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Pseudorabies Virus: From Pathogenesis to Prevention Strategies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081638. [PMID: 36016260 PMCID: PMC9414054 DOI: 10.3390/v14081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease (AD), is a highly infectious viral disease which is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). It has been nearly 200 years since the first PR case occurred. Currently, the virus can infect human beings and various mammals, including pigs, sheep, dogs, rabbits, rodents, cattle and cats, and among them, pigs are the only natural host of PRV infection. PRV is characterized by reproductive failure in pregnant sows, nervous disorders in newborn piglets, and respiratory distress in growing pigs, resulting in serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Due to the extensive application of the attenuated vaccine containing the Bartha-K61 strain, PR was well controlled. With the variation of PRV strain, PR re-emerged and rapidly spread in some countries, especially China. Although researchers have been committed to the design of diagnostic methods and the development of vaccines in recent years, PR is still an important infectious disease and is widely prevalent in the global pig industry. In this review, we introduce the structural composition and life cycle of PRV virions and then discuss the latest findings on PRV pathogenesis, following the molecular characteristic of PRV and the summary of existing diagnosis methods. Subsequently, we also focus on the latest clinical progress in the prevention and control of PRV infection via the development of vaccines, traditional herbal medicines and novel small RNAs. Lastly, we provide an outlook on PRV eradication.
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Shangguan A, Li J, Sun Y, Liu Z, Zhang S. Host-virus interactions in PK-15 cells infected with Pseudorabies virus Becker strain based on RNA-seq. Virus Res 2022; 318:198829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Low-Concentration T-2 Toxin Attenuates Pseudorabies Virus Replication in Porcine Kidney 15 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020121. [PMID: 35202147 PMCID: PMC8876018 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies, caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), is the main highly infectious disease that severely affects the pig industry globally. T-2 toxin (T2), a significant mycotoxin, is widely spread in food and feeds and shows high toxicity to mammals. The potential mechanism of the interaction between viruses and toxins is of great research value because revealing this mechanism may provide new ideas for their joint prevention and control. In this study, we investigated the effect of T2 on PRV replication and the mechanism of action. The results showed that at a low dose (10 nM), T2 had no significant effect on porcine kidney 15 (PK15) cell viability. However, this T2 concentration alleviated PRV-induced cell injury and increased cell survival time. Additionally, the number of PK15 cells infected with PRV significantly reduced by T2 treatment. Similarly, T2 significantly decreased the copy number of PRV. Investigation of the mechanism revealed that 10 nM T2 significantly inhibits PRV replication and leads to downregulation of oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related genes. These results suggest that oxidative stress and apoptosis are involved in the inhibition of PRV replication in PK15 cells by low-concentration T2. Taken together, we demonstrated the protective effects of T2 against PRV infection. A low T2 concentration inhibited the replication of PRV in PK15 cells, and this process was accompanied by downregulation of the oxidative stress and apoptosis signaling pathways. Our findings partly explain the interaction mechanism between T2 and PRV, relating to oxidative stress and apoptosis, though further research is required.
