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Ali R, Nazeer S, Elahi MMS, Idu EG, Zhang H, Mahmoudvand H, Khan SN, Yang J. Global distribution and definitive host range of Echinococcus species and genotypes: A systematic review. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110273. [PMID: 39116549 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Echinococcus species (spp.) are regarded as neglected cestodes causing several potential zoonoses of global public health. This systematic review critically appraises the worldwide distribution of Echinococcus spp. and genotypes (Echinococcus spp.: recognized species in the genus; genotypes: variants identified within E. granulosus sensu lato.) in definitive hosts. We analyzed 82 studies from major databases, comprising 24 individual host species, including canids, felids, and a hyenid species. Canids, particularly dogs, were the most studied group among the host species, with E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) being the most frequently reported. E. granulosus s.s. was distributed across five major continents, while other Echinococcus spp. and genotypes exhibited an uneven continental distribution. The highest overlap of species existed among Asia, Europe, and Africa. Among the reported host species, 4.2 % were endangered (e.g. Lycaon pictus), 12.5 % species were vulnerable (e.g. Panthera leo, Panthera pardus, and Acinonyx jubatus), and 4.2 % were near threatened (e.g. Speothos venaticus). Overall, our review highlights the significance of canids, particularly dogs, as the core focus of scientific investigations, with E. granulosus s.s. being the most widely distributed species across five major continents, emphasizing the urgent need for continued research and public health efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Ali
- Aquatic Eco-Health Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Molecular Parasitology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Nazeer
- Molecular Parasitology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan
| | - Malik Muhammad Sohail Elahi
- Molecular Parasitology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan
| | - Emmanuel Gideon Idu
- Aquatic Eco-Health Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongteng Zhang
- Aquatic Eco-Health Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shahid Niaz Khan
- Molecular Parasitology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan.
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic Eco-Health Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Toure A, Toure L, Acapovi-Yao GL, Senin CBV, Kone N, Kachani M, Couacy-Hymann E. Diagnostic accuracy of swine echinococcosis cytopathological tests and challenges for a differential diagnosis: slaughterhouse data. Helminthologia 2023; 60:52-62. [PMID: 37305668 PMCID: PMC10251756 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis disease shows clinical signs similar to many diseases. Hence we report cases that need to be confirmed using appropriate tests. A confirmatory study has been conducted to assess the accuracy of two cytopathological tests, with the histopathology test as the reference standard. The first cytopathological test evaluates the Ziehl Neelsen staining with an epifluorescence microscope (cytopath 1). The second cytopathological test uses the same staining followed by a transmitted light microscope examination (cytopath 2). Of a total of 2524 inspected pigs, 101 suspected cases of echinococcosis were detected, of which 67 were found positive with the two cytopathological tests and the histopathological one. The specificity of cytopath 1 (100 % [95 % CI 100 - 100]) and cytopath 2 (100 % [95 % CI 100;100]) were similar, as well as their respective positive predictive values: 100 % [95 % CI 100 - 100] vs. 100 % [95 % CI 100 - 100]. The sensitivity of cytopath 1 is 79.66 % [95 % CI 69.39 - 89.93], while cytopath 2 equals 66.10 % [95 % CI 54.02 - 78.18]. The difference in sensitivity of both tests was not significant. Negative predictive values found for cytopath 1, and cytopath 2 were 40 [95 % CI 18.53 - 61.47] and 28.57 [95 % CI 11.84 - 45.3], leading to the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) Model estimate for an odds ratio of 1.4 [95 % CI 0.41 - 5.2], p = 0.06. Cytopath 1 and cytopath 2 are equivalent in terms of specificity (100 % [95 % CI 100 - 100] vs. 100 % [95 % CI 100;100]) and positive predictive value (100 % [95 % CI 100 - 100]. Cytopath 1 is more sensitive than cytopath 2 but not significant (79.66 % [ 95 % CI 69.39 - 89.93] vs. 66.10 % [95 % CI 54.02 - 78.18]). However, the negative predictive value of cytopath 1 is better than that of cytopath 2: 40 % [95 % CI 18.53 - 61.47] vs. 28.57 % [95 % CI 11.84 - 45.3].
