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Shanley HT, Taki AC, Nguyen N, Wang T, Byrne JJ, Ang CS, Leeming MG, Nie S, Williamson N, Zheng Y, Young ND, Korhonen PK, Hofmann A, Chang BCH, Wells TNC, Häberli C, Keiser J, Jabbar A, Sleebs BE, Gasser RB. Structure-activity relationship and target investigation of 2-aryl quinolines with nematocidal activity. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 24:100522. [PMID: 38295619 PMCID: PMC10845918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Within the context of our anthelmintic discovery program, we recently identified and evaluated a quinoline derivative, called ABX464 or obefazimod, as a nematocidal candidate; synthesised a series of analogues which were assessed for activity against the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans; and predicted compound-target relationships by thermal proteome profiling (TPP) and in silico docking. Here, we logically extended this work and critically evaluated the anthelmintic activity of ABX464 analogues on Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm) - a highly pathogenic nematode of ruminant livestock. First, we tested a series of 44 analogues on H. contortus (larvae and adults) to investigate the nematocidal pharmacophore of ABX464, and identified one compound with greater potency than the parent compound and showed moderate activity against a select number of other parasitic nematodes (including Ancylostoma, Heligmosomoides and Strongyloides species). Using TPP and in silico modelling studies, we predicted protein HCON_00074590 (a predicted aldo-keto reductase) as a target candidate for ABX464 in H. contortus. Future work aims to optimise this compound as a nematocidal candidate and investigate its pharmacokinetic properties. Overall, this study presents a first step toward the development of a new nematocide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison T Shanley
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Aya C Taki
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph J Byrne
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael G Leeming
- Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas Williamson
- Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Yuanting Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; National Reference Centre for Authentic Food, Max Rubner-Institut, 95326, Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Bill C H Chang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tim N C Wells
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Häberli
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Shanley HT, Taki AC, Nguyen N, Wang T, Byrne JJ, Ang CS, Leeming MG, Williamson N, Chang BCH, Jabbar A, Sleebs BE, Gasser RB. Comparative structure activity and target exploration of 1,2-diphenylethynes in Haemonchus contortus and Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100534. [PMID: 38554597 PMCID: PMC10992699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Infections and diseases caused by parasitic nematodes have a major adverse impact on the health and productivity of animals and humans worldwide. The control of these parasites often relies heavily on the treatment with commercially available chemical compounds (anthelmintics). However, the excessive or uncontrolled use of these compounds in livestock animals has led to major challenges linked to drug resistance in nematodes. Therefore, there is a need to develop new anthelmintics with novel mechanism(s) of action. Recently, we identified a small molecule, designated UMW-9729, with nematocidal activity against the free-living model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we evaluated UMW-9729's potential as an anthelmintic in a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study in C. elegans and the highly pathogenic, blood-feeding Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm), and explored the compound-target relationship using thermal proteome profiling (TPP). First, we synthesised and tested 25 analogues of UMW-9729 for their nematocidal activity in both H. contortus (larvae and adults) and C. elegans (young adults), establishing a preliminary nematocidal pharmacophore for both species. We identified several compounds with marked activity against either H. contortus or C. elegans which had greater efficacy than UMW-9729, and found a significant divergence in compound bioactivity between these two nematode species. We also identified a UMW-9729 analogue, designated 25, that moderately inhibited the motility of adult female H. contortus in vitro. Subsequently, we inferred three H. contortus proteins (HCON_00134350, HCON_00021470 and HCON_00099760) and five C. elegans proteins (F30A10.9, F15B9.8, B0361.6, DNC-4 and UNC-11) that interacted directly with UMW-9729; however, no conserved protein target was shared between the two nematode species. Future work aims to extend the SAR investigation in these and other parasitic nematode species, and validate individual proteins identified here as possible targets of UMW-9729. Overall, the present study evaluates this anthelmintic candidate and highlights some challenges associated with early anthelmintic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison T Shanley
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Aya C Taki
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph J Byrne
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael G Leeming
- Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas Williamson
- Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Bill C H Chang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Shanley HT, Taki AC, Byrne JJ, Nguyen N, Wells TNC, Jabbar A, Sleebs BE, Gasser RB. A phenotypic screen of the Global Health Priority Box identifies an insecticide with anthelmintic activity. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:131. [PMID: 38486232 PMCID: PMC10938758 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with parasitic nematodes (helminths), particularly those of the order Strongylida (such as Haemonchus contortus), can cause significant and burdensome diseases in humans and animals. Widespread drug (anthelmintic) resistance in livestock parasites, the absence of vaccines against most of these nematodes, and a lack of new and effective chemical entities on the commercial market demands the discovery of new anthelmintics. In the present study, we searched the Global Health Priority Box (Medicines for Malaria Venture) for new candidates for anthelmintic development. METHODS We employed a whole-organism, motility-based phenotypic screening assay to identify compounds from the Global Health Priority Box with activity against larvae of the model parasite H. contortus, and the free-living comparator nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Hit compounds were further validated via dose-response assays, with lead candidates then assessed for nematocidal activity against H. contortus adult worms, and additionally, for cytotoxic and mitotoxic effects on human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. RESULTS The primary screen against H. contortus and C. elegans revealed or reidentified 16 hit compounds; further validation established MMV1794206, otherwise known as 'flufenerim', as a significant inhibitor of H. contortus larval motility (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 18 μM) and development (IC50 = 1.2 μM), H. contortus adult female motility (100% after 12 h of incubation) and C. elegans larval motility (IC50 = 0.22 μM). Further testing on a mammalian cell line (human hepatoma HepG2 cells), however, identified flufenerim to be both cytotoxic (half-maximal cytotoxic concentration [CC50] < 0.7 μM) and mitotoxic (half-maximal mitotoxic concentration [MC50] < 0.7 μM). CONCLUSIONS The in vitro efficacy of MMV1794206 against the most pathogenic stages of H. contortus, as well as the free-living C. elegans, suggests the potential for development as a broad-spectrum anthelmintic compound; however, the high toxicity towards mammalian cells presents a significant hindrance. Further work should seek to establish the protein-drug interactions of MMV1794206 in a nematode model, to unravel the mechanism of action, in addition to an advanced structure-activity relationship investigation to optimise anthelmintic activity and eliminate mammalian cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison T Shanley
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Aya C Taki
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph J Byrne
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Tim N C Wells
