1
|
Ming S, Zhang S, Xing J, Yang G, Zeng L, Wang J, Chu B. Alphaherpesvirus manipulates retinoic acid metabolism for optimal replication. iScience 2024; 27:110144. [PMID: 38989466 PMCID: PMC11233922 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), derived from retinol (ROL), is integral to cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. It is known that RA can inhibit herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication, but the interactions between alphaherpesviruses and RA metabolism are unclear. Our present study revealed that alphaherpesvirus (HSV-1 and Pseudorabies virus, PRV) infections suppressed RA synthesis from ROL by activating P53, which increased retinol reductase 3 (DHRS3) expression-an enzyme that converts retinaldehyde back to ROL. This process depended on the virus-triggered DNA damage response, the degradation of class I histone deacetylases, and the subsequent hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4. Counteracting DHRS3 or P53 enabled higher RA synthesis and reduced viral growth. RA enhanced antiviral defenses by promoting ABCA1- and ABCG1-mediated lipid efflux. Treatment with the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist palovarotene protected mice from HSV-1 infection, thus providing a potential therapeutic strategy against viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiayou Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Beibei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu M, Qian K, Shao H, Yao Y, Nair V, Ye J, Qin A. Metabolomics analysis of CEF cells infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J based on UHPLC-QE-MS. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103693. [PMID: 38598912 PMCID: PMC11017069 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is a retrovirus that can cause immunosuppression and tumors in chicken. However, relative pathogenesis is still not clear. At present, metabolomics has shown great potential in the screening of tumor metabolic markers, prognostic evaluation, and drug target design. In this study, we utilize an untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) to analyze the metabolic changes in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells infected by ALV-J. We found that ALV-J infection significantly altered a wealth of metabolites compared with control group. Additionally, most of the differentially expressed metabolites belonged to lipid metabolism, purine nucleotide metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Among them, the proportion of lipid metabolites account for the highest proportion (around 31%). Results suggest that these changes may be conductive to the formation of virion, thereby promoting the replication of ALV-J. These data provided metabolic evidence and potential biomarkers for the cellular metabolic changes induced by ALV-J, and provided important insight for further understanding the replication needs and pathogenesis of ALV-J.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC. The Knowns and Unknowns of Herpesvirus Nuclear Egress. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:305-323. [PMID: 37040797 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear egress of herpesvirus capsids across the intact nuclear envelope is an exceptional vesicle-mediated nucleocytoplasmic translocation resulting in the delivery of herpesvirus capsids into the cytosol. Budding of the (nucleo)capsid at and scission from the inner nuclear membrane (INM) is mediated by the viral nuclear egress complex (NEC) resulting in a transiently enveloped virus particle in the perinuclear space followed by fusion of the primary envelope with the outer nuclear membrane (ONM). The dimeric NEC oligomerizes into a honeycomb-shaped coat underlining the INM to induce membrane curvature and scission. Mutational analyses complemented structural data defining functionally important regions. Questions remain, including where and when the NEC is formed and how membrane curvature is mediated, vesicle formation is regulated, and directionality is secured. The composition of the primary enveloped virion and the machinery mediating fusion of the primary envelope with the ONM is still debated. While NEC-mediated budding apparently follows a highly conserved mechanism, species and/or cell type-specific differences complicate understanding of later steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Benedyk TH, Connor V, Caroe ER, Shamin M, Svergun DI, Deane JE, Jeffries CM, Crump CM, Graham SC. Herpes simplex virus 1 protein pUL21 alters ceramide metabolism by activating the interorganelle transport protein CERT. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102589. [PMID: 36243114 PMCID: PMC9668737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 dramatically alters the architecture and protein composition of cellular membranes during infection, but its effects upon membrane lipid composition remain unclear. HSV-1 pUL21 is a virus-encoded protein phosphatase adaptor that promotes dephosphorylation of multiple cellular and virus proteins, including the cellular ceramide (Cer) transport protein CERT. CERT mediates nonvesicular Cer transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the trans-Golgi network, whereupon Cer is converted to sphingomyelin (SM) and other sphingolipids that play important roles in cellular proliferation, signaling, and membrane trafficking. Here, we use click chemistry to profile the kinetics of sphingolipid metabolism, showing that pUL21-mediated dephosphorylation activates CERT and accelerates Cer-to-SM conversion. Purified pUL21 and full-length CERT interact with submicromolar affinity, and we solve the solution structure of the pUL21 C-terminal domain in complex with the CERT Pleckstrin homology and steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domains using small-angle X-ray scattering. We identify a single amino acid mutation on the surface of pUL21 that disrupts CERT binding in vitro and in cultured cells. This residue is highly conserved across the genus Simplexvirus. In addition, we identify a pUL21 residue essential for binding to HSV-1 pUL16. Sphingolipid profiling demonstrates that Cer-to-SM conversion is severely diminished in the context of HSV-1 infection, a defect that is compounded when infecting with a virus encoding the mutated form of pUL21 that lacks the ability to activate CERT. However, virus replication and spread in cultured keratinocytes or epithelial cells is not significantly altered when pUL21-mediated CERT dephosphorylation is abolished. Collectively, we demonstrate that HSV-1 modifies sphingolipid metabolism via specific protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viv Connor
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eve R Caroe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Shamin
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janet E Deane
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Colin M Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen C Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Interplay between Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Droplets, and DNA Virus Infections. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142224. [PMID: 35883666 PMCID: PMC9324743 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cellular organelles rich in neutral lipids such as triglycerides and cholesterol esters that are coated by a phospholipid monolayer and associated proteins. LDs are known to play important roles in the storage and availability of lipids in the cell and to serve as a source of energy reserve for the cell. However, these structures have also been related to oxidative stress, reticular stress responses, and reduced antigen presentation to T cells. Importantly, LDs are also known to modulate viral infection by participating in virus replication and assembly. Here, we review and discuss the interplay between neutral lipid metabolism and LDs in the replication cycle of different DNA viruses, identifying potentially new molecular targets for the treatment of viral infections.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tobler K, Senn C, Schraner EM, Ackermann M, Fraefel C, Wild P. The herpes simplex virus 1 Us3 kinase is involved in assembly of membranes needed for viral envelopment and in distribution of glycoprotein K. F1000Res 2019; 8:727. [PMID: 31448105 PMCID: PMC6681629 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19194.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Capsids of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) are assembled in cell nuclei, released into the perinuclear space by budding at the inner nuclear membrane acquiring tegument and envelope. Alternatively, capsids gain access to the cytoplasm via dilated nuclear pores. They are enveloped by Golgi membranes. Us3 is a non-essential viral kinase that is involved in nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation, preventing apoptosis and regulation of phospholipid-biosynthesis. Us3-deletion mutants (HSV-1∆Us3) accumulate in the perinuclear space. Nuclear and Golgi membranes proliferate, and homogeneous, proteinaceous structures of unknown identity are deposited in nuclei and cytoplasm. Glycoprotein K (gK), a highly hydrophobic viral protein, is essential for production of infectious progeny virus but, according to the literature, exclusively vital for envelopment of capsids by Golgi membranes. In the absence of Us3, virions remain stuck in the perinuclear space but mature to infectivity without reaching Golgi membranes, suggesting further function of gK than assumed. Methods: We constructed a HSV-1∆Us3 mutant designated CK177∆Us3gK-HA, in which gK was hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged in order to localize gK by immunolabeling using antibodies against HA for light and electron microscopy. Results: CK177∆Us3gK-HA-infected Vero cells showed similar alterations as those reported for other HSV-1∆Us3, including accumulation of virions in the perinuclear space, overproduction of nuclear and Golgi membranes containing electron dense material with staining property of proteins. Immunolabeling using antibodies against HA revealed that gK is overproduced and localized at nuclear membranes, perinuclear virions stuck in the perinuclear space, Golgi membranes and on protein deposits in cytoplasm and nuclei. Conclusions: Us3 is involved in proper assembly of membranes needed for envelopment and incorporation of gK. Without Us3, virions derived by budding at nuclear membranes remain stuck in the perinuclear space but incorporate gK into their envelope to gain infectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Tobler
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Senn
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | | | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wild
