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Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Rudnicka L. HPV Infections-Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7616. [PMID: 39062859 PMCID: PMC11277246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, more than 400 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified. Despite the creation of effective prophylactic vaccines against the most common genital HPVs, the viruses remain among the most prevalent pathogens found in humans. According to WHO data, they are the cause of 5% of all cancers. Even more frequent are persistent and recurrent benign lesions such as genital and common warts. HPVs are resistant to many disinfectants and relatively unsusceptible to external conditions. There is still no drug available to inhibit viral replication, and treatment is based on removing lesions or stimulating the host immune system. This paper presents the systematics of HPV and the differences in HPV structure between different genetic types, lineages, and sublineages, based on the literature and GenBank data. We also present the pathogenesis of diseases caused by HPV, with a special focus on the role played by E6, E7, and other viral proteins in the development of benign and cancerous lesions. We discuss further prospects for the treatment of HPV infections, including, among others, substances that block the entry of HPV into cells, inhibitors of viral early proteins, and some substances of plant origin that inhibit viral replication, as well as new possibilities for therapeutic vaccines.
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Hu H, Ling Y, Wang X, Wang H, Zhu N, Li Y, Xu H. Viral Metagenomics Reveals a Putative Novel HPV Type in Anogenital Wart Tissues. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121452. [PMID: 36558785 PMCID: PMC9781650 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral metagenomics is widely employed to identify novel viruses in biological samples. Recently, although numerous novel human papillomavirus (HPV) types have been identified in clinical samples including anogenital warts (AGWs), many novel HPV sequences remain to be discovered. In this study, a putative novel HPV type designated as HPV-JDFY01 was discovered from library GW05 with 63 sequence reads by the viral metagenomic technique. Its complete genomic sequence was determined by PCR to bridge the gaps between contigs combining Sanger sequencing. The complete genome of HPV-JDFY01 is a 7186 bp encoding 7 open reading frames (ORFs) (E6, E7, E1, E2, E4, L2 and L1) and contains a 487 bp long control region (LCR) between L1 and E6. Sequence and phylogeny analysis indicated that HPV-JDFY01 shared the highest sequence identity of 74.2% with HPV-mSK_244 (MH777383) and well clustered into the genus Gammapapillomavirus. It has the classical genomic organization of Gammapapillomaviruses. Epidemiological investigation showed that one out of the 413 AGW tissue samples was positive for HPV-JDFY01. Further research with large size and different type of samples should be performed to elucidate the epidemiologic status of HPV-JDFY01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People’s Hospital of Huai’an, Huaian 223002, China
| | - Yu Ling
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People’s Hospital of Huai’an, Huaian 223002, China
| | - Niannan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-051185026785
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Arroyo Mühr LS, Hultin E, Dillner J. Transcription of human papillomaviruses in nonmelanoma skin cancers of the immunosuppressed. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1341-1347. [PMID: 33990956 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has a greatly increased incidence among the immunosuppressed and the DNA of human papillomavirus (HPV) is commonly found in these tumors. To investigate if there are any actively transcribed HPV infections in these tumors, we identified all skin cancers diagnosed after solid organ transplantation in Sweden during 1964-2011 (n = 7614 NMSCs) and requested the diagnostic tumor blocks from the corresponding pathology archives. For the present study, we selected diagnostic specimens from 345 NMSC and performed whole genome transcriptome analysis using NovaSeq (Illumina), in comparison with three cervical cancers. Although we obtained an abundance of high-quality paired reads per sample (median of 35 million reads), only 15 NMSC specimens contained HPV transcription. Three specimens had transcription of oncogenic anogenital HPVs (HPV16 and 56), six tumors had transcription of HPVs from the beta-2 species (three HPV38, two with HPV23 and one with HPV107) and then there was one observation each of transcription of HPVs 3, 26, 57, 147, 158, 168 and of two nonestablished HPV types belonging to the gamma genus. In conclusion, transcription of specific HPV types can be found in NMSC among the immunosuppressed, but this is not common.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie Hultin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hošnjak L, Kocjan BJ, Pirš B, Seme K, Poljak M. The genetic diversity of human papillomavirus types from the species Gammapapillomavirus 15: HPV135, HPV146, and HPV179. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249829. [PMID: 33956809 PMCID: PMC8101917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence, viral load, tissue tropism, and genetic variability of novel human papillomavirus (HPV) type 179, which is etiologically associated with sporadic cases of common warts in immunocompromised patients, and phylogenetically related HPV types 135 and 146. METHODS The representative collection of 850 HPV-associated clinical samples (oral/nasopharyngeal/anal, archival specimens of oral/oropharyngeal/conjunctival/cervical/skin cancer, benign lesions of the larynx/conjunctiva/skin, and eyebrows), obtained from immunocompetent individuals, was tested for the presence of HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146 using type-specific real-time PCRs. To assess the genetic diversity of the HPVs investigated in the non-coding long control region (LCR), several highly sensitive nested PCR protocols were developed for each HPV type. The genetic diversity of HPV179 was additionally determined in 12 HPV179 isolates from different anatomical sites of an only immunocompromised patient included in the study. RESULTS HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146 were detected in 1.4, 2.0, and 1.5% of the samples tested, respectively, with no preference for cutaneous or mucosal epithelial cells. One (with five single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNPs), four (with one to six SNPs), and four (with one to eight SNPs) genetic variants of HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146, respectively, were identified among eligible samples. HPV179 isolates from the immunocompromised patient exhibited the identical LCR nucleotide sequence, suggesting that HPV179 can cause generalized HPV infections. CONCLUSIONS HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146 have a mucocutaneous tissue tropism and are associated with sporadic infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Because the majority of mutations were found outside the major functional domains of the respective LCRs, we assume that HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146 genetic variants pathogenically do not differ from their prototypes. In addition, no association was found between specific HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146 genetic variants and anatomical sites of infection and/or specific neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hošnjak
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan J. Kocjan
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Katja Seme
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mario Poljak
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Perspectives in HPV Secondary Screening and Personalized Therapy Basing on Our Understanding of HPV-Related Carcinogenesis Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:2607594. [PMID: 32308553 PMCID: PMC7132589 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2607594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women worldwide even with present screening methods, the incidence in most developed countries is not decreasing for the last 15-20 years. A shift has been observed in the age of diagnosis in favour of younger women, and treatment of already developed cervical cancer is a challenge for surgeons. It is imperative to find new diagnostic methods for accurately pointing out patients at high risk of developing malignant disease and developing personalized treatment. Since cervical cancer is almost exclusively associated with HPV infection, understanding changes happening in an infected cell may prove invaluable for search of such methods, but it may also prove helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of other anogenital and nasopharyngeal region cancers. This review follows HPV-related changes in infected cell biology to point what potential markers and targets for therapy are in option when dealing with HPV-related diseases.