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Affiliation(s)
- A Toure
- LANADA: Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Bingerville. Bp: 206 Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire; Current affiliation of the first author: Université Nangui Abrogoua / UFR Sciences de la Nature, 02 Bp 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - L Toure
- Université Felix Houphouët Boigny/ UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 22 Bp 582 Abidjan 22, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - G L Acapovi-Yao
- Université Felix Houphouët Boigny/ UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 22 Bp 582 Abidjan 22, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - C B V Senin
- SIVAC: Société Ivoirienne d'Abattage et de Charcuterie 22 Bp 1147 Abidjan 22, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - N Kone
- Université Felix Houphouët Boigny/ UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 22 Bp 582 Abidjan 22, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - M Kachani
- Current address: Western University, United States of America
| | - E Couacy-Hymann
- LANADA: Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Bingerville. Bp: 206 Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire; Current affiliation of the first author: Université Nangui Abrogoua / UFR Sciences de la Nature, 02 Bp 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
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Karshima SN, Ahmed MI, Adamu NB, Magaji AA, Zakariah M, Mohammed K. Africa-wide meta-analysis on the prevalence and distribution of human cystic echinococcosis and canine Echinococcus granulosus infections. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:357. [PMID: 36199100 PMCID: PMC9535855 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a neglected zoonosis of increasing public health concern worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, 19,300 lives and 871,000 disability-adjusted life-years are lost globally each year because of cystic echinococcosis. Annual costs associated with cystic echinococcosis were estimated at US$ 3 billion because of treatment of cases and losses in the livestock industry. METHODS We performed the random-effects model of meta-analysis using 51-year (1970-2021) data available from AJOL, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science. We also applied the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal instrument for studies reporting prevalence data, the Cochran's Q-test, Egger's regression test and the single study deletion technique to respectively examine within-study bias, heterogeneity, across-study bias and sensitivity. RESULTS Thirty-nine eligible studies on human cystic echinococcosis (HCE) from 13 countries across the five African sub-regions showed an overall prevalence of 1.7% (95% CI 1.1, 2.6) with a statistically significant (P < 0.001) sub-group range of 0.0% (95% CI 0.0, 14.1) to 11.0% (95% CI 7.6, 15.7). Highest prevalences were observed in Eastern Africa (2.7%; 95% CI 1.4, 5.4) by sub-region and Sudan (49.6%; 95% 41.2, 58.1) by country. Another set of 42 studies on Echinococcus granulosus infections (EGI) in dogs from 14 countries across the five African sub-regions revealed an overall prevalence of 16.9% (95% CI 12.7, 22.3) with a significant (P < 0.001) variation of 0.4 (95% CI 0.0, 5.9) to 35.8% (95% CI 25.4, 47.8) across sub-groups. Highest prevalences of E. granulosus were observed in North Africa (25.6%; 95% CI 20.4, 31.6) by sub-region and Libya (9.2%; 95% CI 5.7, 13.9) by country. CONCLUSION Human cystic echinococcosis and EGI are respectively prevalent among Africans and African dogs. We recommend a holistic control approach that targets humans, livestock, dogs and the environment, which all play roles in disease transmission. This approach should involve strategic use of anthelminthics in animals, standardized veterinary meat inspection in abattoirs, control of stray dogs to reduce environmental contamination and proper environmental sanitation. Mass screening of humans in hyper-endemic regions will also encourage early detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Ngutor Karshima
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 28, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
| | - Musa Isiyaku Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 28, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Nuhu Bala Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 28, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Alhaji Magaji
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 28, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Musa Zakariah
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 28, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Konto Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 28, Zuru, Kebbi State, Nigeria
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Shams M, Khazaei S, Naserifar R, Shariatzadeh SA, Anvari D, Montazeri F, Pirestani M, Majidiani H. Global distribution of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in domestic and wild canids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitology 2022; 149:1147-1159. [PMID: 35591776 PMCID: PMC11010506 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate the genotypic distribution of canine echinococcosis worldwide. Studies published from the inception until 21 May 2021 were screened, relevant articles were selected and the random-effect model was used to draw forest plots with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Totally, 44 articles were included, mostly examined dogs (37 records), followed by wolf (8 records), jackal (7 records), fox (3 records), pump fox (3 records) and coyote (1 record). Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3) and G6/7 cluster of Echinococcus canadensis were the most common genotypes among canids. Most studies were conducted in Asia and Europe with 17 and 15 datasets, respectively. Exclusively, Iran possessed the highest number of studies (10 records). Meta-analysis showed that the pooled molecular prevalence of echinococcosis was 33.82% (95% CI 24.50–43.83%). Also, the highest and lowest prevalence of canine echinococcosis was calculated for South America (66.03%; 95% CI 25.67–95.85%) and Europe (19.01%; 95% CI 9.95–30.16%). Additionally, there were statistically significant differences between the global prevalence of echinococcosis in canines and publication year, continent, country, sample type, host and molecular test. These findings will elevate our knowledge on the poorly known canine echinococcosis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Sasan Khazaei
