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Araujo ADC, Cho AY, Silva LMN, Port D, Demoliner M, Gularte JS, Filippi M, Pereira VMDAG, Fisch F, Palameta S, de Araújo J, Branco JO, Durigon EL, Arns CW, Lee SH, Rosado Spilki F, Lee DH, Ferreira HL. Whole genome sequencing of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (H6N2) detected from a Brazilian teal ( Amazonnetta brasiliensis) in Brazil, 2023. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024:e0015824. [PMID: 38860813 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00158-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The whole genome sequence of a low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (H6N2) was sequenced from a Brazilian teal (Amazonetta brasiliensis) in Brazil, 2023. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome revealed a distinct genome pertaining to South American LPAIV from 2014 to 2016, indicating extensive circulation among South American wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Yong Cho
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Laura Morais Nascimento Silva
- Graduate Program in Experimental Epidemiology Applied to Zoonoses, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dagoberto Port
- Brusque City Hall - Municipal Department of Education, Brusque, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Virology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schons Gularte
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Virology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Micheli Filippi
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Virology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiane Fisch
- Polytechnic School, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Soledad Palameta
- BSL-3 Laboratory of Virology and Applied Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jansen de Araújo
- BSL3+ Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edison L Durigon
- BSL3+ Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institut Pasteur of São Paulo/USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice Weis Arns
- BSL-3 Laboratory of Virology and Applied Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sun-Hak Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Virology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, FZEA-USP, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Experimental Epidemiology Applied to Zoonoses, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Cerda-Armijo C, de León MB, Ruvalcaba-Ortega I, Chablé-Santos J, Canales-Del-Castillo R, Peñuelas-Urquides K, Rivera-Morales LG, Menchaca-Rodríguez G, Camacho-Moll ME, Contreras-Cordero JF, Guzmán-Velasco A, González-Rojas JI. High Prevalence of Avian Influenza Virus Among Wild Waterbirds and Land Birds of Mexico. Avian Dis 2020; 64:135-142. [PMID: 32550613 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic wild birds, especially waterfowl, have been long considered the main reservoirs of the avian influenza A virus; however, recent surveys have found an important prevalence of these viruses among land birds as well. Migration has been suggested as an important factor in the avian influenza virus dissemination. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild birds (waterbirds and land birds; resident and migratory) in eastern Mexico, where the three main North American migration flyways converge and where there was no previous information on this subject. We detected influenza with reverse transcription coupled with a PCR approach. Of the 534 birds sampled between 2010 and 2012, we detected the influenza A virus in a high proportion of birds (39%). Prevalence was particularly high in land birds (49%) when compared to aquatic birds (26%); there was no difference in overall prevalence between resident (39%) and migratory birds (39%). The high prevalence of the avian influenza virus in land birds was noteworthy in the innermost sampling areas in northern Mexico (Coahuila [82%] and Nuevo Leon [43%]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cerda-Armijo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Mario Bermúdez de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 64720 Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, 66238 San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| | - Irene Ruvalcaba-Ortega
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Juan Chablé-Santos
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Ricardo Canales-Del-Castillo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Katia Peñuelas-Urquides
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 64720 Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Lydia G Rivera-Morales
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Griselda Menchaca-Rodríguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - María Elena Camacho-Moll
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 64720 Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Vicerrectoría de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, 66238 San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| | - Juan F Contreras-Cordero
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Antonio Guzmán-Velasco
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - José Ignacio González-Rojas
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México,
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3
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Jimenez-Bluhm P, Bravo-Vasquez N, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Livingston B, Herrera J, Fuentes M, Schultz-Cherry S, Hamilton-West C. Low pathogenic avian influenza (H7N6) virus causing an outbreak in commercial Turkey farms in Chile. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:479-485. [PMID: 30924394 PMCID: PMC6456847 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1595162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In late 2016, an H7N6 low pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak occurred in domestic turkeys in Central Chile. We characterized the genetic and antigenic properties of the outbreak virus and its experimental transmission in chickens. Our studies demonstrate that the outbreak virus is a reassortment of genes identified from Chilean wild bird viruses between 2013 and 2017 and displays molecular adaptations to poultry and antiviral resistance to adamantanes. Further, these wild bird viruses are also able to transmit in experimentally infected chickens highlighting the need for continued surveillance and improvement of biosecurity in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jimenez-Bluhm