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Bolatti EM, Hošnjak L, Chouhy D, Casal PE, Re-Louhau MF, Bottai H, Komloš KF, Poljak M, Giri AA. Assessing Gammapapillomavirus infections of mucosal epithelia with two broad-spectrum PCR protocols. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:274. [PMID: 32264841 PMCID: PMC7140492 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been divided into mucosal and cutaneous types according to their primary epithelial tissue tropism. However, recent studies showed the presence of several cutaneous types in mucosal lesions and healthy mucosa from different anatomical sites. Methods Here, the HPV prevalence and type-specific distribution were assessed in a variety of mucosal samples from 435 individuals using a combination of two established broad-spectrum primer systems: Gamma-PV PCR and CUT PCR. Results Overall HPV prevalence in anal canal swabs, cervical cancer biopsies, genital warts and oral swabs was 85, 47, 62 and 4%, respectively. In anal canal swabs, Alpha-PVs were most frequently found (59%), followed by Gamma- (37%) and Beta-PVs (4%). The prevalence and persistence of HPV infection in the anal canal of 226 individuals were further explored. Overall HPV, Gamma-PVs and multiple HPV infections were significantly higher in men vs. women (p = 0.034, p = 0.027 and p = 0.003, respectively); multiple HPV infections were more common in individuals ≤40 years (p = 0.05), and significantly higher prevalence of Gamma-PVs and multiple HPV infections was observed in HIV-1-positive vs. HIV-1-negative individuals (p = 0.003 and p = 0.04, respectively). Out of 21 patients with follow-up anal swabs, only one persistent infection with the same type (HPV58) was detected. Conclusions Our findings suggest that Gamma-PVs (except species Gamma-6) are ubiquitous viruses with dual muco-cutaneous tissue tropism. Anal canal Gamma-PV infections may be associated with sexual behavior and the host immune status. This study expands the knowledge on Gamma-PVs’ tissue tropism, providing valuable data on the characteristics of HPV infection in the anal canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Bolatti
- Grupo Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.,Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lea Hošnjak
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Diego Chouhy
- Grupo Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.,Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Casal
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María F Re-Louhau
- Grupo Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Hebe Bottai
- Área Estadística y Procesamiento de Datos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Kristina Fujs Komloš
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mario Poljak
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Adriana A Giri
- Grupo Virología Humana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000, Rosario, Argentina. .,Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
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Investigation of human papillomavirus prevalence in married women and molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the virus. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2019; 62:264-272. [PMID: 31338344 PMCID: PMC6629982 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2019.62.4.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are among the agents responsible for infection and cancer of the skin and mucous membranes in the human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and type distribution of HPVs in married female patients with gynecological complaints, who had visited the Maternity Hospital in Erzurum, Turkey. Methods In this study, 263 cervical swab samples were taken from married women using the Pap smear method and were investigated for positive reactivity against HPV. The L1 gene region of HPV was investigated using molecular methods. For this purpose, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and sequence analysis of positive samples were performed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using a bioinformatics approach after sequencing. Results HPV-DNA was detected in 17 (6.5%) samples. Highest positive reactivity to HPV-DNA was found in the 35–44 age group at 9.2%. Fourteen out of seventeen positive samples were included in the phylogenetic analysis. All isolates clustered in the Alphapapillomavirus genus. Six samples were found to be HPV 70 positive, four were HPV 16 positive, and the rest were HPV 54, 72, 81, and 114 positive. When genotyping data were evaluated according to the risk group, we found that 28.6% of the 14 samples were found to be high risk-HPV, and 71.4% were low risk-HPV. Conclusions As per our knowledge, this is the first report on the phylogenetic analysis of HPV genotypes isolated from women in Turkey. The prevalence of low- and-high risk HPV was determined in married women in Erzurum, and these results contribute to the epidemiological data on the distribution of HPV types for this region.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although more than 95% of viral sequences found in skin tumors typically belong to human papillomaviruses (HPVs), HPV transcription has so far not been detected. As current technology allows very deep transcriptome sequencing, we examined skin tumors and precursor lesions for HPV transcription. METHOD Fresh frozen biopsies from 12 skin specimens (11/12 were positive for HPV DNA) were subjected to total RNA sequencing. The cervical cancer cell line CaSki was included as a positive control for HPV transcription. RESULTS HPV RNA was detected and confirmed in 1/12 skin lesions at a median depth of 66 million reads per sample. One specimen was positive for HPV 110 transcripts mapping to E6, E7, E2/E4 and L2 open reading frames, as well as to a spliced E1^E4 transcript. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study revealed that a minority of skin lesions contains HPV transcripts and that HPV DNA detection does not predict HPV transcriptional activity.
