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Marcolino Silva D, Passarella Teixeira AI, Sierra Romero GA. Socioeconomic Status of Guardians as a Risk Factor for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Cohort Study in an Endemic Area of the Federal District, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:328-334. [PMID: 36535251 PMCID: PMC9896338 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current control measures of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), a chronic and fatal zoonosis with potential transmission to humans, are not efficient enough to reduce its spread. The search for improved control measures should include studies of risk factors for infection and illness. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for CVL in an endemic locality of the Federal District, Brazil, from June 2016 to December 2018. Biologic samples and data on dog characteristics, owner household characteristics, and dog care were collected. A combination of serological and molecular tests was used to identify infected animals. The 248 dogs screened for inclusion were predominantly asymptomatic/oligosymptomatic. The baseline prevalence of infection was 27.5%. One hundred six of 162 susceptible dogs were monitored for an average period of 10.7 months. The estimated CVL incidence was 1.91 cases/100 dog-months. The multivariate analysis using a proportional Cox model included the potential risk factors, with P ≤ 0.25 in the univariate analyses. Greater purchasing power (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P = 0.03) and paved yard (HR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.13-1.01; P = 0.05) remained in the final model as risk and protection factors, respectively. The use of repellent collars in dogs was associated moderately (P = 0.08) with protection against CVL. Our findings reflect the challenge of identifying strong interventions for reducing CVL incidence. Increased owner wealth had a counterintuitive effect on CVL, making the intervention scenario more complex for a zoonosis traditionally associated with poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Marcolino Silva
- Center for Tropical Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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Control of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Success Case Based on Deltamethrin 4% Collars. EPIDEMIOLGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 2:502-518. [PMID: 36417213 PMCID: PMC9620925 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia2040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of employing collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4% (DM4) to control canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was evaluated. as were the individual factors associated with this infection. A cohort study that included household dogs was conducted between 2002 and 2006. The presence of pathognomonic signals, peridomiciliary sleep habits and breed were the main factors associated with the infection. The use of DM4 collars contributed to the reduction of CVL with an effectiveness of 66%, and the dogs' survival rate was greater than 90% at 50 months. In conclusion, the adoption of DM4 collars reduced the number of euthanized canines and in the incidence of CVL, and this reduction was sustained for one year after discontinuing the use of the collar.
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Luz JGG, Carvalho AGD, Dias JVL, Marciano LCL, Vlas SJD, Fontes CJF, Coffeng LE. Passive case detection for canine visceral leishmaniasis control in urban Brazil: Determinants of population uptake. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009818. [PMID: 34624032 PMCID: PMC8528332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, the transmission of Leishmania infantum in urban settings is closely related to infection among dogs, with occasional transmission to humans. Serological screening of dogs for Leishmania spp. infection on requests of their owners (passive case detection) represents a frequent, but little studied, practice within the scope of Brazilian public health. This study identified factors associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis-seeking behavior of dog owners in Rondonópolis (236,000 inhabitants), a municipality in Central-Western Brazil where VL is endemic. Also, we evaluated the profile of dog owners and their animals screened on free demand. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using mixed effects negative binomial regression, we modelled the number of dogs screened for Leishmania infection on free demand per neighborhood from 2011 to 2016 as a function of time-dependent predictors (current or recent canine seropositivity and human VL incidence), distance to the screening site, and demographic variables. We assessed potential delays in the effect of time-dependent predictors on the outcome. Among 12,536 dogs screened for Leishmania infection, 64.2% were tested during serosurveys and 35.8% were tested on free demand. Of these, 63.9% were positive. Uptake of screening under free demand was strongly associated with higher levels of canine seropositivity in the neighborhood (current or recent) and decreasing distance to the screening site. A subsample of dog owners (n = 93) who sought CVL screening between 2016 and 2017 were interviewed in more detail. Owners with better socioeconomic status and dogs with apparent CVL clinical manifestations prevailed among them. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To support timely CVL management, passive case detection along with awareness activities aimed at dog owners should be encouraged in endemic areas. Screening sites should be prioritized in accessible zones, as well as in socio-economically disadvantage areas. In parallel, CVL active case detection should be continued as a surveillance tool to guide control actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gabriel G Luz
