1
|
Guo C, Sachithanandham J, Zhong W, Craney M, Villano J, Pekosz A, Gould SJ. Antigen-display exosomes provide adjuvant-free protection against SARS-CoV-2 disease at nanogram levels of spike protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.04.574272. [PMID: 38328234 PMCID: PMC10849639 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.04.574272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
As the only bionormal nanovesicle, exosomes have high potential as a nanovesicle for delivering vaccines and therapeutics. We show here that the loading of type-1 membrane proteins into the exosome membrane is induced by exosome membrane anchor domains, EMADs, that maximize protein delivery to the plasma membrane, minimize protein sorting to other compartments, and direct proteins into exosome membranes. Using SARS-CoV-2 spike as an example and EMAD13 as our most effective exosome membrane anchor, we show that cells expressing a spike-EMAD13 fusion protein produced exosomes that carry dense arrays of spike trimers on 50% of all exosomes. Moreover, we find that immunization with spike-EMAD13 exosomes induced strong neutralizing antibody responses and protected hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 disease at doses of just 0.5-5 ng of spike protein, without adjuvant, demonstrating that antigen-display exosomes are particularly immunogenic, with important implications for both structural and expression-dependent vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - William Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Morgan Craney
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jason Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Anand SP, Grover JR, Tolbert WD, Prévost J, Richard J, Ding S, Baril S, Medjahed H, Evans DT, Pazgier M, Mothes W, Finzi A. Antibody-Induced Internalization of HIV-1 Env Proteins Limits Surface Expression of the Closed Conformation of Env. J Virol 2019; 93:e00293-19. [PMID: 30894474 PMCID: PMC6532100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00293-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To minimize immune responses against infected cells, HIV-1 limits the surface expression of its envelope glycoprotein (Env). Here, we demonstrate that this mechanism is specific for the Env conformation and affects the efficiency of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we show that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the "closed" conformation of Env induce its internalization from the surface. In contrast, non-neutralizing antibodies (nNAbs) are displayed on the cell surface for prolonged period of times. The bNAb-induced Env internalization can be decreased by blocking dynamin function, which translates into higher susceptibilities of infected cells to ADCC. Our results suggest that antibody-mediated Env internalization is a mechanism used by HIV-1 to evade immune responses against the "closed" conformation of Env expressed on HIV-1-infected cells.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 has evolved to acquire several strategies to limit the exposure of its envelope glycoproteins (Env) on the surface of infected cells. In this study, we show that antibody-induced Env internalization is conformation specific and reduces the susceptibility of infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Thus, a better understanding of this mechanism might help develop antibodies with improved capacities to mediate ADCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Grover
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Baril
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hou Y, Meulia T, Gao X, Saif LJ, Wang Q. Deletion of both the Tyrosine-Based Endocytosis Signal and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Retrieval Signal in the Cytoplasmic Tail of Spike Protein Attenuates Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Pigs. J Virol 2019; 93:e01758-18. [PMID: 30404797 PMCID: PMC6321913 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01758-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes high mortality in neonatal piglets. The PEDV spike (S) protein contains two intracellular sorting motifs, YxxΦ (tyrosine-based motif YEVF or YEAF) and KVHVQ at the cytoplasmic tail, yet their functions have not been fully elucidated. Some Vero cell-adapted and/or attenuated PEDV variants contain ablations in these two motifs. We hypothesized that these motifs contribute to viral pathogenicity. By transiently expressing PEDV S proteins with mutations in the motifs, we confirmed that the motif KVHVQ is involved in retention of the S proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). In addition, we showed that the YxxΦ motif triggers endocytosis of S proteins. These two motifs synergistically regulate the level of S