research, Benalup-Casas Viejas, Spain
| | - Antonio José Carpio
- Institute for Research on Hunting Resources, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Zoology, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Chen Y, Qin H, Wu Y, Xu H, Huang J, Li J, Zhang L. Global prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitology 2023; 150:531-544. [PMID: 37051887 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are significant opportunistic pathogens causing diarrhoea in humans and animals. Pigs are one of the most important potential hosts for Cryptosporidium. We evaluated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pigs globally using published information and a random-effects model. In total, 131 datasets from 36 countries were included in the final quantitative analysis. The global prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pigs was 16.3% (8560/64 809; 95% confidence interval [CI] 15.0–17.6%). The highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pigs was 40.8% (478/1271) in Africa. Post-weaned pigs had a significantly higher prevalence (25.8%; 2739/11 824) than pre-weaned, fattening and adult pigs. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was higher in pigs with no diarrhoea (12.2%; 371/3501) than in pigs that had diarrhoea (8.0%; 348/4874). Seven Cryptosporidium species (Cryptosporidium scrofarum, Cryptosporidium suis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium tyzzeri, Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium struthioni) were detected in pigs globally. The proportion of C. scrofarum was 34.3% (1491/4351); the proportion of C. suis was 31.8% (1385/4351) and the proportion of C. parvum was 2.3% (98/4351). The influence of different geographic factors (latitude, longitude, mean yearly temperature, mean yearly relative humidity and mean yearly precipitation) on the infection rate of Cryptosporidium in pigs was also analysed. The results indicate that C. suis is the dominant species in pre-weaned pigs, while C. scrofarum is the dominant species in fattening and adult pigs. The findings highlight the role of pigs as possible potential hosts of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis and the need for additional studies on the prevalence, transmission and control of Cryptosporidium in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Huikai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yayun Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
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Derx J, Kılıç HS, Linke R, Cervero-Aragó S, Frick C, Schijven J, Kirschner AKT, Lindner G, Walochnik J, Stalder G, Sommer R, Saracevic E, Zessner M, Blaschke AP, Farnleitner AH. Probabilistic fecal pollution source profiling and microbial source tracking for an urban river catchment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159533. [PMID: 36270368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We developed an innovative approach to estimate the occurrence and extent of fecal pollution sources for urban river catchments. The methodology consists of 1) catchment surveys complemented by literature data where needed for probabilistic estimates of daily produced fecal indicator (FIBs, E. coli, enterococci) and zoonotic reference pathogen numbers (Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium and Giardia) excreted by human and animal sources in a river catchment, 2) generating a hypothesis about the dominant sources of fecal pollution and selecting a source targeted monitoring design, and 3) verifying the results by comparing measured concentrations of the informed choice of parameters (i.e. chemical tracers, C. perfringensspores, and host-associated genetic microbial source tracking (MST) markers) in the river, and by multi-parametric correlation analysis. We tested the approach at a study area in Vienna, Austria. The daily produced microbial particle numbers according to the probabilistic estimates indicated that, for the dry weather scenario, the discharge of treated wastewater (WWTP) was the primary contributor to fecal pollution. For the wet weather scenario, 80-99 % of the daily produced FIBs and pathogens resulted from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) according to the probabilistic estimates. When testing our hypothesis in the river, the measured concentrations of the human genetic fecal marker were log10 4 higher than for selected animal genetic fecal markers. Our analyses showed for the first-time statistical relationships between C. perfringens spores (used as conservative microbial tracer for communal sewage) and a human genetic fecal marker (i.e. HF183/BacR287) with the reference pathogen Giardia in river water (Spearman rank correlation: 0.78-0.83, p < 0.05. The developed approach facilitates urban water safety management and provides a robust basis for microbial fate and transport models and microbial infection risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Derx
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Austria.
