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Peretti A, Scorpio DG, Kong WP, Pang YYS, McCarthy MP, Ren K, Jackson M, Graham BS, Buck CB, McTamney PM, Pastrana DV. A multivalent polyomavirus vaccine elicits durable neutralizing antibody responses in macaques. Vaccine 2023; 41:1735-1742. [PMID: 36764908 PMCID: PMC9992340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, there were about 100,000 kidney transplants globally, with more than a quarter of them performed in the United States. Unfortunately, some engrafted organs are lost to polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN) caused by BK and JC viruses (BKPyV and JCPyV). Both viruses cause brain disease and possibly bladder cancer in immunosuppressed individuals. Transplant patients are routinely monitored for BKPyV viremia, which is an accepted hallmark of nascent nephropathy. If viremia is detected, a reduction in immunosuppressive therapy is standard care, but the intervention comes with increased risk of immune rejection of the engrafted organ. Recent reports have suggested that transplant recipients with high levels of polyomavirus-neutralizing antibodies are protected against PyVAN. Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, similar to approved human papillomavirus vaccines, have an excellent safety record and are known to induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies and long-lasting protection from infection. In this study, we demonstrate that VLPs representing BKPyV genotypes I, II, and IV, as well as JCPyV genotype 2 produced in insect cells elicit robust antibody titers. In rhesus macaques, all monkeys developed neutralizing antibody titers above a previously proposed protective threshold of 10,000. A second inoculation, administered 19 weeks after priming, boosted titers to a plateau of ≥ 25,000 that was maintained for almost two years. No vaccine-related adverse events were observed in any macaques. A multivalent BK/JC VLP immunogen did not show inferiority compared to the single-genotype VLP immunogens. Considering these encouraging results, we believe a clinical trial administering the multivalent VLP vaccine in patients waiting to receive a kidney transplant is warranted to evaluate its ability to reduce or eliminate PyVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Peretti
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Diana G Scorpio
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Virology Core, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yuk-Ying S Pang
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Michael P McCarthy
- Department of Infectious Diseases-Vaccines, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Kuishu Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases-Vaccines, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Moriah Jackson
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Barney S Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Patrick M McTamney
- Department of Infectious Diseases-Vaccines, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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2
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Rosenstein RK, Pastrana DV, Starrett GJ, Sapio MR, Hill NT, Jo JH, Lee CCR, Iadarola MJ, Buck CB, Kong HH, Brownell I, Cowen EW. Host-Pathogen Interactions in Human Polyomavirus 7‒Associated Pruritic Skin Eruption. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1344-1348.e8. [PMID: 33075349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, NCI/CCR, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jay-Hyun Jo
- Dermatology Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chyi-Chia R Lee
- Laboratory of Pathology, NCI/CCR, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Edward W Cowen
- Dermatology Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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3
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Ciotti M, Prezioso C, Pietropaolo V. An overview on human polyomaviruses biology and related diseases. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the Polyomaviridae family grew rapidly, thanks to the introduction of high-throughput molecular techniques. To date, 14 polyomaviruses have been identified in humans but the association with human diseases has been established only for few of them. BKPyV has been associated with nephropathy in kidney transplant patients and hemorrhagic cystitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients; JCPyV to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, mainly in HIV-positive patients; Merkel cell polyomavirus to Merkel cell carcinoma; Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus to the rare skin disease Trichodysplasia spinulosa; human polyomaviruses 6 and 7 to pruritic rash. Immunocompromised patients are at risk of developing disease. Here, we summarized and discussed the scientific literature concerning the human polyomaviruses biology, seroprevalence and association with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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4
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Sheu JC, Tran J, Rady PL, Dao H, Tyring SK, Nguyen HP. Polyomaviruses of the skin: integrating molecular and clinical advances in an emerging class of viruses. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1302-1311. [PMID: 30585627 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) are small, nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that express tumour antigen proteins. Fourteen species of polyomaviruses have been discovered in humans, and since the 2008 discovery of the first cutaneous polyomavirus - Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) - six more species have been detected in the skin: trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7, HPyV9, HPyV10 and HPyV13. Of these cutaneous species, only MCPyV, TSPyV, HPyV6 and HPyV7 have been definitively associated with diseases of the skin, most commonly in immunocompromised individuals. MCPyV is a predominant aetiology in Merkel cell carcinomas. TSPyV is one of the aetiological factors of trichodysplasia spinulosa. HPyV6 and HPyV7 have been recently linked to pruritic skin eruptions. The roles of HPyV9, HPyV10 and HPyV13 in pathogenesis, if any, are still unknown, but their molecular features have provided some insight into their functional biology. RESULTS In this review, we summarize the known molecular mechanisms, clinical presentation and targeted therapies of each of the eight cutaneous HPyVs. CONCLUSIONS We hope that heightened awareness and clinical recognition of HPyVs will lead to increased reports of HPyV-associated diseases and, consequently, a more robust understanding of how to diagnose and treat these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Sheu