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | | | - Mia K Torchetti
- c National Veterinary Services Laboratories , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Mary L Killian
- c National Veterinary Services Laboratories , Ames , IA , USA
| | | | - Jose Herrera
- d Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero , Santiago , Chile
| | | | | | - Christopher Hamilton-West
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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4
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Wang SJ, Liu XW, Shen X, Hua XG, Cui L. Epidemiological and molecular analysis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Shanghai, China, 2013-2017. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:2411-2424. [PMID: 30538508 PMCID: PMC6254586 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s179517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human infections with a novel avian influenza A virus (H7N9) were reported in Shanghai municipality, China, at the beginning of 2013. High-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus emerged in late February 2017 along with existing low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H7N9 virus, and this has the potential to develop into a pandemic that could be harmful to humans. Methods To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of H7N9-infected cases from 2013 to 2017 in Shanghai, data on the 59 laboratory-confirmed human cases and 26 bird and environmental contamination cases were collected from the WHO website and Food and Agriculture Organization Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (FAO EMPRES-AH). Full-length sequences of H7N9 viruses that emerged in Shanghai were collected from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data to analyze the evolutionary and genetic features. Results We found that genetically different strains emerged in every epidemic in Shanghai, and most of the circulating H7N9 strains had affinity to human-type receptors, with the characteristics of high-virulence and low-pathogenic influenza viruses. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the Shanghai chicken strains are closely related to the HPAI H7N9 virus A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016, indicating that this viral strain is of avian origin and generated from the LPAI H7N9 viruses in Shanghai. The gradual decrease in H7N9 human infection in Shanghai was probably due to the control measures taken by the Shanghai government and the enhanced public awareness leading to a reduced risk of H7N9 virus infection. However, LPAI H7N9 viruses from poultry and environmental samples were continually detected in Shanghai across the epidemics, increasing the risk of new emerging H7N9 outbreaks. Conclusion It is important to consistently obtain sufficient surveillance data and implement prevention measures against H7N9 viruses in Shanghai municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jin Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue Wei Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,
| | - Xiaojuan Shen
- Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,
| | - Xiu Guo Hua
- Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,
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5
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Directed Evolution of an Influenza Reporter Virus To Restore Replication and Virulence and Enhance Noninvasive Bioluminescence Imaging in Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00593-18. [PMID: 29899096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00593-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reporter viruses provide a powerful tool to study infection, yet incorporating a nonessential gene often results in virus attenuation and genetic instability. Here, we used directed evolution of a luciferase-expressing pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) 2009 influenza A virus in mice to restore replication kinetics and virulence, increase the bioluminescence signal, and maintain reporter gene expression. An unadapted pH1N1 virus with NanoLuc luciferase inserted into the 5' end of the PA gene segment grew to titers 10-fold less than those of the wild type in MDCK cells and in DBA/2 mice and was less virulent. For 12 rounds, we propagated DBA/2 lung samples with the highest bioluminescence-to-titer ratios. Every three rounds, we compared in vivo replication, weight loss, mortality, and bioluminescence. Mouse-adapted virus after 9 rounds (MA-9) had the highest relative bioluminescence signal and had wild-type-like fitness and virulence in DBA/2 mice. Using reverse genetics, we discovered fitness was restored in virus rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N by a combination of PA-D479N and PB2-E158G amino acid mutations and PB2 noncoding mutations C1161T and C1977T. rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N has increased mRNA transcription, which helps restore wild-type-like phenotypes in DBA/2 and BALB/c mice. Overall, the results demonstrate that directed evolution that maximizes foreign-gene expression while maintaining genetic stability is an effective method to restore wild-type-like in vivo fitness of a reporter virus. Virus rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N is expected to be a useful tool for noninvasive imaging of pH1N1 influenza virus infection and clearance while analyzing virus-host interactions and developing new therapeutics and vaccines.IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses contribute to 290,000 to 650,000 deaths globally each year. Infection is studied in mice to learn how the virus causes sickness and to develop new drugs and vaccines. During experiments, scientists have needed to euthanize groups of mice at different times to measure the amount of infectious virus in mouse tissues. By inserting a foreign gene that causes infected cells to light up, scientists could see infection spread in living mice. Unfortunately, adding an extra gene not needed by the virus slowed it down and made it weaker. Here, we used a new strategy to restore the fitness and lethality of an influenza reporter virus; we adapted it to mouse lungs and selected for variants that had the greatest light signal. The adapted virus can be used to study influenza virus infection, immunology, and disease in living mice. The strategy can also be used to adapt other viruses.
