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Abd-Elrahman SM, Dyab AK, Kamel FA, Khedr AA, Khalifa MM, Mohamed SM, Abdel-Hakeem SS. Assessment of cattle tick infestation: Molecular insights into Rhipicephalus annulatus and the efficacy of garlic oil and nanoemulsion as acaricidal agents. Vet Parasitol 2024; 329:110211. [PMID: 38772086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus annulatus, pose significant threats to livestock, causing economic losses and transmitting various infectious diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the potential acaricidal properties of garlic oil and its nanoemulsion against ticks infesting cattle, Rhipicephalus annulatus through the evaluation of mortality rate and morphological changes of the treated ticks. The study also included prevalence, risk factors, and molecular confirmation of tick species. Genetic characterization confirmed the identity of R. annulatus. Our results revealed a high prevalence of R. annulatus (46.9%) with a higher risk in male cattle (50%) than females (44.9%) and a nonsignificant high infection (49.1%) in animals ≤ 1 year old. The acaricidal efficiency of garlic oil and its nanoemulsion was concentration and time-dependent. The high concentration of garlic oil (20 mg/L) induced complete mortality within 48 hours. The nanoemulsion formulation enhanced efficacy, particularly at 5 mg/L, which exhibited rapid and substantial acaricidal activity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological alterations induced by garlic oil and its nanoemulsion, including changes to the anterior capitulum, dorsal, and ventral cuticles. The study contributes to the exploration of effective, safe, and eco-friendly alternatives for tick control. Further research is warranted to validate their efficacy under diverse conditions and assess practical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Kamal Dyab
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Assiut, New Nasser City, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Atea Kamel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.
| | - Abeer A Khedr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, New Valley, El-Khargah 72511, Egypt.
| | - Mervat M Khalifa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut 71515, Egypt.
| | - Shaymaa M Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Asyut 71515, Egypt.
| | - Sara Salah Abdel-Hakeem
- Parasitology Laboratory, Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
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Chaisri W, Aneknan T, Khonkarn R, Tiwananthagorn S, Suriyasathaporn W, Pangprasit N, Saipinta D, Saengsitthisak B, Pikulkaew S. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) containing Cymbopogon citratus essential oil: Enhancing the stability and acaricide efficacy against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110171. [PMID: 38552269 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to develop a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) to enhance the stability and efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil or lemongrass oil (LEO) against cattle tick larvae and engorged females. The system with the highest oil loading in SEDDS was composed of LEO (23.33%w/w), Tween 80: SGKH 4000 in a 2:1 ratio as surfactant (66.67%w/w), and propylene glycol as co-surfactant (10%w/w). The selected SEDDS-LEO has a particle size of 18.78 nm with a narrow size distribution (polydispersity index of 0.27). Notably, the stability of SEDDS was superior to that of the original oil, both during long-term storage and under accelerated conditions. SEDDS-LEO at oil concentrations ranging from 1.458% to 5.833% w/v showed a significantly higher percentage of egg-laying reduction against adult ticks compared with the original oil at the same concentrations (p < 0.05). Furthermore, SEDDS-LEO demonstrated greater larvicidal efficacy than the original oil, with lower LC50 and LC90 values of 0.91 mg/mL and 1.20 mg/mL, respectively, whereas the original oil's LC50 and LC90 values were 1.17 mg/mL and 1.74 mg/mL, respectively. Our findings indicate that SEDDS-LEO is a promising candidate for use as an acaricide in the control of tick populations in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Chaisri
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai Univesity, Chiang Mai 50100Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Tanat Aneknan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Ruttiros Khonkarn
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai Univesity, Chiang Mai 50100Thailand; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Witaya Suriyasathaporn
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai Univesity, Chiang Mai 50100Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Cambodia Campus, Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Noppason Pangprasit
- Department of Livestock Clinics, Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thamarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Duanghathai Saipinta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | | | - Surachai Pikulkaew
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai Univesity, Chiang Mai 50100Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