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Artaza-Irigaray C, Flores-Miramontes MG, Olszewski D, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Limón-Toledo LP, Sánchez-Roque C, Mayoral-Torres R, Jave-Suárez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A. Cross-hybridization between HPV genotypes in the Linear Array Genotyping Test confirmed by Next-Generation Sequencing. Diagn Pathol 2019; 14:31. [PMID: 31010421 PMCID: PMC6477707 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-019-0808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Linear Array Genotyping Test (LA) is one of the gold standards used for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping, however, since its launching in 2006, new HPV genotypes are still being characterized with the use of high specificity techniques such as Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Derived from a previous study of the IMSS Research Network on HPV, which suggested that there might be cross-reaction of some HPV genotypes in the LA test, the aim of this study was to elucidate this point. Methods Double stranded L1 fragments (gBlocks) from different HPVs were used to perform LA test, additionally, 14 HPV83+ and 26 HPV84+ cervical samples determined with LA, were individually genotyped by NGS. Results From the LA HPV83+ samples, 64.3% were truly HPV83+, while 42.9% were found to be HPV102+. On the other hand, 69.2% of the LA HPV84+ samples were HPV84+, while 3.8, 11.5 and 30.8% of the samples were indeed HPV 86, 87 and 114 positive, respectively. Additionally, novel nucleotide changes in L1 gene from HPV genotypes 83, 84, 87, 102 and 114 were determined in Mexican cervical samples, some of them lead to changes in the protein sequence. Conclusions We demonstrated that there is cross-hybridization between alpha3-HPV genotypes 86, 87 and 114 with HPV84 probe in LA strips and between HPV102 with HPV83 probe; this may be causing over or under estimation in the prevalence of these genotypes. In the upcoming years, a switch to more specific and sensitive genotyping methods that detect a broader spectrum of HPV genotypes needs to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Artaza-Irigaray
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Flores-Miramontes
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Dominik Olszewski
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Laura Patricia Limón-Toledo
- Clínica de Displasias, UMAE - Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Rocío Mayoral-Torres
- Joint Master Program in Neuroscience, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Portugal MEG, Raboni SM, Nogueira MB, Vidal LRR, Dingueleski AH, Kluk E, Bonfim C, Ribeiro LL, Torres-Pereira CC. High frequency of multiple HPV types detection in Fanconi anemia patients oral swabs. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 21:e13030. [PMID: 30449057 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease usually characterized by bone marrow failure and congenital malformations. The risk of development of malignancies in the oral cavity of FA patients, such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), increases significantly after a hematopoietic stem cells transplant (HSCT), and may also be linked with the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the oral cavity. We investigated the prevalence and the HPV genotypes in oral mucosa of Brazilian FA patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Oral swabs of 49 FA patients were collected. The median age of patients was 20 years (range 5-44) and 57% were over 18 years. Oral lesions were present in 20% of all patients, being 90% leukoplakia. HPV DNA was detected in 28% (14/49) of patients, and one of them also reported genital HPV lesions. Sixty-seven percent of all patients had undergone HSCT, including 12 patients (86%) of those with HPV results. Multiple HPV types were detected in 78% and 71% of HPV samples by Sanger sequencing and reverse hybridization methods, respectively. The most prevalent HPV types detected were 6, 11, 18, and 68. CONCLUSIONS HPV prevalence in the oral mucosa of the assessed FA patients was higher than reported in the general population. Additional studies with collection of sequential samples are needed to know the natural history of the presence of multiple HPV types in these individuals and its association with the development of tumors, to evaluate the implementation of preventive measures, such as vaccination, and to guide early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Eline Guerrart Portugal
- Postgraduate Program in Internal Medicine and Health Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Herrero Faculty - Dentistry Graduation Course, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sonia Mara Raboni
- Postgraduate Program in Internal Medicine and Health Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Laboratory of Virology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edelaine Kluk
- Herrero Faculty - Dentistry Graduation Course, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carmem Bonfim
- Bone Marrow Transplant Division, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Rojas-Cruz A, Reyes-Bermúdez A. Phylogenetic analysis of Alphapapillomavirus based on L1, E6 and E7 regions suggests that carcinogenicity and tissue tropism have appeared multiple times during viral evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 67:210-221. [PMID: 30458293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Alphapapillomavirus genus are causative agents for cervix cancer and benign lesions in humans. These viruses are classified according to sequence similarities in their L1 region. Yet, viral carcinogenicity has been associated with variations in the proteins encoded by the E6 and E7 genes. In order to relate evolutionary history with origin of carcinogenicity, we performed phylogenetic reconstructions using both nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the L1, E6 and E7 genes. Whilst phylogenetic analysis of L1 reconstructed genus evolutionary history, phylogenies based on E6 and E7 proteins support the idea that mutations at amino acids S/Tx [V/L] (E6) and LxCxE (E7) might be responsible for carcinogenic potential. These findings indicate that virulence within Alphapapillomavirus have appeared multiple times during evolution. Our results reveal that oncogenic potential is not a monophyletic clade-specific adaptation but might be the result of positive selection on random mutations occurring on proteins involved in host infection during viral diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rojas-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Reyes-Bermúdez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002, Colombia.