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Jiménez-Bluhm P, Karlsson EA, Freiden P, Sharp B, Di Pillo F, Osorio JE, Hamilton-West C, Schultz-Cherry S. Wild birds in Chile Harbor diverse avian influenza A viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:44. [PMID: 29593259 PMCID: PMC5874252 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While the circulation of avian influenza viruses (IAV) in wild birds in the northern hemisphere has been well documented, data from South America remain sparse. To address this gap in knowledge, we undertook IAV surveillance in wild birds in parts of Central and Northern Chile between 2012 and 2015. A wide diversity of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were identified and 16 viruses were isolated including low pathogenic H5 and H7 strains, making this the largest and most diverse collection of Chilean avian IAVs to date. Unlike IAVs isolated from wild birds in other South American countries where the genes were most like viruses isolated from wild birds in either North America or South America, the Chilean viruses were reassortants containing genes like viruses isolated from both continents. In summary, our studies demonstrate that genetically diverse avian IAVs are circulating in wild birds in Chile highlighting the need for further investigation in this understudied area of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jiménez-Bluhm
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventative Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pamela Freiden
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Bridgett Sharp
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Francisca Di Pillo
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventative Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Osorio
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christopher Hamilton-West
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventative Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Araujo J, Petry MV, Fabrizio T, Walker D, Ometto T, Thomazelli LM, Scherer AL, Serafini PP, Neto IS, Krauss S, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Durigon EL. Migratory birds in southern Brazil are a source of multiple avian influenza virus subtypes. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 12:220-231. [PMID: 29143465 PMCID: PMC5820415 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is insufficient knowledge about the relation of avian influenza virus (AIV) to migratory birds in South America. Accordingly, we studied samples obtained over a 4‐year period (2009‐2012) from wild birds at a major wintering site in southern Brazil. Methods We obtained 1212 oropharyngeal/cloacal samples from wild birds at Lagoa do Peixe National Park and screened them for influenza A virus by RT‐PCR amplification of the matrix gene. Virus isolates were subjected to genomic sequencing and antigenic characterization. Results Forty‐eight samples of 1212 (3.96%) contained detectable influenza virus RNA. Partial viral sequences were obtained from 12 of these samples, showing the presence of H2N2 (1), H6Nx (1), H6N1 (8), H9N2 (1), and H12N5 (1) viruses. As H6 viruses predominated, we generated complete genomes from all 9 H6 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses showed that they were most similar to viruses of South American lineage. The H6N1 viruses caused no disease signs in infected ferrets and, despite genetic differences, were antigenically similar to North American isolates. Conclusions Lagoa do Peixe National Park is a source of multiple AIV subtypes, with the levels of influenza virus in birds being highest at the end of their wintering period in this region. H6N1 viruses were the predominant subtype identified. These viruses were more similar to viruses of South American lineage than to those of North American lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jansen Araujo
- Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Virgínia Petry
- Laboratório de Ornitologia e Animais Marinhos (LOAM), Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Thomas Fabrizio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tatiana Ometto
- Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano M Thomazelli
- Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Scherer
- Laboratório de Ornitologia e Animais Marinhos (LOAM), Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Serafini
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação das Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE/ICMBio/MMA), Brazil, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Isaac S Neto
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação das Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE/ICMBio/MMA), Brazil, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Edison L Durigon
- Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Afanador-Villamizar A, Gomez-Romero C, Diaz A, Ruiz-Saenz J. Avian influenza in Latin America: A systematic review of serological and molecular studies from 2000-2015. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28632771 PMCID: PMC5478137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza or bird flu is a highly contagious acute viral disease that can occur in epidemics and cross-border forms in poultry and wild birds. The characteristics of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) allow the emergence of new viral variants, some with zoonotic and pandemic potential. AIVs have been identified in Latin America; however, there is a lack of understanding of these viruses at the regional level. We performed a systematic literature review on serological or molecular evidence of AIVs circulation in Latin America. Methods were designed based on the PRISMA and STROME guidelines. Only peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 to 2015 and data was analysed based on country, viral subtype, avian species, and phylogenetic origins. From 271 studies initially found only twenty-six met our inclusion criteria. Evidence of AIVs infection was found in most Latin American countries, with Mexico as the country with the largest number of conducted studies