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mesquita I, Estaquier J. Viral Manipulation of the Host Metabolic Network. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2019; 109:377-401. [PMID: 30535606 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that rely on host machinery to replicate and achieve a successful infection. Viruses have evolved to retain a broad range of strategies to manipulate host cell metabolism and metabolic resources, channeling them toward the production of virion components leading to viral production. Although several viruses share similar strategies for manipulating host cell metabolism, these processes depend on several factors, namely, the viral life cycle and the metabolic and energetic status of the infected cell. Based on this knowledge, the development of new therapeutic approaches that circumvent viral spread through the target of altered metabolic pathways is an opportunity to tackle the infection. However, finding effective broad-spectrum strategies that aim at restoring to homeostasis the metabolic alterations induced upon virus infection is still a Holy Grail quest for antiviral therapies. Here, we review the strategies by which viruses manipulate host metabolism for their own benefit, with a particular emphasis on carbohydrate, glutamine, and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada. .,CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
US3 Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation of Tegument Protein VP8 Plays a Critical Role in the Cellular Localization of VP8 and Its Effect on the Lipid Metabolism of Bovine Herpesvirus 1-Infected Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02151-18. [PMID: 30626671 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02151-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infects bovine species, causing respiratory infections, genital disorders and abortions. VP8 is the most abundant tegument protein of BoHV-1 and is critical for virus replication in cattle. In this study, the cellular transport of VP8 in BoHV-1-infected cells and its ability to alter the cellular lipid metabolism were investigated. A viral kinase, US3, was found to be involved in regulating these processes. In the early stages of infection VP8 was localized in the nucleus. Subsequently, presumably after completion of its role in the nucleus, VP8 was translocated to the cytoplasm. When US3 was deleted or the essential US3 phosphorylation site of VP8 was mutated in BoHV-1, the majority of VP8 was localized in the nuclei of infected cells. This suggests that phosphorylation by US3 may be critical for cytoplasmic localization of VP8. Eventually, the cytoplasmic VP8 was accumulated in the cis-Golgi apparatus but not in the trans-Golgi network, implying that VP8 was not involved in virion transport toward and budding from the cell membrane. VP8 caused lipid droplet (LD) formation in the nuclei of transfected cells and increased cellular cholesterol levels. Lipid droplets were not found in the nuclei of BoHV-1-infected cells when VP8 was cytoplasmic in the presence of US3. However, when US3 was deleted or phosphorylation residues in VP8 were mutated, nuclear VP8 and LDs appeared in BoHV-1-infected cells. The total cholesterol level was increased in BoHV-1-infected cells but not in ΔUL47-BoHV-1-infected cells, further supporting a role for VP8 in altering the cellular lipid metabolism during infection.IMPORTANCE Nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and nuclear export signals (NESs) are important elements directing VP8 to the desired locations in the BoHV-1-infected cell. In this study, a critical regulator that switches the nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of VP8 in BoHV-1-infected cells was identified. BoHV-1 used viral kinase US3 to regulate the cellular localization of VP8. Early during BoHV-1 infection VP8 was localized in the nucleus, where it performs various functions; once US3 was expressed, phosphorylated VP8 was cytoplasmic and ultimately accumulated in the cis-Golgi apparatus, presumably to be incorporated into virions. The Golgi localization of VP8 was only observed in virus-infected cells and not in US3-cotransfected cells, suggesting that this is mediated by other viral factors. Interestingly, VP8 was shown to cause increased cholesterol levels, which is a novel function for VP8 and a potential strategy to supply lipid for viral replication.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wild P, Leisinger S, de Oliveira AP, Doehner J, Schraner EM, Fraevel C, Ackermann M, Kaech A. Nuclear envelope impairment is facilitated by the herpes simplex virus 1 Us3 kinase. F1000Res 2019; 8:198. [PMID: 31249678 PMCID: PMC6584977 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17802.