| | - H Seda Kılıç
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Rita Linke
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Sílvia Cervero-Aragó
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Frick
- Vienna City Administration, Municipal Department 39, Division of Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jack Schijven
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Gerhard Lindner
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Sommer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernis Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred P Blaschke
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, TU Wien, Austria.; Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
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Ahlinder J, Svedberg AL, Nystedt A, Dryselius R, Jacobsson K, Hägglund M, Brindefalk B, Forsman M, Ottoson J, Troell K. Use of metagenomic microbial source tracking to investigate the source of a foodborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 26:e00142. [PMID: 35024477 PMCID: PMC8728467 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of global public health importance that causes gastroenteritis in a variety of vertebrate hosts, with many human outbreaks reported yearly, often from ingestion of contaminated water or food. Despite the major public health implications, little is typically known about sources of contamination of disease outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium. Here, we study a national foodborne outbreak resulted from infection with Cryptosporidium parvum via romaine lettuce, with the main goal to trace the source of the parasite. To do so, we combined traditional outbreak investigation methods with molecular detection and characterization methods (i.e. PCR based typing, amplicon and shotgun sequencing) of romaine lettuce samples collected at the same farm from which the contaminated food was produced. Using 18S rRNA typing, we detected C. parvum in two out of three lettuce samples, which was supported by detections in the metagenome analysis. Microbial source tracking analysis of the lettuce samples suggested sewage water as a likely source of the contamination, albeit with some uncertainty. In addition, the high degree of overlap in bacterial species content with a public human gut microbial database corroborated the source tracking results. The combination of traditional and molecular based methods applied here is a promising tool for future source tracking investigations of food- and waterborne outbreaks of Cryptosporidium spp. and can help to control and mitigate contamination risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ahlinder
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A.-L. Svedberg
- Department of Infection control, Region Norrbotten, Luleå, Sweden
| | - A. Nystedt
- Department of Infection control, Region Norrbotten, Luleå, Sweden
| | - R. Dryselius
- Department of Biology, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K. Jacobsson
- Department of Biology, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Hägglund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Clinical Genomics Facility, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B. Brindefalk
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M. Forsman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J. Ottoson
- Department of Risk and benefit assessment, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K. Troell
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala university, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Pinto P, Ribeiro CA, Hoque S, Hammouma O, Leruste H, Détriché S, Canniere E, Daandels Y, Dellevoet M, Roemen J, Barbier Bourgeois A, Kváč M, Follet J, Tsaousis AD. Cross-Border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2394. [PMID: 34835519 PMCID: PMC8617893 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan parasitic protist, which infects a wide range of hosts, causing cryptosporidiosis disease. In farms, the incidence of this disease is high in animals such as cows, leading to extensive economic loss in the livestock industry. Infected cows may also act as a major reservoir of Cryptosporidium spp., in particular C. parvum, the most common cause of cryptosporidiosis in these animals. This poses a risk to the trading of livestock, to other farms via breeding centres, and to human health. This study is a part of a global project aimed at strategies to tackle cryptosporidiosis. To reach this target, it was essential to determine whether prevalence was dependent on the studied countries or if the issue was borderless. Indeed, C. parvum occurrence was assessed across dairy farms in certain regions of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. At the same time, the animal-to-animal transmission of the circulating C. parvum subtypes was studied. To accomplish this, we analysed 1084 faecal samples, corresponding to 57 dairy farms from all three countries. To this end, 18S rRNA and gp60 genes fragments were amplified, followed by DNA sequencing, which was subsequently used for detection and subtyping C. parvum. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic methods were integrated to analyse and characterise the obtained DNA sequences. Our results show 25.7%, 24.9% and 20.8% prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands respectively. Overall, 93% of the farms were Cryptosporidium positive. The gp60 subtyping demonstrated a significant number of the C. parvum positives belonged to the IIa allelic family, which has been also identified in humans. Therefore, this study highlights how prevalent C. parvum is in dairy farms and further suggests cattle as a possible carrier of zoonotic C. parvum subtypes, which could pose a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK; (P.P.); (C.A.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Cláudia A. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK; (P.P.); (C.A.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Sumaiya Hoque
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK; (P.P.); (C.A.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Ourida Hammouma
- UMR-Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, University of Lille, University of Liège, UPJV, ULCO, University of Artois, INRAE, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Hélène Leruste
- Junia, Comportement Animal et Systèmes d’Elevage, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Sébastien Détriché
- University of Lille, Institut Mines-Télécom, University of Artois, Junia, ULR 4515—LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Evi Canniere
- Inagro vzw, Ieperseweg 87, 8800 Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium;
| | - Yvonne Daandels
- Southern Agricultural and Horticultural Organisation (ZLTO), Onderwijsboulevard 225, 5223 DE’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (Y.D.); (M.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Martine Dellevoet
- Southern Agricultural and Horticultural Organisation (ZLTO), Onderwijsboulevard 225, 5223 DE’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (Y.D.); (M.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Janine Roemen
- Southern Agricultural and Horticultural Organisation (ZLTO), Onderwijsboulevard 225, 5223 DE’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (Y.D.); (M.D.); (J.R.)
| | | | - Martin Kváč
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Follet
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Junia, University Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520 IEMN Institut d’Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Anastasios D. Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK; (P.P.); (C.A.R.); (S.H.)