and reported cases during the period analysed, followed by Chile and Argentina. Most of the AIVs were early reported through surveillance systems and at least 14 different subtypes of influenza viruses were reported in birds, and the presence of both low (92.9%) and high (7.1%) pathogenic AIVs was shown in Latin America. Of the reported AIVs in Latin America, 43.7% belong to migratory birds, 28.1% to local wild birds, and 28.1% to poultry. The migratory bird population mainly comprises families belonging to the orders Anseriformes and Charadriformes. We highlight the importance of epidemiological surveillance systems and the possible role of different migratory birds in the transmission of AIVs within the Americas. Our findings demonstrate the limited information on AIVs in Latin America and highlight the need of more studies on AIVs at the regional level, particularly those focused on identifying the endemic subtypes in regional wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Afanador-Villamizar
- Semillero de Investigación en enfermedades Infecciosas - InfeKto, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Carlos Gomez-Romero
- Semillero de Investigación en enfermedades Infecciosas - InfeKto, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Andres Diaz
- PIC - Pig Improvement Company LATAM, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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9
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Jiménez-Bluhm P, Karlsson EA, Ciuoderis KA, Cortez V, Marvin SA, Hamilton-West C, Schultz-Cherry S, Osorio JE. Avian H11 influenza virus isolated from domestic poultry in a Colombian live animal market. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e121. [PMID: 27924808 PMCID: PMC5180366 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Live animal markets (LAMs) are an essential source of food and trade in Latin American countries; however, they can also serve as ‘hotbeds' for the emergence and potential spillover of avian influenza viruses (AIV). Despite extensive knowledge of AIV in Asian LAMs, little is known about the prevalence South American LAMs. To fill this gap in knowledge, active surveillance was carried out at the major LAM in Medellin, Colombia between February and September 2015. During this period, overall prevalence in the market was 2.67% and a North American origin H11N2 AIV most similar to a virus isolated from Chilean shorebirds asymptomatically spread through multiple bird species in the market resulting in 17.0% positivity at peak of infection. Phenotypically, the H11 viruses displayed no known molecular markers associated with increased virulence in birds or mammals, had α2,3-sialic acid binding preference, and caused minimal replication in vitro and little morbidity in vivo. However, the Colombian H11N2 virus replicated and transmitted effectively in chickens explaining the spread throughout the market. Genetic similarity to H11 viruses isolated from North and South American shorebirds suggest that the LAM occurrence may have resulted from a wild bird to domestic poultry spillover event. The ability to spread in domestic poultry as well as potential for human infection by H11 viruses highlight the need for enhanced AIV surveillance in South America in both avian species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jiménez-Bluhm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Karl A Ciuoderis
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Valerie Cortez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shauna A Marvin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christopher Hamilton-West
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jorge E Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Burimuah V, Ampofo W, Awumbila B, Yebuah N, Emikpe BO, Tasiame W, Folitse RD. THE EVALUATION OF DOMESTIC DUCKS AS POTENTIAL RESERVOIR OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN POST HPAI H5N1 OUTBREAK AREA, SUNYANI MUNICIPALITY, BRONG AHAFO REGION OF GHANA. Afr J Infect Dis 2016; 10:134-145. [PMID: 28480449 PMCID: PMC5411989 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v10i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza (AI) is an important zoonotic disease responsible for significant losses in most sub-Saharan countries. However, the role of poultry other than chicken in the epidemiology of the disease, especially after the first AI outbreak in Ghana, has not been fully elucidated. The obiective of this study is to determine whether the AI virus infection that was reported in the area in May 2007 was circulating silently in ducks in nine randomly selected farms in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample size was calculated using Epi info version 3.4.1 at 95% confidence level, absolute precision of 5% and assuming 0.5 prevalence of Avian Influenza A virus in ducks. Samples collection was done simultaneously with questionnaire administration to farmers. A total of 526 samples made up of 384 cloacal swabs and 142 feather tissues from ducks from a commercial duck farm, seven backyard holdings and one live birds market in six randomly selected communities in the Sunyani Municipality, Brong Ahafo region of Ghana. The samples were processed and subjected to Influenza Type A Matrix Gene analysis using RRT-PCR. RESULTS All the 526 samples subiected to Influenza Type A Matrix Gene analysis using RRT-PCR were negative for Influenza Type A viruses. However, it was observed that bio-security practices which are keys to reintroduction of the virus in the area were not adhered to in 89 % of the sites investigated. Our finding also revealed that only the commercial farm investigated in this study complied with fifteen (78.9%) of the nineteen different farm practices observed. CONCLUSION Though AI was not detected in the ducks sampled, there is the need for continuous surveillance and education of stakeholders on standard bio-security and farm management practices in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitus Burimuah
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - W.K Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Inst. for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - B. Awumbila