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Anjos OO, Gomes MN, Tavares CP, Sousa DM, Mendonça CJS, Reck J, Maciel AP, Costa-Junior LM. Polymeric films of corn starch enhance the lethal effects of thymol and carvacrol terpenes upon Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110149. [PMID: 38412588 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus is a parasite of great importance in cattle breeding. It is responsible for huge economic losses. The application of synthetic acaricides is used as a form of control. However, resistant strains have been selected over the years, making it necessary to search for new alternative formulations. The present study aimed to formulate biodegradable films impregnated with the terpenes carvacrol and thymol and evaluate their efficacy on larvae and adults of R. microplus through in vitro tests. The following formulations were prepared: Film 1 (starch based); Film 2 (based on starch and glycerol); Film 1 + Carvarcol or Thymol; Film 2 + Carvarcol or Thymol. Terpenes had a final concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. To evaluate the formulations on larvae, the immersion test was performed by dividing into six groups according to the concentration of terpenes: 5.0, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.313, 0.156 mg/mL and the control groups: 1% ethanol solution; 10% ethanol solution; Film 1; and Film 2. For the evaluations on adult ticks, ten experimental groups (n = 10) were used: 1) Carvacrol; 2) Film 1 + Carvacrol; 3) Film 2 + Carvacrol; 4) Thymol; 5) Film 1 + Thymol; 6) Film 2 + Thymol; 7) Distilled water; 8) 10% ethanol solution; 9) Film 1; and 10) Film 2. In experimental groups 1-6, carvacrol and thymol (free or incorporated in two different biodegradable film formulations) were evaluated at the same concentration (5.0 mg/mL). Each group of ticks was immersed in their respective solutions for five minutes. The results of the tests on larvae showed that the Film 1 + thymol and Film 2 + carvacrol formulations had the lowest lethal concentrations (0.076 and 0.255 mg/mL, respectively), values up to 9.0-fold lower than the monoterpenes tested outside the formulation. Carvacrol and thymol at the concentrations tested were effective in controlling engorged females with a percentage of 32.2% and 63.8%, respectively. When incorporated into biodegradable film formulations, these monoterpenes showed much greater efficacy. Film 1 + carvacrol and Film 2 + carvacrol with control percentages of 71.6% and 97.2%, respectively, while the formulations Film 1 + thymol and Film 2 + thymol showed values of 96.9% and 100.0%. The tick control activity of the biopolymer formulations with thymol and carvacrol was demonstrated through the high mortality rates of larvae and engorged females of the tick R. microplus. Therefore, the results obtained indicate that these formulations have great potential for tick control mainly because of the percentage of control up to 100% in engorged females in in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga O Anjos
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Fuel, Catalysis and Environmental Center, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Gomes
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Caio P Tavares
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Dauana M Sousa
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Adeilton P Maciel
- Fuel, Catalysis and Environmental Center, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Livio M Costa-Junior
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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Gadelhaq SM, Ibrahium SM, Abdel-Baki AAS, Arafa WM, Al-Quraishy S, Hassan AO, Abdelgelil NH, Ahmed M, Aboelhadid SM. Efficacy and safety of geranium-oregano-thymol formulations to control of dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato under laboratory and field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110112. [PMID: 38246120 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluated, in laboratory and field, the efficacy and safety of formulations of Pelargonium graveolens (geranium - G), Origanum majorana (oregano - O) commercial essential oils (EO) and thymol (T) to control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. In the laboratory, three formulas (A: 2% tween 80%, B: powder and C: nanoemulsion) by a mixture of these components (GOT) were prepared and evaluated, and the best one was used to assess its safety and field application against R. sanguineus s. l. on naturally infested dogs. Besides the major compounds of the EO used were identified. The results of the lab study showed that formula A (2.5 g of each G + O + T + 2% tween 80 to complete 100 mL) was significantly more effective than the other two formulas tested and exhibited highly effective adulticidal, larvicidal, and ovicidal activity against R. sanguineus s.l. Significant LC50 and LC90 values of GOT were evaluated (13.4 and 21.5 mg/mL, respectively) for the adulticidal activity, (2.81 and 4.46 mg/mL, respectively) for ovicidal activity and (2.44 and 4.45 mg/mL, respectively) for larvicidal activity. The safety of formula A has been proven by the absence of its