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Adduci I, Sajovitz F, Hinney B, Lichtmannsperger K, Joachim A, Wittek T, Yan S. Haemonchosis in Sheep and Goats, Control Strategies and Development of Vaccines against Haemonchus contortus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182339. [PMID: 36139199 PMCID: PMC9495197 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Haemonchus contortus is the most pathogenic blood-feeding parasitic nematode in sheep and goats, threatening animal welfare and causing tremendous economic losses to the small ruminant industry. This comprehensive review article sums up current control strategies, worm-derived antigens and recent advances in anti-Haemonchus vaccine development. New insights into antigen engineering and general considerations for clinical trials are discussed here. Abstract The evolutionary success of parasitic worms causes significant economic losses and animal health problems, including in the small ruminant industry. The hematophagous nematode Haemonchus contortus is a common endoparasite that infects wild and domestic ruminants worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. To date, the most commonly applied control strategy is the administration of anthelminthic drugs. The main disadvantages of these chemicals are their ecotoxic effects, the necessary withdrawal period (especially important in dairy animals) and the increasing development of resistance. Vaccines offer an attractive alternative control strategy against Haemonchus infections. In previous years, several potential vaccine antigens prepared from H. contortus using the latest technologies have been assessed in clinical trials using different methods and strategies. This review highlights the current state of knowledge on anti-H. contortus vaccines (covering native, recombinant and DNA-based vaccines), including an evaluation, as well a discussion of the challenges and achievements in developing protective, efficient, and long-lasting vaccines to control H. contortus infection and haemonchosis in small ruminants. This paper also addresses novel developments tackling the challenge of glycosylation of putative candidates in recombinant form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Adduci
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Floriana Sajovitz
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Katharina Lichtmannsperger
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Shi Yan
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Needleman AL, Wright MC, Schaefer JJ, Videla R, Lear AS. Copper oxide wire particles effective against gastrointestinal nematodes in adult alpacas during a randomized clinical trial. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:1-5. [PMID: 36074747 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.07.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether copper oxide wire particles (COWP) administered as an oral bolus effectively decrease fecal gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) egg counts in adult alpacas. ANIMALS 57 adult alpacas. PROCEDURES A double-blind clinical trial was performed during the months of April through August 2019. Adult alpacas enrolled in the trial were administered 2 g of COWP or a placebo control capsule PO on day 0 and day 45. On day 0 and at 15-day intervals, fecal samples were collected, and Modified McMaster fecal egg counts (FEC) were performed as well as physical examinations, including FAMACHA scoring and body condition scoring (BCS). Hematocrits were measured in 30-day intervals (days 0, 30, 60, and 90). Results were compared across groups. RESULTS A significant decrease in mean FEC was observed in the COWP-treated group over time, compared with the placebo group. Mean BCS, FAMACHA score, and Hct did not differ significantly between groups. No clinical evidence of copper toxicosis was observed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of COWP was determined to be a safe and effective method of reducing GIN FEC in adult alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Needleman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Megan C Wright
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - John J Schaefer
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Ricardo Videla
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Andrea S Lear
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Wen Z, Zhang Z, Aimulajiang K, Aleem MT, Feng J, Liang M, Lu M, Xu L, Song X, Li X, Yan R. Histidine acid phosphatase domain-containing protein from Haemonchus contortus is a stimulatory antigen for the Th1 immune response of goat PBMCs. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:282. [PMID: 35933400 PMCID: PMC9356432 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histidine acid phosphatase (HAP), a member of the histidine phosphatase superfamily, is widely found in parasites and is also a potential vaccine antigen or drug target. However, the biological function of HAP in Haemonchus contortus is still unclear. Methods We cloned the HAP gene from H. contortus (Hc-HAP) and expressed the purified recombinant Hc-HAP (rHc-HAP) protein. The transcription of the Hc-HAP gene in the eggs, infective third-stage larvae (L3s), exsheathed third-stage larvae (xL3s) and adults (females/males) was analyzed by quantitative real-time-PCR (qPCR). An immunofluorescence assay was also used to detect the localization of Hc-HAP expression in adult worms. The effect of rHc-HAP on the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was observed by co-culture of rHc-HAP protein with goat PBMCs. Results The qPCR results revealed that the Hc-HAP gene was transcribed at a higher level in the L3 and xL3 stages that there were gender differences in transcription at the adult stage, with females exhibiting higher transcription than males. Moreover, Hc-HAP was mainly expressed in adult intestinal microvilli. Additionally, western blot results revealed that rHc-HAP could be detected in goat sera artificially infected with H. contortus. In the experiments, rHc-HAP bound to goat PBMCs and released nitric oxide. The rHc-HAP also induced the expression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and the phosphorylated STAT 1 transcription factor, while inhibiting interleukin-4 expression. Conclusions The results shows that rHc-HAP stimulated the IFN-γ/STAT1 signaling pathway and enabled polarization of PBMCs toward T-helper 1 immune responses. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05411-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Wen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoying Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Feng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Faria LEM, Ferreira OBADS, Machado AL, Costa JN, Perinotto WMDS. Monitoring environmental conditions on the speed of development and larval migration of gastrointestinal nematodes in Urochloa decumbens in northeastern Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 31:100732. [PMID: 35569915 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the speed of development of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) eggs to infective larvae (L3) and its migration under effect of meteorological variables: temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, solar radiation to Urochloa (=Brachiaria) decumbens grass pasture during rainy season, from June to September 2019, and dry season, October to March 2020, in Recôncavo baiano region of Bahia state, Brazil. Monthly, fecal samples obtained from goats with recurrent GIN infection were deposited in six plots of one square meter. In +7, +14 and + 21-days post-deposition, lower and upper strata grass (0-15 and > 15 cm, respectively) and remaining feces were collected and submitted to Baermann's technique modified to perform larval count and identification. Meteorological data were obtained from a local weather station database. The log-transformed larval count results were analyzed regarding the collection day effect, stratum effect, comparing the means by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis and correlation of meteorological variables with larval counts was performed. In the rainy season, the largest proportion of recovered L3 was concentrated in +7-days post-deposition in the months of June and July, both in the remaining feces and herbage samples, while in August development took place more slowly, after +14-days post-deposition. During the dry season, L3 development only occurred after the first collection in January and February. Lower strata had higher proportion of recovery than in upper strata. Negative correlation was found for solar radiation. Greater rainfall in the rainy season compared to dry season was a favorable condition for high contamination of grass samples. However, reduced vertical migration to upper strata may have been influenced by low temperatures during the rainy season. Regarding the genera present in the fecal samples used in the experiment were found Haemonchus sp., Trichostrongylus sp. and Oesophagostomum sp. Thus, it is possible to conclude that in the region of the study, during the rainy season, there is a rapid larval development and the L3 are able to migrate more effectively to the grass. On the other hand, in the dry season, larval development tends to be slower, with less migration to the grass. Solar radiation can be useful for predicting months with the highest risk of infection. Therefore, prophylactic measures should be employed in goat herds during the rainy season whilst natural reduced pasture contamination in the dry season may favor animal maintenance for a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Meira Faria
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas CEP 44380-000, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandro Lima Machado
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas CEP 44380-000, BA, Brazil.