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Brimer N, Drews CM, Vande Pol SB. Association of papillomavirus E6 proteins with either MAML1 or E6AP clusters E6 proteins by structure, function, and evolutionary relatedness. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006781. [PMID: 29281732 PMCID: PMC5760104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomavirus E6 proteins bind to LXXLL peptide motifs displayed on targeted cellular proteins. Alpha genus HPV E6 proteins associate with the cellular ubiquitin ligase E6AP (UBE3A), by binding to an LXXLL peptide (ELTLQELLGEE) displayed by E6AP, thereby stimulating E6AP ubiquitin ligase activity. Beta, Gamma, and Delta genera E6 proteins bind a similar LXXLL peptide (WMSDLDDLLGS) on the cellular transcriptional co-activator MAML1 and thereby repress Notch signaling. We expressed 45 different animal and human E6 proteins from diverse papillomavirus genera to ascertain the overall preference of E6 proteins for E6AP or MAML1. E6 proteins from all HPV genera except Alpha preferentially interacted with MAML1 over E6AP. Among animal papillomaviruses, E6 proteins from certain ungulate (SsPV1 from pigs) and cetacean (porpoises and dolphins) hosts functionally resembled Alpha genus HPV by binding and targeting the degradation of E6AP. Beta genus HPV E6 proteins functionally clustered with Delta, Pi, Tau, Gamma, Chi, Mu, Lambda, Iota, Dyokappa, Rho, and Dyolambda E6 proteins to bind and repress MAML1. None of the tested E6 proteins physically and functionally interacted with both MAML1 and E6AP, indicating an evolutionary split. Further, interaction of an E6 protein was insufficient to activate degradation of E6AP, indicating that E6 proteins that target E6AP co-evolved to separately acquire both binding and triggering of ubiquitin ligase activation. E6 proteins with similar biological function clustered together in phylogenetic trees and shared structural features. This suggests that the divergence of E6 proteins from either MAML1 or E6AP binding preference is a major event in papillomavirus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Camille M. Drews
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Scott B. Vande Pol
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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MARTINELLI M, MAZZA F, FRATI ER, FASOLO MM, COLZANI D, BIANCHI S, FASOLI E, AMENDOLA A, ORLANDO G, TANZI E. HPV genotypes detected in the oropharyngeal mucosa of HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Northern Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2641-7. [PMID: 27267944 PMCID: PMC9150477 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological profile of HPV oropharyngeal infections in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. A total of 135 subjects were enrolled at the L. Sacco University Hospital (Milan, Italy) to evaluate their HPV oropharyngeal infection status at baseline and at a follow-up visit at least 12 months later. HPV DNA was detected from oropharyngeal swabs using an in-house nested PCR that amplifies a segment of the L1 gene. The PCR products were then sequenced and genotyped. A greater percentage of high-risk genotypes was identified compared to low-risk genotypes (13·7% vs. 6·9%, P < 0·05), and two uncommon alpha-HPV genotypes were detected, i.e. HPV-102 and HPV-114. HPV infection prevalence was 24·4% and the cumulative incidence was 24·1%. During the follow-up period, one case of HPV infection (HPV-33) persisted, while the overall rate of infection clearance was 58·3%. HPV oropharyngeal infection was widespread in the cohort examined, and most of the infections were transient and cleared within 12 months. These results may help to clarify the role of HPV in the oropharynx and may also improve our understanding of the need to implement preventive strategies in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. MARTINELLI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F. MAZZA
- STD Unit, Infectious Diseases I, Department of Infectious Diseases, L Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - E. R. FRATI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M. M. FASOLO
- STD Unit, Infectious Diseases I, Department of Infectious Diseases, L Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - D. COLZANI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S. BIANCHI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E. FASOLI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A. AMENDOLA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G. ORLANDO
- STD Unit, Infectious Diseases I, Department of Infectious Diseases, L Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - E. TANZI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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14
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Flores-Miramontes MG, Torres-Reyes LA, Alvarado-Ruíz L, Romero-Martínez SA, Ramírez-Rodríguez V, Balderas-Peña LMA, Vallejo-Ruíz V, Piña-Sánchez P, Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, Jave-Suárez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A. Human papillomavirus genotyping by Linear Array and Next-Generation Sequencing in cervical samples from Western Mexico. Virol J 2015; 12:161. [PMID: 26444975 PMCID: PMC4596464 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Linear Array® (LA) genotyping test is one of the most used methodologies for Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping, in that it is able to detect 37 HPV genotypes and co-infections in the same sample. However, the assay is limited to a restricted number of HPV, and sequence variations in the detection region of the HPV probes could give false negatives results. Recently, 454 Next-Generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been efficiently used also for HPV genotyping; this methodology is based on massive sequencing of HPV fragments and is expected to be highly specific and sensitive. In this work, we studied HPV prevalence in cervixes of women in Western Mexico by LA and confirmed the genotypes found by NGS. METHODS Two hundred thirty three cervical samples from women Without cervical lesions (WCL, n = 48), with Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN I, n = 98), or with Cervical cancer (CC, n = 87) were recruited, DNA was extracted, and HPV positivity was determined by PCR amplification using PGMY09/11 primers. All HPV- positive samples were genotyped individually by LA. Additionally, pools of amplicons from the PGMY-PCR products were sequenced using 454 NGS technology. Results obtained by NGS were compared with those of LA for each group of samples. RESULTS We identified 35 HPV genotypes, among which 30 were identified by both technologies; in addition, the HPV genotypes 32, 44, 74, 102 and 114 were detected by NGS. These latter genotypes, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported in Mexican population. Furthermore, we found that LA did not detect, in some diagnosis groups, certain HPV genotypes included in the test, such as 6, 11, 16, 26, 35, 51, 58, 68, 73, and 89, which indicates possible variations at the species level. CONCLUSIONS There are HPV genotypes in Mexican population that cannot be detected by LA, which is, at present, the most complete commercial genotyping test. More studies are necessary to determine the impact of HPV-44, 74, 102 and 114 on the risk of developing CC. A greater number of samples must be analyzed by NGS for the most accurate determination of Mexican HPV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Flores-Miramontes
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Luis Alberto Torres-Reyes
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Liliana Alvarado-Ruíz
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Luz María Adriana Balderas-Peña
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO)-IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruíz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR)-IMSS, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Patricia Piña-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas (UIMEO)-IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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15