cytotoxicity on a cell line of human epidermoid carcinoma. Citronella and carvacrol were the major compounds identified in the commercial essential oils of P. graveolens and O. majorana, respectively. Formula A was used in a field control trial for almost 8 months, during the tick infestation season (April to November, 2022). Fourteen naturally infested dogs were divided into two groups, each with seven dogs. One group received formula A spraying five times during an experiment that continued for 8 months, while the other group received treatment with commercially available malathion acaricide. The animals were sprayed on five occasions throughout the experiment (April, June, July, August, and September). The results showed a substantial percentage of effectiveness after the first application of formula A with a 99.3% reduction in tick count at day 28 post-application (PA). In the case of severe infestation 60 days after the first application of formula A (more than 180 ticks per dog), the second application was done, achieving an efficacy of 54.9% at day 3 PA, so an emergency spray was done at day 5 PA to combat the rest of the tick infestation, achieving efficacy of 99% after 3 days. Consequently, a regular spray (third, fourth, and fifth application) was done every 35 days. This regular spray revealed 100% effectiveness at 14 days PA. Biochemical parameters of treated dogs were evaluated to confirm the safety of formula A. Creatinine, ALT, and albumin of the dogs treated with formula A were within the normal range of dogs, while urea and AST were higher than the normal range. In conclusion, formula A can safely treat R. sanguineus s.l. infestations in dogs with regular application every 5 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M Gadelhaq
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Samar M Ibrahium
- Parasitology, Animal Health Research Institute, Fayoum Branch, Egypt
| | | | - Waleed M Arafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Noha H Abdelgelil
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Manal Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
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Gonzaga BCF, Barrozo MM, Coutinho AL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Vale FL, Marreto L, Marchesini P, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Souza EDF, Sabatini GA, Costa-Júnior LM, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Essential oils and isolated compounds for tick control: advances beyond the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:415. [PMID: 37964392 PMCID: PMC10647118 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick control is a worldwide challenge due to its resistance to acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) and isolated compounds (EOCs) are potential alternatives for tick control technologies. METHODS A review with EOs and EOCs, under field and semi-field conditions, was performed based on Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases. Thirty-one studies published between 1991 and 2022 were selected. The search was performed using the following keywords: "essential oil" combined with "tick," "Ixodes," "Argas," "Rhipicephalus," "Amblyomma," "Hyalomma," "Dermacentor," "Haemaphysalis" and "Ornithodoros." The words "essential oil" and "tick" were searched in the singular and plural. RESULTS The number of studies increased over the years. Brazil stands out with the largest number (51.6%) of publications. The most studied tick species were Rhipicephalus microplus (48.4%), Ixodes scapularis (19.4%), Amblyomma americanum and R. sanguineus sensu lato (9.7% each). Cattle (70%) and dogs (13%) were the main target animal species. Regarding the application of EOs/EOCs formulations, 74% of the studies were conducted with topical application (spray, pour-on, foam, drop) and 26% with environmental treatment (spray). Efficacy results are difficult to evaluate because of the lack of information on the methodology and standardization. The nanotechnology and combination with synthetic acaricides were reported as an alternative to enhance the efficacy of EOs/EOCs. No adverse reactions were observed in 86.6% of the studies evaluating EOs/EOCs clinical safety. Studies regarding toxicity in non-target species and residues are scarce. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a comprehensive review on the use of EOs and EOCs to reduce tick infestations, in both the hosts and the environment. As future directions, we recommend the chemical characterization of EOs, methodology standardization, combination of EOs/EOCs with potential synergists, nanotechnology for new formulations and safety studies for target and non-target organisms, also considering the environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Mayara Macêdo Barrozo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Praça Universitária, no. 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brasil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisas do CCBS, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, no. 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brasil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no. 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil.
