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Lockhart A, Mucida D, Parsa R. Immunity to enteric viruses. Immunity 2022; 55:800-818. [PMID: 35545029 PMCID: PMC9257994 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic enteric viruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among children in developing countries. The host response to enteric viruses occurs primarily within the mucosa, where the intestinal immune system must balance protection against pathogens with tissue protection and tolerance to harmless commensal bacteria and food. Here, we summarize current knowledge in natural immunity to enteric viruses, highlighting specialized features of the intestinal immune system. We further discuss how knowledge of intestinal anti-viral mechanisms can be translated into vaccine development with particular focus on immunization in the oral route. Research reveals that the intestine is a complex interface between enteric viruses and the host where environmental factors influence susceptibility and immunity to infection, while viral infections can have lasting implications for host health. A deeper mechanistic understanding of enteric anti-viral immunity with this broader context can ultimately lead to better vaccines for existing and emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley Lockhart
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Roham Parsa
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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2
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Epigenetic Regulation of Chondrocytes and Subchondral Bone in Osteoarthritis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040582. [PMID: 35455072 PMCID: PMC9030470 DOI: 10.3390/life12040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide an updated review of the epigenetic factors involved in the onset and development of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is a prevalent degenerative joint disease characterized by chronic inflammation, ectopic bone formation within the joint, and physical and proteolytic cartilage degradation which result in chronic pain and loss of mobility. At present, no disease-modifying therapeutics exist for the prevention or treatment of the disease. Research has identified several OA risk factors including mechanical stressors, physical activity, obesity, traumatic joint injury, genetic predisposition, and age. Recently, there has been increased interest in identifying epigenetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of OA. In this review, we detail several of these epigenetic modifications with known functions in the onset and progression of the disease. We also review current therapeutics targeting aberrant epigenetic regulation as potential options for preventive or therapeutic treatment.
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T-Cell Responses after Rotavirus Infection or Vaccination in Children: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030459. [PMID: 35336866 PMCID: PMC8951614 DOI: 10.3390/v14030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunity against rotavirus in children is incompletely understood. This review describes the current understanding of T-cell immunity to rotavirus in children. A systematic literature search was conducted in Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Global Health databases using a combination of “t-cell”, “rotavirus” and “child” keywords to extract data from relevant articles published from January 1973 to March 2020. Only seventeen articles were identified. Rotavirus-specific T-cell immunity in children develops and broadens reactivity with increasing age. Whilst occurring in close association with antibody responses, T-cell responses are more transient but can occur in absence of detectable antibody responses. Rotavirus-induced T-cell immunity is largely of the gut homing phenotype and predominantly involves Th1 and cytotoxic subsets that may be influenced by IL-10 Tregs. However, rotavirus-specific T-cell responses in children are generally of low frequencies in peripheral blood and are limited in comparison to other infecting pathogens and in adults. The available research reviewed here characterizes the T-cell immune response in children. There is a need for further research investigating the protective associations of rotavirus-specific T-cell responses against infection or vaccination and the standardization of rotavirus-specific T-cells assays in children.
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LAP + Cells Modulate Protection Induced by Oral Vaccination with Rhesus Rotavirus in a Neonatal Mouse Model. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00882-19. [PMID: 31292251 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00882-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has been shown to play a role in immunity against different pathogens in vitro and against parasites in vivo However, its role in viral infections in vivo is incompletely understood. Using a neonatal mouse model of heterologous rhesus rotavirus (RV) vaccination, we show that the vaccine induced rotavirus-specific CD4 T cells, the majority of which lacked expression of KLRG1 or CD127, and a few regulatory rotavirus-specific CD4 T cells that expressed surface latency-associated peptide (LAP)-TGF-β. In these mice, inhibiting TGF-β, with both a neutralizing antibody and an inhibitor of TGF-β receptor signaling (activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibitor [ALK5i]), did not change the development or intensity of the mild diarrhea induced by the vaccine, the rotavirus-specific T cell response, or protection against a subsequent challenge with a murine EC-rotavirus. However, mice treated with anti-LAP antibodies had improved protection after a homologous EC-rotavirus challenge, compared with control rhesus rotavirus-immunized mice. Thus, oral vaccination with a heterologous rotavirus stimulates regulatory RV-specific CD4 LAP-positive (LAP+) T cells, and depletion of LAP+ cells increases vaccine-induced protection.IMPORTANCE Despite the introduction of several live attenuated animal and human rotaviruses as efficient oral vaccines, rotaviruses continue to be the leading etiological agent for diarrhea mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. Improvement of these vaccines has been partially delayed because immunity to rotaviruses is incompletely understood. In the intestine (where rotavirus replicates), regulatory T cells that express latency-associated peptide (LAP) play a prominent role, which has been explored for many diseases but not specifically for infectious agents. In this paper, we show that neonatal mice given a live oral rotavirus vaccine develop rotavirus-specific LAP+ T cells and that depletion of these cells improves the efficiency of the vaccine. These findings may prove useful for the design of strategies to improve rotavirus vaccines.