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razi Naserifar
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Davood Anvari
- School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Fattaneh Montazeri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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Ohiolei JA, Li L, Yan HB, Fu BQ, Jia WZ. Complete mitochondrial genome analysis confirms the presence of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotype G6 in Nigeria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104377. [PMID: 32470629 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is common in Africa especially in northern and eastern countries where it is highly prevalent and mainly caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (G6/7). In a recent epidemiological survey in Nigeria, the G6/7 genotype was reportedly responsible for the majority of CE infection. In this study, considering the taxonomic challenges of the G6/7 genotype and the limitation of the cox1/nad1 genes in resolving the differences, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of seven larval isolates of E. granulosus s.l. G6/7 haplotypes recently reported in Nigeria to correctly assign them to either (G6/7) genotype and to understand the mt genome variation with isolates from other geographical regions. On analysis, a total of 13,731 bp in a covalently closed circular molecule were realized. The total mt length was ≥10 bp than previously reported G6 and G7 mt genome sequences. Also, the median-joining network and phylogeny based on the 12 protein-coding sequences correctly identified them as G6 genotype. Since longer mt genome sequences have shown some advantage over individual genes in resolving taxonomic challenges, we confirm that the genotype responsible for the majority of CE infection in livestock in Nigeria is the G6 genotype and the availability of the complete mt genome from different Nigerian intermediate hosts will prove useful in future genetic population studies across the country and the West African sub-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
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Ohiolei JA, Li L, Ebhodaghe F, Yan HB, Isaac C, Bo XW, Fu BQ, Jia WZ. Prevalence and distribution of Echinococcus spp. in wild and domestic animals across Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2345-2364. [PMID: 32304141 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a worldwide zoonosis, is highly prevalent in Africa particularly in northern and eastern Africa where data are more abundant than other regions. However, harmonization of available data through systematic review and meta-analysis may foster improved transboundary cooperation for the control of CE in Africa. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, research articles (from 2000 to 2019) were retrieved from ScienceDirect, PubMed, African Journals OnLine and Google Scholar databases. A total of 98 studies of 806,624 animals from 13 countries comprising 264,016 goats, 247,326 sheep, 251,106 cattle, 28,314 camels, 4,764 buffaloes, 2,920 equids, 1,966 pigs, 408 wild boars and 50 Norway rats were available for systematic review and meta-analysis of pooled prevalence including 5,048 dogs, 345 lions, 220 hyenas, 94 wolves and 47 jackals/foxes analysed for Echinococcus infection. In total, 46,869 animals were infected and pooled prevalence of CE in intermediate hosts was highest in camels (17.1%; 95% CI: 12.1-22.8) and lowest in pigs (0.3%; 95% CI: 0.1-0.6). Results also showed uneven species/genotype distribution across the continent such that Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1, G3) constituted 74.45% of the total isolates from East Africa, E. canadensis (G6/7) accounted for 60.3% and 97.4% in North and West Africa, respectively, while 81.3% of E. ortleppi (G5) were recorded for southern Africa. The comparatively higher prevalence estimates for eastern and northern Africa than other regions indicate where efforts on CE management should now be given greater attention in Africa. Additionally, this study also advocates for better cooperation between countries within the same sub-region and the establishment of joint CE control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Faith Ebhodaghe
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Clement Isaac
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Xin-Wen Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production/Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto is regarded to have the highest zoonotic potential of all Echinococcus taxa. Globally, human infection due to this species constitutes over 88.44% of the total cystic echinococcosis (CE) burden. Here, we report a CE infection in a Nigerian camel caused by E. granulosus G1 genotype. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first encounter of the G1 genotype in the West Africa sub-region where the G6 genotype is reportedly prevalent, suggesting that the epidemiology of this highly zoonotic group could have a wider host range and distribution in the sub-region, and emphasizes the need for further investigation into the genetic diversity of Echinococcus spp. in Nigeria and across the sub-region.