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Teixeira ALC, Lima Marreto LCN, Vale FL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Gonzaga BCF, Silva IS, Santos EF, da Silva Lopes FF, de Morais SM, Lopes WDZ, Gomes GA, Monteiro C. Combinations of amitraz with essential oils from Lippia sidoides and Thymus vulgaris, thymol and thymol acetate for Rhipicephalus microplus control: studies under laboratory and field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109997. [PMID: 37562084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of combining amitraz with essential oils (EOs) from Thymus vulgaris and Lippia sidoides, as well as the monoterpenes thymol and thymol acetate, on Rhipicephalus microplus in laboratory conditions, and to select the most effective combination for testing in field conditions. The chemical analysis showed that EOs were mainly composed of monoterpenes, with thymol and p-cymene as the major compounds. In larval (LIT) and adult (AIT) immersion tests using different concentrations of the oils and terpenes mixed with amitraz, the results showed that both EOs and thymol improved the efficacy of amitraz against larvae and engorged females of R. microplus, whereas thymol acetate only enhanced activity against larvae. The most favorable outcome was obtained with the EO of L. sidoides combined with amitraz, resulting in 99 % and 100 % efficacy against larvae and engorged females, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of amitraz with thymol showed presented an efficacy of 94 % and 91 % against larvae and engorged females, respectively. Thus, for the other tests, the combination of thymol + amitraz was chosen due to the ease of working with pure thymol in bioassays, and easier standardization. The immersion test (thymol + amitraz) with semi-engorged females showed 100 % efficacy for the combination of thymol + amitraz, while in tests with different solvents (thymol + amitraz), ethanol being the most effective solvent among those tested (ethanol, Triton, and Tween), resulting in 95 % efficacy on engorged females. In the field test, in treatments with amitraz and thymol + amitraz, efficacy of 54 % and 74 % was observed on day + 3 and 33 % and 43 % on day + 7, respectively. Assessing the reproductive biology of females recovered from animals treated with amitraz or amitraz + thymol, in day + 7, efficacies of 33 % and 52 %, respectively, were observed. EOs from T. vulgaris and L. sidoides and thymol improved the acaricidal activity of amitraz on larvae and engorged females of R. microplus under laboratory conditions, while thymol acetate only enhanced activity against larvae. Thymol increased the efficacy of amitraz under field conditions, however for the development of a commercially available acaricide to R. microplus control, additional studies are needed to increase the efficacy. Further research is needed (by changing concentrations, adding other compounds and/or developing formulations) to increase acaricidal efficacy and develop new effective products to combat R. microplus infestations in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Coutinho Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Laís Carneiro Naziasene Lima Marreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Praça Universitária, nº 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Francisca Leticia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Emilly Faria Santos
- Graduação em Biotecnologia - R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Francisco Flávio da Silva Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Geovany Amorim Gomes
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Av. da Universidade, 850 - Campus da Betânia, Sobral, CE 62.040-370, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil.
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Silva IS, Vale L, Coutinho AL, Sousa LJMPE, Marchesini P, da Silva Matos R, Anholeto LA, Mathias MIC, Ferreira LL, Arruda W, Monteiro C. Thymol and eugenol against Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato engorged females: Biological, histopathological and bioinformatic analysis. Vet Parasitol 2023; 319:109938. [PMID: 37167691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive biology and histopathology of the ovaries of engorged females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato exposed to combinations of thymol and eugenol, as well as to evaluate in silico the possible interactions of thymol and eugenol in tick cell membranes. To evaluate the tick reproductive biology, the adult immersion test (AIT) was performed, in which the engorged females were immersed in solutions of thymol and eugenol, combined or alone, at concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL. Two control groups (water and 3% DMSO) were also performed. The ticks were kept in a controlled chamber (B.O.D - 27 ± 1 °C and 80% ± 5% RH) to evaluate egg production and viability. To perform the ovaries histopathological evaluation, females were immersed in combination of thymol and eugenol (each at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL) and control (water and 3% DMSO) solutions. After immersion, the females were kept in B.O.D (27 ± 1 °C and RH of 80% ± 5%) for four days, they were dissected and the ovaries processed for histological analysis. In addition, an in silico analysis was performed using PASS online® software to predict probability activity (PA) of thymol and eugenol in cell membranes. The treatment with the combination of thymol and eugenol (each at 5.0 mg/mL) caused a reduction (p < 0.01) in oviposition, while the treatments with thymol (5.0 mg/mL) and combination of thymol and eugenol (5.0 mg/mL) reduced (p < 0.05) the egg viability. The treatment with combination of thymol and eugenol (5.0 mg/mL) resulted in a control percentage of 99.9%, while in the other treatments, control percentages below 56% were observed. Oocytes from the females exposed to the combinations of thymol and eugenol (each compound at 2.5 mg/mL) showed histopathological changes, except on oocyte V, while those treated with these compounds alone at 2.5 mg/mL, did not reveal any change. Changes in the shape of the oocyte, presence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm and germinal vesicle, reduction and fusion of yolk granules and rupture of some oocytes were observed. In silico analysis, showed that these compounds can act as membrane permeability inhibitors, membrane permeability agonists, membrane integrity antagonists and apoptosis agonists. We conclude that the combination of thymol and eugenol causes changes in the reproductive biology and morphophysiology of engorged females oocytes. The in silico analysis using thymol and eugenol revealed the possibility of disorganization in the cell membranes, a fact that may explain the histopathological alterations observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Renata da Silva Matos
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, PO Box 339, São Paulo 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luís Adriano Anholeto
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, PO Box 339, São Paulo 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Camargo Mathias
- Departmento de Biologia do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Avenida 24 A, n◦ 1515, São Paulo, Rio Claro, CEP: 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Walquiria Arruda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, CEP 74.690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.605-050, Brazil.