| | - Joselito Nunes Costa
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Defesa Agropecuária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas CEP 44380-000, BA, Brazil.
| | - Wendell Marcelo de Souza Perinotto
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas CEP 44380-000, BA, Brazil.
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A High-Throughput Phenotypic Screen of the 'Pandemic Response Box' Identifies a Quinoline Derivative with Significant Anthelmintic Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020257. [PMID: 35215369 PMCID: PMC8874578 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes cause diseases in livestock animals and major economic losses to the agricultural industry worldwide. Nematodes of the order Strongylida, including Haemonchus contortus, are particularly important. The excessive use of anthelmintic compounds to treat infections and disease has led to widespread resistance to these compounds in nematodes, such that there is a need for new anthelmintics with distinctive mechanisms of action. With a focus on discovering new anthelmintic entities, we screened 400 chemically diverse compounds within the 'Pandemic Response Box' (from Medicines for Malaria Venture, MMV) for activity against H. contortus and its free-living relative, Caenorhabditis elegans-a model organism. Using established phenotypic assays, test compounds were evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit the motility and/or development of H. contortus and C. elegans. Dose-response evaluations identified a compound, MMV1581032, that significantly the motility of H. contortus larvae (IC50 = 3.4 ± 1.1 μM) and young adults of C. elegans (IC50 = 7.1 ± 4.6 μM), and the development of H. contortus larvae (IC50 = 2.2 ± 0.7 μM). The favourable characteristics of MMV1581032, such as suitable physicochemical properties and an efficient, cost-effective pathway to analogue synthesis, indicates a promising candidate for further evaluation as a nematocide. Future work will focus on a structure-activity relationship investigation of this chemical scaffold, a toxicity assessment of potent analogues and a mechanism/mode of action investigation.
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9
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Heather (Calluna vulgaris) supplementation does not reduce trapping ability of Duddingtonia flagrans in faeces of Haemonchus contortus infected lambs. Vet Parasitol 2022; 302:109661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Wen Z, Xie X, Aleem MT, Aimulajiang K, Chen C, Liang M, Song X, Xu L, Li X, Yan R. In vitro characterization of Haemonchus contortus trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase and its immunomodulatory effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:611. [PMID: 34930417 PMCID: PMC8685816 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP6) is a key enzyme in the trehalose biosynthesis pathway. The accumulation of TPP6 inside the body is harmful to the pathogen, but almost nothing is currently known about the function of TPP6 from Haemonchus contortus (CRE-GOB-1). Methods The H. contortus CRE-GOB-1 (HcGOB) gene was cloned and recombinant protein of GOB (rHcGOB) was expressed; transcription of the HcGOB gene at different developmental stages of H. contortus was then studied. The spatial expression pattern of the HcGOB gene in adult female and male worms was determined by both quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence. The binding of the rHcGOB protein to goat PBMCs was assessed by immunofluorescence assay. The immunomodulatory impacts of rHcGOB on cell proliferation, nitric oxide generation and cytokine secretion were assessed by co-culture of rHcGOB protein with goat PBMCs. Results The HcGOB protein was transcribed in eggs, infective third-stage larvae (iL3s) and adults of H. contortus, with the highest transcript levels found in the egg stage. The transcript levels were significantly elevated in iL3s after manual desheathing. HcGOB was widely distributed in adult worms where it was mainly localized in the gut and gonads. rHcGOB was observed to bind to PBMCs and also to be recognized by sera collected from a goat infected with H. contortus. rHcGOB significantly activated the interleukin-10/transforming growth factor β/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL-10/TGF-β/STAT3) pathway in PBMCs while suppressing the transcription and expression of IL-4 and IL-17. Conclusions These results suggest that the HcGOB gene plays an important role in the development, parasitism and reproduction of H. contortus. The rHcGOB protein affected the immunomodulatory function of PBMCs in the in vitro study, suggesting that this protein would be a promising vaccine target. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05115-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhaoHai Wen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XinRan Xie
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - LiXin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Lu M, Tian X, Wang W, Zhang Y, Aimulajiang K, Tian AL, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. The excretory-secretory antigen HcADRM1 to generate protective immunity against Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology 2021; 148:1497-1508. [PMID: 34193327 PMCID: PMC11010155 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The prevention, treatment and control of Haemonchus contortus have been increasingly problematic due to its widespread occurrence and anthelmintic resistance. There are very few descriptions of recombinant antigens being protective for H. contortus, despite the success of various native antigen preparations, including Barbervax. We recently identified an H. contortus excretory–secretory antigen, H. contortus adhesion-regulating molecule 1 (HcADRM1), that served as an immunomodulator to impair host T-cell functions. Given the prophylactic potential of HcADRM1 protein as a vaccine candidate, we hereby assessed the efficacies of HcADRM1 preparations against H. contortus infection. Parasitological and immunological parameters were evaluated throughout all time points of the trials, including fecal egg counts (FEC), abomasal worm burdens, complete blood counts, cytokine production profiles and antibody responses. Active vaccination with recombinant HcADRM1 (rHcADRM1) protein induced protective immunity in inoculated goats, resulting in reductions of 48.9 and 58.6% in cumulative FEC and worm burdens. Simultaneously, passive administration of anti-HcADRM1 antibodies generated encouraging levels of protection with 46.7 and 56.2% reductions in cumulative FEC and worm burdens in challenged goats. In addition, HcADRM1 preparations-immunized goats showed significant differences in mucosal and serum antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, total mucosal IgA levels, haemoglobin values and circulating interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17A production compared to control goats in both trials. The preliminary data of these laboratory trials validated the immunoprophylactic effects of rHcADRM1 protein. It can be pursued as a potential vaccine antigen to develop an effective recombinant subunit vaccine against H. contortus under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province730046, P. R. China
| | - Charles Li
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD20705, USA
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
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12