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Ryan U, Zahedi A, Feng Y, Xiao L. An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3307. [PMID: 34828043 PMCID: PMC8614385 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric parasite, Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. No effective therapeutics or vaccines are available and therefore control is dependent on understanding transmission dynamics. The development of molecular detection and typing tools has resulted in the identification of a large number of cryptic species and genotypes and facilitated our understanding of their potential for zoonotic transmission. Of the 44 recognised Cryptosporidium species and >120 genotypes, 19 species, and four genotypes have been reported in humans with C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. felis being the most prevalent. The development of typing tools that are still lacking some zoonotic species and genotypes and more extensive molecular epidemiological studies in countries where the potential for transmission is highest are required to further our understanding of this important zoonotic pathogen. Similarly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) are important for more accurately tracking transmission and understanding the mechanisms behind host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6152, Australia;
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6152, Australia;
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.F.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.F.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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8
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Qi M, Zhang Q, Xu C, Zhang Y, Xing J, Tao D, Li J, Zhang L. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigs in Xinjiang, China. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105551. [PMID: 32473987 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are distributed ubiquitously worldwide, and pigs are considered as one of the main reservoir hosts. Eight hundred one porcine fecal specimens were collected from seven intensive pig farms in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Cryptosporidium spp. were screened via PCR amplification of the small ribosomal subunit RNA gene, and 143 specimens (17.9%, 143/801) from all seven farms tested positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidium prevalence in the pigs differed significantly among farms (p < 0.01). The highest Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence in post-weaned pigs was 39.5% (111/281), followed by fattening pigs (23.2%, 30/129), pre-weaned pigs (1.2%, 2/169), and sows (0/222). Significant differences were observed between age groups (p < 0.01). C. suis was the predominantly identified species (62.9%, 90/143), followed by C. scrofarum (35.7%, 51/143), and C. parvum (1.4%, 2/143). Two C. parvum specimens were subtyped by analyzing the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene sequences and were identified as IIdA14G1 and IIdA15G1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. parvum infection in pigs in China. The identification of three Cryptosporidium species, including zoonotic C. parvum in pigs in Xinjiang raises concern for the health of both swine animals and personnel in the pig industry.
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9
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Barrera JP, Carmena D, Rodríguez E, Checa R, López AM, Fidalgo LE, Gálvez R, Marino V, Fuentes I, Miró G, Montoya A. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a potential natural reservoir of human cryptosporidiosis by Cryptosporidium hominis in Northwest Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2172-2182. [PMID: 32302466 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are ubiquitous intestinal protozoa that parasitize domestic and wild animals, as well as human beings. Due to their zoonotic potential, the objective of the present study was to determine the presence of these pathogens in the fox population (Vulpes vulpes) located in Northwest Spain. A total of 197 faecal samples from legally hunted foxes were collected in the autonomous region of Galicia. The presence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. was investigated by PCR-based methods amplifying the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) gene of the parasites. Attempts to genotype obtained positive samples were subsequently conducted at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and β-giardin (bg) genes of G. duodenalis, and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene of Cryptosporidium. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were identified in 19 (9.6%) and 12 (6.1%) of the investigated samples, respectively. However, five Cryptosporidium species were detected at the ssu rRNA locus: C. hominis (33.4%, 4/12), C. canis (25.0%, 3/12), C. parvum (16.7%, 2/12), C. ubiquitum (8.3%, 1/12) and C. suis (8.3%, 1/12). An additional Cryptosporidium-positive sample was identified at the genus level only. Typing and subtyping of Giardia- and Cryptosporidium-positive samples were unsuccessful. The detection of C. hominis in wild foxes indicates the probable overlapping of sylvatic and domestic cycles of this parasite in rural settings. Besides, this finding raises the question of whether red foxes may act as natural reservoirs of C. hominis. The detection of C. parvum and C. suis is suggestive of active transmission events between farm and wild animals, opening up the possibility of transmission to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Barrera