expressed on the cell surface. To investigate their role in viral pathogenicity, we generated three recombinant PEDVs by introducing deletions or a mutation in the two motifs of the infectious clone of PEDV PC22A strain (icPC22A): (i) icΔ10aa (ΔYxxΦEKVHVQ), (ii) icΔ5aa (ΔKVHVQ), and (iii) icYA (Y1378A, to an inactivated motif, AEVF). Infection of Vero cells with icΔ10aa resulted in larger syncytia and more virions, with reduced numbers of S protein projections on the surface compared with icPC22A. Furthermore, we orally inoculated five groups of 5-day-old gnotobiotic piglets with the three mutants, icPC22A, or a mock treatment. Mutant icΔ10aa caused less severe diarrhea rate and significantly milder intestinal lesions than icPC22A, icΔ5aa, and icYA. These data suggest that the deletion of both motifs can reduce the virulence of PEDV in piglets.IMPORTANCE Many coronaviruses (CoVs) possess conserved motifs YxxΦ and/or KxHxx/KKxx in the cytoplasmic tail of the S protein. The KxHxx/KKxx motif has been identified as the ER retrieval signal, but the function of the YxxΦ motif in the intracellular sorting of CoV S proteins remains controversial. In this study, we showed that the YxxΦ of PEDV S protein is an endocytosis signal. Furthermore, using reverse genetics technology, we evaluated its role in PEDV pathogenicity in neonatal piglets. Our results explain one attenuation mechanism of Vero cell-adapted PEDV variants lacking functional YxxΦ and KVHVQ motifs. Knowledge from this study may aid in the design of efficacious live attenuated vaccines against PEDV, as well as other CoVs bearing the same motif in their S protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Hou
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Tea Meulia
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Antibody-Induced Internalization of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00184-17. [PMID: 28468888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00184-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections remain a major cause of respiratory disease and hospitalizations among infants. Infection recurs frequently and establishes a weak and short-lived immunity. To date, RSV immunoprophylaxis and vaccine research is mainly focused on the RSV fusion (F) protein, but a vaccine remains elusive. The RSV F protein is a highly conserved surface glycoprotein and is the main target of neutralizing antibodies induced by natural infection. Here, we analyzed an internalization process of antigen-antibody complexes after binding of RSV-specific antibodies to RSV antigens expressed on the surface of infected cells. The RSV F protein and attachment (G) protein were found to be internalized in both infected and transfected cells after the addition of either RSV-specific polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) or RSV glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), as determined by indirect immunofluorescence staining and flow-cytometric analysis. Internalization experiments with different cell lines, well-differentiated primary bronchial epithelial cells (WD-PBECs), and RSV isolates suggest that antibody internalization can be considered a general feature of RSV. More specifically for RSV F, the mechanism of internalization was shown to be clathrin dependent. All RSV F-targeted MAbs tested, regardless of their epitopes, induced internalization of RSV F. No differences could be observed between the different MAbs, indicating that RSV F internalization was epitope independent. Since this process can be either antiviral, by affecting virus assembly and production, or beneficial for the virus, by limiting the efficacy of antibodies and effector mechanism, further research is required to determine the extent to which this occurs in vivo and how this might impact RSV replication.IMPORTANCE Current research into the development of new immunoprophylaxis and vaccines is mainly focused on the RSV F protein since, among others, RSV F-specific antibodies are able to protect infants from severe disease, if administered prophylactically. However, antibody responses established after natural RSV infections are poorly protective against reinfection, and high levels of antibodies do not always correlate with protection. Therefore, RSV might be capable of interfering, at least partially, with antibody-induced neutralization. In this study, a process through which surface-expressed RSV F proteins are internalized after interaction with RSV-specific antibodies is described. One the one hand, this antigen-antibody complex internalization could result in an antiviral effect, since it may interfere with virus particle formation and virus production. On the other hand, this mechanism may also reduce the efficacy of antibody-mediated effector mechanisms toward infected cells.