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He G, Ding J, Zhang Y, Cai M, Yang J, Cho WC, Zheng Y. microRNA-21: a key modulator in oncogenic viral infections. RNA Biol 2021; 18:809-817. [PMID: 33499700 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1880756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses are associated with approximately 15% of human cancers. In viral infections, microRNAs play an important role in host-pathogen interactions. miR-21 is a highly conserved non-coding RNA that not only regulates the development of oncogenic viral diseases, but also responds to the regulation of intracellular signal pathways. Oncogenic viruses, including HBV, HCV, HPV, and EBV, co-evolve with their hosts and cause persistent infections. The upregulation of host miR-21 manipulates key cellular pathways to evade host immune responses and then promote viral replication. Thus, a better understanding of the role of miR-21 in viral infections may help us to develop effective genetically-engineered oncolytic virus-based therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guitian He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology' and 'Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juntao Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yong'e Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology' and 'Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology' and 'Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology' and 'Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology' and 'Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, CAAS, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou China
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5
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Jiang Y, Jiang S, Wu Y, Zhou B, Wang K, Jiang L, Long Y, Chen G, Zeng D. Multiplex and on-site PCR detection of swine diseases based on the microfluidic chip system. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:117. [PMID: 33712000 PMCID: PMC7953195 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02825-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, the process of inspection and quarantine starts with sampling at the customs port, continues with transporting the samples to the central laboratory for inspection experiments, and ends with the inspected results being fed back to the port. This process had the risks of degradation of biological samples and generation of pathogenic microorganisms and did not meet the rapid on-site detection demand because it took a rather long time. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop a rapid and high-throughput detection assay of pathogenic microorganisms at the customs port. The aim of this study was to develop a microfluidic chip to rapidly detect swine pathogenic microorganisms with high-throughput and higher accuracy. Moreover, this chip will decrease the risk of spreading infection during transportation. RESULTS A series of experiments were performed to establish a microfluidic chip. The resulting data showed that the positive nucleic acid of four swine viruses were detected by using a portable and rapid microfluidic PCR system, which could achieve a on-site real-time quantitative PCR detection. Furthermore, the detection results of eight clinical samples were obtained within an hour. The lowest concentration that amplified of this microfluidic PCR detection system was as low as 1 copies/μL. The results showed that the high specificity of this chip system in disease detection played an important role in customs inspection and quarantine during customs clearance. CONCLUSION The microfluidic PCR detection system established in this study could meet the requirement for rapid detection of samples at the customs port. This chip could avoid the risky process of transporting the samples from the sampling site to the testing lab, and drastically reduce the inspection cycle. Moreover, it would enable parallel inspections on one chip, which greatly raised the efficiency of inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, 210019 China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, 210019 China
| | - Yue Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Kaimin Wang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, 210019 China
| | - Luyan Jiang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, 210019 China
| | - Yunfeng Long
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, 210019 China
| | - Gan Chen
- Jinggangshan Agricultural Science and Technology Park Management Committee, Jian, 343000 China
| | - Dexin Zeng
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, 210019 China
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Tan L, Yao J, Yang Y, Luo W, Yuan X, Yang L, Wang A. Current Status and Challenge of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in China. Virol Sin 2021; 36:588-607. [PMID: 33616892 PMCID: PMC7897889 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease, is a highly infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Without specific host tropism, PRV can infect a wide variety of mammals, including pig, sheep, cattle, etc., thereby causing severe clinical symptoms and acute death. PRV was firstly reported in China in 1950s, while outbreaks of emerging PRV variants have been documented in partial regions since 2011, leading to significant economic losses in swine industry. Although scientists have been devoting to the design of diagnostic approaches and the development of vaccines during the past years, PR remains a vital infectious disease widely prevalent in Chinese pig industry. Especially, its potential threat to human health has also attracted the worldwide attention. In this review, we will provide a summary of current understanding of PRV in China, mainly focusing on PRV history, the existing diagnosis methods, PRV prevalence in pig population and other susceptible mammals, molecular characteristics, and the available vaccines against its infection. Additionally, promising agents including traditional Chinese herbal medicines and novel inhibitors that may be employed to treat this viral infection, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yadi Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Huaihua Vocational and Technical College, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lingchen Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Aibing Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China.