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Arroyo Mühr LS, Bzhalava D, Lagheden C, Eklund C, Johansson H, Forslund O, Dillner J, Hultin E. Does human papillomavirus-negative condylomata exist? Virology 2015; 485:283-8. [PMID: 26318260 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Condylomata acuminata is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). PCR with consensus primers will typically detect HPV in >96% of condylomata. Metagenomic sequencing has found that some "HPV-negative" condylomata do indeed contain HPV. We wished to perform a renewed evaluation of the "HPV-negative" condylomata using deeper metagenomics sequencing. Sequencing of whole genome amplified DNA from 40 apparently "HPV-negative" condylomata detected HPV in 37/40 specimens. We found 75 different HPV types, out of which 43 represented novel putative HPV types. Three types were cloned and established as HPV types 200, 201 and 202. Molluscum contagiosum virus was detected in 24 of the 40 samples. In summary, deep sequencing enables detection of HPV in almost all condylomata. "HPV-negative" condylomata might largely be explained by clinical misdiagnosis or the presence of viral variants, distantly related HPV types and/or low viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davit Bzhalava
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Lagheden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carina Eklund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Johansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Forslund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Emilie Hultin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Kocjan BJ, Bzhalava D, Forslund O, Dillner J, Poljak M. Molecular methods for identification and characterization of novel papillomaviruses. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:808-16. [PMID: 26003284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PV) are a remarkably heterogeneous family of small DNA viruses that infect a wide variety of vertebrate species and are aetiologically linked with the development of various neoplastic changes of the skin and mucosal epithelia. Based on nucleotide similarity, PVs are hierarchically classified into genera, species and types. Novel human PV (HPV) types are given a unique number only after the whole genome has been cloned and deposited with the International HPV Reference Center. As of 9 March 2015, 200 different HPV types, belonging to 49 species, had been recognized by the International HPV Reference Center. In addition, 131 animal PV types identified from 66 different animal species exist. Recent advances in molecular techniques have resulted in an explosive increase in the identification of novel HPV types and novel subgenomic HPV sequences in the last few years. Among PV genera, the γ-PV genus has been growing most rapidly in recent years with 80 completely sequenced HPV types, followed by α-PV and β-PV genera that have 65 and 51 recognized HPV types, respectively. We reviewed in detail the contemporary molecular methods most often used for identification and characterization of novel PV types, including PCR, rolling circle amplification and next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, we present a short overview of 12 and 10 novel HPV types recently identified in Sweden and Slovenia, respectively. Finally, an update on the International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Bzhalava
- International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Forslund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Dillner
- International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Abstract
The oncogenic, anogenital types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are established as causing about 4.8% of all human cancers worldwide, particularly cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. Quantitative knowledge of the HPV type-specific risks for these cancers, as well as for the different cervical cancer precursors (cervical intraepithelial neoplasias, CINs), is useful for estimating the effect of elimination of specific HPV types and clinical benefits of screening for specific HPV types. The present review summarizes both the worldwide presence of specific HPV types in cervical cancer precursors and in invasive cervical cancers, and also the long-term follow-up data from a large randomized clinical trial of HPV-based cervical cancer screening. All 12 HPV types classified as class I (established) carcinogens (HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59) were more common in cervical cancers than among women without cervical lesions. A few rare HPV types also were more common in cervical cancers (eg, HPV26, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82). The follow-up studies found increased long-term risks particularly for HPV types 16, 18, 31, and 33, which had 14-year cumulative incidences for CIN3+above 28%, while HPV35, 45, 52, and 58 had 14-year risks between 14%-18% and HPV39, 51, 56, 59, 66, and 68 had risks<10%. HPV16 contributed to the greatest proportion of CIN2+(first-round population attributable proportion [PAR] 36%), followed by types 31, 52, 45, and 58 (7%-11%). HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 together contributed 73.9% of CIN2+lesions and all high-risk types contributed 86.9%.In summary, the different oncogenic HPV types have substantial differences in their oncogenic potential. These differences are relevant for the design and evaluation of cervical screening tests and programs, as well as for studying the effect of vaccination programs using different HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Dillner
- International HPV Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Sichero L, Pierce Campbell CM, Fulp W, Ferreira S, Sobrinho JS, Baggio M, Galan L, Silva RC, Lazcano-Ponce E, Giuliano AR, Villa LL. High genital prevalence of cutaneous human papillomavirus DNA on male genital skin: the HPV Infection in Men Study. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:677. [PMID: 25857319 PMCID: PMC4265346 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genital skin of males hosts a diversity of HPV genotypes and uncharacterized HPV genotypes. Previously we demonstrated that a specific viral genotype was not identified in 14% of all genital specimens (i.e., HPV unclassified specimens) using the Roche Linear Array method. Our goal was to identify and assess the prevalence of individual HPV types among genital HPV unclassified specimens collected in the HIM Study population, at enrollment, and examine associations with socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics. Methods Genital skin specimens of men that were considered unclassified (HPV PCR positive, no genotype specified) at enrollment were typed by sequencing amplified PGMY09/11 products or cloning of PGMY/GP+ nested amplicons followed by sequencing. PGMY/GP+ negative specimens were further analyzed using FAP primers. HPV type classification was conducted through comparisons with sequences in the GenBank database. Results Readable nucleotide sequences were generated for the majority of previously unclassified specimens (66%), including both characterized (77%) and yet uncharacterized (23%) HPV types. Of the characterized HPV types, most (73%) were Beta [β]-HPVs, primarily from β-1 and β-2 species, followed by Alpha [α]-HPVs (20%). Smokers (current and former) were significantly more likely to have an α-HPV infection, compared with any other genus; no other factors were associated with specific HPV genera or specific β-HPV species. Conclusions Male genital skin harbor a large number of β-HPV types. Knowledge concerning the prevalence of the diverse HPV types in the men genital is important to better understand the transmission of these viruses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0677-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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19
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Human papillomavirus type 197 is commonly present in skin tumors. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2546-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Deep sequencing extends the diversity of human papillomaviruses in human skin. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5807. [PMID: 25055967 PMCID: PMC4108911 DOI: 10.1038/srep05807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most viruses in human skin are known to be human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Previous sequencing of skin samples has identified 273 different cutaneous HPV types, including 47 previously unknown types. In the present study, we wished to extend prior studies using deeper sequencing. This deeper sequencing without prior PCR of a pool of 142 whole genome amplified skin lesions identified 23 known HPV types, 3 novel putative HPV types and 4 non-HPV viruses. The complete sequence was obtained for one of the known putative types and almost the complete sequence was obtained for one of the novel putative types. In addition, sequencing of amplimers from HPV consensus PCR of 326 skin lesions detected 385 different HPV types, including 226 previously unknown putative types. In conclusion, metagenomic deep sequencing of human skin samples identified no less than 396 different HPV types in human skin, out of which 229 putative HPV types were previously unknown.