Collapse
|
5
|
Vzorov AN, Compans RW. VLP vaccines and effects of HIV-1 Env protein modifications on their antigenic properties. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
6
|
Comparative immunogenicity of HIV-1 gp160, gp140 and gp120 expressed by live attenuated newcastle disease virus vector. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78521. [PMID: 24098600 PMCID: PMC3788131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) capable of inducing broad humoral and cellular responses at both the systemic and mucosal levels will be critical for combating the global AIDS epidemic. We previously demonstrated the ability of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a vaccine vector to express oligomeric Env protein gp160 and induce potent humoral and mucosal immune responses. In the present study, we used NDV vaccine strain LaSota as a vector to compare the biochemical and immunogenic properties of vector-expressed gp160, gp120, and two versions of gp140 (a derivative of gp160 made by deleting the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains), namely: gp140L, which contained the complete membrane-proximal external region (MPER), and gp140S, which lacks the distal half of MPER. We show that, similar to gp160, NDV-expressed gp140S and gp120, but not gp140L, formed higher-order oligomers that retained recognition by conformationally sensitive monoclonal antibodies. Immunization of guinea pigs by the intranasal route with rLaSota/gp140S resulted in significantly greater systemic and mucosal antibody responses compared to the other recombinants. Immunization with rLaSota/140S, rLaSota/140L rLaSota/120 resulted in mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses as compared to Th1-biased immune responses induced by rLaSota/160. Importantly, rLaSota/gp140S induced neutralizing antibody responses to homologous HIV-1 strain BaL.26 and laboratory adapted HIV-1 strain MN.3 that were stronger than those elicited by the other NDV recombinants. Additionally, rLaSota/gp140S induced greater CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in mice. These studies illustrate that rLaSota/gp140S is a promising vaccine candidate to elicit potent mucosal, humoral and cellular immune responses to the HIV-1 Env protein.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao Y, Wen Z, Dong K, Zhong G, Wang X, Bu Z, Chen H, Ye L, Yang C. Characterization of immune responses induced by immunization with the HA DNA vaccines of two antigenically distinctive H5N1 HPAIV isolates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41332. [PMID: 22859976 PMCID: PMC3409192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has resulted in high sequence variations and diverse antigenic properties in circulating viral isolates. We investigated immune responses induced by HA DNA vaccines of two contemporary H5N1 HPAIV isolates, A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/3/2005 (QH) and A/chicken/Shanxi/2/2006 (SX) respectively, against the homologous as well as the heterologous virus isolate for comparison. Characterization of antibody responses induced by immunization with QH-HA and SX-HA DNA vaccines showed that the two isolates are antigenically distinctive. Interestingly, after immunization with the QH-HA DNA vaccine, subsequent boosting with the SX-HA DNA vaccine significantly augmented antibody responses against the QH isolate but only induced low levels of antibody responses against the SX isolate. Conversely, after immunization with the SX-HA DNA vaccine, subsequent boosting with the QH-HA DNA vaccine significantly augmented antibody responses against the SX isolate but only induced low levels of antibody responses against the QH isolate. In contrast to the antibody responses, cross-reactive T cell responses are readily detected between these two isolates at similar levels. These results indicate the existence of original antigenic sin (OAS) between concurrently circulating H5N1 HPAIV strains, which may need to be taken into consideration in vaccine development against the potential H5N1 HPAIV pandemic.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Geese
- HeLa Cells
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/biosynthesis
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhiyuan Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Central Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gongxun Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chinglai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye L, Wen Z, Dong K, Wang X, Bu Z, Zhang H, Compans RW, Yang C. Induction of HIV neutralizing antibodies against the MPER of the HIV envelope protein by HA/gp41 chimeric protein-based DNA and VLP vaccines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14813. [PMID: 21625584 PMCID: PMC3098228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several conserved neutralizing epitopes have been identified in the HIV Env protein and among these, the MPER of gp41 has received great attention and is widely recognized as a promising target. However, little success has been achieved in eliciting MPER-specific HIV neutralizing antibodies by a number of different vaccine strategies. We investigated the ability of HA/gp41 chimeric protein-based vaccines, which were designed to enhance the exposure of the MPER in its native conformation, to induce MPER-specific HIV neutralizing antibodies. In characterization of the HA/gp41 chimeric protein, we found that by mutating an unpaired Cys residue (Cys-14) in its HA1 subunit to a Ser residue, the modified chimeric protein HA-C14S/gp41 showed increased reactivity to a conformation-sensitive monoclonal antibody against HA and formed more stable trimers in VLPs. On the other hand, HA-C14S/gp41 and HA/gp41 chimeric proteins expressed on the cell surfaces exhibited similar reactivity to monoclonal antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. Immunization of guinea pigs using the HA-C14S/gp41 DNA or VLP vaccines induced antibodies against the HIV gp41 as well as to a peptide corresponding to a segment of MPER at higher levels than immunization by standard HIV VLPs. Further, sera from vaccinated guinea pigs were found to exhibit HIV neutralizing activities. Moreover, sera from guinea pigs vaccinated by HA-C14S/gp41 DNA and VLP vaccines but not the standard HIV VLPs, were found to neutralize HIV pseudovirions containing a SIV-4E10 chimeric Env protein. The virus neutralization could be blocked by a MPER-specific peptide, thus demonstrating induction of MPER-specific HIV neutralizing antibodies by this novel vaccine strategy. These results show that induction of MPER-specific HIV neutralizing antibodies can be achieved through a rationally designed vaccine strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LY); (CY)
| | - Zhiyuan Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Central Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Central Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huizhong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard W. Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chinglai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LY); (CY)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Immunization with a Mixture of HIV Env DNA and VLP Vaccines Augments Induction of CD8 T Cell Responses. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:497219. [PMID: 20508832 PMCID: PMC2876254 DOI: 10.1155/2010/497219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response induced by immunization with HIV Env DNA and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines was investigated. Immunization with the HIV Env DNA vaccine induced a strong CD8 T cell response but relatively weak antibody response against the HIV Env whereas immunization with VLPs induced higher levels of antibody responses but little CD8 T cell response. Interestingly, immunization with a mixture the HIV Env DNA and VLP vaccines induced enhanced CD8 T cell and antibody responses. Further, it was observed that the mixing of DNA and VLP vaccines during immunization is necessary for augmenting induction of CD8 T cell responses and such augmentation of CD8 T cell responses was also observed by mixing the HIV Env DNA vaccine with control VLPs. These results show that immunization with a mixture of DNA and VLP vaccines combines advantages of both vaccine platforms for eliciting high levels of both antibody and CD8 T cell responses.