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Capsids of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) are assembled in the nucleus, translocated either to the perinuclear space by budding at the inner nuclear membrane acquiring tegument and envelope, or released to the cytosol in a "naked" state via impaired nuclear pores that finally results in impairment of the nuclear envelope. The Us3 gene encodes a protein acting as a kinase, which is responsible for phosphorylation of numerous viral and cellular substrates. The Us3 kinase plays a crucial role in nucleus to cytoplasm capsid translocation. We thus investigate the nuclear surface in order to evaluate the significance of Us3 in maintenance of the nuclear envelope during HSV-1 infection. Methods: To address alterations of the nuclear envelope and capsid nucleus to cytoplasm translocation related to the function of the Us3 kinase we investigated cells infected with wild type HSV-1 or the Us3 deletion mutant R7041(∆Us3) by transmission electron microscopy, focused ion-beam electron scanning microscopy, cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy, confocal super resolution light microscopy, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results: Confocal super resolution microscopy and cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed decrement in pore numbers in infected cells. Number and degree of pore impairment was significantly reduced after infection with R7041(∆Us3) compared to infection with wild type HSV-1. The nuclear surface was significantly enlarged in cells infected with any of the viruses. Morphometric analysis revealed that additional nuclear membranes were produced forming multiple folds and caveolae, in which virions accumulated as documented by three-dimensional reconstruction after ion-beam scanning electron microscopy. Finally, significantly more R7041(∆Us3) capsids were retained in the nucleus than wild-type capsids whereas the number of R7041(∆Us3) capsids in the cytosol was significantly lower. Conclusions: The data indicate that Us3 kinase is involved in facilitation of nuclear pore impairment and, concomitantly, in capsid release through impaired nuclear envelope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wild
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zuerich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Leisinger
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zuerich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | | | - Jana Doehner
- Center for Microcopy and Image Analysis, Universit of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M. Schraner
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zuerich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
- Instute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, ZH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Cornel Fraevel
- Instute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, ZH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Instute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, ZH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microcopy and Image Analysis, Universit of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lange PT, Lagunoff M, Tarakanova VL. Chewing the Fat: The Conserved Ability of DNA Viruses to Hijack Cellular Lipid Metabolism. Viruses 2019; 11:E119. [PMID: 30699959 PMCID: PMC6409581 DOI: 10.3390/v11020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate numerous host factors and cellular pathways to facilitate the replication of viral genomes and the production of infectious progeny. One way in which viruses interact with cells is through the utilization and exploitation of the host lipid metabolism. While it is likely that most-if not all-viruses require lipids or intermediates of lipid synthesis to replicate, many viruses also actively induce lipid metabolic pathways to sustain a favorable replication environment. From the formation of membranous replication compartments, to the generation of ATP or protein modifications, viruses exhibit differing requirements for host lipids. Thus, while the exploitation of lipid metabolism is a common replication strategy, diverse viruses employ a plethora of mechanisms to co-opt these critical cellular pathways. Here, we review recent literature regarding the exploitation of host lipids and lipid metabolism specifically by DNA viruses. Importantly, furthering the understanding of the viral requirements for host lipids may offer new targets for antiviral therapeutics and provide opportunities to repurpose the numerous FDA-approved compounds targeting lipid metabolic pathways as antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Lange
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:157-172. [PMID: 30456443 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is often caused by infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic double-stranded DNA virus. HSE infection always impacts the temporal and frontal lobes or limbic system, leading to edema, hemorrhage, and necrotic changes in the brain parenchyma. Additionally, patients often exhibit severe complications following antiviral treatment, including dementia and epilepsy. HSE is further associated with disruptions to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists of microvascular endothelial cells, tight junctions, astrocytes, pericytes, and basement membranes. Following an HSV-1 infection, changes in BBB integrity and permeability can result in increased movement of viruses, immune cells, and/or cytokines into the brain parenchyma. This leads to an enhanced inflammatory response in the central nervous system and further damage to the brain. Thus, it is important to protect the BBB from pathogens to reduce brain damage from HSE. Here, we discuss HSE and the normal structure and function of the BBB. We also discuss growing evidence indicating an association between BBB breakdown and the pathogenesis of HSE, as well as future research directions and potential new therapeutic targets. Graphical Abstract During herpes simplex encephalitis, the functions and