- PCB Biotechnology LLC, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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Li H, Tang W, Jin Y, Dong W, Yan Y, Zhou J. Differential CircRNA Expression Profiles in PK-15 Cells Infected with Pseudorabies Virus Type II. Virol Sin 2020; 36:75-84. [PMID: 32617900 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) belong to a class of non-coding RNAs with diverse biological functions. However, little is known about their roles in case of pseudorabies virus (PrV) infection. Here, we analyzed the expression profile of host circRNAs from a virulent PrV type II strain DX (PrV-DX) infected and an attenuated gE/TK deficient (gE-TK-PrV) strain of PrV infected PK-15 cells. CircRNAs were identified by find_circ and analyzed with DESeq 2. Compared with the mock cells, 449 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs (233 down-regulated and 216 up-regulated) from PrV-DX infected and 578 DE circRNAs (331 down-regulated and 247 up-regulated) from gE-TK- PrV infected PK-15 cells were identified. In addition, 459 DE circRNAs (164 down-regulated and 295 up-regulated) between the PrV-DX and gE-TK-PrV infected cells were identified. The expression patterns of 13 circRNAs were validated by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and results were similar as of RNA-seq. The putative target miRNA binding sites of DE circRNAs were predicted by using miRanda and psRobot. The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed and certain miRNAs that have possible roles in antiviral immune response, such as miR-210 and miR-340, were predicted. GO and KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that DE circRNAs were enriched in the processes such as cellular metabolism, protein binding, RNA degradation and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. Collectively, these findings might provide the useful information for a better understanding of mechanisms underlying the interaction between PrV-II and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimin Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center of Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen Tang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center of Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yulan Jin
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center of Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiren Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center of Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center of Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center of Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Li J, Zheng SJ. Role of MicroRNAs in Host Defense against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Infection: A Hidden Front Line. Viruses 2020; 12:E543. [PMID: 32423052 PMCID: PMC7291112 DOI: 10.3390/v12050543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of IBDV infection and the host response, including apoptosis, autophagy and the inhibition of innate immunity. Not only a number of host proteins interacting with or targeted by viral proteins participate in these processes, but microRNAs (miRNAs) are also involved in the host response to IBDV infection. If an IBDV-host interaction at the protein level is taken imaginatively as the front line of the battle between invaders (pathogens) and defenders (host cells), their fight at the RNA level resembles the hidden front line. miRNAs are a class of non-coding single-stranded endogenous RNA molecules with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides (nt) that play important roles in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Insights into the roles of viral proteins and miRNAs in host response will add to the understanding of the pathogenesis of IBDV infection. The interaction of viral proteins with cellular targets during IBDV infection were previously well-reviewed. This review focuses mainly on the current knowledge of the host response to IBDV infection at the RNA level, in particular, of the nine well-characterized miRNAs that affect cell apoptosis, the innate immune response and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J. Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Su YC, Huang YF, Wu YW, Chen HF, Wu YH, Hsu CC, Hsu YC, Lee JC. MicroRNA-155 inhibits dengue virus replication by inducing heme oxygenase-1-mediated antiviral interferon responses. FASEB J 2020; 34:7283-7294. [PMID: 32277848 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902878r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to directly alter the virus life cycle and virus-host interactions, and so are considered promising molecules for controlling virus infection. In the present study, we observed that miR-155 time-dependently downregulated upon dengue virus (DENV) infection. In contrast, exogenous overexpression of miR-155 appeared to limit viral replication in vitro, suggesting that the low levels of miR-155 would be beneficial for DENV replication. In vivo, overexpression of miR-155 protected ICR suckling mice from the life-threatening effects of DENV infection and reduced virus propagation. Further investigation revealed that the anti-DENV activity of miR-155 was due to target Bach1, resulting in the induction of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)-mediated inhibition of DENV NS2B/NS3 protease activity, ultimately leading to induction of antiviral interferon responses, including interferon-induced protein kinase R (PKR), 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), OAS2, and OAS3 expression, against DENV replication. Collectively, our results provide a promising new strategy to manage DENV infection by modulation of miR-155 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Su
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Feng Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chin Hsu
- Department of Chinese medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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10