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - J Tran
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - P L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - H Dao
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - S K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - H P Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
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5
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Infectious Entry of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02004-18. [PMID: 30626687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02004-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a small, nonenveloped tumor virus associated with an aggressive form of skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). MCPyV infections are highly prevalent in the human population, with MCPyV virions being continuously shed from human skin. However, the precise host cell tropism(s) of MCPyV remains unclear: MCPyV is able to replicate within a subset of dermal fibroblasts, but MCPyV DNA has also been detected in a variety of other tissues. However, MCPyV appears different from other polyomaviruses, as it requires sulfated polysaccharides, such as heparan sulfates and/or chondroitin sulfates, for initial attachment. Like other polyomaviruses, MCPyV engages sialic acid as a (co)receptor. To explore the infectious entry process of MCPyV, we analyzed the cell biological determinants of MCPyV entry into A549 cells, a highly transducible lung carcinoma cell line, in comparison to well-studied simian virus 40 and a number of other viruses. Our results indicate that MCPyV enters cells via caveolar/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis but not macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or glycosphingolipid-enriched carriers. The viruses were internalized in small endocytic pits that led the virus to endosomes and from there to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Similar to other polyomaviruses, trafficking required microtubular transport, acidification of endosomes, and a functional redox environment. To our surprise, the virus was found to acquire a membrane envelope within endosomes, a phenomenon not reported for other viruses. Only minor amounts of viruses reached the ER, while the majority was retained in endosomal compartments, suggesting that endosome-to-ER trafficking is a bottleneck during infectious entry.IMPORTANCE MCPyV is the first polyomavirus directly implicated in the development of an aggressive human cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Although MCPyV is constantly shed from healthy skin, the MCC incidence increases among aging and immunocompromised individuals. To date, the events connecting initial MCPyV infection and subsequent transformation still remain elusive. MCPyV differs from other known polyomaviruses concerning its cell tropism, entry receptor requirements, and infection kinetics. In this study, we examined the cellular requirements for endocytic entry as well as the subcellular localization of incoming virus particles. A thorough understanding of the determinants of the infectious entry pathway and the specific biological niche will benefit prevention of virus-derived cancers such as MCC.
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6
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Geoghegan EM, Pastrana DV, Schowalter RM, Ray U, Gao W, Ho M, Pauly GT, Sigano DM, Kaynor C, Cahir-McFarland E, Combaluzier B, Grimm J, Buck CB. Infectious Entry and Neutralization of Pathogenic JC Polyomaviruses. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1169-1179. [PMID: 29091757 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a lethal brain disease caused by uncontrolled replication of JC polyomavirus (JCV). JCV strains recovered from the brains of PML patients carry mutations that prevent the engagement of sialylated glycans, which are thought to serve as receptors for the infectious entry of wild-type JCV. In this report, we show that non-sialylated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) can serve as alternative attachment receptors for the infectious entry of both wild-type and PML mutant JCV strains. After GAG-mediated attachment, PML mutant strains engage non-sialylated non-GAG co-receptor glycans, such as asialo-GM1. JCV-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies isolated from patients who recovered from PML appear to block infection by preventing the docking of post-attachment co-receptor glycans in an apical pocket of the JCV major capsid protein. Identification of the GAG-dependent/sialylated glycan-independent alternative entry pathway should facilitate the development of infection inhibitors, including recombinant neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Geoghegan
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Rachel M Schowalter
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Upasana Ray
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gary T Pauly
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Dina M Sigano
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jan Grimm
- Neurimmune Holding AG, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA.