structures of each composition of BBB have been altered by different factors, thus the permeability and integrity of BBB have been broken. The review aim to explore the potential mechanisms and factors in the process, probe the next research targets and new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lv Y, Zhou S, Gao S, Deng H. Remodeling of host membranes during herpesvirus assembly and egress. Protein Cell 2018; 10:315-326. [PMID: 30242641 PMCID: PMC6468031 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses, enveloped or non-enveloped, remodel host membrane structures for their replication, assembly and escape from host cells. Herpesviruses are important human pathogens and cause many diseases. As large enveloped DNA viruses, herpesviruses undergo several complex steps to complete their life cycles and produce infectious progenies. Firstly, herpesvirus assembly initiates in the nucleus, producing nucleocapsids that are too large to cross through the nuclear pores. Nascent nucleocapsids instead bud at the inner nuclear membrane to form primary enveloped virions in the perinuclear space followed by fusion of the primary envelopes with the outer nuclear membrane, to translocate the nucleocapsids into the cytoplasm. Secondly, nucleocapsids obtain a series of tegument proteins in the cytoplasm and bud into vesicles derived from host organelles to acquire viral envelopes. The vesicles are then transported to and fuse with the plasma membrane to release the mature virions to the extracellular space. Therefore, at least two budding and fusion events take place at cellular membrane structures during herpesviruses assembly and egress, which induce membrane deformations. In this review, we describe and discuss how herpesviruses exploit and remodel host membrane structures to assemble and escape from the host cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengyan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang W, Yaggie RE, Jiang MC, Rudick CN, Done J, Heckman CJ, Rosen JM, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ. Acyloxyacyl hydrolase modulates pelvic pain severity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R353-R365. [PMID: 29118019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00239.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pelvic pain causes significant patient morbidity and is a challenge to clinicians. Using a murine neurogenic cystitis model that recapitulates key aspects of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC), we recently showed that pseudorabies virus (PRV) induces severe pelvic allodynia in BALB/c mice relative to C57BL/6 mice. Here, we report that a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of PRV-induced allodynia in F2CxB progeny identified a polymorphism on chromosome 13, rs6314295 , significantly associated with allodynia (logarithm of odds = 3.11). The nearby gene encoding acyloxyacyl hydrolase ( Aoah) was induced in the sacral spinal cord of PRV-infected mice. AOAH-deficient mice exhibited increased vesicomotor reflex in response to bladder distension, consistent with spontaneous bladder hypersensitivity, and increased pelvic allodynia in neurogenic cystitis and postbacterial chronic pain models. AOAH deficiency resulted in greater bladder pathology and tumor necrosis factor production in PRV neurogenic cystitis, markers of increased bladder mast cell activation. AOAH immunoreactivity was detectable along the bladder-brain axis, including in brain sites previously correlated with human chronic pelvic pain. Finally, AOAH-deficient mice had significantly higher levels of bladder vascular endothelial growth factor, an emerging marker of chronic pelvic pain in humans. These findings indicate that AOAH modulates pelvic pain severity, suggesting that allelic variation in Aoah influences pelvic pain in IC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Yang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryan E Yaggie
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mingchen C Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles N Rudick
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joseph Done
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles J Heckman
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - John M Rosen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Anthony J Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - David J Klumpp
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wild P, Kaech A, Schraner EM, Walser L, Ackermann M. Endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transitions upon herpes virus infection. F1000Res 2017; 6:1804. [PMID: 30135710 PMCID: PMC6080407 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12252.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpesvirus capsids are assembled in the nucleus before they are translocated to the perinuclear space by budding, acquiring tegument and envelope, or releasing to the cytoplasm in a "naked" state via impaired nuclear envelope. One model proposes that envelopment, "de-envelopment" and "re-envelopment" are essential steps for production of infectious virus. Glycoproteins gB/gH were reported to be essential for de-envelopment, by fusion of the "primary" envelope with the outer nuclear membrane. Yet, a high proportion of enveloped virions generated from genomes with deleted gB/gH were found in the cytoplasm and extracellular space, suggesting the existence of an alternative exit route. Methods: We investigated the relatedness between the nuclear envelope and membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, in cells infected with either herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) or a Us3 deletion mutant thereof, or with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, employing freezing technique protocols that lead to improved spatial and temporal resolution. Results: Scanning electron microscopy showed the Golgi complex as a compact entity in a juxtanuclear position covered by a membrane on the cis face. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Golgi membranes merge with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum forming an entity with the perinuclear space. All compartments contained enveloped virions. After treatment with brefeldin A, HSV-1 virions aggregated in the perinuclear space and endoplasmic reticulum, while infectious progeny virus was still produced. Conclusions: The data strongly suggest that virions are intraluminally transported from the perinuclear space via Golgi complex-endoplasmic reticulum transitions into Golgi cisternae for packaging into transport vacuoles. Furthermore, virions derived by budding at nuclear membranes are infective as has been shown for HSV-1 Us3 deletion mutants, which almost entirely accumulate in the perinuclear space. Therefore, de-envelopment followed by re-envelopment is not essential for production of infective progeny virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wild
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Virology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M. Schraner
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Virology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ladina Walser
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wild P, Kaech A, Schraner EM, Walser L, Ackermann M. Endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transitions upon herpes virus infection. F1000Res 2017; 6:1804. [PMID: 30135710 PMCID: PMC6080407 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12252.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpesvirus capsids are assembled in the nucleus, translocated to the perinuclear space by budding, acquiring tegument and envelope, or released to the cytoplasm via impaired nuclear envelope. One model proposes that envelopment, "de-envelopment" and "re-envelopment" is essential for production of infectious virus. Glycoproteins gB/gH were reported to be essential for de-envelopment, by fusion of the "primary" envelope with the outer nuclear membrane. Yet, a high proportion of enveloped virions generated from genomes with deleted gB/gH were found in the cytoplasm and extracellular space, suggesting the existence of alternative exit routes. Methods: We investigated the relatedness between the nuclear envelope and membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, in cells infected with either herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) or a Us3 deletion mutant thereof, or with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, employing freezing technique protocols. Results: The Golgi complex is a compact entity in a juxtanuclear position covered by a membrane on the cis face. Golgi membranes merge with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum forming an entity with the perinuclear space. All compartments contained enveloped virions. After treatment with brefeldin A, HSV-1 virions aggregated in the perinuclear space and endoplasmic reticulum, while infectious progeny virus was still produced. Conclusions: The data suggest that virions derived by budding at nuclear membranes are intraluminally transported from the perinuclear space via Golgi -endoplasmic reticulum transitions into Golgi cisternae for packaging. Virions derived by budding at nuclear membranes are infective like Us3 deletion mutants, which accumulate in the perinuclear space. Therefore, i) de-envelopment followed by re-envelopment is not essential for production of infective progeny virus, ii) the process taking place at the outer nuclear membrane is budding not fusion, and iii) naked capsids gain access to the cytoplasmic matrix via impaired nuclear envelope as reported earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wild
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Virology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M. Schraner
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Virology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ladina Walser
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Deng S, Liu H, Qiu K, You H, Lei Q, Lu W. Role of the Golgi Apparatus in the Blood-Brain Barrier: Golgi Protection May Be a Targeted Therapy for Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4788-4801. [PMID: 28730529 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from toxic material in the blood, provides nutrients for brain tissues, and screens harmful substances from the brain. The specific brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), tight junction between endothelial cells, and astrocytes ensure proper function of the central nervous system (CNS). Pathological factors disrupt the integrity of the BBB by destroying the normal function of endothelial cells and decreasing the production of tight junction proteins or the expression of proteins specifically localized on