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Ohiolei JA, Yan HB, Li L, Magaji AA, Luka J, Zhu GQ, Isaac C, Odoya ME, Wu YT, Alvi MA, Muku RJ, Fu BQ, Jia WZ. Cystic echinococcosis in Nigeria: first insight into the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus in animals. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:392. [PMID: 31391113 PMCID: PMC6686243 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by cestodes of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) complex. In Nigeria, reports on the prevalence of CE, although limited, have been found to vary with location and host with higher prevalence and fertility rate observed in camels than other livestock. Until now, information regarding the molecular characteristics, genetic population structure, and genotypes of Echinococcus is lacking. Therefore, this study was aimed at addressing these gaps in knowledge. Methods We describe the genetic status of 31 Echinococcus isolates collected from slaughtered livestock (camels, cattle and goats) based on the full-length mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Results The resulting nucleotide sequences via the NCBI BLAST algorithm and Bayesian phylogeny of cox1 and cox1–nad1 genes using MrBayes v.3.1.2 showed that all isolates were clearly E. canadensis (G6/G7) and were 99–100% identical to previously reported G6/G7 haplotypes across Europe, Asia, North and East Africa. Conclusions Although, the G1 genotype is believed to be responsible for the majority of global CE burden, reports from a number of West African countries including Nigeria suggest that E. canadensis G6/G7 genotype could be the major causative agent of CE in the subregion. This study provides for the first time insight into the genetic population structure of Echinococcus species as well as implications for CE control in Nigeria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3644-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Abdullahi Alhaji Magaji
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Luka
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Clement Isaac
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Manfred Ebube Odoya
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Rosline James Muku
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China.
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The contribution of livestock to urban resilience: the case of Bamako, Mali. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:7-16. [PMID: 29959586 PMCID: PMC6347583 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urban livestock keeping is increasing in many sub-Saharan African cities, but detailed contextual information on its extent, challenges, and potential is limited. A cross-sectional household study was done in 2010 in Bamako, Mali. Thirty-two of 67 quarters were randomly selected with selection probability proportional to the size of the human population of the communes. Questionnaire interviews were done with a head of household in 1141 households, comprising 19,816 people in total. Sheep were kept by 16% (95% CI 14–18), while 21% (95% CI 17–24) kept poultry. The sheep to human ratio was 4:100, with an extrapolated city-wide population of 67,636 sheep (95% CI 61,018–75,595). The poultry to human ratio was 11:100, with an extrapolated city-wide population of 191,802 chickens (95% CI 176,212–208,772). For urban livestock holders, household-level enterprise gross margins were calculated for sheep production at USD 103 and poultry production at USD 50 annually. The annual gross margin was estimated at USD 35 per sheep and USD 17 per chicken. Based on these figures, the city-wide urban livestock total gross margin for Bamako in 2010 was estimated at USD 5.6 million. Detailed population data help clarify the urban livestock animal human interface in diverse contexts and highlight the important contributions that urban small-holder production adds to food security and resilience. The potential for urban livestock production informs decision-makers in developing adapted, sustainable policies in resource-constrained environments.
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Molecular characterization of Echinococcus species in dogs from four regions of Kenya. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:49-57. [PMID: 29773136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is endemic both in livestock and humans in many parts of Kenya. However, very little data exists on Echinococcus infections in dogs, and therefore their role in maintaining the transmission cycles and environmental contamination with eggs of Echinococcus species is unknown. The study aimed to establish the prevalence and distribution of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato causing infection in dogs in Kenya. A total of 1621 dog faecal samples were collected from the environment in four different regions and examined microscopically for the presence of taeniid eggs. Up to 20 individual taeniid eggs per faecal sample were picked, lysed and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) gene. Eleven percent (178/1621) of faecal samples had taeniid eggs, while 4.4% (71/1621) contained Echinococcus spp. eggs. Area-wise, the faecal prevalence of Echinococcus spp. was 9.2% (48/524) in Turkana, 4.0% (20/500) in Maasai Mara, 0.7% (2/294) in Isiolo and 0.3% (1/303) in Meru. E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.) was the dominant Echinococcus taxon, followed by E. canadensis (G6/7) that was detected in 51 and 23 faecal samples, respectively. E. ortleppi was detected in only 5 faecal samples. We report for the first time the presence of E. felidis eggs in two dog faecal samples (from Maasai Mara region). Mixed infections of these taxa were also found in faecal samples, including: E. granulosus s. s. and E. canadensis (G6/7) (n = 7), E. granulosus s. s. and E. ortleppi (n = 1) and all three species (n = 1). The dog data presented here confirm the differences in diversity and abundance of Echinococcus spp. between regions of Kenya, correspond well with previously published data from livestock, and tentatively suggest a role of domestic dogs as a link between domestic and sylvatic cycles of Echinococcus spp.