Collapse
|
10
|
The membrane-proximal external region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope: dominant site of antibody neutralization and target for vaccine design. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:54-84, table of contents. [PMID: 18322034 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00020-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enormous efforts have been made to produce a protective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1; there has been little success. However, the identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies against epitopes on the highly conserved membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the gp41 envelope protein has delineated this region as an attractive vaccine target. Furthermore, emerging structural information on the MPER has provided vaccine designers with new insights for building relevant immunogens. This review describes the current state of the field regarding (i) the structure and function of the gp41 MPER; (ii) the structure and binding mechanisms of the broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5, 4E10, and Z13; and (iii) the development of an MPER-targeting vaccine. In addition, emerging approaches to vaccine design are presented.
Collapse
|
11
|
Blot V, Lopez-Vergès S, Breton M, Pique C, Berlioz-Torrent C, Grange MP. The conserved dileucine- and tyrosine-based motifs in MLV and MPMV envelope glycoproteins are both important to regulate a common Env intracellular trafficking. Retrovirology 2006; 3:62. [PMID: 16978406 PMCID: PMC1592117 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retrovirus particles emerge from the assembly of two structural protein components, Gag that is translated as a soluble protein in the cytoplasm of the host cells, and Env, a type I transmembrane protein. Because both components are translated in different intracellular compartments, elucidating the mechanisms of retrovirus assembly thus requires the study of their intracellular trafficking. RESULTS We used a CD25 (Tac) chimera-based approach to study the trafficking of Moloney murine leukemia virus and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus Env proteins. We found that the cytoplasmic tails (CTs) of both Env conserved two major signals that control a complex intracellular trafficking. A dileucine-based motif controls the sorting of the chimeras from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) toward endosomal compartments. Env proteins then follow a retrograde transport to the TGN due to the action of a tyrosine-based motif. Mutation of either motif induces the mis-localization of the chimeric proteins and both motifs are found to mediate interactions of the viral CTs with clathrin adaptors. CONCLUSION This data reveals the unexpected complexity of the intracellular trafficking of retrovirus Env proteins that cycle between the TGN and endosomes. Given that Gag proteins hijack endosomal host proteins, our work suggests that the endosomal pathway may be used by retroviruses to ensure proper encountering of viral structural Gag and Env proteins in cells, an essential step of virus assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Blot
- Institut Cochin, DépartementBiologie Cellulaire, Paris, F-75014 France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, F-75014 France
- CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014 France
- Université Paris 5, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, UMR3, Paris, F-75014 France
- Weill Medical College of Cornell, Biochemistry Dept, New York, NY10021 USA
| | - Sandra Lopez-Vergès
- Institut Cochin, DépartementMaladies Infectieuses, Paris, F-75014 France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, F-75014 France
- CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014 France
- Université Paris 5, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, UMR3, Paris, F-75014 France
| | - Marie Breton
- Institut Cochin, DépartementBiologie Cellulaire, Paris, F-75014 France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, F-75014 France
- CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014 France
- Université Paris 5, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, UMR3, Paris, F-75014 France
| | - Claudine Pique
- Institut Cochin, DépartementBiologie Cellulaire, Paris, F-75014 France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, F-75014 France
- CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014 France
- Université Paris 5, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, UMR3, Paris, F-75014 France
| | - Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent
- Institut Cochin, DépartementMaladies Infectieuses, Paris, F-75014 France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, F-75014 France
- CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014 France
- Université Paris 5, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, UMR3, Paris, F-75014 France
| | - Marie-Pierre Grange
- Institut Cochin, DépartementBiologie Cellulaire, Paris, F-75014 France
- Inserm, U567, Paris, F-75014 France
- CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014 France