astrocytes. Interestingly, fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus is observed in neurological diseases and is involved in the destruction of the BBB function. The Golgi acts as a processing center in which proteins are transported after being processed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Besides reprocessing, classifying, and packaging proteins, the Golgi apparatus (GA) also acts as a signaling platform and calcium pool. In this review, we summarized the current literature on the potential relationship between the Golgi and endothelial cells, tight junction, and astrocytes. The normal function of the BBB is maintained as long as the normal function and morphology of the GA are not disturbed. Furthermore, we speculate that protecting the Golgi may be a novel therapeutic approach to protect the BBB and treat neurological diseases due to BBB dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong You
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sattler C, Moritz F, Chen S, Steer B, Kutschke D, Irmler M, Beckers J, Eickelberg O, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Adler H, Stoeger T. Nanoparticle exposure reactivates latent herpesvirus and restores a signature of acute infection. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:2. [PMID: 28069010 PMCID: PMC5223553 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhalation of environmental (nano) particles (NP) as well as persistent herpesvirus-infection are potentially associated with chronic lung disease and as both are omnipresent in human society a coincidence of these two factors is highly likely. We hypothesized that NP-exposure of persistently herpesvirus-infected cells as a second hit might disrupt immune control of viral latency, provoke reactivation of latent virus and eventually lead to an inflammatory response and tissue damage. Results To test this hypothesis, we applied different NP to cells or mice latently infected with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) which provides a small animal model for the study of gammaherpesvirus-pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, NP-exposure induced expression of the typically lytic viral gene ORF50 and production of lytic virus. In vivo, lytic viral proteins in the lung increased after intratracheal instillation with NP and elevated expression of the viral gene ORF50 could be detected in cells from bronchoalveolar lavage. Gene expression and metabolome analysis of whole lung tissue revealed patterns with striking similarities to acute infection. Likewise, NP-exposure of human cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr-Virus also induced virus production. Conclusions Our results indicate that NP-exposure of persistently herpesvirus-infected cells – murine or human – restores molecular signatures found in acute virus infection, boosts production of lytic viral proteins, and induces an inflammatory response in the lung – a combination which might finally result in tissue damage and pathological alterations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0181-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sattler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Shanze Chen
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beatrix Steer
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - David Kutschke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Adler
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377, Munich, Germany. .,University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-81377, Munich, Germany. .,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), D-81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Y, Dai J, Tang J, Zhou L, Zhou M. MicroRNA-649 promotes HSV-1 replication by directly targeting MALT1. J Med Virol 2016; 89:1069-1079. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Hubei University of Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Jun Dai
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Hubei University of Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Jinfeng Tang
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Hubei University of Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Li Zhou
- ABSL-III Laboratory at Center for Animal Experiment, State Key Laboratory of Virology; Wuhan University School of Medicine; Wuhan China
| | - Mengzhou Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Hubei University of Technology; Wuhan China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
3D Analysis of HCMV Induced-Nuclear Membrane Structures by FIB/SEM Tomography: Insight into an Unprecedented Membrane Morphology. Viruses 2015; 7:5686-704. [PMID: 26556360 PMCID: PMC4664973 DOI: 10.3390/v7112900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We show that focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) tomography is an excellent method to analyze the three-dimensional structure of a fibroblast nucleus infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). We found that the previously described infoldings of the inner nuclear membrane, which are unique among its kind, form an extremely complex network of membrane structures not predictable by previous two-dimensional studies. In all cases they contained further invaginations (2nd and 3rd order infoldings). Quantification revealed 5498HCMV capsids within two nuclear segments, allowing an estimate of 15,000 to 30,000 capsids in the entire nucleus five days post infection. Only 0.8% proved to be enveloped capsids which were exclusively detected in 1st order infoldings (perinuclear space). Distribution of the capsids between 1st, 2nd and 3rd order infoldings is in complete agreement with the envelopment/de-envelopment model for egress of HCMV capsids from the nucleus and we confirm that capsid budding does occur at the large infoldings. Based on our results we propose the pushing membrane model: HCMV infection induces local disruption of the nuclear lamina and synthesis of new membrane material which is pushed into the nucleoplasm, forming complex membrane infoldings in a highly abundant manner, which then may be also used by nucleocapsids for budding.