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Kendall N, Smith J, Whistance L, Stergiadis S, Stoate C, Chesshire H, Smith A. Trace element composition of tree fodder and potential nutritional use for livestock. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Herath HMPD, Taki AC, Sleebs BE, Hofmann A, Nguyen N, Preston S, Davis RA, Jabbar A, Gasser RB. Advances in the discovery and development of anthelmintics by harnessing natural product scaffolds. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 111:203-251. [PMID: 33482975 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Widespread resistance to currently-used anthelmintics represents a major obstacle to controlling parasitic nematodes of livestock animals. Given the reliance on anthelmintics in many control regimens, there is a need for the continued discovery and development of new nematocides. Enabling such a focus are: (i) the major chemical diversity of natural products; (ii) the availability of curated, drug-like extract-, fraction- and/or compound-libraries from natural sources; (iii) the utility and practicality of well-established whole-worm bioassays for Haemonchus contortus-an important parasitic nematodes of livestock-to screen natural product libraries; and (iv) the availability of advanced chromatographic (HPLC), spectroscopic (NMR) and spectrometric (MS) techniques for bioassay-guided fractionation and structural elucidation. This context provides a sound basis for the identification and characterisation of anthelmintic candidates from natural sources. This chapter provides a background on the importance and impact of helminth infections/diseases, parasite control and aspects of drug discovery, and reviews recent work focused on (i) screening well-defined compound libraries to establish the methods needed for large-scale screening of natural extract libraries; (ii) discovering plant and marine extracts with nematocidal or nematostatic activity, and purifying bioactive compounds and assessing their potential for further development; and (iii) synthesising analogues of selected purified natural compounds for the identification of possible 'lead' candidates. The chapter describes some lessons learned from this work and proposes future areas of focus for drug discovery. Collectively, the findings from this recent work show potential for selected natural product scaffolds as candidates for future development. Developing such candidates via future chemical optimisation, efficacy and safety evaluations, broad spectrum activity assessments, and target identification represents an exciting prospect and, if successful, could pave the way to subsequent pre-clinical and clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M P Dilrukshi Herath
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aya C Taki
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Preston
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Lu M, Tian X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Tian AL, Aimulajiang K, Liu L, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. Protection studies of an excretory-secretory protein HcABHD against Haemonchus contortus infection. Vet Res 2021; 52:3. [PMID: 33407892 PMCID: PMC7786147 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike the successful immunization of native H. contortus antigens that contributed to the realization of the first commercial vaccine Barbervax, not many studies revealed the encouraging protective efficacies of recombinant H. contortus antigens in laboratory trials or under field conditions. In our preliminary study, H. contortus α/β-hydrolase domain protein (HcABHD) was demonstrated to be an immunomodulatory excretory-secretory (ES) protein that interacts with goat T cells. We herein evaluated the protective capacities of two HcABHD preparations, recombinant HcABHD (rHcABHD) antigen and anti-rHcABHD IgG, against H. contortus challenge via active and passive immunization trials, respectively. Parasitological parameter, antibody responses, hematological pathology and cytokine profiling in unchallenged and challenged goats were monitored and determined throughout both trials. Subcutaneous administration of rHcABHD with Freund adjuvants elicited protective immune responses in challenged goats, diminishing cumulative fecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm burden by 54.0% and 74.2%, respectively, whereas passive immunization with anti-rHcABHD IgG conferred substantial protection to challenged goats by generating a 51.5% reduction of cumulative FEC and a 73.8% reduction of total worm burden. Additionally, comparable changes of mucosal IgA levels, circulating IgG levels, hemoglobin levels, and serum interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17A levels were observed in rHcABHD protein/anti-rHcABHD IgG immunized goats in both trials. Taken together, the recombinant version of HcABHD might have further application under field conditions in protecting goats against H. contortus infection, and the integrated immunological pipeline of ES antigen identification, screening and characterization may provide new clues for further development of recombinant subunit vaccines to control H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lianrui Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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Mahachi LN, Chikwanha OC, Katiyatiya CL, Marufu MC, Aremu AO, Mapiye C. Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza juncea var. sericea) for sustainable small ruminant production: Feed, helminth suppressant and meat preservation capabilities. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Lonngren KJ, Barone CD, Zajac AM, Brown RN, Reed JD, Krueger CG, Petersson KH. Effect of birdsfoot trefoil cultivars on exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus in fistulated sheep. Vet Parasitol 2020; 287:109271. [PMID: 33091631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidin (PAC, condensed tannin) containing forages have well-documented anti-parasitic effects against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of small ruminants. Although extensive research has been conducted on the inhibition of exsheathment of the L3 stage of Haemonchus contortus by in vitro exposure to the extracts of PAC containing plants, only one study has previously attempted to replicate this process in vivo and it was found that consumption of fresh sainfoin slowed the exsheathment rate. No similar studies have explored the effect of feeding condensed tannin forages in the form of hay on in vivo exsheathment of GIN. Another PAC containing forage, birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus, BFT), has a large area of adaptation globally and feeding BFT has been shown to reduce fecal egg counts and total worm burdens. However, its effect on the in vivo exsheathment of H. contortus in the rumen is unknown. Recent work from this laboratory showed that BFT populations differ in the ability of aqueous extracts of freeze-dried plants to reduce exsheathment of H. contortus in vitro, and that the reduced exsheathment caused by BFT populations did not directly correlate with PAC content. Therefore, the objective of this study was twofold: 1) to evaluate the ability of birdsfoot trefoil hay to impair ruminal exsheathment of H. contortus in vivo and 2) to measure the difference in exsheathment between three commercially available cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil representing a broad range of in vitro efficacy against H. contortus. Four rumen fistulated ewes were fed three cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil (cv. Bruce, Empire, and Pardee) hay or a control hay (alfalfa/grass hay) in a Latin 4 × 4 design. The effect of consumption of birdsfoot trefoil on the exsheathment of H. contortus larvae in vivo was evaluated. For each exsheathment test, two capsules with 2000 ensheathed third-stage larvae per capsule were placed in the rumen of each ewe for eight hours. Larval containment capsules were made by capping each end of a short piece of Tygon® tubing (ID 9.5 mm, OD 14.3 mm) with an 8 μm NuncTM Cell Culture Insert. Larval exsheathment and motility were examined pre and post rumen exposure. Three exsheathment tests were run per diet cycle. Consumption of BFT hay did not significantly alter larval exsheathment. These results highlight the importance of further in vivo testing on the role of condensed tannins and other plant secondary compounds on larval exsheathment in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karalyn J Lonngren
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 134 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States.