- Université Paris 5, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, UMR3, Paris, F-75014 France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Costers S, Delputte PL, Nauwynck HJ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected alveolar macrophages contain no detectable levels of viral proteins in their plasma membrane and are protected against antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cell lysis. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2341-2351. [PMID: 16847130 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can evade the host immune system, which results in prolonged virus replication for several weeks to several months. To date, the mechanisms of PRRSV immune evasion have not been investigated in detail. One possible immune-evasion strategy is to avoid incorporation of viral proteins into the plasma membrane of infected cells, as this prevents recognition by virus-specific antibodies and consequent cell lysis either by the classical complement pathway or by antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In this study, viral proteins were not observed in the plasma membrane of in vitro-infected macrophages by using confocal microscopy or flow cytometry. Subsequently, the sensitivity of PRRSV-infected macrophages towards antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cell lysis (ADCML) was determined by using an ADCML assay. A non-significant percentage of PRRSV-infected cells were killed in the assay, showing that in vitro PRRSV-infected macrophages are protected against ADCML. PRRSV proteins were not detected in the plasma membrane of in vivo-infected alveolar macrophages and ADCML was also not observed. Together, these data indicate that viral proteins are not incorporated into the plasma membrane of PRRSV-infected macrophages, which makes infected cells invisible to PRRSV-specific antibodies. This absence of viral proteins on the cell surface could explain the protection against ADCML observed for in vitro and in vivo PRRSV-infected macrophages, and may play a role in virus persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Costers
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter L Delputte
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar S, Yan J, Muthumani K, Ramanathan MP, Yoon H, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK, Sidhu M, Boyer JD, Weiner DB. Immunogenicity testing of a novel engineered HIV-1 envelope gp140 DNA vaccine construct. DNA Cell Biol 2006; 25:383-92. [PMID: 16848679 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2006.25.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines expressing the envelope (env) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been relatively ineffective at generating strong immune responses. In this study, we described the development of a recombinant plasmid DNA (pEK2P-B) expressing an engineered codon-optimized envelope gp140 gene of primary (nonrecombinant) HIV-1 subtype B isolate 6101. Codon usage and RNA optimization of HIV-1 structural genes has been shown to increase protein expression in vitro as well as in the context of DNA vaccines in vivo. To further increase the expression, a synthetic IgE leader with kozak sequences were fused into the env gene. The cytoplasmic tail of the gene was also truncated to prevent recycling. The expression of env by the recombinant pEK2P-B was evaluated using T7 coupled transcription/translation. The construct demonstrated high expression of the HIV-1 env gene in eukaryotic cells as demonstrated in transfected 293-T and RD cells. Immunogenicity of pEK2P-B was evaluated in mice using IFN-gamma ELISpot assay, and the construct was found to be highly immunogenic and crossreactive with HIV-1 clade C env peptides. Three immunodominant peptides were also mapped out. Furthermore, by performing a CFSE flow cytometry-based proliferation assay, 2.4 and 1.5% proliferation was observed in CD4+, CD8+, and CCR+ memory T cells, respectively. Therefore, this engineered synthetic optimized env DNA vaccine may be useful in DNA vaccine and other studies of HIV-1 immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6100, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ye L, Sun Y, Lin J, Bu Z, Wu Q, Jiang S, Steinhauer DA, Compans RW, Yang C. Antigenic properties of a transport-competent influenza HA/HIV Env chimeric protein. Virology 2006; 352:74-85. [PMID: 16725170 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane subunit (gp41) of the HIV Env glycoprotein contains conserved neutralizing epitopes which are not well-exposed in wild-type HIV Env proteins. To enhance the exposure of these epitopes, a chimeric protein, HA/gp41, in which the gp41 of HIV-1 89.6 envelope protein was fused to the C-terminus of the HA1 subunit of the influenza HA protein, was constructed. Characterization of protein expression showed that the HA/gp41 chimeric proteins were expressed on cell surfaces and formed trimeric oligomers, as found in the HIV Env as well as influenza HA proteins. In addition, the HA/gp41 chimeric protein expressed on the cell surface can also be cleaved into 2 subunits by trypsin treatment, similar to the influenza HA. Moreover, the HA/gp41 chimeric protein was found to maintain a pre-fusion conformation. Interestingly, the HA/gp41 chimeric proteins on cell surfaces exhibited increased reactivity