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Checa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M López
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis E Fidalgo
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosa Gálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Marino
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Rivero-Juarez A, Dashti A, López-López P, Muadica AS, Risalde MDLA, Köster PC, Machuca I, Bailo B, de Mingo MH, Dacal E, García-Bocanegra I, Saugar JM, Calero-Bernal R, González-Barrio D, Rivero A, Briz V, Carmena D. Protist enteroparasites in wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus) and black Iberian pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) in southern Spain: a protective effect on hepatitis E acquisition? Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:281. [PMID: 32493465 PMCID: PMC7271453 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have independently evaluated the occurrence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and enteroparasites in swine, but no surveys have been conducted to jointly assess the prevalence and genetic diversity of enteroparasites in pigs and wild boars, their sympatric transmission between hosts, and their potential interaction with HEV. METHODS We prospectively collected serum and faecal samples from black Iberian domestic pigs and wild boars from southern Spain between 2015‒2016. We evaluated for HEV in serum and faeces, and for the presence of enteroparasites (Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis sp., Neobalantidium coli and Strongyloides spp.) in the same faecal samples. The prevalence of each intestinal parasite species was calculated. RESULTS A total of 328 animals (56.7% black Iberian pigs and 43.3% wild boars) were included in the study. The overall global prevalence of HEV in serum was 16.8%. The overall global prevalence of each enteroparasite species was 19.5% for G. duodenalis, 8.2% for Cryptosporidium spp., 41.8% for Blastocystis sp., 31.4% for N. coli, and 8.8% for Strongyloides spp. HEV-infected animals showed a significantly lower prevalence of G. duodenalis (3.2 vs 20%; P = 0.002) and Blastocystis sp. (38.7 vs 80%; P < 0.001) than those uninfected by HEV. Animals carrying G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. infections showed a significantly lower rate of HEV infection than those not harbouring these enteroparasites (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study found a high prevalence of enteroparasites in black Iberian pigs and wild boars in southern Spain, suggesting a sympatric co-transmission of some of the species investigated. It is suggested that extracellular G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. might have a protective effect on HEV acquisition in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Pedro López-López
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aly Salimo Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Maria de los Angeles Risalde
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, University of Córdoba, Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Machuca
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Hernández de Mingo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Elena Dacal
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José M. Saugar
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Briz
- Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
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11
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Thathaisong U, Siripattanapipong S, Inpankaew T, Leelayoova S, Mungthin M. High prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection caused by C. scrofarum and C. suis among pigs in Thailand. Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102122. [PMID: 32278979 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. is an important intestinal protozoan causing diarrhea among both healthy and immunocompromised patients especially those with HIV/AIDS. Cryptosporidium spp. can be transmitted via foodborne, waterborne and person-to-person routes. In addition, several Cryptosporidium species are zoonotic. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among pigs raised in both smallholder (<50 heads/farm) and large scale farms (50-500 heads/farm) in Chonburi Province, eastern Thailand using nested PCR amplifying the small subunit of the ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) gene. DNA sequencing was also performed to identify the species of Cryptosporidium. A total of 245 fecal samples were collected from 11 pig farms. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was 20.8% (51/245) which were found in both smallholder and small large scale pig farms. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among pigs aged ≤6 months was significantly higher than those aged >6 months (p < .001). Among 51 Cryptosporidium positive samples, Cryptosporidium scrofarum (42/51, 82.4%) and Cryptosporidium suis (9/51, 17.6%) were identified. The prevalence of C. scrofarum infection observed among pigs aged ≤6 months was significantly higher when compared with those aged >6 months (20.7% and 2.1%, respectively, p < .001). The high prevalence of C. scrofarum and C. suis infections among pigs could be a potential source of infection to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaporn Thathaisong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | | | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand
| | - Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand.