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - N. Yebuah
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra Ghana
| | - B. O. Emikpe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - W. Tasiame
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - R. D. Folitse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
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He Y, Liu P, Tang S, Chen Y, Pei E, Zhao B, Ren H, Li J, Zhu Y, Zhao H, Pan Q, Gu B, Yuan Z, Wu F. Live poultry market closure and control of avian influenza A(H7N9), Shanghai, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1565-6. [PMID: 25148432 PMCID: PMC4178391 DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.131243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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12
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de Araujo J, de Azevedo Júnior SM, Gaidet N, Hurtado RF, Walker D, Thomazelli LM, Ometto T, Seixas MMM, Rodrigues R, Galindo DB, da Silva ACS, Rodrigues AMM, Bomfim LL, Mota MA, Larrazábal ME, Branco JO, Serafini P, Neto IS, Franks J, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Durigon EL. Avian influenza virus (H11N9) in migratory shorebirds wintering in the Amazon Region, Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110141. [PMID: 25329399 PMCID: PMC4199675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic birds are the natural reservoir for avian influenza viruses (AIV). Habitats in Brazil provide stopover and wintering sites for water birds that migrate between North and South America. The current study was conducted to elucidate the possibility of the transport of influenza A viruses by birds that migrate annually between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In total, 556 orotracheal/cloacal swab samples were collected for influenza A virus screening using real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). The influenza A virus-positive samples were subjected to viral isolation. Four samples were positive for the influenza A matrix gene by rRT-PCR. From these samples, three viruses were isolated, sequenced and characterized. All positive samples originated from a single bird species, the ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres), that was caught in the Amazon region at Caeté Bay, Northeast Pará, at Ilha de Canelas. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation of H11N9 in the ruddy turnstone in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jansen de Araujo
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Renata F. Hurtado
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Luciano M. Thomazelli
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Ometto
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina M. M. Seixas
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana C. S. da Silva
- SFA-PA- Superintendência Federal de Agricultura no estado do Pará. Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo A. Mota
- SFA-PA- Superintendência Federal de Agricultura no estado do Pará. Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Joaquim O. Branco
- Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Patricia Serafini
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação das Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE), Cabedelo, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Isaac S. Neto
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação das Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE), Cabedelo, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Edison L. Durigon
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Distinct lineages of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are harbored by spatially segregated birds, yet significant surveillance gaps exist around the globe. Virtually nothing is known from the Antarctic. Using virus culture, molecular analysis, full genome sequencing, and serology of samples from Adélie penguins in Antarctica, we confirmed infection by H11N2 subtype AIVs. Their genetic segments were distinct from all known contemporary influenza viruses, including South American AIVs, suggesting spatial separation from other lineages. Only in the matrix and polymerase acidic gene phylogenies did the Antarctic sequences form a sister relationship to South American AIVs, whereas distant phylogenetic relationships were evident in all other gene segments. Interestingly, their neuraminidase genes formed a distant relationship to all avian and human influenza lineages, and the polymerase basic 1 and polymerase acidic formed a sister relationship to the equine H3N8 influenza virus lineage that emerged during 1963 and whose avian origins were previously unknown. We also estimated that each gene segment had diverged for 49 to 80 years from its most closely related sequences, highlighting a significant gap in our AIV knowledge in the region. We also show that the receptor binding properties of the H11N2 viruses are predominantly avian and that they were unable to replicate efficiently in experimentally inoculated ferrets, suggesting their continuous evolution in avian hosts. These findings add substantially to our understanding of both the ecology and the intra- and intercontinental movement of Antarctic AIVs and highlight the potential risk of an incursion of highly pathogenic AIVs into this fragile environment. Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are typically maintained and spread by migratory birds, resulting in the existence of distinctly different viruses around the world. However, AIVs have not previously been detected in Antarctica. In this study, we characterized H11N2 viruses sampled from Adélie penguins from two geographically different sites in Antarctica and show that the segmented AIV genome diverged between 49 and 80 years ago from other AIVs, with several genes showing similarity and shared ancestry with H3N8 equine influenza viruses. This study provides the first insight into the ecology of AIVs in Antarctica and highlights the potential risk of an introduction of highly pathogenic AIVs into the continent.