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Amanda G de Carvalho
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - João Victor L Dias
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Teófilo Otoni, Brazil
| | - Luis Claudio L Marciano
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, Brazil
| | - Sake J de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Jesus F Fontes
- Post-graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Luc E Coffeng
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Matsumoto PSS, Hiramoto RM, Pereira VBR, Camprigher VM, Taniguchi HH, de Raeffray Barbosa JE, Cortez LRPDB, Fonseca EDS, Guimarães RB, Tolezano JE. Impact of the dog population and household environment for the maintenance of natural foci of Leishmania infantum transmission to human and animal hosts in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256534. [PMID: 34464421 PMCID: PMC8407543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When it comes to visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil, one of the main targets of public health policies of surveillance is the control of domestic canine reservoirs of Leishmania infantum. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of the dog population and household environment for the maintenance of natural foci in the transmission to human and animal hosts in an endemic city for VL, Bauru, in Brazil. We collected 6,578 blood samples of dogs living in 3,916 households from Nov.2019 to Mar.2020 and applied geospatial models to predict the disease risk based on the canine population. We used Kernel density estimation, cluster analysis, geostatistics, and Generalized Additive Models (GAM). To validate our models, we used cross-validation and created a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We found an overall canine VL (CVL) seroprevalence of 5.6% for the sampled dogs, while for the households, the positivity rate was 8.7%. Odds ratios (OR) for CVL increased progressively according to the number of canines for >2 dogs (OR 2.70); households that already had CVL in the past increased the chances for CVL currently (OR 2.73); and the cases of CVL increase the chances for human VL cases (OR 1.16). Our models were statistically significant and demonstrated a spatial association between canine and human disease cases, mainly in VL foci that remain endemic. Although the Kernel density ratio map had the best performance (AUC = 82), all the models showed high risk in the city's northwest area. Canine population dynamics must be considered in public policies, and geospatial methods may help target priority areas and planning VL surveillance in low and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raul Borges Guimarães
- Department of Geography, Sao Paulo State University/Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FCT/UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Tolezano
- Parasitology and Mycology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Rodrigues MR, Santos LMO, Miyazaki CK, Martins VT, Ludolf FR, Kursancew AC, Ramos FF, Dias DS, Oliveira JS, Vieira PMA, Roatt BM, Machado de Ávila RA, Gonçalves DU, Menezes-Souza D, Coelho EAF, Duarte MC. Immunodiagnosis of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis using recombinant Leishmania infantum Prohibitin protein and a synthetic peptide containing its conformational B-cell epitope. J Immunol Methods 2019; 474:112641. [PMID: 31400411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Leishmania infantum's Prohibitin was cloned and, alongside a synthetic peptide, evaluated for the serodiagnosis of visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis (CVL and TL, respectively) in dogs and humans. For TL diagnosis, this study analyzed serum samples from cutaneous (n = 20) or mucosal (n = 39) leishmaniasis patients, and from Chagas disease (CD) patients (n = 8) and non-infected patients (n = 45). For CVL diagnosis, serum samples from asymptomatic (n = 14), symptomatic (n = 71), non-infected (n = 116), and Leish-Tec®-vaccinated (n = 79) dogs were examined, as well as T. cruzi (n = 11) and Ehrlichia canis (n = 10) infected animals. An indirect ELISA method using rProhibitin showed diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values of 91.76% and 89.91%, respectively. L. infantum SLA showed 86.11% and 48.24% of specificity and sensitivity, respectively, for CVL serodiagnosis, and 98.31% and 84.91% sensitivity and specificity, respectively for TL diagnosis. L. braziliensis SLA showed 75.47% and 83.05% of specificity and sensitivity, respectively, for TL diagnosis. The synthetic peptide showed a better result in TL than in CVL diagnosis. In conclusion, preliminary results suggest that the detection of antibodies against the rProhibitin protein and the synthetic peptide improves the serodiagnosis of TL and CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella R Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas M O Santos