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12
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Feng S, Jia T, Huang J, Fan Y, Chang H, Han S, Luo J, He H. Identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in farmed wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Beijing, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104231. [PMID: 32007628 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are opportunistic pathogen that can infected humans and other animals. However, the data on the prevalence and genotypes of the parasites in captive wild boars is not available in Beijing, China. In this study, a total of 257 fecal specimens of wild boars were collected. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. was 42.0% (108/257) and 5.8%, respectively. Higher infection rate of E. bieneusi was discovered in the wild boar ≤2 months old (58.3%). The differences between the feeding pattern and gender were not significant. Furthermore, eight genotypes of E. bieneusi were determined by analyzing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rRNA gene, including seven known genotypes and one novel genotype. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the eight genotypes belonged to the zoonotic potential Group 1. For Cryptosporidium spp., no significant differences were found between groups of gender, age and feeding pattern. Only C. scrofarum was identified in the investigated samples. The findings suggest that wild boar could be reservoirs of E. bieneusi and C. scrofarum which could be potentially transmitted to humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Feng
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Ting Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Fan
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Han Chang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuyi Han
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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13
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Hatam-Nahavandi K, Ahmadpour E, Carmena D, Spotin A, Bangoura B, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium infections in terrestrial ungulates with focus on livestock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:453. [PMID: 31521186 PMCID: PMC6744657 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp. are causative agents of gastrointestinal diseases in a wide variety of vertebrate hosts. Mortality resulting from the disease is low in livestock, although severe cryptosporidiosis has been associated with fatality in young animals. Methods The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to review the prevalence and molecular data on Cryptosporidium infections in selected terrestrial domestic and wild ungulates of the families Bovidae (bison, buffalo, cattle, goat, impala, mouflon sheep, sheep, yak), Cervidae (red deer, roe deer, white-tailed deer), Camelidae (alpaca, camel), Suidae (boar, pig), Giraffidae (giraffes) and Equidae (horses). Data collection was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Cochran databases, with 429 papers being included in this systematic analysis. Results The results show that overall 18.9% of ungulates from the investigated species were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. Considering livestock species (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses and buffaloes), analysis revealed higher Cryptosporidium infection prevalence in ungulates of the Cetartiodactyla than in those of the Perissodactyla, with cattle (29%) being the most commonly infected farm animal. Conclusions Overall, the investigated domestic ungulates are considered potential sources of Cryptosporidium contamination in the environment. Control measures should be developed to reduce the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in these animals. Furthermore, literature on wild populations of the named ungulate species revealed a widespread presence and potential reservoir function of wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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Zheng S, Li D, Zhou C, Zhang S, Wu Y, Chang Y, Chen Y, Huang J, Ning C, Zhang G, Zhang L. Molecular identification and epidemiological comparison of Cryptosporidium spp. among different pig breeds in Tibet and Henan, China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:101. [PMID: 30922311 PMCID: PMC6438020 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp. are important zoonotic pathogens infecting a wide range of vertebrate hosts, and causing moderate to severe diarrhea in humans. Cryptosporidium infections are frequently reported in humans and animals worldwide, but little research has been done on local pig breeds such as Tibetan pigs and Yunan Black pigs and imported pig breeds such as Landrace pigs in China. Therefore, a total of 1089 pig fecal samples from four intensive farms in four areas of China, including Tibetan pigs from Gongbujiangda County (n = 180) and Mainling County (n = 434), Tibet, Yunan Black pigs from Sanmenxia, Henan Province (n = 246), and Landrace pigs from Kaifeng, Henan Province (n = 229), and were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium with microscopy and nested PCR amplification of the small subunit rRNA gene. Results The total infection rate of Cryptosporidium in 1089 fecal samples of three different pig breeds was 2.11% (23/1089), and the infection rates of Tibetan pigs, Yunan Black pigs, and Landrace pigs were 0.49% (3/614), 0.41% (1/246), and 8.30% (19/229), respectively. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was significantly higher in weaned piglets (1–2 months) (4.36%, 21/482) than in younger and older age groups (p < 0.01). Sequence analysis of positive samples revealed that there was no mixed infection in our study population, which included 12 cases of C. suis mono-infections (52.17%, 12/23) and 11 cases of C. scrofarum mono-infections (47.83%, 11/23). C. suis was identified in one pre-weaned piglet (< 1 month) and 11 weaned piglets (1–2 months), while C. scrofarum was only detected in 10 weaned piglets (1–2 months) and one finished pig (> 2 months). Conclusions This is the first report on the identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in Tibetan pigs, and our findings also elucidate the occurrence and distribution of Cryptosporidium in three different pig breeds in Tibet and Henan, China. More molecular epidemiological studies are required to better clarify the prevalence and public health significance of Cryptosporidium in different pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjian Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiang Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankai Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Khan A, Shaik JS, Grigg ME. Genomics and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium species. Acta Trop 2018; 184:1-14. [PMID: 29111140 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most widespread protozoan parasites that infects domestic and wild animals and is considered the second major cause of diarrhea and death in children after rotavirus. So far, around 20 distinct species are known to cause severe to moderate infections in humans, of which Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are the major causative agents. Currently, ssurRNA and gp60 are used as the optimal markers for differentiating species and subtypes respectively. Over the last decade, diagnostic tools to detect and differentiate Cryptosporidium species at the genotype and subtype level have improved, but our understanding of the zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission potential of each species is less clear, largely because of the paucity of high resolution whole genome sequencing data for the different species. Defining which species possess an anthroponotic vs. zoonotic transmission cycle is critical if we are to limit the spread of disease between animals and humans. Likewise, it is unclear to what extent genetic hybridization impacts disease potential or the emergence of outbreak strains. The development of high resolution genetic markers and whole genome sequencing of different species should provide new insights into these knowledge gaps. The aim of this review is to outline currently available molecular epidemiology and genomics data for different species of Cryptosporidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asis Khan