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Veazey RS. Intestinal CD4 Depletion in HIV / SIV Infection. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 15:76-91. [PMID: 31431807 PMCID: PMC6701936 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605083448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the most significant findings in the pathogenesis of HIV infection was the discovery that almost total depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells occurs rapidly after SIV or HIV infection, regardless of the route of exposure, and long before CD4+ T cell losses occur in blood or lymph nodes. Since these seminal discoveries, we have learned much about mucosal and systemic CD4+ T cells, and found several key differences between the circulating and intestinal CD4+ T cell subsets, both in phenotype, relative proportions, and functional capabilities. Further, specific subsets of CD4+ T cells are selectively targeted and eliminated first, especially cells critically important for initiating primary immune responses, and for maintenance of mucosal integrity (Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells). This simultaneously results in loss of innate immune responses, and loss of mucosal integrity, resulting in mucosal, and systemic immune activation that drives proliferation and activation of new target cells throughout the course of infection. The propensity for the SIV/HIV to infect and efficiently replicate in specific cells also permits viral persistence, as the mucosal and systemic activation that ensues continues to damage mucosal barriers, resulting in continued influx of target cells to maintain viral replication. Finally, infection and elimination of recently activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells, and infection and dysregulation of Tfh and other key CD4+ T cell results in hyperactive, yet non-protective immune responses that support active viral replication and evolution, and thus persistence in host tissue reservoirs, all of which continue to challenge our efforts to design effective vaccine or cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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6
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Ogden KM, Tan Y, Akopov A, Stewart LS, McHenry R, Fonnesbeck CJ, Piya B, Carter MH, Fedorova NB, Halpin RA, Shilts MH, Edwards KM, Payne DC, Esona MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Chappell JD, Patton JT, Halasa NB, Das SR. Multiple Introductions and Antigenic Mismatch with Vaccines May Contribute to Increased Predominance of G12P[8] Rotaviruses in the United States. J Virol 2019; 93:e01476-18. [PMID: 30333170 PMCID: PMC6288334 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01476-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading global cause of diarrheal mortality for unvaccinated children under 5 years of age. The outer capsid of rotavirus virions consists of VP7 and VP4 proteins, which determine viral G and P types, respectively, and are primary targets of neutralizing antibodies. Successful vaccination depends upon generating broadly protective immune responses following exposure to rotaviruses presenting a limited number of G- and P-type antigens. Vaccine introduction resulted in decreased rotavirus disease burden but also coincided with the emergence of uncommon G and P genotypes, including G12. To gain insight into the recent predominance of G12P[8] rotaviruses in the United States, we evaluated 142 complete rotavirus genome sequences and metadata from 151 clinical specimens collected in Nashville, TN, from 2011 to 2013 through the New Vaccine Surveillance Network. Circulating G12P[8] strains were found to share many segments with other locally circulating strains but to have distinct constellations. Phylogenetic analyses of G12 sequences and their geographic sources provided evidence for multiple separate introductions of G12 segments into Nashville, TN. Antigenic epitopes of VP7 proteins of G12P[8] strains circulating in Nashville, TN, differ markedly from those of vaccine strains. Fully vaccinated children were found to be infected with G12P[8] strains more frequently than with other rotavirus genotypes. Multiple introductions and significant antigenic mismatch may in part explain the recent predominance of G12P[8] strains in the United States and emphasize the need for continued monitoring of rotavirus vaccine efficacy against emerging rotavirus genotypes.IMPORTANCE Rotavirus is an important cause of childhood diarrheal disease worldwide. Two immunodominant proteins of rotavirus, VP7 and VP4, determine G and P genotypes, respectively. Recently, G12P[8] rotaviruses have become increasingly predominant. By analyzing rotavirus genome sequences from stool specimens obtained in Nashville, TN, from 2011 to 2013 and globally circulating rotaviruses, we found evidence of multiple introductions of G12 genes into the area. Based on sequence polymorphisms, VP7 proteins of these viruses are predicted to present themselves to the immune system very differently than those of vaccine strains. Many of the sick children with G12P[8] rotavirus in their diarrheal stools also were fully vaccinated. Our findings emphasize the need for continued monitoring of circulating rotaviruses and the effectiveness of the vaccines against strains with emerging G and P genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Ogden