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina K Miyazaki
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vivian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Kursancew
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamil S Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula M A Vieira
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Machado de Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Carvalho AG, Luz JGG, Rodrigues LD, Dias JVL, Fontes CJF. Factors associated with Leishmania spp. infection in domestic dogs from an emerging area of high endemicity for visceral leishmaniasis in Central-Western Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:205-211. [PMID: 31260840 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The factors associated with Leishmania spp. infection in dogs are still poorly understood. This study aimed to identify such factors among domestic dogs from the Brazilian municipality of Rondonópolis, which recently emerged as an endemic area with intense transmission of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It was a household-based cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2017. Interviews were conducted with 405 dog owners considering their socioeconomic characteristics, and environmental aspects of the household and its adjacent areas. In addition, 600 dogs were evaluated regarding physical characteristics, behavior, and care provided by the owner. Seropositive animals were those that showed reactivity in a rapid immunochromatographic test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which are currently recommended for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis in Brazil. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the associated factors. Low social class [OR = 2.0; 95%CI = (1.2-3.2)], presence of acerola tree (Malpighia emarginata) in the yard [OR = 2.2; 95%CI = (1.2-4.1)], presence of more than one dog in the household [OR = 2.0; 95%CI = (1.3-3.3)], horse and/or cattle breeding [OR = 12.0; 95%CI = (1.9-73.6)], existence of houses with yard adjacent to the home [OR = 4.0; 95%CI = (1.3-12.2)], presence of apparent signs consistent with CVL [OR = 10.6; 95%CI = (5.8-19.4)], dog staying mostly in the yard during the day [(OR = 4.8; 95%CI = (1.1-21.4)], and lack of cleaning of the dog's shelter [(OR = 1.9; 95%CI = (1.1-3.2)] were identified as the factors associated with Leishmania spp. infection. These results support the importance of socioeconomic and environmental aspects in the occurrence of Leishmania spp. infection. In addition, they may be useful in guiding control strategies in areas where zoonotic VL is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Carvalho
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, MT 78735-901, Brazil; School of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - João Gabriel G Luz
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, MT 78735-901, Brazil; School of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Luane D Rodrigues
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, MT 78735-901, Brazil
| | - João Victor L Dias
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Téofilo Otoni, MG 39803-371, Brazil
| | - Cor Jesus F Fontes
- School of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil; Júlio Müller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78048-902, Brazil
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Gebremichael D. Zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. Open Vet J 2018; 8:432-440. [PMID: 30538935 PMCID: PMC6258520 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i4.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the growing public health challenges in Ethiopia and estimated over 7,000 and 50,000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) per year, respectively. The aim of the review is to address zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. VL is caused by L. donovani and it is endemic in many parts of the country with one third of the country’s landmass is highly suitable for VL. CL is principally caused by L. aethiopica. CL is endemic and widespread in the highland of Ethiopia. Northern lowland foci are Humera and Metema plains in the Tigray and Amhara regional states constitute the main VL endemic areas in the country, contributing over 60% of the total burden. The southern foci are the south-western savannah, and the south-eastern semi-arid lowlands which account for approximately 20 % of the total VL burden in Ethiopia. Leishmaniasis is a serious zoonotic disease in Ethiopia with more reservoir hosts maintaining the disease. Dogs and hyraxes are the main reservoir hosts for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the country, respectively. Epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis may relate to environmental changes and expansion of mega projects such as irrigations and sugar cane factories, knowledge and socio-economic factors, development of new settlements, migration of peoples and HIV/AIDS co-infection. Expansions of mega projects such as sugar factories and irrigations are suitable for reproduction of stray dogs, rodents, wild canids and vectors. VL is one of the major challenges to prevent and control in the endemic areas of the country. Therefore, new research should be imperative, especially in the mega projects to design strategic control and prevention methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Gebremichael