to monoclonal antibodies against the HIV Env gp41 subunit compared with the HIV-1 envelope protein, including the two broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. Immunization of mice with a DNA vaccine expressing the HA/gp41 chimeric protein induced antibodies against the HIV gp41 protein and these antibodies exhibit neutralizing activity against infection by an HIV SF162 pseudovirus. These results demonstrate that the construction of such chimeric proteins can provide enhanced exposure of conserved epitopes in the HIV Env gp41 and may represent a novel vaccine design strategy for inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Room 3086 Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ye L, Lin J, Sun Y, Bennouna S, Lo M, Wu Q, Bu Z, Pulendran B, Compans RW, Yang C. Ebola virus-like particles produced in insect cells exhibit dendritic cell stimulating activity and induce neutralizing antibodies. Virology 2006; 351:260-70. [PMID: 16678231 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant baculoviruses (rBV) expressing Ebola virus VP40 (rBV-VP40) or GP (rBV-GP) proteins were generated. Infection of Sf9 insect cells by rBV-VP40 led to assembly and budding of filamentous particles from the cell surface as shown by electron microscopy. Ebola virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced by coinfection of Sf9 cells with rBV-VP40 and rBV-GP, and incorporation of Ebola GP into VLPs was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Recombinant baculovirus infection of insect cells yielded high levels of VLPs, which were shown to stimulate cytokine secretion from human dendritic cells similar to VLPs produced in mammalian cells. The immunogenicity of Ebola VLPs produced in insect cells was evaluated by immunization of mice. Analysis of antibody responses showed that most of the GP-specific antibodies were of the IgG2a subtype, while no significant level of IgG1 subtype antibodies specific for GP was induced, indicating the induction of a Th1-biased immune response. Furthermore, sera from Ebola VLP immunized mice were able to block infection by Ebola GP pseudotyped HIV virus in a single round infection assay, indicating that a neutralizing antibody against the Ebola GP protein was induced. These results show that production of Ebola VLPs in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses represents a promising approach for vaccine development against Ebola virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Favoreel HW. The why's of Y-based motifs in alphaherpesvirus envelope proteins. Virus Res 2006; 117:202-8. [PMID: 16417939 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Alphaherpesvirinae are large DNA viruses and represent the largest subfamily of the Herpesviridae with closely related members of man and animal, including herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, pseudorabies virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, and many others. The viral envelope proteins of alphaherpesviruses are remarkably diverse and are incorporated in the ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane of infected cells. The cytoplasmic domain of many of these envelope proteins contain specific tyrosine-based amino acids. During recent years, accumulating evidence indicates that these tyrosine-based motifs serve different important functions during the virus life cycle, and are implicated in endocytosis processes, intracellular trafficking, basolateral and axonal sorting, and signal transduction events. The current minireview will discuss the functions associated with these tyrosine-based motifs in alphaherpesvirus envelope proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman W Favoreel
- Laboratory of Virology and Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Favoreel HW, Van Minnebruggen G, Van de Walle GR, Ficinska J, Nauwynck HJ. Herpesvirus interference with virus-specific antibodies: bridging antibodies, internalizing antibodies, and hiding from antibodies. Vet Microbiol 2005; 113:257-63. [PMID: 16326036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses have developed different tools to thwart efficient antibody-dependent neutralisation and lysis of virions and elimination of infected cells. This overview will briefly summarize different of these tools, including (i) viral Fc receptors and the resulting process of antibody bridging, (ii) internalization of individual viral proteins and clustered antibody-antigen complexes from the plasma membrane of infected cells, and (iii) directed egress of virus particles to sites of intimate cell-cell contact that are difficult to access for antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman W Favoreel