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Pello SJ, Olsen GH. Emerging and reemerging diseases of avian wildlife. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2013; 16:357-81. [PMID: 23642867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Of the many important avian wildlife diseases, aspergillosis, West Nile virus, avipoxvirus, Wellfleet Bay virus, avian influenza, and inclusion body disease of cranes are covered in this article. Wellfleet Bay virus, first identified in 2010, is considered an emerging disease. Avian influenza and West Nile virus have recently been in the public eye because of their zoonotic potential and links to wildlife. Several diseases labeled as reemerging are included because of recent outbreaks or, more importantly, recent research in areas such as genomics, which shed light on the mechanisms whereby these adaptable, persistent pathogens continue to spread and thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Pello
- Animal & Bird Health Care Center, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA.
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Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance has been scarce in most countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. Historically, avian influenza surveillance efforts in Central and South America have been localized in places where outbreaks in poultry have occurred. Since the emergence of the H5N1 subtype in Asia, active surveillance in wild birds has increased in a number of Latin American countries, including Barbados, Guatemala, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. A broad diversity of virus subtypes has been detected; however, nucleotide sequence data are still limited in comparison to other regions of the world. Here we review the current knowledge of AIV in Latin America, including phylogenetic relationships among publicly available viral genomes. Overall AIV reports are sparse across the region and the cocirculation of two distinct genetic lineages is puzzling. Phylogenetic analysis reflects bias in time and location where sampling has been conducted. Increased surveillance is needed to address the major determinants for AIV ecology, evolution, and transmission in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Gonzalez-Reicheabc
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland College Park, and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, 8075 Greenmead Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Buscaglia C. A survey for avian influenza from gulls on the coasts of the District of Pinamar and the Lagoon Salada Grande, General Madariaga, Argentina. Avian Dis 2013; 56:1017-20. [PMID: 23402129 DOI: 10.1637/10147-040712-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, fecal samples obtained from kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus), brown-hooded gulls (Larus maculipennis), and Olrog's gulls (Larus atlanticus) on the coast of the District of Pinamar, and grey-hooded gulls (Larus cirrocephalus) on the coast of the Lagoon Salada Grande and surrounding wetlands, General Madariaga, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, were tested for evidence of avian influenza virus over a period of 3 yr. This surveillance in free-living wild birds in the Buenos Aires Province started in October 2008. Additional samples, which included cloacal swabs, tracheal swabs, or pooled organs, were obtained from sick or dead gulls that arrived at the Fundaci6n Ecol6gica Pinamar or were provided by the Direcci6n de Seguridad en Playas, Municipalidad de Pinamar. Samples were pooled according to date, species, and area. Pooled samples were inoculated in 9- to 11-day-old eggs, and after 5 days, allantoic fluids were tested for evidence of hemagglutination. None of the samples was positive for avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Buscaglia
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Xu K, Ferreri L, Rimondi A, Olivera V, Romano M, Ferreyra H, Rago V, Uhart M, Chen H, Sutton T, Pereda A, Perez DR. Isolation and characterization of an H9N2 influenza virus isolated in Argentina. Virus Res 2012; 168:41-7. [PMID: 22709552 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing efforts on animal influenza surveillance in Argentina, an H9N2 virus was isolated from a wild aquatic bird (Netta peposaca), A/rosy-billed pochard/Argentina/CIP051-559/2007 (H9N2) - herein referred to as 559/H9N2. Due to the important role that H9N2 viruses play in the ecology of influenza in nature, the 559/H9N2 isolate was characterized molecularly and biologically. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene revealed that the 559/H9N2 virus maintained an independent evolutionary pathway and shared a sister-group relationship with North American viruses, suggesting a common ancestor. The rest of the genome segments clustered with viruses from South America. Experimental inoculation of the 559/H9N2 in chickens and quail revealed efficient replication and transmission only in quail. Our results add to the notion of the unique evolutionary trend of avian influenza viruses in South America. Our study increases our understanding of H9N2 viruses in nature and emphasizes the importance of expanding animal influenza surveillance efforts to better define the ecology of influenza viruses at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Xu