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Asmik Akopov
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura S Stewart
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rendie McHenry
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Bhinnata Piya
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maximilian H Carter
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Meghan H Shilts
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel C Payne
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mathew D Esona
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John T Patton
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha B Halasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Suman R Das
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Morozova OV, Sashina TA, Epifanova NV, Zverev VV, Kashnikov AU, Novikova NA. Phylogenetic comparison of the VP7, VP4, VP6, and NSP4 genes of rotaviruses isolated from children in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 2015-2016, with cogent genes of the Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccine strains. Virus Genes 2017; 54:225-235. [PMID: 29236215 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. The introduction of universal mass vaccination around the world has contributed to a reduction in hospitalizations and outpatient visits associated with rotavirus infection. Continued surveillance of RVA strains is needed to determine long-term effects of vaccine introduction. In the present work, we carried out the analysis of the genotypic diversity of RVA strains isolated in Nizhny Novgorod (Russia) during the 2015-2016 epidemic season. Also we conducted a comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences of T-cell epitopes of wild-type and vaccine (RotaTeq and Rotarix) strains. In total, 1461 samples were examined. RVAs were detected in 30.4% of cases. Rotaviruses with genotype G9P[8] (40.5%) dominated in the 2015-16 epidemic season. Additionally, RVAs with the following genotypes were detected: G4P[8] (25.4%), G1P[8] (13%), G2P[4] (3.2%). Rotaviruses with genotypes G3P[9], G6P[9], and G1P[9] totaled 3%. The number of partially typed and untyped RVA samples was 66 (14.9%). The findings of a RVA of G6P[9] genotype in Russia were an original observation. Our analysis of VP6 and NSP4 T-cell epitopes showed highly conserved amino acid sequences. The found differences seem not to be caused by the immune pressure but were rather related to the genotypic affiliations of the proteins. Vaccination against rotavirus infection is not included in the national vaccination schedule in Russia. Monitoring of the genotypic and antigenic diversity of contemporary RVA will allow providing a comparative analysis of wild-type strains in areas with and without vaccine campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Morozova
- I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation. .,Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - T A Sashina
- I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - N V Epifanova
- I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - V V Zverev
- I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - A U Kashnikov
- I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - N A Novikova
- I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.,Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
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8
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Pink M, Ratsch BA, Mardahl M, Durek P, Polansky JK, Karl M, Baumgrass R, Wallner S, Cadenas C, Gianmoena K, Floess S, Chen W, Nordstroem K, Tierling S, Olek S, Walter J, Hamann A, Syrbe U. Imprinting of Skin/Inflammation Homing in CD4+ T Cells Is Controlled by DNA Methylation within the Fucosyltransferase 7 Gene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3406-3414. [PMID: 27591321 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
E- and P-selectin ligands (E- and P-ligs) guide effector memory T cells into skin and inflamed regions, mediate the inflammatory recruitment of leukocytes, and contribute to the localization of hematopoietic precursor cells. A better understanding of their molecular regulation is therefore of significant interest with regard to therapeutic approaches targeting these pathways. In this study, we examined the transcriptional regulation of fucosyltransferase 7 (FUT7), an enzyme crucial for generation of the glycosylated E- and P-ligs. We found that high expression of the coding gene fut7 in murine CD4+ T cells correlates with DNA demethylation within a minimal promoter in skin/inflammation-seeking effector memory T cells. Retinoic acid, a known inducer of the gut-homing phenotype, abrogated the activation-induced demethylation of this region, which contains a cAMP responsive element. Methylation of the promoter or mutation of the cAMP responsive element abolished promoter activity and the binding of CREB, confirming the importance of this region and of its demethylation for fut7 transcription in T cells. Furthermore, studies on human CD4+ effector memory T cells confirmed demethylation within FUT7 corresponding to high FUT7 expression. Monocytes showed an even more extensive demethylation of the FUT7 gene whereas hepatocytes, which lack selectin ligand expression, exhibited extensive methylation. In conclusion, we show that DNA demethylation within the fut7 gene controls selectin ligand expression in mice and humans, including the inducible topographic commitment of T cells for skin and inflamed sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pink