- Veterinary Public Health, Aksum University Shire Campus, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Shire, Ethiopia
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Leal GGDA, Carneiro M, Pinheiro ADC, Marques LA, Ker HG, Reis AB, Coura-Vital W. Risk profile for Leishmania infection in dogs coming from an area of visceral leishmaniasis reemergence. Prev Vet Med 2018; 150:1-7. [PMID: 29406075 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Until the 1980s, visceral leishmaniasis was concentrated in poor rural areas of Brazil. The Vale do Rio Doce, located in the Southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, was an endemic area with high numbers of human and canine cases. Prophylactic measures adopted since the 1960s reduced the number of cases and the region became a 'controlled endemic' area. In the early 1990s, however, the program was interrupted, and the human disease reemerged in 2008. This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence and the risk profile of infection of dogs with Leishmania spp in this reemergence area of visceral leishmaniasis. Among a population of approximately 280,000 people, a total of 3835 dog owners were interviewed about socioeconomic conditions, housing, peridomicile features, and their dogs' characteristics and behavior. Blood samples were collected from 5822 dogs of an estimated canine population of 20,000 and anti-Leishmaniasis antibodies were identified using Dual-Path Platform and ELISA. We observed that 1282 of the 5822 dogs were seropositive for the protozoan indicating a seroprevalence of 22%. The risk factors associated with Leishmania infection in dogs were: non-paved backyard (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.2-1.7); the presence of dry leaves and decaying fruit in the backyard (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.1-1.5); medium-sized (OR 1.3; 95% 1.1-1.5) or big-sized dogs (OR 1.8; 95%CI 1.5-2.3); short-haired dogs (OR 1.8; 95%CI 1.5-2.1); dogs that slept in the backyard (OR 2.6; 95%CI 1.8-3.6) or in the balcony (OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.1-2.3); and history of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the household (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.1-1.5). Our results suggest a strong reemergence of canine visceral leishmaniasis after the discontinuation of the control programs. Also, the observed risk factors reinforce the role of health education and environmental management measures to the effective control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleisiane Gomes de Almeida Leal
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aimara da Costa Pinheiro
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luana Araújo Marques
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Henrique Gama Ker
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisa em Epidemiologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Rodrigues ACM, Melo ACF, Júnior AD, Franco SO, Rondon FC, Bevilaqua CM. Epidemiologia da leishmaniose visceral no município de Fortaleza, Ceará. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar os dados relacionados à transmissão da leishmaniose visceral (LV), no município de Fortaleza, e discutir a respeito da distribuição do vetor, reservatório doméstico e casos humanos ocorridos no período de 2009 a 2013. O presente estudo é do tipo descritivo realizado por meio de levantamento de dados secundários. A correlação entre casos humanos, caninos e número de flebotomíneos foi feita pelo teste de correlação de Spearman, com nível de significância de 5%. No período de 2009 a 2013 foram confirmados 941 casos e 55 óbitos. A letalidade média no período foi de 5,84%. Na distribuição por sexo, houve uma maior proporção de casos no sexo masculino em todos os anos analisados. A faixa etária de 1 a 4 anos apresentou a maior porcentagem de casos, destacando-se o ano de 2010 com 31,5% dos casos. A distribuição média de casos por regional demonstrou um predomínio nas regionais I, V e VI. Em relação aos flebotomíneos, a espécie encontrada em maior abundância foi Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis, seguido de Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) migonei e Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) lenti. Segundo os registros da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Fortaleza, 39.626 cães foram soro reagentes para LV nos anos de 2009 a 2013, destes 14.313 foram eutanasiados. O ano de 2013 destacou-se com 17.808 cães soro reagentes, sendo 1.273 da SER (Secretaria Executiva Regional) III, 2.572 da SER V e 1.909 da SER VI. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre o número de flebotomíneos capturados e o número de casos caninos de LV(p>0,05). Houve correlação negativa entre casos humanos e caninos (r=-0,0388) e correlação positiva entre casos humanos e número de flebotomíneos (r=0,7469). Os achados criam perspectivas para a identificação de outros fatores que podem influenciar a incidência de casos humanos e caninos, como a participação de outros possíveis reservatórios e vetores na cadeia de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral no município de Fortaleza.