| | - Carly D Barone
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 134 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Anne M Zajac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Rebecca N Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences and Entomology, University of Rhode Island, 236 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Jess D Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Rm 1146, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Christian G Krueger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Rm 1146, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Katherine H Petersson
- Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 134 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
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Selzer PM, Epe C. Antiparasitics in Animal Health: Quo Vadis? Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:77-89. [PMID: 33039282 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiparasitics acting on endo- or ectoparasites represent the second largest segment of the global animal health market, accounting for 23% of market share. However, relatively few novel antiparasitic agents have been introduced into the market during recent decades. One exception, and a groundbreaking 21st century success story, are the isoxazolines, whose full potential has not yet been entirely explored. Unfortunately, resistance issues are present across most parasitic diseases, which generates a clear market need for novel resistance-breaking antiparasitics with new modes/mechanisms of action. Recent advances in science and technologies strongly suggest that the time is right to invest in new modalities such as parasitic vaccines or in environmentally friendly interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Selzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Christian Epe
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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Helal MA, Abdel-Gawad AM, Kandil OM, Khalifa MME, Cave GWV, Morrison AA, Bartley DJ, Elsheikha HM. Nematocidal Effects of a Coriander Essential Oil and Five Pure Principles on the Infective Larvae of Major Ovine Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Vitro. Pathogens 2020; 9:E740. [PMID: 32916863 PMCID: PMC7558654 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthelmintic effects of extracted coriander oil and five pure essential oil constituents (geraniol, geranyl acetate, eugenol, methyl iso-eugenol, and linalool) were tested, using larval motility assay, on the third-stage larvae (L3s) of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Cooperia oncophora. Coriander oil and linalool, a major component of tested coriander oil, showed a strong inhibitory efficacy against all species, except C. oncophora with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) that ranged from 0.56 to 1.41% for the coriander oil and 0.51 to 1.76% for linalool. The coriander oil and linalool combinations conferred a synergistic anthelmintic effect (combination index [CI] <1) on larval motility comparable to positive control (20 mg/mL levamisole) within 24 h (p < 0.05), reduced IC50 values to 0.11-0.49% and induced a considerable structural damage to L3s. Results of the combined treatment were validated by quantitative fluorometric microplate-based assays using Sytox green, propidium iodide and C12-resazurin, which successfully discriminated live/dead larvae. Only Sytox green staining achieved IC50 values comparable to that of the larval motility assay. The cytotoxicity of the combined coriander oil and linalool on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells was evaluated using sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay and showed no significant cytotoxic effect at concentrations < 1%. These results indicate that testing essential oils and their main components may help to find new potential anthelmintic compounds, while at the same time reducing the reliance on synthetic anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Helal
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Abdel-Gawad
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; (A.M.A.-G.); (M.M.E.K.)
| | - Omnia M. Kandil
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Marwa M. E. Khalifa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; (A.M.A.-G.); (M.M.E.K.)
| | - Gareth W. V. Cave
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Alison A. Morrison
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK; (A.A.M.); (D.J.B.)
| | - David J. Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK; (A.A.M.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
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Bu Y, Cao M, Tian X, Lu M, Li J, Mao D, Yu L, Memon MA, Li C, Xu L, Song X, Yan R, Li X. HcFAR, a functional inhibitor of goat TGF-β1 identified from excretory and secretory products of Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109236. [PMID: 32961509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus has developed complexed and multifaceted mechanisms of immune evasion to enable the survival in the host. Generating excretion and secretion products (ESPs) to subvert or suppress the functions of host cytokines is a newly immune regulatory pattern found during recent years. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has critical immune regulatory functions in nematode infections. In this study, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay was used to identify the goat TGF-β1 binding proteins from HcESPs. The interaction between TGF-β1 and nematode fatty acid retinoid binding domain containing protein of H. contortus (HcFAR) was analyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pull down assay. The suppressive effect of rHcFAR on TGF-β1-induced immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion was observed by co-incubation of rHcFAR and TGF-β1 with goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The IgA concentrations were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Meanwhile, the suppressive effect of rHcFAR on TGF-β1-induced T helper (Th) 9 differentiation was investigated by co-incubation of rHcFAR, TGF-β1 and interleukin (IL)-4 with goats PBMCs. In parallel, IL-4 was replaced by IL-6 to determine the effects on the Th17 differentiation. The transcriptions of IL-9 and IL-17 in PBMCs were then evaluated by real-time PCR. Finally, we found that HcFAR from HcESPs could bind to goat TGF-β1 in vitro. The ELISA results of IgA showed that 40 μg/mL rHcFAR could suppress the IgA secretion of PBMCs induced by TGF-β1. Additionally, rHcFAR (at 10 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL) could inhibit the mRNA transcription of IL-9 induced by TGF-β1 and IL-4. Meanwhile, rHcFAR could also downregulate the transcription of IL-17 induced by TGF-β1 and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that HcFAR was a functional inhibitor of goat TGF-β1 and this information may help contribute to understanding of the relationship between the ESPs and host cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Bu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Man Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Junjie Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Dingyi Mao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Lin Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Ali Memon
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States; Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Moiloa MJ, Phoofolo M, Matebesi-Ranthimo P, Molapo S, Phalatsi M, Mahlehla M. Angora goat gastrointestinal parasite knowledge and control practices among Lesotho farming communities. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3077-3083. [PMID: 32566978 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Smallholder Angora goat farming is widespread throughout Lesotho, resulting in the country being ranked second in global mohair production. The Lesotho landscape across which Angora goats are produced is divided into lowlands, foothills, mountains, and the Senqu river valley agro-ecological zones (AEZs). Husbandry practices, including those related to the control of gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs), are assumed to be influenced by the AEZ-determined farmers' lifestyles. This study assessed how the AEZ of the Angora goat farming communities influences farmers' demographic and socio-economic profiles, GIP knowledge, and goat management practices. Interviews were conducted with farmers from Maseru and Quthing districts selected from four areas that represent the AEZs. Our findings indicate that middle-aged males dominate goat farming in all AEZs. Also, most farmers only reached primary education, hence rely on experience for goat production. Familiarity with parasites differed among farmers from different AEZs although most viewed the GIP impact on goat health as high. Many farmers from all AEZs except the lowlands believed that diarrhoea, a common GIP symptom, is associated with their goat mortality. GIP control measures used include anthelmintics and traditional herbal medicines with differing frequency of administration. More than 80% of farmers reported offering supplemental feeds although other recommended goat management practices like shelter and sanitation were not commonly observed. All farmers reported reliance on communal grazing and many considered rangelands as sources of GIP infections. It is concluded that most husbandry practices are common across AEZs and that many of these are inadequate in controlling GIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morai Johannes Moiloa
- Department of Animal Science, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho.