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hollier MJ, Dimmock NJ. The C-terminal tail of the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 clades A, B, C, and D may exist in two conformations: an analysis of sequence, structure, and function. Virology 2005; 337:284-96. [PMID: 15913700 PMCID: PMC7111842 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the major ectodomain, the gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein of HIV-1 is now known to have a minor ectodomain that is part of the long C-terminal tail. Both ectodomains are highly antigenic, carry neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes, and are involved in virus-mediated fusion activity. However, data have so far been biologically based, and derived solely from T cell line-adapted (TCLA), B clade viruses. Here we have carried out sequence and theoretically based structural analyses of 357 gp41 C-terminal sequences of mainly primary isolates of HIV-1 clades A, B, C, and D. Data show that all these viruses have the potential to form a tail loop structure (the minor ectodomain) supported by three, β-sheet, membrane-spanning domains (MSDs). This means that the first (N-terminal) tyrosine-based sorting signal of the gp41 tail is situated outside the cell membrane and is non-functional, and that gp41 that reaches the cell surface may be recycled back into the cytoplasm through the activity of the second tyrosine-sorting signal. However, we suggest that only a minority of cell-associated gp41 molecules – those destined for incorporation into virions – has 3 MSDs and the minor ectodomain. Most intracellular gp41 has the conventional single MSD, no minor ectodomain, a functional first tyrosine-based sorting signal, and in line with current thinking is degraded intracellularly. The gp41 structural diversity suggested here can be viewed as an evolutionary strategy to minimize HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein expression on the cell surface, and hence possible cytotoxicity and immune attack on the infected cell.
Collapse
|
19
|
Beddows S, Schülke N, Kirschner M, Barnes K, Franti M, Michael E, Ketas T, Sanders RW, Maddon PJ, Olson WC, Moore JP. Evaluating the immunogenicity of a disulfide-stabilized, cleaved, trimeric form of the envelope glycoprotein complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2005; 79:8812-27. [PMID: 15994775 PMCID: PMC1168742 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.8812-8827.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) complex comprises three gp120 exterior glycoproteins each noncovalently linked to a gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein. Monomeric gp120 proteins can elicit antibodies capable of neutralizing atypically sensitive test viruses in vitro, but these antibodies are ineffective against representative primary isolates and the gp120 vaccines failed to provide protection against HIV-1 transmission in vivo. Alternative approaches to raising neutralizing antibodies are therefore being pursued. Here we report on the antibody responses generated in rabbits against a soluble, cleaved, trimeric form of HIV-1(JR-FL) Env. In this construct, the gp120 and gp41 moieties are covalently linked by an intermolecular disulfide bond (SOS gp140), and an I559P substitution has been added to stabilize gp41-gp41 interactions (SOSIP gp140). We investigated the value of DNA priming and compared the use of membrane-bound and soluble priming antigens and of repeat boosting with soluble and particulate protein antigen. Compared to monomeric gp120, SOSIP gp140 trimers elicited approximately threefold lower titers of anti-gp120 antibodies. Priming with DNA encoding a membrane-bound form of the SOS gp140 protein, followed by several immunizations with soluble SOSIP gp140 trimers, resulted in antibodies capable of neutralizing sensitive strains at high titers. A subset of these sera also neutralized, at lower titers, HIV-1(JR-FL) and some other primary isolates in pseudovirus and/or whole-virus assays. Neutralization of these viruses was immunoglobulin mediated and was predominantly caused by antibodies to gp120 epitopes, but not the V3 region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beddows
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., Room W-805, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ficinska J, Van Minnebruggen G, Nauwynck HJ, Bienkowska-Szewczyk K, Favoreel HW. Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein gD contains a functional endocytosis motif that acts in concert with an endocytosis motif in gB to drive internalization of antibody-antigen complexes from the surface of infected monocytes. J Virol 2005; 79:7248-54. [PMID: 15890963 PMCID: PMC1112093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.7248-7254.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral glycoproteins gB and gD of the swine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV), which is closely related to human herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus, are able to drive internalization of antibody-antigen complexes that may form at the cell surface of infected monocytes, thereby protecting these cells from efficient antibody-mediated lysis. We found earlier that gB relies on an endocytosis motif in its cytoplasmic domain for its function during this internalization process. Here, we report that the PRV gD protein also contains a functional endocytosis motif (YRLL) in its cytoplasmic domain that drives spontaneous endocytosis of gD from the cell surface early in infection and that acts in concert with the endocytosis motif in gB to contribute to efficient internalization of antibody-antigen complexes in PRV-infected monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Ficinska
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|