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Ursine RL, Dias JVL, Morais HA, Pires HHR. Human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in an emerging focus in Araçuaí, Minas Gerais: spatial distribution and socio-environmental factors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 111:505-11. [PMID: 27384080 PMCID: PMC4981116 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the spatial distribution of human (2007-2013) and canine (2013) visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the city of Araçuaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and identify the socio-environmental factors related to their occurrence. The spatial distribution of human and canine cases was analysed by kernel density estimation (KDE) and the K function. The KDE values were analysed for correlation between human and canine LV and for normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). Socio-environmental aspects of household structures and surroundings were evaluated. The spatial distribution of human and canine VL cases exhibited a significant aggregated pattern in distances greater than 350 and 75 m, respectively. The higher occurrence of human and canine infection occurred in the central area of the city. A positive correlation between the densities of human and canine cases was observed, as well as a negative correlation between NDVI and densities of human and canine cases. Socio-environmental analysis revealed that the large amount of animals, organic material from trees and deficiencies in environmental sanitation are possibly contributing to the continuation of the transmission cycle of Leishmania infantum in Araçuaí. These results can contribute to the planning by competent agencies to reduce the incidence of infection in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Luiz Ursine
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Saúde Coletiva, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - João Victor Leite Dias
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Saúde Coletiva, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Harriman Aley Morais
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Saúde Coletiva, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Herton Helder Rocha Pires
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Saúde Coletiva, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
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11
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Vianna EN, Morais MHF, de Almeida AS, Sabroza PC, Reis IA, Dias ES, Carneiro M. Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis in urban households as risk factor of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:302-10. [PMID: 27223866 PMCID: PMC4878299 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban occurrence of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is linked to households with characteristics conducive to the presence of sand flies. This study proposes an ad hoc classification of households according to the environmental characteristics of receptivity to phlebotominae and an entomological study to validate the proposal. Here we describe the phlebotominae population found in intra- and peridomiciliary environments and analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the VL vector Lutzomyia longipalpis of households receptive to VL. In the region, 153 households were classified into levels of receptivity to VL followed by entomological surveys in 40 of those properties. Kruskal-Wallis verified the relationship between the households' classification and sand fly abundance and Kernel analysis evaluated L. longipalpis spatial distribution: of the 740 sand flies were captured, 91% were L. longipalpis; 82% were found peridomiciliary whilst the remaining 18% were found intradomiciliary. No statistically significant association was found between sandflies and households levels. L. longipalpis counts were concentrated in areas of high vulnerability and some specific households were responsible for the persistence of the infestation. L. longipalpis prevails over other sand fly species for urban VL transmission. The entomological study may help target the surveillance and vector control strategies to domiciles initiating and/or maintaining VL outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Neves Vianna
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina,
Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte,
MG, Brasil
| | | | - Andréa Sobral de Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Doenças
Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Paulo Chagastelles Sabroza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Doenças
Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ilka Afonso Reis
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Exatas,
Departamento de Estatística, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de
Leishmanioses, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina,
Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte,
MG, Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas,
Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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12
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Abeijon C, Daifalla N, Krautz-Peterson G, Pizzirani S, Beamer G, Frazatti-Gallina NM, Raw I, Campos-Neto A. Immunogenicity in dogs and protection against visceral leishmaniasis induced by a 14kDa Leishmania infantum recombinant polypeptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:1-7. [PMID: 26640609 DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In areas were human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic, the domestic dog is the main parasite reservoir in the infectious cycle of Leishmania infantum. Development of prophylactic strategies to lower the parasite burden in dogs would reduce sand fly transmission thus lowering the incidence of zoonotic VL. Here we demonstrate that vaccination of dogs with a recombinant 14kDa polypeptide of L. infantum nuclear transport factor 2 (Li-ntf2) mixed with adjuvant BpMPLA-SE resulted in the production of specific anti-Li-ntf2 IgG antibodies as well as IFN-γ release by the animals' peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with the antigen. In addition, immunization with this single and small 14kDa poplypeptide resulted in