| | - Mpho Phoofolo
- Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho
| | | | - Setsomi Molapo
- Department of Animal Science, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho
| | - Moeketsi Phalatsi
- Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho
| | - Motšelisi Mahlehla
- Department of Animal Science, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho
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André WPP, Paiva Junior JRD, Cavalcante GS, Ribeiro WLC, Araújo Filho JVD, Santos JMLD, Alves APNN, Monteiro JP, Morais SMD, Silva INGD, Oliveira LMBD, Abreu FOMDS, Bevilaqua CML. Anthelmintic activity of nanoencapsulated carvacryl acetate against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and its toxicity in rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e013119. [PMID: 32049139 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of carvacryl acetate (CVA) and nanoencapsulated CVA (nCVA) on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. The CVA was nanoencapsulated with chitosan/gum arabic and the efficacy of nanoencapsulation (EE), yield, zeta potential, nanoparticle morphology and release kinetics at pH 3 and 8 were analyzed. Acute and subchronic toxicity were evaluated in rodents and reduction of egg counts in the faeces (FECRT) of sheep. The sheep were divided into four groups (n = 10): G1, 250 mg/kg CVA; G2, 250 mg/kg nCVA; G3, polymer matrix and G4: 2.5 mg/kg monepantel. EE and nCVA yield were 65% and 57%, respectively. The morphology of the nanoparticles was spherical, size (810.6±286.7 nm), zeta potential in pH 3.2 (+18.3 mV) and the 50% release of CVA at pHs 3 and 8 occurred at 200 and 10 h, respectively. nCVA showed LD50 of 2,609 mg/kg. CVA, nCVA and monepantel reduced the number of eggs per gram of faeces (epg) by 57.7%, 51.1% and 97.7%, respectively. The epg of sheep treated with CVA and nCVA did not differ from the negative control (P>0.05). Nanoencapsulation reduced the toxicity of CVA; however, nCVA and CVA presented similar results in the FECRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibson Paz Pinheiro André
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - José Ribamar de Paiva Junior
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ambiental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Géssica Soares Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.,Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | | | - José Vilemar de Araújo Filho
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Maria Leite Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Isaac Neto Goes da Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | | | - Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Araújo-Filho JVD, Ribeiro WLC, André WPP, Cavalcante GS, Rios TT, Schwinden GM, Rocha LOD, Macedo ITF, Morais SMD, Bevilaqua CML, Oliveira LMBD. Anthelmintic activity of Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil and its major component, citronellal, on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:644-651. [PMID: 31800886 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil and citronellal on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. Essential oil composition was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The substances were evaluated in vitro using adult worm motility test (AWMT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The acute toxicity test in mice and the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in sheep were performed. Citronellal was confirmed as the essential oil major constituent (63.9%). According to the AWMT, 2 mg/mL of essential oil and citronellal completely inhibited Haemonchus contortus motility at 6 h post exposure. H. contortus exposed to essential oil and citronellal exhibited internal ultrastructural modifications. The lethal dose 50 values in mice were 5,000 and 2,609 mg/kg for essential oil and citronellal, respectively. E. citriodora essential oil reduced sheep epg at 14 days post treatment by 69.5% (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in epg between the citronellal and negative control groups (P>0.05). The interaction between citronellal and other constituents in the essential oil may be relevant for its in vivo anthelmintic activity. Thus, E. citriodora essential oil and citronellal pharmacokinetic studies may help elucidate the anthelmintic activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Vilemar de Araújo-Filho
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | | | - Weibson Paz Pinheiro André
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Géssica Soares Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Thays Tabosa Rios
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Maria Schwinden
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Letícia Oliveira da Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Goats: Host-parasite Relationship Differences in Breeds at Summer Mountain Pasture in Northern Italy. J Vet Res 2019; 63:519-526. [PMID: 31934662 PMCID: PMC6950438 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Orobic goat is a hardy breed native to the Orobic Alps (Lombardy, northern Italy). The aim of the study was the assessment of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) egg excretion in Alpine and Saanen (cosmopolite breeds) and Orobic grazing goats, after a strategic treatment with eprinomectin in late June. Material and Methods Individual faecal samples from a mixed flock of cosmopolite and Orobic goats were collected and analysed by the FLOTAC double technique every three weeks from June to September. Results Strongylida was the primary GIN infection observed in goats that grazed on Alpine pastures; a strategic treatment with eprinomectin led to a prolonged reduction of egg excretion during the whole study period. Egg excretion was also influenced by breed. Pluriparous Orobic does were able to control reinfection better than the pluriparous cosmopolite does. Regarding Nematodirus sp. eggs per gram of faeces (EPG), the autochthonous Orobic breed presented higher values than the cosmopolite breeds. However, cosmopolite goats presented higher EPG values of Strongyloides papillosus than their Orobic counterparts in August. Conclusions Further studies on genetic features of local autochthonous goats, such as the Orobic breed, are needed, since they could reveal peculiar characteristics of susceptibility, resistance or resilience to GIN infection, providing genetic resources for selection.