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, 8075 Greenmead Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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González-Reiche AS, Morales-Betoulle ME, Alvarez D, Betoulle JL, Müller ML, Sosa SM, Perez DR. Influenza a viruses from wild birds in Guatemala belong to the North American lineage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32873. [PMID: 22427902 PMCID: PMC3302778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role wild bird species play in the transmission and ecology of avian influenza virus (AIV) is well established; however, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the worldwide distribution of these viruses, specifically about the prevalence and/or significance of AIV in Central and South America. As part of an assessment of the ecology of AIV in Guatemala, we conducted active surveillance in wild birds on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. Cloacal and tracheal swab samples taken from resident and migratory wild birds were collected from February 2007 to January 2010.1913 samples were collected and virus was detected by real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) in 28 swab samples from ducks (Anas discors). Virus isolation was attempted for these positive samples, and 15 isolates were obtained from the migratory duck species Blue-winged teal. The subtypes identified included H7N9, H11N2, H3N8, H5N3, H8N4, and H5N4. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral sequences revealed that AIV isolates are highly similar to viruses from the North American lineage suggesting that bird migration dictates the ecology of these viruses in the Guatemalan bird population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. González-Reiche
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland College Park, and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Arbovirus y Virus Zoonóticos, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), Guatemala City, Guatemala
- * E-mail: (ASG); (DRP)
| | - María E. Morales-Betoulle
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Arbovirus y Virus Zoonóticos, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Danilo Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Arbovirus y Virus Zoonóticos, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Jean-Luc Betoulle
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Arbovirus y Virus Zoonóticos, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Fundación Para el Ecodesarrollo y la Conservación (FUNDAECO), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Maria L. Müller
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Arbovirus y Virus Zoonóticos, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Silvia M. Sosa
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Arbovirus y Virus Zoonóticos, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (CES-UVG), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland College Park, and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ASG); (DRP)
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Phylogenetic analysis of H6 influenza viruses isolated from rosy-billed pochards (Netta peposaca) in Argentina reveals the presence of different HA gene clusters. J Virol 2011; 85:13354-62. [PMID: 21976652 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05946-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, influenza A viruses from wild waterfowl in South America were rarely isolated and/or characterized. To explore the ecology of influenza A viruses in this region, a long-term surveillance program was established in 2006 for resident and migratory water birds in Argentina. We report the characterization of 5 avian influenza viruses of the H6 hemagglutinin (HA) subtype isolated from rosy-billed pochards (Netta peposaca). Three of these viruses were paired to an N2 NA subtype, while the other two were of the N8 subtype. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the internal gene segments revealed a close relationship with influenza viruses from South America, forming a unique clade and supporting the notion of independent evolution from influenza A viruses in other latitudes. The presence of NS alleles A and B was also identified. The HA and NA genes formed unique clades separate from North American and Eurasian viruses, with the exception of the HA gene of one isolate, which was more closely related to the North American lineage, suggesting possible interactions between viruses of North American and South American lineages. Animal studies suggested that these Argentine H6 viruses could replicate and transmit inefficiently in chickens, indicating limited adaptation to poultry. Our results highlight the importance of continued influenza virus surveillance in wild birds of South America, especially considering the unique evolution of these viruses.
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Montalvo-Corral M, López-Robles G, Hernández J. Avian influenza survey in migrating waterfowl in Sonora, Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 58:63-8. [PMID: 21091641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A two-year survey was carried out on the occurrence of avian influenza in migrating birds in two estuaries of the Mexican state of Sonora, which is located within the Pacific flyway. Cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 1262 birds, including 20 aquatic bird species from the Moroncarit and Tobari estuaries in Sonora, Mexico. Samples were tested for type A influenza (M), H5 Eurasian and North American subtypes (H5EA and H5NA respectively) and the H7 North American subtype (H7NA). Gene detection was determined by one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR). The results revealed that neither the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5 of Eurasian lineage nor H7NA were detected. The overall prevalence of avian influenza type A (M-positive) in the sampled birds was 3.6% with the vast majority in dabbling ducks (Anas species). Samples from two birds, one from a Redhead (Aythya americana) and another from a Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata), were positive for the low-pathogenic H5 avian influenza virus of North American lineage. These findings represented documented evidence of the occurrence of avian influenza in wintering birds in the Mexican wetlands. This type of study contributes to the understanding of how viruses spread to new regions of North America and highlights the importance of surveillance for the early detection and control of potentially pathogenic strains, which could affect animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Montalvo-Corral
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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