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jahangheer S Shaik
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael E Grigg
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Kaupke A, Gawor J, Rzeżutka A, Gromadka R. Identification of pig-specific Cryptosporidium species in mixed infections using Illumina sequencing technology. Exp Parasitol 2017; 182:22-25. [PMID: 28939445 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays molecular methods are widely used in epidemiological studies of Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals. However to gain better understanding of parasite species or genotypes, especially when mixed infections are noticed, highly sensitive tools with adequate resolution power need to be employed. In this article, we report an application of the next generation sequencing method (NGS) for detection and characterisation of Cryptosporidium species concurrently present in pig faeces. A mixture of Cryptosporidium DNA obtained from two faecal samples was amplified at the 18 SSU rRNA gene locus and the resulting amplicons were subsequently used for MiSeq sequencing. Although initial molecular analyses indicated the possible presence of another Cryptosporidium species other than Cryptosporidium scrofarum and Cryptosporidium suis, deep sequencing only confirmed the presence of pig-specific Cryptosporidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaupke
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - J Gawor
- Laboratory of DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - R Gromadka
- Laboratory of DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Feng Y, Xiao L. Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1701. [PMID: 28932217 PMCID: PMC5592218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis is an active research area in China. The use of genotyping and subtyping tools in prevalence studies has led to the identification of unique characteristics of Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals. Human cryptosporidiosis in China is exemplified by the high diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. at species and subtype levels, with dominant C. hominis and C. parvum subtypes being rarely detected in other countries. Similarly, preweaned dairy calves, lambs, and goat kids are mostly infected with non-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species (C. bovis in calves and C. xiaoi in lambs and goat kids), with C. parvum starting to appear in dairy calves as a consequence of concentrated animal feeding operations. The latter Cryptosporidium species is dominated by IId subtypes, with IIa subtypes largely absent from the country. Unlike elsewhere, rodents in China appear to be commonly infected with C. parvum IId subtypes, with identical subtypes being found in these animals, calves, other livestock, and humans. In addition to cattle, pigs and chickens appear to be significant contributors to Cryptosporidium contamination in drinking water sources, as reflected by the frequent detection of C. suis, C. baileyi, and C. meleagridis in water samples. Chinese scientists have also made significant contributions to the development of new molecular epidemiological tools for Cryptosporidium spp. and improvements in our understanding of the mechanism involved in the emergence of hyper-transmissible and virulent C. hominis and C. parvum subtypes. Despite this progress, coordinated research efforts should be made to address changes in Cryptosporidium transmission because of rapid economic development in China and to prevent the introduction and spread of virulent and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, GA, United States
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Li W, Deng L, Wu K, Huang X, Song Y, Su H, Hu Y, Fu H, Zhong Z, Peng G. Presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium scrofarum, Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in captive Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) in China: potential for zoonotic transmission. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:10. [PMID: 28061911 PMCID: PMC5219718 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are the main causal pathogens of gastrointestinal disease. However, there are limited reports about the prevalence of these organisms in captive Eurasian wild boars worldwide. Therefore, we examined the occurrence and identified the species/assemblages/genotypes of these pathogens in captive Eurasian wild boars, and estimated the zoonotic potential. Findings Of 357 fecal samples collected from captive Eurasian wild boars in China, 155 (43.4%) were infected with Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and/or E. bieneusi. The infection rates significantly differed in different areas, but did not differ between wild boars kept indoors and outdoors. Three (0.8%), 11 (3.1%) and 147 (41.2%) fecal samples were positive for Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi, respectively. Sequence analysis of SSU rRNA gene revealed that all of the Cryptosporidium strains belonged to C. scrofarum. Based on the sequence analysis of the β-giardia gene of G. duodenalis, assemblages E and A were characterized. Fourteen E. bieneusi genotypes comprising five novel (WildBoar 7–11) and eight known (EbpC, F, CHG19, CHC5, PigEBITS5, D, RWSH4, SC02) genotypes were identified by ITS sequencing. EbpC was the most frequent genotype, detected in 85 specimens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 14 genotypes belonged to Group 1. Conclusions This first report on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in captive wild boars in China indicates that the presence of zoonotic species/assemblages/genotypes poses a threat to public health. The findings suggest that wild boars could be a significant source of human infection and water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lei Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Kongju Wu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Xiangming Huang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Yuan Song
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Huaiyi Su
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 5:88-109. [PMID: 28560163 PMCID: PMC5439462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an enteric parasite that is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, water and food. Humans, wildlife and domestic livestock all potentially contribute Cryptosporidium to surface waters. Human encroachment into natural ecosystems has led to an increase in interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife populations. Increasing numbers of zoonotic diseases and spill over/back of zoonotic pathogens is a consequence of this anthropogenic disturbance. Drinking water catchments and water reservoir areas have been at the front line of this conflict as they can be easily contaminated by zoonotic waterborne pathogens. Therefore, the epidemiology of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium in free-ranging and captive wildlife is of increasing importance. This review focuses on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species reported in global wildlife populations to date, and highlights their significance for public health and the water industry.