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Torres-Fajardo RA, González-Pech PG, Ventura-Cordero J, Ortíz-Ocampo GI, Sandoval-Castro CA, Torres-Acosta JFJ. Feed resource selection of Criollo goats is the result of an interaction between plant resources, condensed tannins and Haemonchus contortus infection. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sallé G, Laing R, Cotton JA, Maitland K, Martinelli A, Holroyd N, Tracey A, Berriman M, Smith WD, Newlands GFJ, Hanks E, Devaney E, Britton C. Transcriptomic profiling of nematode parasites surviving vaccine exposure. Int J Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29534987 PMCID: PMC5909036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surviving Haemonchus contortus from vaccinated sheep were compared with control worms. There is no evidence for changes in expression of genes encoding Barbervax® antigens. There was increased expression of other proteases and regulators of lysosome trafficking. Surviving worms displayed up-regulated lipid storage and defecation abilities.
Some nematode species are economically important parasites of livestock, while others are important human pathogens causing some of the most important neglected tropical diseases. In both humans and animals, anthelmintic drug administration is the main control strategy, but the emergence of drug-resistant worms has stimulated the development of alternative control approaches. Among these, vaccination is considered to be a sustainable and cost effective strategy. Currently, Barbervax® for the ruminant strongylid Haemonchus contortus is the only registered subunit vaccine for a nematode parasite, although a vaccine for the human hookworm Necator americanus is undergoing clinical trials (HOOKVAC consortium). As both these vaccines comprise a limited number of proteins, there is potential for selection of nematodes with altered sequences or expression of the vaccine antigens. Here we compared the transcriptome of H. contortus populations from sheep vaccinated with Barbervax® with worms from control animals. Barbervax® antigens are native integral membrane proteins isolated from the brush border of the intestinal cells of the adult parasite and many of those are proteases. Our findings provide no evidence for changes in expression of genes encoding Barbervax® antigens in the surviving parasite populations. However, surviving parasites from vaccinated animals showed increased expression of other proteases and regulators of lysosome trafficking, and displayed up-regulated lipid storage and defecation abilities that may have circumvented the effect of the vaccine. Implications for other potential vaccines for human and veterinary nematodes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sallé
- INRA - U. Tours, UMR 1282 ISP Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Martinelli
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - W David Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - George F J Newlands
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Hanks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Goff JP. Invited review: Mineral absorption mechanisms, mineral interactions that affect acid-base and antioxidant status, and diet considerations to improve mineral status. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:2763-2813. [PMID: 29397180 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several minerals are required for life to exist. In animals, 7 elements (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, and S) are required to be present in the diet in fairly large amounts (grams to tens of grams each day for the dairy cow) and are termed macrominerals. Several other elements are termed microminerals or trace minerals because they are required in much smaller amounts (milligrams to micrograms each day). In most cases the mineral in the diet must be absorbed across the gastrointestinal mucosa and enter the blood if it is to be of value to the animal. The bulk of this review discusses the paracellular and transcellular mechanisms used by the gastrointestinal tract to absorb each of the various minerals needed. Unfortunately, particularly in ruminants, interactions between minerals and other substances within the diet can occur within the digestive tract that impair mineral absorption. The attributes of organic or chelated minerals that might permit diet minerals to circumvent factors that inhibit absorption of more traditional inorganic forms of these minerals are discussed. Once absorbed, minerals are used in many ways. One focus of this review is the effect macrominerals have on the acid-base status of the animal. Manipulation of dietary cation and anion content is commonly used as a tool in the dry period and during lactation to improve performance. A section on how the strong ion theory can be used to understand these effects is included. Many microminerals play a role in the body as cofactors of enzymes involved in controlling free radicals within the body and are vital to antioxidant capabilities. Those same minerals, when consumed in excess, can become pro-oxidants in the body, generating destructive free radicals. Complex interactions between minerals can compromise the effectiveness of a diet in promoting health and productivity of the cow. The objective of this review is to provide insight into some of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse P Goff
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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Huang Y, Zheng X, Zhang H, Ding H, Guo X, Yang Y, Chen X, Zhou Q, Du A. Site-Directed Mutagenesis Study Revealed Three Important Residues in Hc-DAF-22, a Key Enzyme Regulating Diapause of Haemonchus contortus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2176. [PMID: 29167662 PMCID: PMC5682392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is one of the most important parasites of small ruminants, especially goats and sheep. The complex life cycle of this nematode is a main obstacle for the control and prevention of haemonchosis. So far, a special form of arrested development called diapause different from the dauer stage in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been found in many parasitic nematodes. In our previous study, we have characterized a novel gene Hc-daf-22 from H. contortus sharing high homology with Ce-daf-22 and functional analysis showed this gene has similar biological function with Ce-daf-22. In this study, Hc-daf-22 mutants were constructed using site-directed mutagenesis, and carried out rescue experiments, RNA interference (RNAi) experiments and in vitro enzyme activity analysis with the mutants to further explore the precise function site of Hc-DAF-22. The results showed that Hc-daf-22 mutants could be expressed in the rescued ok693 worms and the expression positions were mainly in the intestine which was identical with that of Hc-daf-22 rescued worms. Through lipid staining we found that Hc-daf-22 could rescue daf-22 mutant (ok693) from the fatty acid metabolism deficiency while Hc-daf-22 mutants failed. Brood size and body length analyses in rescue experiment along with body length and life span analyses in RNAi experiment elucidated that Hc-daf-22 resembled Ce-daf-22 in effecting the development and capacity of C. elegans and mutants impaired the function of Hc-daf-22. Together with the protease activity assay, this research revealed three important active resides 84C/299H/349H in Hc-DAF-22 by site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuping Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Zhejiang Center of Animal Disease Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Ding
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Guo