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21
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Ure AE, Forslund O. Characterization of human papillomavirus type 154 and tissue tropism of gammapapillomaviruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89342. [PMID: 24551244 PMCID: PMC3923884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel human papillomavirus type 154 (HPV154) was characterized from a wart on the crena ani of a three-year-old boy. It was previously designated as the putative HPV type FADI3 by sequencing of a subgenomic FAP amplicon. We obtained the complete genome by combined methods including rolling circle amplification (RCA), genome walking through an adapted method for detection of integrated papillomavirus sequences by ligation-mediated PCR (DIPS-PCR), long-range PCR, and finally by cloning of four overlapping amplicons. Phylogenetically, the HPV154 genome clustered together with members of the proposed species Gammapapillomavirus 11, and demonstrated the highest identity in L1 to HPV136 (68.6%). The HPV154 was detected in 3% (2/62) of forehead skin swabs from healthy children. In addition, the different detection sites of 62 gammapapillomaviruses were summarized in order to analyze their tissue tropism. Several of these HPV types have been detected from multiple sources such as skin, oral, nasal, and genital sites, suggesting that the gammapapillomaviruses are generalists with a broader tissue tropism than previously appreciated. The study expands current knowledge concerning genetic diversity and tropism among HPV types in the rapidly growing gammapapillomavirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Enrique Ure
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Forslund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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22
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Diversity of human papillomaviruses in skin lesions. Virology 2013; 447:300-11. [PMID: 24210127 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pools of frozen biopsies from patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n=29) actinic keratosis (AK) (n=31), keratoacanthoma (n=91) and swab samples from 84 SCCs and 91 AKs were analysed with an extended HPV general primer PCR and high-throughput sequencing of amplimers. We found 273 different HPV isolates (87 known HPV types, 139 previously known HPV sequences (putative types) and 47 sequences from novel putative HPV types). Among the new sequences, five clustered in genus Betapapillomavirus and 42 in genus Gammapapillomavirus. Resequencing of the three pools between 21 to 70 times resulted in the detection of 283 different known or putative HPV types, with 156 different sequences found in only one of the pools. Type-specific PCRs for 37 putative types from an additional 296 patients found only two of these putative types. In conclusion, skin lesions contain a large diversity of HPV types, but most appeared to be rare infections.
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23
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Arroyo LS, Smelov V, Bzhalava D, Eklund C, Hultin E, Dillner J. Next generation sequencing for human papillomavirus genotyping. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:437-42. [PMID: 23932809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping using next generation sequencing (NGS) could be useful to study the HPV variant-specific epidemiology, including monitoring for possible emergence of new HPV variants after introduction of HPV vaccination programs. OBJECTIVES We wished to design and validate a method for rapid HPV detection, typing and sequencing in clinical samples. STUDY DESIGN Plasmids of 15 different HPV types were mixed and serially diluted in human DNA in concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 copies per sample, amplified using the HPV general PCR primer pair PGMY and sequenced using 454 technology. Sixty cervical samples were tested both with the NGS-based method and with a comparison method based on genotyping using type-specific probes bound to fluorescent beads (Luminex). Thirty-three clinical samples were repeat tested using NGS to evaluate reproducibility. RESULTS The NGS-based method correctly identified all 15 mixed HPV types when present in 100 copies/sample and 13/15 types when present in 10 copies/sample. For 36/60 cervical samples genotyping results using NGS and Luminex were identical. For 12/60 samples the NGS method was more sensitive than the Luminex test and most of the remaining discrepancies could be explained by the different type coverage of the assays. Reproducibility testing found complete or partial concordance in 30/33 samples. CONCLUSIONS NGS provides a sensitive and accurate method for genotyping of HPV. The fact that also the amplimer sequence is obtained could be important for studying the epidemiology of viral variants and monitoring of HPV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sara Arroyo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Bzhalava D, Guan P, Franceschi S, Dillner J, Clifford G. A systematic review of the prevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus types. Virology 2013; 445:224-31. [PMID: 23928291 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Systematic reviews of the prevalence of different types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) across a broad range of disease grades from normal to cancer are essential to gain basic knowledge of how widespread infections with the different HPV types are, and to provide information on the possible carcinogenicity of different HPV types. For HPV types that infect human mucosa, of which 12 are established causes of cervical cancer, we present the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 HPV types in cervical samples across the entire range of cervical diagnoses from normal to cervical cancer, restricted to studies using a number of well characterized PCR assays. For the cutaneous HPV types, which have been linked to the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, their presence has been measured in a variety of different sample types and by assays with variable performance. Therefore, we restricted a systematic review of their prevalence to studies that assayed for cutaneous HPV infection in a case-control format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Bzhalava
- International HPV Reference Center, Deptartment of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Bzhalava D, Johansson H, Ekström J, Faust H, Möller B, Eklund C, Nordin P, Stenquist B, Paoli J, Persson B, Forslund O, Dillner J. Unbiased approach for virus detection in skin lesions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65953. [PMID: 23840382 PMCID: PMC3696016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess presence of virus DNA in skin lesions, swab samples from 82 squamous cell carcinomas of the skin (SCCs), 60 actinic keratoses (AKs), paraffin-embedded biopsies from 28 SCCs and 72 kerathoacanthomas (KAs) and fresh-frozen biopsies from 92 KAs, 85 SCCs and 92 AKs were analyzed by high throughput sequencing (HTS) using 454 or Ion Torrent technology. We found total of 4,284 viral reads, out of which 4,168 were Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-related, belonging to 15 known (HPV8, HPV12, HPV20, HPV36, HPV38, HPV45, HPV57, HPV59, HPV104, HPV105, HPV107, HPV109, HPV124, HPV138, HPV147), four previously described putative (HPV 915 F 06 007 FD1, FA73, FA101, SE42) and two putatively new HPV types (SE46, SE47). SE42 was cloned, sequenced, designated as HPV155 and found to have 76% similarity to the most closely related known HPV type. In conclusion, an unbiased approach for viral DNA detection in skin tumors has found that, although some new putative HPVs were found, known HPV types constituted most of the viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Bzhalava