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Certad G, Dupouy-Camet J, Gantois N, Hammouma-Ghelboun O, Pottier M, Guyot K, Benamrouz S, Osman M, Delaire B, Creusy C, Viscogliosi E, Dei-Cas E, Aliouat-Denis CM, Follet J. Identification of Cryptosporidium Species in Fish from Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) in France. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26213992 PMCID: PMC4516323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that can cause severe diarrhea in a wide range of vertebrates including humans, is increasingly recognized as a parasite of a diverse range of wildlife species. However, little data are available regarding the identification of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in wild aquatic environments, and more particularly in edible freshwater fish. To evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidiumspp. in fish from Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) in France, 41 entire fish and 100 fillets (cuts of fish flesh) were collected from fishery suppliers around the lake. Nested PCR using degenerate primers followed by sequence analysis was used. Five fish species were identified as potential hosts of Cryptosporidium: Salvelinus alpinus, Esox lucius, Coregonus lavaretus, Perca fluviatilis, and Rutilus rutilus. The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. was found in 15 out of 41 fish (37%), distributed as follows: 13 (87%) C. parvum, 1 (7%) C. molnari, and 1 (7%) mixed infection (C. parvum and C. molnari). C. molnari was identified in the stomach, while C. parvum was found in the stomach and intestine. C. molnari was also detected in 1 out of 100 analyzed fillets. In order to identify Cryptosporidium subtypes, sequencing of the highly polymorphic 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) was performed. Among the C. parvum positive samples, three gp60 subtypes were identified: IIaA15G2R1, IIaA16G2R1, and IIaA17G2R1. Histological examination confirmed the presence of potential developmental stages of C. parvum within digestive epithelial cells. These observations suggest that C. parvum is infecting fish, rather than being passively carried. Since C. parvum is a zoonotic species, fish potentially contaminated by the same subtypes found in terrestrial mammals would be an additional source of infection for humans and animals, and may also contribute to the contamination of the environment with this parasite. Moreover, the risk of human transmission is strengthened by the observation of edible fillet contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Certad
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean Dupouy-Camet
- Université Paris Descartes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Nausicaa Gantois
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ourida Hammouma-Ghelboun
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Gestion des Agents Pathogènes en Agriculture, Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Pottier
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karine Guyot
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sadia Benamrouz
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Ecologie et Biodiversité, Faculté Libre des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marwan Osman
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Baptiste Delaire
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Colette Creusy
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eduardo Dei-Cas
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Cecile Marie Aliouat-Denis
- Biologie et Diversité des Pathogènes Eucaryotes Emergents (BDEEP), Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8402, Université de Lille, Lille, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Follet
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Gestion des Agents Pathogènes en Agriculture, Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture de Lille, Lille, France; Laboratoire BioMEMS, Univ.Lille, CNRS, ISEN, Univ.Valenciennes, UMR 8520, IEMN, Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F 59 000, Lille, France
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Vieira PM, Mederle N, Lobo ML, Imre K, Mederle O, Xiao L, Darabus G, Matos O. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa) in children and cattle in Romania. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2015; 62. [PMID: 25960546 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2015.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the transmission of species of Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907 in Timis County, Romania, 48 isolates of Cryptosporidium coccidia from 11 children, 29 calves and eight pigs were characterised by molecular analysis of two loci (SSU rRNA and 60-kDa glycoprotein gene). Overall, 22 isolates were amplified and sequence analyses revealed that all isolates were Cryptosporidium parvum Tyzzer, 1912. Two subtype families were identified, IIa and IId. Subtype IIdA22G1 (n = 4) was the single C. parvum subtype found in children. Subtypes found in calves included IIdA27G1 (n = 8), a novel subtype, IIdA25G1 (n = 5), IIdA22G1 (n = 2), IIdA21G1a (n = 1), and IIaA16G1R1 (n = 1). Subtype IIdA26G1 was found in a pig. These results were significantly different from previous Romanian reports, as the five subtypes of family IId identified in this study were never identified previously in this country. Thus, cattle may be a source of Cryptosporidium infections for humans and the transmission dynamics of C. parvum in Romania is more complex than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Manuela Vieira
- Unidade de Parasitologia Medica, Grupo de Protozoarios Oportunistas/VIH e Outros Protozoarios, CMDT, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Narcisa Mederle