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7
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Smith SDB, Erdag G, Cuda JD, Rangwala S, Girardi N, Bibee K, Orens JB, Prono MD, Toptan T, Loss MJ. Treatment of human polyomavirus-7-associated rash and pruritus with topical cidofovir in a lung transplant patient: Case report and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 20. [PMID: 29064138 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomavirus-7-associated rash and pruritus (PVARP) is a chronic superficial viral skin infection, which primarily impacts immunocompromised individuals. We report on a case of PVARP in a lung transplant recipient. Our patient developed symptoms 13 years after being on his immunosuppressive regimen, with an insidious course of progressive gray lichenification with marked islands of sparing and quality of life-altering pruritus. Treatment for PVARP is not established; however, topical cidofovir combined with immunomodulation may offer sustained therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D B Smith
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gulsun Erdag
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Cuda
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sophie Rangwala
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin Bibee
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan B Orens
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Tuna Toptan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Manisha J Loss
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Expression of the small T antigen of Lymphotropic Papovavirus is sufficient to transform primary mouse embryo fibroblasts. Virology 2015; 487:112-20. [PMID: 26517398 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses induce cell proliferation and transformation through different oncoproteins encoded within the early region (ER): large T antigen (LT), small T antigen (sT) and, in some cases, additional components. Each virus utilizes different mechanisms to achieve transformation. For instance, the LTs of Simian virus 40 (SV40), BK and/or JC virus can induce transformation; but Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) requires expression of sT. Lymphotropic Papovavirus (LPV) is closely related to Human Polyomavirus 9 (HuPyV9) and, under similar conditions, mice expressing LPV.ER exhibit higher rates of tumor formation than mice expressing SV40.ER. We have investigated the contributions of individual LPV.ER components to cell transformation. In contrast to SV40, LPV.ER transforms mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), but expression of LPV LT is insufficient to transform MEFs. Furthermore, LPV sT induces immortalization and transformation of MEFs. Thus, in the case of LPV, sT is the main mediator of oncogenesis.
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10
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Fleury MJJ, Nicol JTJ, Samimi M, Arnold F, Cazal R, Ballaire R, Mercey O, Gonneville H, Combelas N, Vautherot JF, Moreau T, Lorette G, Coursaget P, Touzé A. Identification of the neutralizing epitopes of Merkel cell polyomavirus major capsid protein within the BC and EF surface loops. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121751. [PMID: 25812141 PMCID: PMC4374900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the first polyomavirus clearly associated with a human cancer, i.e. the Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Polyomaviruses are small naked DNA viruses that induce a robust polyclonal antibody response against the major capsid protein (VP1). However, the polyomavirus VP1 capsid protein epitopes have not been identified to date. The aim of this study was to identify the neutralizing epitopes of the MCPyV capsid. For this goal, four VP1 mutants were generated by insertional mutagenesis in the BC, DE, EF and HI loops between amino acids 88-89, 150-151, 189-190, and 296-297, respectively. The reactivity of these mutants and wild-type VLPs was then investigated with anti-VP1 monoclonal antibodies and anti-MCPyV positive human sera. The findings together suggest that immunodominant conformational neutralizing epitopes are present at the surface of the MCPyV VLPs and are clustered within BC and EF loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime J J Fleury
- L'UNAM Université, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES EA 3142, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jérôme T J Nicol
- UMR INRA 1282, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
| | - Mahtab Samimi
- UMR INRA 1282, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours-Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Dermatologie, Tours, France
| | - Françoise Arnold
- UMR INRA 1282, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
| | - Raphael Cazal
- UMR INRA 1282, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
| | - Raphaelle Ballaire
- UMR INRA 1282, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Mercey
- UMR INRA 1282, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
| | - Hélène Gonneville
- UMR INRA 1282, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Combelas
- UMR INRA 1282, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
| | | | - Thierry Moreau
- UMR INSERM 1100, Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
| | - Gérard Lorette
- UMR INRA 1282, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours-Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Dermatologie, Tours, France
| | - Pierre Coursaget
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Touzé