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Boué F, El Berbri I, Hormaz V, Boucher JM, El Mamy AB, Traore A, Fihri OF, Petavy AF, Dakkak A, Umhang G. Use of FTA® card methodology for sampling and molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Africa. Exp Parasitol 2017; 173:29-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, Torgerson PR, Harandi MF, Romig T, Antolova D, Schurer JM, Lahmar S, Cringoli G, Magambo J, Thompson RCA, Jenkins EJ. Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:315-493. [PMID: 28131365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Rinaldi
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - M F Harandi
- Research centre of Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D Antolova
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - J M Schurer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - S Lahmar
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - G Cringoli
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - J Magambo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
| | | | - E J Jenkins
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Zait H, Kouidri M, Grenouillet FE, Umhang G, Millon L, Hamrioui B, Grenouillet F. Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and Echinococcus canadensis in humans and livestock from Algeria. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2423-31. [PMID: 27021186 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In Algeria, previous studies investigated genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in animals and identified E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) genotypes G1 and G3 whereas Echinococcus canadensis genotype G6 was only reported from dromedary cysts. Molecular data on human cystic echinococcosis (CE) were limited. We implemented a large genotyping study of hydatid cysts from humans and livestock animals to specify CE's molecular epidemiology and the genetic diversity in Algeria. Fifty-four human CE cysts from patients predominantly admitted in surgical units from Mustapha Hospital, Algiers, and 16 cysts from livestock animals gathered in two geographically distinct slaughterhouses, Tiaret and Tamanrasset, were collected. Molecular characterization was performed using sequencing of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (NDI). In humans, G1 of E. granulosus s.s. was the main genotype (90.7 %); four samples (7.4 %) were characterized as E. granulosus s.s. G3 and one cyst as E. canadensis G6 (1.8 %). This molecular confirmation of E. canadensis G6 human infection in Algeria was observed in a Tuareg female living in a desertic area in Tamanrasset. All cysts from sheep, cattle, and goat were identified as E. granulosus s.s. G1 and the two cysts originating from dromedary as E. canadensis G6. Twenty concatenated haplotypes (COI + NDI) were characterized. Among E. granulosus s.s., one haplotype (HL1) was highly predominant in both humans and animals cysts (71.6 %). This study revealed main occurrence of E. granulosus s.s. in humans and livestock animals, with description of a predominant shared haplotype corresponding to the main worldwide observed haplotype E.granulosus s.s. G1. E. canadensis G6 was limited to South Algeria, in dromedary as well as in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Zait
- Parasitology and Mycology department, Mustapha University Hospital, 16000, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Mokhtaria Kouidri
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Ibn-khaldoun University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Florence Elisabeth Grenouillet
- Parasitology & Mycology Department, French National Reference Center for Alveolar Echinococcosis and WHO Collaborating Center for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University Hospital, Besançon, France.,Chrono-environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES, LRFSN, Unité de Surveillance et Eco-épidémiologie des Animaux Sauvages, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp, Malzéville, France
| | - Laurence Millon
- Parasitology & Mycology Department, French National Reference Center for Alveolar Echinococcosis and WHO Collaborating Center for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University Hospital, Besançon, France.,Chrono-environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Boussad Hamrioui
- Parasitology and Mycology department, Mustapha University Hospital, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Frédéric Grenouillet
- Parasitology & Mycology Department, French National Reference Center for Alveolar Echinococcosis and WHO Collaborating Center for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University Hospital, Besançon, France.,Chrono-environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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