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Maria Luisa Lobo
- Unidade de Parasitologia Medica, Grupo de Protozoarios Oportunistas/VIH e Outros Protozoarios, CMDT, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kalman Imre
- Department of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Mederle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gheorghe Darabus
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Olga Matos
- Unidade de Parasitologia Medica, Grupo de Protozoarios Oportunistas/VIH e Outros Protozoarios, CMDT, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
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Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitology 2014; 141:1667-85. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20Cryptosporidiumspecies and genotypes that have been reported in humans,Cryptosporidium hominisandCryptosporidium parvumare responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with severalCryptosporidiumspecies or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission ofCryptosporidiumspecies, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for manyCryptosporidiumspecies of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity ofCryptosporidiumspecies and impact of climate change on the transmission ofCryptosporidium.
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Němejc K, Sak B, Květoňová D, Hanzal V, Janiszewski P, Forejtek P, Rajský D, Ravaszová P, McEvoy J, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium suis and Cryptosporidium scrofarum in Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Central Europe. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:504-8. [PMID: 23916060 PMCID: PMC4437658 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
From 2011 to 2012, to identify Cryptosporidium spp. occurrence in Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) 29 randomly selected localities (both forest areas and enclosures) across the Central European countries of Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and the Slovak Republic were investigated. Cryptosporidium oocysts were microscopicaly detected in 11 out of 460 faecal samples examined using aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining. Sixty-one Cryptosporidium infections, including the 11 infections that were detected by microscopy, were detected using genus- or species-specific nested PCR amplification of SSU rDNA. This represents a 5.5 fold greater sensitivity for PCR relative to microscopy. Combining genus- and species-specific PCR tools significantly changes the perspective on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild boars. While RFLP and direct sequencing of genus specific PCR-amplified products revealed 56 C. suis (20) and C. scrofarum (36) monoinfections and only 5 mixed infections of these species, species-specific molecular tools showed 44 monoinfections and 17 mixed infections with these species. PCR analysis of the gp60 gene did not reveal any other Cryptosporidium infections. Similar to domestic pigs, C. scrofarum was detected as a dominant species infecting adult Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa). Cryptosporidium infected wild boars did not show signs of clinical disease. This report is perhaps the most comprehensive survey of cryptosporidial infection in wild boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Němejc
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Hanzal
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Paweł Janiszewski
- Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, M. Oczapowskiego 5, 10-718 Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
| | - Pavel Forejtek
- Institute for Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Rajský
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 2117/24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Ravaszová
- Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Šlapeta J. Cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium species in animals and humans: a thirty colour rainbow? Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:957-70. [PMID: 23973380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa) cause cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals worldwide. The species names used for Cryptosporidium spp. are confusing for parasitologists and even more so for non-specialists. Here, 30 named species of the genus Cryptosporidium are reviewed and proposed as valid. Molecular and experimental evidence suggests that humans and cattle are the hosts for 14 and 13 out of 30 named species, respectively. Two, four and eight named species are considered of major, moderate and minor public health significance, respectively. There are at least nine named species that are shared between humans and cattle. The aim of this review is to outline available species information together with the most commonly used genetic markers enabling the identification of named Cryptosporidium spp. Currently, 28 of 30 named species can be identified using the complete or partial ssrRNA, serving as a retrospective 'barcode'. Currently, the ssrRNA satisfies the implicit assumption that the reference databases used for comparison are sufficiently complete and applicable across the whole genus. However, due to unreliable annotation in public DNA repositories, the reference nucleotide entries and alignment of named Cryptosporidium spp. has been compiled. Despite its known limitations, ssrRNA remains the optimal marker for species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šlapeta
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, McMaster Building B14, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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