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris A Ratsch
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maibritt Mardahl
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia K Polansky
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Karl
- Signal Transduction, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ria Baumgrass
- Signal Transduction, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Wallner
- Institute of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gianmoena
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholz Center for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Nordstroem
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sven Olek
- Epiontis GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Jörn Walter
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alf Hamann
- Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Syrbe
- Medical Clinic for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Charité University Hospital, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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Evaluation of oral Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine via passive transfusion with CD4(+)/CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Virus Res 2016; 217:101-6. [PMID: 27025573 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lanzhou Lamb derived Rotavirus (RV) Vaccine (namely LLR) for children is only used in China. Since there were no reports on evaluation of LLR, even the data of phase IV clinical trial, we proceed the evaluation of LLR through focusing on T-cell to investigate whether LLR could induce the potential function involving in protection as a vaccine. Four groups of nude mice were transfused with CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cells isolated from LLR-immunized (primed) and LLR-unimmunized (naïve) mice via intraperitonea (i.p.) respectively. Consequently, the adoption mice were challenged with mice-origin wild rotavirus EDIM (Epizootic Diarrhea of Infant Mice) by intragastric administration. Series of fecal/serum samples were collected and viral shedding, then serum IgA/IgG and secreted IgA were assayed. Compared to the mice transfused with T lymphocytes from naïve mice, the nude mice transfused with CD4(+) T lymphocytes from primed mice induce fecal and serum IgA increasing more rapidly, and have a shorter duration of virus shedding too. Whereas, no significant difference in virus clearance was found between the mice transfused with CD8(+) T lymphocytes isolated from primed and naïve mice. Therefore, we cleared the distinct roles of transfused CD4(+)/CD8(+) T lymphocytes for rotavirus clearance in nude mice, that the viral clearance conducted by CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Meanwhile, it has ability to help induction of LLR specific immunogenicity. Comparing with the transfusion of cell from primed and naïve mice, LLR can induce CD4(+) T lymphocytes memory which is a potential index to reflect the immunogenicity and protection, while CD8(+) T lymphocytes remove rotavirus by CTL with little memory ability.
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Angel J, Steele AD, Franco MA. Correlates of protection for rotavirus vaccines: Possible alternative trial endpoints, opportunities, and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3659-71. [PMID: 25483685 PMCID: PMC4514048 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is a major vaccine-preventable killer of young children worldwide. Two RV vaccines are globally commercially available and other vaccines are in different stages of development. Due to the absence of a suitable correlate of protection (CoP), all RV vaccine efficacy trials have had clinical endpoints. These trials represent an important challenge since RV vaccines have to be introduced in many different settings, placebo-controlled studies are unethical due to the availability of licensed vaccines, and comparator assessments for new vaccines with clinical endpoints are very large, complex, and expensive to conduct. A CoP as a surrogate endpoint would allow predictions of vaccine efficacy for new RV vaccines and enable a regulatory pathway, contributing to the more rapid development of new RV vaccines. The goal of this review is to summarize experiences from RV natural infection and vaccine studies to evaluate potential CoP for use as surrogate endpoints for assessment of new RV vaccines, and to explore challenges and opportunities in the field.