protracted progression of the infection of the animals after challenging with a high dose of virulent L. infantum. Five months after challenge the parasite load was lower in the bone marrow of immunized dogs compared to non-immunized animals. The antibody response to K39, a marker of active VL, at ten months after challenge was strong and significantly higher in the control dogs than in vaccinated animals. At the study termination vaccinated animals showed significantly more liver granulomas and lymphoid hyperplasia than non-vaccinated animals, which are both histological markers of resistance to infection. Together, these results indicate that the 14kDa polypeptide is an attractive protective molecule that can be easily incorporated in a leishmanial polyprotein vaccine candidate to augment/complement the overall protective efficacy of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gillian Beamer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts, Grafton MA
| | | | - Isaias Raw
- BioIndustrial Division, Butantan Institute/Foundation, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Nunes CM, de Lima VMF, de Melo GD, de Paula HB, Pereira MEG, Tronco CDMT, Hiramoto RM, Laurenti MD, Burattini MN. Serological, parasitological and molecular tests for canine visceral leishmaniosis diagnosis in a longitudinal study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 24:402-9. [PMID: 26689179 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612015073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the measures to control visceral leishmaniosis (VL) in Brazil is the identification and culling of the canine reservoir. There is much controversy concerning this strategy, including the proper identification of positive dogs and the fact that the host-parasite relationship changes over time make it more challenging. A dynamic cohort of 62 dogs was followed every three months using serological and parasitological examinations and PCR. Positivity by PCR was higher than by serology and by parasitological examinations and showed a tendency to decrease over time, while serology tended to increase after six months. Concomitant positivity in all tests was observed in 10.4% of the samples, and negativity in 29.1%. Overall sensitivity ranged from 43.6 to 64.1%, and was not uniform over time. The proportion of dogs with or without clinical signs was not different by cytology or PCR but PCR was able to identify a larger number of asymptomatic dogs compared to ELISA and immunochromatography. PCR can be useful for surveillance of areas where cases of canine VL have not yet been detected and in which control strategies can be implemented to limit the spread of the disease. Despite the advance in diagnostic tools CVL diagnosis remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cáris Maroni Nunes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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In vitro infection by Leishmania infantum in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages from crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous). Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:417-21. [PMID: 26194430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wild canids are natural reservoirs of visceral leishmaniais (VL). In Brazil, only the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a natural reservoir of this zoonotic disease, but there is still a lack of understanding regarding the sylvatic transmission of the Leishmania infantum infection. This is the first study on the isolation, cultivation and infection with L. infantum in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages from crab-eating foxes. It is also the first to compare macrophages from crab-eating foxes to other canine macrophages under the same conditions. Blood samples collected from crab-eating foxes held at the local zoo were processed to obtain macrophages that were subsequently infected with stationary phase L. infantum promastigotes. The percentage of infected macrophages and intracellular amastigotes per 100 macrophages were similar in both fox and dog blood samples at 2h after infection. Unlike dog macrophages, in fox macrophages there was a significant reduction in the number of infected macrophages after 24 and 48 h. At 72 h after infection, the intracellular amastigotes were practically undetectable. These results indicate that crab-eating foxes have cellular mechanisms of infection control as efficient as the domestic dog. Further study is required to discern the potential epidemiologic role of crab-eating foxes in the visceral leishmaniasis transmission cycle.
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15
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Roatt BM, Aguiar-Soares RDDO, Coura-Vital W, Ker HG, Moreira NDD, Vitoriano-Souza J, Giunchetti RC, Carneiro CM, Reis AB. Immunotherapy and Immunochemotherapy in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Promising Treatments for this Neglected Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:272. [PMID: 24982655 PMCID: PMC4055865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis has several clinical forms: self-healing or chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis or post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis; mucosal leishmaniasis; visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is fatal if left untreated. The epidemiology and clinical features of VL vary greatly due to the interaction of multiple factors including parasite strains, vectors, host genetics, and the environment. Human immunodeficiency virus infection augments the severity of VL increasing the risk of developing active disease by 100–2320 times. An effective vaccine for humans is not yet available. Resistance to chemotherapy is a growing problem in many regions, and the costs associated with drug identification and development, make commercial production for leishmaniasis, unattractive. The toxicity of currently drugs, their long treatment course, and limited efficacy are significant concerns. For cutaneous disease, many studies have shown promising results with immunotherapy/immunochemotherapy, aimed to modulate and activate the immune response to obtain a therapeutic cure. Nowadays, the focus of many groups centers on treating canine VL by using vaccines and immunomodulators with or without chemotherapy. In human disease, the use of cytokines like interferon-γ associated with pentavalent antimonials demonstrated promising results in patients that did not respond to conventional treatment. In mice, immunomodulation based on monoclonal antibodies to remove endogenous immunosuppressive cytokines (interleukin-10) or block their receptors, antigen-pulsed syngeneic dendritic cells, or biological products like Pam3Cys (TLR ligand) has already been shown as a prospective treatment of the disease. This review addresses VL treatment, particularly immunotherapy and/or immunochemotherapy as an alternative to conventional drug treatment in experimental models, canine VL, and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | | | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Henrique Gama Ker