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wild P, Leisinger S, de Oliveira AP, Schraner EM, Kaech A, Ackermann M, Tobler K. Herpes simplex virus 1 Us3 deletion mutant is infective despite impaired capsid translocation to the cytoplasm. Viruses 2015; 7:52-71. [PMID: 25588052 PMCID: PMC4306828 DOI: 10.3390/v7010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) capsids are assembled in the nucleus bud at the inner nuclear membrane into the perinuclear space, acquiring envelope and tegument. In theory, these virions are de-enveloped by fusion of the envelope with the outer nuclear membrane and re-enveloped by Golgi membranes to become infective. Us3 enables the nucleus to cytoplasm capsid translocation. Nevertheless, Us3 is not essential for the production of infective progeny viruses. Determination of phenotype distribution by quantitative electron microscopy, and calculation per mean nuclear or cell volume revealed the following: (i) The number of R7041(∆US3) capsids budding at the inner nuclear membrane was significantly higher than that of wild type HSV-1; (ii) The mean number of R7041(∆US3) virions per mean cell volume was 2726, that of HSV-1 virions 1460 by 24 h post inoculation; (iii) 98% of R7041(∆US3) virions were in the perinuclear space; (iv) The number of R7041(∆US3) capsids in the cytoplasm, including those budding at Golgi membranes, was significantly reduced. Cell associated R7041(∆US3) yields were 2.37×10(8) and HSV-1 yields 1.57×10(8) PFU/mL by 24 h post inoculation. We thus conclude that R7041(∆US3) virions, which acquire envelope and tegument by budding at the inner nuclear membrane into the perinuclear space, are infective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wild
- Institute of Veterinar Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Sabine Leisinger
- Institute of Veterinar Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Elisabeth M Schraner
- Institute of Veterinar Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, Winterthurerstrasse 190,CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Kurt Tobler
- Institute of Virology, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ambrose RL, Mackenzie JM. Flaviviral regulation of the unfolded protein response: can stress be beneficial? Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae family remain some of the most significant human viral pathogens, with few vaccines or antivirals commercially available for therapeutic use. Thus, understanding the intracellular events of replication and how these viruses modulate signaling within an infected cell is of great importance. The ER is central to replication within the Flaviviridae family, as the site of viral protein translation and processing, as a source of membranes for replication complex formation and as a site of virus assembly. This places a large burden upon the organelle, resulting in the induction of ER stress responses, in particular the unfolded protein response. In turn, unfolded protein response signaling induced in infected cells is tightly modulated by the virus in order to maintain an optimal environment for replication. The loss of various components of the stress response can have either beneficial or detrimental effects, presenting intriguing targets for antiviral discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Ambrose
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wild P, de Oliveira AP, Sonda S, Schraner EM, Ackermann M, Tobler K. The herpes simplex virus 1 U(S)3 regulates phospholipid synthesis. Virology 2012; 432:353-60. [PMID: 22789738 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids bud at nuclear and Golgi membranes for envelopment by phospholipid bilayers. In the absence of U(S)3, nuclear membranes form multiple folds harboring virions that suggests disturbance in membrane turnover. Therefore, we investigated phospholipid metabolism in cells infected with the U(S)3 deletion mutant R7041(ΔU(S)3), and quantified membranes involved in viral envelopment. We report that (i) [(3)H]-choline incorporation into nuclear membranes and cytoplasmic membranes was enhanced peaking at 12 or 20 h post inoculation with wild type HSV-1 and R7041(ΔU(S)3), respectively, (ii) the surface area of nuclear membranes increased until 24 h of R7041(ΔU(S)3) infection forming folds that equaled ~45% of the nuclear surface, (iii) the surface area of viral envelopes between nuclear membranes equaled ~2400 R7041(ΔU(S)3) virions per cell, and (iv) during R7041(ΔU(S)3) infection, the Golgi complex expanded dramatically. The data indicate that U(S)3 plays a significant role in regulation of membrane biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wild
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|