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Key Words
- ASC, antibody secreting cells
- CO, cutoff
- CoP, correlate of protection
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- GAVI, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation
- GE, gastroenteritis
- GMT, geometric mean titers
- HAI, haemagglutination inhibition
- IgA
- MenC, Meningococcal serogroup C
- RRV-TV, Rhesus RV-Tetravalent vaccine
- RV, rotavirus
- RV-NA, RV specific neutralizing antibodies
- RV-SIg, rotavirus secretory Ig
- RV-T cells, rotavirus specific T cells
- RV1, Rotarix®
- RV5, RotaTeq®
- RV5-precursor, RV5 precursor reassortants
- SBA, serum bactericidal assay
- SGE, severe gastroenteritis
- VE, vaccine efficacy
- VEI, VE estimated with an immunological endpoint
- WHO, World Health Organization
- correlates of protection
- mBc, memory B cells
- mucosal
- rSAB, serum bactericidal assay using rabbit serum
- rotavirus
- vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Angel
- a I nstituto de Genética Humana; Facultad de Medicina ; Pontificia Universidad ; Javeriana , Bogotá
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Li B, Wang Z, Zhong Y, Lan J, Li X, Lin H. CCR9-CCL25 interaction suppresses apoptosis of lung cancer cells by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Med Oncol 2015; 32:66. [PMID: 25691296 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor-9 (CCR9) is highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cell lines. However, the biological functions and the signals elicited by the interaction between CCR9 and its natural ligand CCL25 in NSCLC are unknown. Here, we selectively depleted CCR9 and inhibited CCR9-CCL25 interaction in NSCLC cells using small recombinant lentivirus-mediated miRNA, and investigated the tumorigenic effects in vitro and in vivo. Compromised CCR9-CCL25 interaction promoted apoptosis in NSCLC cells by activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in vitro. In addition, we showed that CCR9-CCL25 interaction mediated the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in NSCLC cells, resulting in the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, as well as the down-regulation of apoptotic proteins in a PI3K-/Akt-dependent manner. These CCR9-CCL25-mediated effects were abrogated in the presence of a PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin 10 nM) or by inhibiting the CCR9-CCL25 interaction through CCR9 silencing, which also suggested that the biological function of CCR9-CCL25 was mainly regulated by PI3K. In vivo studies also demonstrated a significantly lower tumor burden in mice receiving CCR9-silence cells than those in mice receiving control cells. Together, these data suggested that CCR9-CCL25 interaction induced tumorigenesis of NSCLC cells and that this induction might be accomplished through the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings may lead to a better understanding of the biological effects of CCR9-CCL25 interaction and provide clues for identifying novel therapeutic and preventive molecular markers for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baijun Li
- The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
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12
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Correlates of protection against human rotavirus disease and the factors influencing protection in low-income settings. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1-17. [PMID: 25465100 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RV) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis in infants and children worldwide and are associated with high mortality predominately in low-income settings. The virus is classified into G and P serotypes and further into P genotypes based on differences in the surface-exposed proteins VP7 and VP4, respectively. Infection results in a variable level of protection from subsequent reinfection and disease. This protection is predominantly homotypic in some settings, whereas broader heterotypic protection is reported in other cohorts. Two antigenically distinct oral RV vaccines are licensed and are being rolled out widely, including in resource-poor setting, with funding provided by the GAVI alliance. First is a monovalent vaccine derived from a live-attenuated human RV strain, whereas the second is a pentavalent bovine-human reassortment vaccine. Both vaccines are highly efficacious in high-income settings, but greatly reduced levels of protection are reported in low-income countries. Here, the current challenges facing mucosal immunologists and vaccinologists aiming to define immunological correlates and to understand the variable levels of protection conferred by these vaccines in humans is considered. Such understanding is critical to maximize the public health impact of the current vaccines and also to the development of the next generation of RV vaccines, which are needed.
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Parra M, Herrera D, Jácome MF, Mesa MC, Rodríguez LS, Guzmán C, Angel J, Franco MA. Circulating rotavirus-specific T cells have a poor functional profile. Virology 2014; 468-470:340-350. [PMID: 25238642 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Frequencies of circulating T cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2, and percentages of T cells proliferating after stimulation with rotavirus (RV), tetanus toxoid, and influenza were evaluated in PBMC derived from healthy adults and children. In addition, the potential anergic state of RV-specific T cells was analyzed by stimulation of PBMC with RV antigen in the presence of three anergy inhibitors (rIL-2, rIL-12, or DGKα-i). The quality and magnitude of RV-T cell responses were significantly lower than those of tetanus toxoid and influenza antigens. RV-CD4 T cell response was enriched in monofunctional IFN-γ(+) cells, while influenza-CD4 and tetanus toxoid-CD4 T cell responses were enriched in multifunctional T cells. Moreover, rIL-2--unlike rIL-12 or DGKα-i--increased the frequencies of RV-CD4 TNF-α(+), CD4 IFN-γ(+), and CD8 IFN-γ(+) cells. Thus, circulating RV-T cells seem to have a relatively poor functional profile that may be partially reversed in vitro by the addition of rIL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Parra
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40-62, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Herrera
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40-62, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Fernanda Jácome
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha C Mesa
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luz-Stella Rodríguez
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40-62, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Guzmán
- Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juana Angel
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40-62, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Franco
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40-62, Bogotá, Colombia
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Desselberger U. Rotaviruses. Virus Res 2014; 190:75-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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