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Nádia das Dores Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Juliana Vitoriano-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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16
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Nicolato RDC, de Abreu RT, Roatt BM, Aguiar-Soares RDDO, Reis LES, Carvalho MDG, Carneiro CM, Giunchetti RC, Bouillet LEM, Lemos DS, Coura-Vital W, Reis AB. Clinical forms of canine visceral Leishmaniasis in naturally Leishmania infantum-infected dogs and related myelogram and hemogram changes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82947. [PMID: 24376612 PMCID: PMC3871677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological analysis has limited applications for disease diagnosis in Leishmania infantum–infected dogs, but it can be very important in evaluating the clinical forms of the disease and in understanding the evolution of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) pathogenesis. Recently, we demonstrated that alterations in leucopoiesis and erythropoiesis are related to clinical status and bone marrow parasite density in dogs naturally infected by L. infantum. To further characterize these alterations, we evaluated the association between the hematological parameters in bone marrow and peripheral blood alterations in groups of L. infantum–infected dogs: asymptomatic I (AD-I: serum negative/PCR+), asymptomatic II (AD-II: serum positive), oligosymptomatic (OD), and symptomatic (SD). Results were compared with those from noninfected dogs (NID). The SD group was found to present a decrease in erythropoietic lineage with concomitant reductions in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit parameters, resulting in anemia. The SD group also had increased neutrophils and precursors and decreased band eosinophils and eosinophils, leading to peripheral blood leucopenia. In the AD-II group, lymphocytosis occurred in both the peripheral blood and the bone marrow compartments. The SD group exhibited lymphocytosis in the bone marrow, with lymphopenia in the peripheral blood. In contrast, the AD-I group, showed no significant changes suggestive of CVL, presenting normal counts in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Our results showed for the first time that important changes in hematopoiesis and hematological parameters occur during ongoing CVL in naturally infected dogs, mainly in symptomatic disease. Taken together, our results based on myelogram and hemogram parameters enable better understanding of the pathogenesis of the anemia, lymphocytosis, and lymphopenia, as well as the leucopenia (eosinopenia and monocytopenia), that contribute to CVL prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roney de Carvalho Nicolato
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel Trópia de Abreu
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Levi Eduardo Soares Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Laboratório de Hematologia Clínica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leoneide Erica Maduro Bouillet
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Silveira Lemos
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos – Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecto Parasitárias - Pós-graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clinicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Evaluation of a prototype flow cytometry test for serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1792-8. [PMID: 24108778 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00575-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosing canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a critical challenge since conventional immunoserological tests still present some deficiencies. The current study evaluated a prototype flow cytometry serology test, using antigens and fluorescent antibodies that had been stored for 1 year at 4°C, on a broad range of serum samples. Noninfected control dogs and Leishmania infantum-infected dogs were tested, and the prototype test showed excellent performance in differentiating these groups with high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy (100% in all analyses). When the CVL group was evaluated according to the dogs' clinical status, the prototype test showed outstanding accuracy in all groups with positive serology (asymptomatic II, oligosymptomatic, and symptomatic). However, in dogs which had positive results by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) but negative results by conventional serology (asymptomatic I), serological reactivity was not observed. Additionally, sera from 40 dogs immunized with different vaccines (Leishmune, Leish-Tec, or LBSap) did not present serological reactivity in the prototype test. Eighty-eight dogs infected with other pathogens (Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania braziliensis, Ehrlichia canis, and Babesia canis) were used to determine cross-reactivity and specificity, and the prototype test performed well, particularly in dogs infected with B. canis and E. canis (100% and 93.3% specificities, respectively). In conclusion, our data reinforce the potential of the prototype test for use as a commercial kit and highlight its outstanding performance even after storage for 1 year at 4°C. Moreover, the prototype test efficiently provided accurate CVL serodiagnosis with an absence of false-positive results in vaccinated dogs and minor cross-reactivity against other canine pathogens.
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