- UMR INRA 1282, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France
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11
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Schrama D, Groesser L, Ugurel S, Hafner C, Pastrana DV, Buck CB, Cerroni L, Theiler A, Becker JC. Presence of human polyomavirus 6 in mutation-specific BRAF inhibitor-induced epithelial proliferations. JAMA Dermatol 2014; 150:1180-6. [PMID: 24943872 PMCID: PMC8369517 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A frequent adverse effect of mutation-specific BRAF inhibitor therapy is the induction of epithelial proliferations including cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. To date, the only factor identified contributing to their development is the activation of the mitogen-activated signal transduction cascade by mutations in the RAS genes. However, these mutations explain only 60% of the tumors; hence, it is important to identify what is causing the remaining tumors. OBJECTIVE To test for the presence of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and the recently identified human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), and trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV), as well as HPyV-6, HPyV-7, HPyV-9, and HPyV-10, in epithelial proliferations occurring after BRAF inhibitor therapy to determine whether these oncogenic viruses may contribute to BRAF inhibitor-induced skin tumors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective study at a university hospital in Austria of epithelial proliferations that developed in patients with melanoma after initiation of treatment with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. Samples were analyzed for (1) presence of the most frequently observed RAS mutations by SNaPshot technology, (2) detection of the viruses by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and (3) presence of capsid proteins of the most abundantly detected virus by immunohistochemical analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES RAS mutational status, as well as HPV and HPyV presence, in BRAF inhibitor-induced epithelial proliferations. RESULTS Eighteen biopsy samples from 6 patients were retrieved from our hospital's archive. We identified RAS mutations in 10 (62%) of the 16 samples with clear results. DNA of HPyV-9, HPyV-10, and TSPyV were virtually absent in the samples. MCPyV DNA was present in 13 of 18 samples, and HPV, HPyV-6, and HPyV-7 DNA were present in all samples. In general, the amount of DNA encoding the latter viruses was rather low, with the exception of HPyV-6 in several samples of 1 individual patient. Notably, the relevance of the presence of HPyV-6 in the epithelial proliferation was underlined by immunohistochemical detection of the core protein VP1 of HPyV-6. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The presence of both high HPyV-6 DNA load and VP1 protein suggests that polyomaviruses may contribute to the epithelial proliferations observed in patients receiving BRAF inhibitor therapy, albeit the relative impact as compared with that of RAS mutations appears circumstantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria2Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leopold Groesser
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Selma Ugurel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Theiler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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12
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Ho J, Jedrych JJ, Feng H, Natalie AA, Grandinetti L, Mirvish E, Crespo MM, Yadav D, Fasanella KE, Proksell S, Kuan SF, Pastrana DV, Buck CB, Shuda Y, Moore PS, Chang Y. Human polyomavirus 7-associated pruritic rash and viremia in transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1560-5. [PMID: 25231015 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human polyomavirus 7 (HPyV7) is one of 11 HPyVs recently discovered through genomic sequencing technologies. Two lung transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy developed pruritic, brown plaques on the trunk and extremities showing a distinctive epidermal hyperplasia with virus-laden keratinocytes containing densely packed 36-45-nm icosahedral capsids. Rolling circle amplification and gradient centrifugation testing were positive for encapsidated HPyV7 DNA in skin and peripheral blood specimens from both patients, and HPyV7 early and capsid proteins were abundantly expressed in affected tissues. We describe for the first time that HPyV7 is associated with novel pathogenicity in some immunosuppressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huichen Feng
- Cancer Virology Program, Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yoko Shuda
- Cancer Virology Program, Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuan Chang