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianjin Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Aifang Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Das B, Kumar N, Jadav MM, Solanki JB, Rao TKS. Physio-biochemical parameters: a potential tool for target-selective treatment of haemonchosis in the small ruminants. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1577-1589. [PMID: 28717850 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the conjunctiva colour-based FAMACHA score (FS) coupled with a body condition score (BCS), haemogram and stressor hormone level estimation, in identifying post-mortem (PM)/coproscopically proven individuals wanting therapy for economically important gastrointestinal (GI) helminths, Haemonchus contortus, in the small ruminants. The incidence of haemonchosis was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (60.81%) in the ruminants with FS = 3. The H. contortus count in the animals with FS 2, 3 and 4 was 23.2 ± 0.37, 62 ± 2.5 and 74 ± 3.2 (p < 0.05) [positive correlation (r = 0.841 in goats; r = 0.828 in sheep, p < 0.05)], respectively, with corresponding 2.8 ± 0.15, 2 ± 0.3 and 2 ± 0.16 BCS (negative correlation, p > 0.05). The infected animals of FS 2, 3 and 4 measured 8.2 ± 0.0, 7.5 ± 0.23 and 6.7 ± 0.34 g/dl Hb (r = -0.452, p = 0.01) in goats/9.3 ± 0.8, 8.6 ± 0.5 and 7.6 ± 0.3 g/dl Hb (r = -0.511, p = 0.05) in sheep with 21.2, 19.8 ± 1.8 and 17.8 ± 0.2% PCV (r = -0.369, p = 0.05) in goats/26.7 ± 1.2, 22.2 ± 0.2 and 20.9 ± 0.6% PCV (r = -0.251, p = 0.03) in sheep, respectively. The FS 2, 3 and 4 infected goats/sheep measured 6.1 ± 0, 7.9 ± 1.0 and 9.5 ± 0.9 (p < 0.05)/5.8 ± 2.3, 6.9 ± 1.2 and 7.8 ± 0.2% (p < 0.05) mid-granulocyte [(r = 0.928 (goats)/0.834 (sheep), p < 0.05], while the cortisol level was 15.6, 23 ± 4.5 and 42 ± 2.3 (p = 0.23)/12.1 ± 0, 15.9 ± 1.2 and 24 ± 3.4 (p = 0.29) μg/dl, respectively. The infected ruminants recorded low (p < 0.05) level of Hb/PCV while high level of mid-granulocytes/cortisol. Specificity of FAMACHA test was maximized (100%) when FS = 4 was considered anaemic, but sensitivity was low (35.29% in goats; 25% in sheep). The false negatives was 5.9 (goat)/12.5 (sheep)% when FS ≥ 3 was considered anaemic. The small ruminants with FS ≥ 3, BCS ≤ 2.5, Hb ≤ 7.5 g/dl (goats)/8.6 g/dl (sheep), PCV ≤ 19.8% (goats)/22.2% (sheep) and mid-granulocyte ≥7.9% (goats)/6.9 ± 1.2% (sheep) can be subjected to target-selective treatment for haemonchosis in the field simultaneously maximizing the economic benefit to the farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupamani Das
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary College, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India
| | - Niranjan Kumar
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary College, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India.
| | - Mehul M Jadav
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary College, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India
| | - Jayesh B Solanki
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary College, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India
| | - T K S Rao
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, Veterinary College, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India
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Kenyon F, Hutchings F, Morgan-Davies C, van Dijk J, Bartley DJ. Worm Control in Livestock: Bringing Science to the Field. Trends Parasitol 2017. [PMID: 28647171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic roundworm infections are ubiquitous in grazing livestock. Chemical control through the frequent 'blanket' administration of anthelmintics (wormers) has been, and remains, the cornerstone in controlling these infections, but this practice is unsustainable. Alternative strategies are available but, even with the plethora of best practice advice available, have yet to be integrated into routine farming practice. This is probably due to a range of factors, including contradictory advice from different sources, changes to advice following increased scientific understanding, and top-down knowledge exchange patterns. In this article, we discuss the worm control options available, the translation of new best practice advice from science bench to field, and ideas for future work and directions.
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Attempt to control Haemonchus contortus in dairy goats with Barbervax ® , a vaccine derived from the nematode gut membrane glycoproteins. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dicks LV, Wright HL, Ashpole JE, Hutchison J, McCormack CG, Livoreil B, Zulka KP, Sutherland WJ. What works in conservation? Using expert assessment of summarised evidence to identify practices that enhance natural pest control in agriculture. BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2016; 25:1383-1399. [PMID: 32355426 PMCID: PMC7175675 DOI: 10.1007/s10531-016-1133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper documents an exercise to synthesize and assess the best available scientific knowledge on the effectiveness of different farm practices at enhancing natural pest regulation in agriculture. It demonstrates a novel combination of three approaches to evidence synthesis-systematic literature search, collated synopsis and evidence assessment using an expert panel. These approaches follow a logical sequence moving from a large volume of disparate evidence to a simple, easily understandable answer for use in policy or practice. The example of natural pest regulation in agriculture was selected as a case study within two independent science-policy interface projects, one European and one British. A third funder, a private business, supported the final stage to translate the synthesized findings into a useful, simplified output for agronomists. As a whole, the case study showcases how a network of scientific knowledge holders and knowledge users can work together to improve the use of science in policy and practice. The process identified five practices with good evidence of a benefit to natural pest regulation, with the most beneficial being 'Combine trap and repellent crops in a push-pull system'. It highlights knowledge gaps, or potential research priorities, by showing practices considered important by stakeholders for which there is not enough evidence to make an assessment of effects on natural pest regulation, including 'Alter the timing of pesticide application.' Finally, the process identifies several important practices where the volume of evidence of effects on natural pest regulation was too large (>300 experimental studies) to be summarised with the resources available, and for which focused systematic reviews may be the best approach. These very well studied practices include 'Reduce tillage' and 'Plant more than one crop per field'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn V. Dicks
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
| | - Hugh L. Wright
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, City Road, Peterborough, PE1 1JY UK
| | - Joscelyne E. Ashpole
- BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
| | - James Hutchison
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, City Road, Peterborough, PE1 1JY UK
| | - Caitlin G. McCormack
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Almas Allé 8, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara Livoreil
- Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB), 195 rue Saint Jacques, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre for Evidence-Based Conservation (CEBC), Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
| | - Klaus Peter Zulka
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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