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Laboratory and field efficacy of terpene combinations (carvacrol, thymol and menthol) against the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). Vet Parasitol 2022; 313:109842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aboelhadid SM, Abdel-Baki AAS, Hassan KM, Arafa WM, Abdel-Tawab H, Al-Quraishy S, Hassan AO, Moawad UK, Ahmed O, Kamel AA. Role of antioxidant activity of essential oils in their acaricidal activities against Rhipicephalus annulatus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 88:209-224. [PMID: 36348156 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils of Origanum majorana and Satureja thymbra as well as carvacrol are natural products that are known to have potent antioxidant activities. The current study was designed to investigate the role of the antioxidant properties of these natural products in their acaricidal activities against Rhipicephalus annulatus larvae. The synergistic and/or antagonistic effects of the addition of vitamins E and C and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to these natural products were also evaluated. Larval packet tests were used to evaluate the acaricidal activities against the larvae of R. annulatus. The antioxidant effectiveness of these products was determined by a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay. The addition of vitamin E at 100 mg/mL to O. majorana and S. thymbra decreased the concentrations required to achieve the death of half of the larvae (LC50) to 0.44 and 0.47%, respectively. The combination of O. majorana and S. thymbra attained the LC50 at 1.54% which was decreased to 0.69% after addition of vitamin E. Also, the addition of vitamin E to carvacrol reduced the LC50 to 0.27%. The total antioxidant activity of these natural products increased significantly in presence of vitamin E. The addition of H2O2 inhibited the acaricidal activity of all tested materials, especially at low concentrations. All treatments induced an increase in lipid peroxidation, whereas carvacrol-treated larvae revealed the lowest values for the superoxide dismutase. Glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity decreased in larvae treated with S. thymbra combined with vitamin E. In conclusion, the addition of vitamins E and C increased the acaricidal activities of the tested compounds, whereas the addition of H2O2 decreased these activities. The antioxidant activities of essential oils and their active components may play an important role in mediating their acaricidal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | | | - Khaled M Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Beni-Suef Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research center (ARC), Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Waleed M Arafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Heba Abdel-Tawab
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 63110, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Usama K Moawad
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Osama Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Kamel
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Essential Oils and Melatonin as Functional Ingredients in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162089. [PMID: 36009679 PMCID: PMC9405278 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Phytogenics are plant-based compounds with beneficial actions in feed technology and/or animal health. These so-called plant secondary metabolites are very diverse and with wide possible applications in humans and animals. Among them, essential oils (EOs) are the most used in feed for livestock and pets. Lately, melatonin has acquired new and interesting applications in dogs. Recent studies using EOs and/or melatonin in dog feeding and their involvement in health aspects are presented. Abstract The use of nutraceuticals or functional ingredients is increasingly widespread in human food; their use is also widespread in animal feed. These natural compounds generally come from plant materials and comprise a wide range of substances of a very diverse chemical nature. In animals, these compounds, so-called phytogenics, are used to obtain improvements in feed production/stability and also as functional components with repercussions on animal health. Along with polyphenols, isoprenoid compounds represent a family of substances with wide applications in therapy and pet nutrition. Essential oils (EOs) are a group of complex substances with fat-soluble nature that are widely used. Melatonin is an indolic amine present in all living with amphiphilic nature. In this work, we present a review of the most relevant phytogenics (polyphenol, isoprenoid, and alkaloid compounds), their characteristics, and possible uses as nutraceuticals in dogs, with special emphasis on EOs and their regulatory aspects, applied in foods and topically. Additionally, a presentation of the importance of the use of melatonin in dogs is developed, giving physiological and practical aspects about its use in dog feeding and also in topical application, with examples and future projections. This review points to the combination of EOs and melatonin in food supplements and in the topical application as an innovative product and shows excellent perspectives aimed at addressing dysfunctions in pets, such as the treatment of stress and anxiety, sleep disorders, alopecia, and hair growth problems, among others.
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Tavares CP, Sabadin GA, Sousa IC, Gomes MN, Soares AM, Monteiro CM, Vaz IS, Costa-Junior LM. Effects of carvacrol and thymol on the antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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