- Cancer Virology Program, Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Schowalter RM, Reinhold WC, Buck CB. Entry tropism of BK and Merkel cell polyomaviruses in cell culture. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42181. [PMID: 22860078 PMCID: PMC3409148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV) was recently discovered in an aggressive form of skin cancer known as Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Integration of MCV DNA into the host genome likely contributes to the development of MCC in humans. MCV infection is common and many healthy people shed MCV virions from the surface of their skin. MCV DNA has also been detected in samples from a variety of other tissues. Although MCC tumors serve as a record that MCV can infect the Merkel cell lineage, the true tissue tropism and natural reservoirs of MCV infection in the host are not known. In an effort to gain insight into the tissue tropism of MCV, and to possibly identify cellular factors responsible for mediating infectious entry of the virus, the infection potential of human cells derived from a variety of tissues was evaluated. MCV gene transfer vectors (pseudoviruses) carrying reporter plasmid DNA encoding GFP or luciferase genes were used to transduce keratinocytes and melanocytes, as well as lines derived from MCC tumors and the NCI-60 panel of human tumor cell lines. MCV transduction was compared to transduction with pseudoviruses based on the better-studied human BK polyomavirus (BKV). The efficiency of MCV and BKV transduction of various cell types occasionally overlapped, but often differed greatly, and no clear tissue type preference emerged. Application of native MCV virions to a subset of highly transducible cell types suggested that the lines do not support robust replication of MCV, consistent with recent proposals that the MCV late phase may be governed by cellular differentiation in vivo. The availability of carefully curated gene expression data for the NCI-60 panel should make the MCV and BKV transduction data for these lines a useful reference for future studies aimed at elucidation of the infectious entry pathways of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Schowalter
- Tumor Virus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William C. Reinhold
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Buck
- Tumor Virus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Neumann F, Borchert S, Schmidt C, Reimer R, Hohenberg H, Fischer N, Grundhoff A. Replication, gene expression and particle production by a consensus Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) genome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29112. [PMID: 22216177 PMCID: PMC3246459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) genomes are clonally integrated in tumor tissues of approximately 85% of all Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) cases, a highly aggressive tumor of the skin which predominantly afflicts elderly and immunosuppressed patients. All integrated viral genomes recovered from MCC tissue or MCC cell lines harbor signature mutations in the early gene transcript encoding for the large T-Antigen (LT-Ag). These mutations selectively abrogate the ability of LT-Ag to support viral replication while still maintaining its Rb-binding activity, suggesting a continuous requirement for LT-Ag mediated cell cycle deregulation during MCC pathogenesis. To gain a better understanding of MCPyV biology, in vitro MCPyV replication systems are required. We have generated a synthetic MCPyV genomic clone (MCVSyn) based on the consensus sequence of MCC-derived sequences deposited in the NCBI database. Here, we demonstrate that transfection of recircularized MCVSyn DNA into some human cell lines recapitulates efficient replication of the viral genome, early and late gene expression together with virus particle formation. However, serial transmission of infectious virus was not observed. This in vitro culturing system allows the study of viral replication and will facilitate the molecular dissection of important aspects of the MCPyV lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Neumann
- Institute for Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Borchert
- Institute for Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute for Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rudolph Reimer
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Hohenberg
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute for Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NF); (AG)
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NF); (AG)
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Chang Y, Moore PS. Merkel cell carcinoma: a virus-induced human cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2011; 7:123-44. [PMID: 21942528 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is the first polyomavirus directly linked to human cancer, and its recent discovery helps to explain many of the enigmatic features of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). MCV is clonally integrated into MCC tumor cells, which then require continued MCV oncoprotein expression to survive. The integrated viral genomes have a tumor-specific pattern of tumor antigen gene mutation that incapacitates viral DNA replication. This human cancer virus provides a new model in which a common, mostly harmless member of the human viral flora can initiate cancer if it acquires a precise set of mutations in a host with specific susceptibility factors, such as age and immune suppression. Identification of this tumor virus has led to new opportunities for early diagnosis and targeted treatment of MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Schowalter RM, Pastrana DV, Buck CB. Glycosaminoglycans and sialylated glycans sequentially facilitate Merkel cell polyomavirus infectious entry. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002161. [PMID: 21829355 PMCID: PMC3145800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV) appears to be a causal factor in the development of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but highly lethal form of skin cancer. Although recent reports indicate that MCV virions are commonly shed from apparently healthy human skin, the precise cellular tropism of the virus in healthy subjects remains unclear. To begin to explore this question, we set out to identify the cellular receptors or co-receptors required for the infectious entry of MCV. Although several previously studied polyomavirus species have been shown to bind to cell surface sialic acid residues associated with glycolipids or glycoproteins, we found that sialylated glycans are not required for initial attachment of MCV virions to cultured human cell lines. Instead, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), serve as initial attachment receptors during the MCV infectious entry process. Using cell lines deficient in GAG biosynthesis, we found that N-sulfated and/or 6-O-sulfated forms of HS mediate infectious entry of MCV reporter vectors, while CS appears to be dispensable. Intriguingly, although cell lines deficient in sialylated glycans readily bind MCV capsids, the cells are highly resistant to MCV reporter vector-mediated gene transduction. This suggests that sialylated glycans play a post-attachment role in the infectious entry process. Results observed using MCV reporter vectors were confirmed using a novel system for infectious propagation of native MCV virions. Taken together, the findings suggest a model in which MCV infectious entry occurs via initial cell binding mediated primarily by HS, followed by secondary interactions with a sialylated entry co-factor. The study should facilitate the development of inhibitors of MCV infection and help shed light on the infectious entry pathways and cellular tropism of the virus. Strong evidence suggests that Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV) is a causative factor in the development of a large proportion of cancers arising from epidermal Merkel cells. While Merkel cell carcinoma is rare, it appears that infection with MCV is common, and many healthy people chronically shed MCV virions from the surface of their skin. In an effort to better understand the factors controlling MCV tissue tropism, we sought to characterize the cellular receptors that mediate MCV attachment to cultured cells. Several previously-examined polyomaviruses utilize sialic acid-containing glycolipids and glycoproteins to mediate cell binding and infectious entry. Our results show that, in contrast to other polyomaviruses, MCV does not require sialic acid-bearing glycans for attachment to cells, but instead uses a different group of carbohydrates called glycosaminoglycans for the initial attachment step of the infectious entry process. Interestingly, although sialic acid-bearing glycans are dispensable for initial attachment to cells, data using cells deficient in sialylated glycans suggest that sialic acids may form an essential element of a possible co-receptor that is engaged after the initial attachment of MCV to the cell via glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Schowalter
- Tumor Virus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diana V. Pastrana
- Tumor Virus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Buck
- Tumor Virus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Feng H, Kwun HJ, Liu X, Gjoerup O, Stolz DB, Chang Y, Moore PS. Cellular and viral factors regulating Merkel cell polyomavirus replication. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22468. [PMID: 21799863 PMCID: PMC3142164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), a previously unrecognized component of the human viral skin flora, was discovered as a mutated and clonally-integrated virus inserted into Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) genomes. We reconstructed a replicating MCV clone (MCV-HF), and then mutated viral sites required for replication or interaction with cellular proteins to examine replication efficiency and viral gene expression. Three days after MCV-HF transfection into 293 cells, although replication is not robust, encapsidated viral DNA and protein can be readily isolated by density gradient centrifugation and typical ∼40 nm diameter polyomavirus virions are identified by electron microscopy. The virus has an orderly gene expression cascade during replication in which large T (LT) and 57kT proteins are first expressed by day 2, followed by expression of small T (sT) and VP1 proteins. VP1 and sT proteins are not detected, and spliced 57kT is markedly diminished, in the replication-defective virus suggesting that early gene splicing and late gene transcription may be dependent on viral DNA replication. MCV replication and encapsidation is increased by overexpression of MCV sT, consistent with sT being a limiting factor during virus replication. Mutation of the MCV LT vacuolar sorting protein hVam6p (Vps39) binding site also enhances MCV replication while exogenous hVam6p overexpression reduces MCV virion production by >90%. Although MCV-HF generates encapsidated wild-type MCV virions, we did not find conditions for persistent transmission to recipient cell lines suggesting that MCV has a highly restricted tropism. These studies identify and highlight the role of polyomavirus DNA replication in viral gene expression and show that viral sT and cellular hVam6p are important factors regulating MCV replication. MCV-HF is a molecular clone that can be readily manipulated to investigate factors affecting MCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichen Feng
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hyun Jin Kwun
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xi Liu
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ole Gjoerup
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yuan Chang
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick S. Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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