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Johansson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johanna Ekström
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Helena Faust
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Möller
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carina Eklund
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nordin
- Dermatology Clinic, Läkarhuset, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Stenquist
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Sciences at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Paoli
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Sciences at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Persson
- IFM Bioinformatics and Swedish e-Science Research Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ola Forslund
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology and Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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de Villiers EM. Cross-roads in the classification of papillomaviruses. Virology 2013; 445:2-10. [PMID: 23683837 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acceptance of an official classification for the family Papillomaviridae based purely on DNA sequence relatedness, was achieved as late as 2003. The rate of isolation and characterization of new papillomavirus types has greatly depended on and subjected to the development of new laboratory techniques. Introduction of every new technique led to a temporarily burst in the number of new isolates. In the following, the bumpy road towards achieving a classification system combined with the controversies of implementing and accepting new techniques will be summarized. An update of the classification of the 170 human papillomavirus (HPV) types presently known is presented. Arguments towards the implementation of metagenomic sequencing for this rapidly growing family will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel-Michele de Villiers
- Division for the Characterization of Papillomaviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Johansson H, Bzhalava D, Ekström J, Hultin E, Dillner J, Forslund O. Metagenomic sequencing of “HPV-negative” condylomas detects novel putative HPV types. Virology 2013; 440:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR, Stanley MA. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 5:F55-70. [PMID: 23199966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) comprise a diverse group, and have different epithelial tropisms and life-cycle strategies. Many HPVs are classified as low-risk, as they are only very rarely associated with neoplasia or cancer in the general population. These HPVs typically cause inapparent/inconspicuous infections, or benign papillomas, which can persist for months or years, but which are eventually resolved by the host's immune system. Low-risk HPVs are difficult to manage in immunosuppressed people and in individuals with genetic predispositions, and can give rise to papillomatosis, and in rare instances, to cancer. The high-risk HPV types are, by contrast, a cause of several important human cancers, including almost all cases of cervical cancer, a large proportion of other anogenital cancers and a growing number of head and neck tumours. The high-risk HPV types constitute a subset of the genus Alphapapillomavirus that are prevalent in the general population, and in most individuals cause only inconspicuous oral and genital lesions. Cancer progression is associated with persistent high-risk HPV infection and with deregulated viral gene expression, which leads to excessive cell proliferation, deficient DNA repair, and the accumulation of genetic damage in the infected cell. Although their life-cycle organisation is broadly similar to that of the low-risk HPV types, the two groups differ significantly in their capacity to drive cell cycle entry and cell proliferation in the basal/parabasal cell layers. This is thought to be linked, at least in part, to different abilities of the high- and low-risk E6 proteins to modulate the activity of p53 and PDZ-domain proteins, and the differential ability of the E7 proteins to target the several different members of the retinoblastoma protein family. This article forms part of a special supplement entitled "Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases" Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
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Chemes LB, Glavina J, Faivovich J, de Prat-Gay G, Sánchez IE. Evolution of linear motifs within the papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein. J Mol Biol 2012; 422:336-46. [PMID: 22683353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many protein functions can be traced to linear sequence motifs of less than five residues, which are often found within intrinsically disordered domains. In spite of their prevalence, their role in protein evolution is only beginning to be understood. The study of papillomaviruses has provided many insights on the evolution of protein structure and function. We have chosen the papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein as a model system for the evolution of functional linear motifs. The multiple functions of E7 proteins from paradigmatic papillomavirus types can be explained to a large extent in terms of five linear motifs within the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain and two linear motifs within the globular homodimeric C-terminal domain. We examined the motif inventory of E7 proteins from over 200 known papillomavirus types and found that the motifs reported for paradigmatic papillomavirus types are absent from many uncharacterized E7 proteins. Several motif pairs occur more often than expected, suggesting that linear motifs may evolve and function in a cooperative manner. The E7 linear motifs have appeared or disappeared multiple times during papillomavirus evolution, confirming the evolutionary plasticity of short functional sequences. Four of the motifs appeared several times during papillomavirus evolution, providing direct evidence for convergent evolution. Interestingly, the evolution pattern of a motif is independent of its location in a globular or disordered domain. The correlation between the presence of some motifs and virus host specificity and tissue tropism suggests that linear motifs play a role in the adaptive evolution of papillomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía B Chemes
- Protein Structure-Function and Engineering Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bergot AS, Kassianos A, Frazer IH, Mittal D. New Approaches to Immunotherapy for HPV Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3461-95. [PMID: 24212964 PMCID: PMC3759206 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer of women worldwide and is the first cancer shown to be entirely induced by a virus, the human papillomavirus (HPV, major oncogenic genotypes HPV-16 and -18). Two recently developed prophylactic cervical cancer vaccines, using virus-like particles (VLP) technology, have the potential to prevent a large proportion of cervical cancer associated with HPV infection and to ensure long-term protection. However, prophylactic HPV vaccines do not have therapeutic effects against pre-existing HPV infections and do not prevent their progression to HPV-associated malignancy. In animal models, therapeutic vaccines for persisting HPV infection can eliminate transplantable tumors expressing HPV antigens, but are of limited efficacy in inducing rejection of skin grafts expressing the same antigens. In humans, clinical trials have reported successful immunotherapy of HPV lesions, providing hope and further interest. This review discusses possible new approaches to immunotherapy for HPV associated cancer, based on recent advances in our knowledge of the immunobiology of HPV infection, of epithelial immunology and of immunoregulation, with a brief overview on previous and current HPV vaccine clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Bergot
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.-S.B); (D.M.); Tel.: +61 (07) 3176 2769; Fax: +61 7 3176 5946
| | | | | | - Deepak Mittal
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.-S.B); (D.M.); Tel.: +61 (07) 3176 2769; Fax: +61 7 3176 5946
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Ekström J, Bzhalava D, Svenback D, Forslund O, Dillner J. High throughput sequencing reveals diversity of Human Papillomaviruses in cutaneous lesions. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2643-50. [PMID: 21630257 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There are at least 120 completely characterized human papillomavirus (HPV) types and putative new types are continuously found. Both squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC) and other skin lesions commonly contain multiple cutaneous HPV types. The objective of this study was to achieve an improved resolution of the diversity of HPV types in lesions such as SCCs, actinic keratoses (AKs) and keratoacanthomas (KAs). Fresh frozen biopsies from 37 SCC lesions, 36 AK lesions and 92 KA lesions and swab samples from the top of the lesion from 86 SCCs and 92 AKs were amplified using the general HPV primers FAP and mixed to three pools followed by high throughput sequencing. We obtained 2196 reads with homology to HPV. In the pool of SCC/AK biopsies 48 different HPV types were found. Eighty-three types were found in the pool of SCC/AK swab samples and 64 types in the KA biopsies, respectively. For 9 novel putative HPV types most of the amplimer sequence was obtained, whereas for an additional 35 novel putative HPV types only partial amplimer sequences were obtained. Most of the novel putative types belonged to the genus Gamma. In conclusion, high throughput sequencing was an effective means to identify both known and previously unknown HPV types in putatively HPV-associated lesions and has revealed an extended diversity of HPV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ekström
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skånes Universitetssjukhus, Malmö, Sweden
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Ng TFF, Willner DL, Lim YW, Schmieder R, Chau B, Nilsson C, Anthony S, Ruan Y, Rohwer F, Breitbart M. Broad surveys of DNA viral diversity obtained through viral metagenomics of mosquitoes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20579. [PMID: 21674005 PMCID: PMC3108952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant and diverse genetic entities on Earth; however, broad surveys of viral diversity are hindered by the lack of a universal assay for viruses and the inability to sample a sufficient number of individual hosts. This study utilized vector-enabled metagenomics (VEM) to provide a snapshot of the diversity of DNA viruses present in three mosquito samples from San Diego, California. The majority of the sequences were novel, suggesting that the viral community in mosquitoes, as well as the animal and plant hosts they feed on, is highly diverse and largely uncharacterized. Each mosquito sample contained a distinct viral community. The mosquito viromes contained sequences related to a broad range of animal, plant, insect and bacterial viruses. Animal viruses identified included anelloviruses, circoviruses, herpesviruses, poxviruses, and papillomaviruses, which mosquitoes may have obtained from vertebrate hosts during blood feeding. Notably, sequences related to human papillomaviruses were identified in one of the mosquito samples. Sequences similar to plant viruses were identified in all mosquito viromes, which were potentially acquired through feeding on plant nectar. Numerous bacteriophages and insect viruses were also detected, including a novel densovirus likely infecting Culex erythrothorax. Through sampling insect vectors, VEM enables broad survey of viral diversity and has significantly increased our knowledge of the DNA viruses present in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Fei Fan Ng
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dana L. Willner
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Wei Lim
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert Schmieder
- Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Betty Chau
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Simon Anthony
- Wildlife Disease Labs, San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yijun Ruan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Forest Rohwer
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Efird JT, Toland AE, Lea CS, Phillips CJ. The combined influence of oral contraceptives and human papillomavirus virus on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2011; 5:55-75. [PMID: 21499554 PMCID: PMC3076039 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s6905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) will occur in those with fair complexion, tendency to burn, and high ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Organ transplant recipients also are an important population at great risk for CSCC. An association has been reported between oral contraceptive (OC) use, human papillomavirus virus (HPV) and cervical cancer, and there could be a similar association for CSCC. The cutaneous HPV β-E6 protein, a close cousin of the transformative E6 protein underlying anogenital cancers, has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in response to UVR damage and stimulate morphologic transformation in rodent fibroblast cell lines. Furthermore, OC use has been shown to enhance HPV transcription and may contribute to CSCC risk through this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy T. Efird
- Center for Health Disparities Research, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 1800 W. 5th Street (Medical Pavilon), Greenville, NC 27834 USA
- Department of Public Health, 1709 W. 6th Street, Mail Stop 660, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Amanda E. Toland
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, 998 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - C. Suzanne Lea
- Department of Public Health, 1709 W. 6th Street, Mail Stop 660, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Christopher J. Phillips
- Department of Defence Center for Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, Dept. 164, 140 Sylvester Rd., San Diego, CA 92106, USA
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Bravo IG, de Sanjosé S, Gottschling M. The clinical importance of understanding the evolution of papillomaviruses. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:432-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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