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Liu H, Yang L, Shi Z, Lv R, Yang X, Wang C, Chen L, Chang H. Functional analysis of prv-miR-LLT11a encoded by pseudorabies virus. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e68. [PMID: 31775195 PMCID: PMC6883196 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have vital roles in the regulation of virus replications and host immune responses. The results of previous studies have indicated that miRNA clusters are involved in the replication and virulence of the pseudorabies virus (PRV), which may potentially lead to immune escape or facilitation of PRV replication. This study's previous research revealed that prv-miR-LLT11a was differentially expressed during PRV infection. The present study's results have demonstrated that prv-miR-LLT11a could significantly inhibit PRV replication. It was further determined that SLA-1 was the target gene of prv-miR-LLT11a, and simultaneously, that overexpression of prv-miR-LLT11a could downregulate the mRNA and protein levels of SLA-1 in a dose-independent manner. Furthermore, the present study also observed that prv-miR-LLT11a can downregulate TAP1 expression. Our findings provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in the effects of prv-miR-LLT11a on SLA-1 and TAP1 as well as its involvement in immune system evasion of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhibin Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruiqi Lv
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chuanqing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Hongtao Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Yang S, Zhu J, Zhou X, Wang H, Li X, Zhao A. Induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) during pseudorabies virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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12
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Li X, Zhang W, Liu Y, Xie J, Hu C, Wang X. Role of p53 in pseudorabies virus replication, pathogenicity, and host immune responses. Vet Res 2019; 50:9. [PMID: 30717799 PMCID: PMC6360683 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key cellular transcription factor that plays a central role in cellular responses to a broad range of stress factors, p53 has generally been considered as a host cell restriction factor for various viral infections. However, the defined roles of p53 in pseudorabies virus (PRV) replication, pathogenesis, and host responses remain unclear. In the present study, we initially constructed a p53 overexpressing a porcine kidney epithelial cell line (PK-15) to detect the effect of p53 on PRV replication in vitro. The results show that viral glycoprotein B (gB) gene copies and the titers of virus were significantly higher in p53 overexpressing PK-15 cells than in PK-15 and p53 inhibitor treated p53 overexpressing PK-15 cells. A similar result was also found in the p53 inhibitor PFT-α-treated PK-15 cells. We then examined the effects of p53 on PRV infection in vivo by using p53-knockout (p53−/−) mice. The results show that p53 knockout not only led to significantly reduced rates of mortality but also to reduced viral replication and development of viral encephalitis in the brains of mice following intracranial inoculation. Furthermore, we examined the effect of p53 knockout on the expression of the reported host cell regulators of PRV replication in the brains of mice by using RNA sequencing. The results show that p53 knockout downregulated the interferon (IFN) regulator genes, chemokine genes, and antiviral genes after PRV infection. This finding suggests that p53 positively regulates viral replication and pathogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. These findings offer novel targets of intrinsic host cell immunity for PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nangjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxun Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhuo Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Cellular microRNA bta-miR-222 suppresses caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 replication via downregulation of interferon regulatory factor 2. Vet Microbiol 2018; 224:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Guan X, Liu J, Jiang H, Wu CX, Chen HC, Liu ZF. Expression of pseudorabies virus-encoded long noncoding RNAs in epithelial cells and neurons. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:597-605. [PMID: 29987580 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in regulating eukaryotic genome replication and gene expression in diverse biological systems. Here, we identified lncRNAs transcribed from pseudorabies virus (PRV)-infected PK-15 cells. Based on high-throughput sequencing data, we obtained 87,263,926 and 93,947,628 clean reads from mock-infected and PRV-infected PK-15 cells, respectively. Through a normalized analytic protocol, we identified three novel viral lncRNAs. According to an analysis of differential expression between the mock-infected and PRV-infected cells, 4151 host lncRNAs were significantly upregulated and 2327 host lncRNAs were significantly downregulated in the latter group. Viral lncRNAs and several host lncRNAs were verified by northern blotting and real-time PCR. The findings showed that the viral lncRNA LDI might regulate the expression of IE180, a potent transcriptional activator of viral genes. Furthermore, we characterized the expression of viral lncRNAs in a culture of infected primary chicken dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Collectively, the obtained data suggest that PRV generates lncRNAs in both epithelial cells and chick DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chang-Xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huan-Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zheng-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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15
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Li J, Mao L, Li W, Hao F, Zhong C, Zhu X, Ji X, Yang L, Zhang W, Liu M, Jiang J. Analysis of microRNAs Expression Profiles in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney Cells Infected With Caprine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:93. [PMID: 29651410 PMCID: PMC5885596 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 (CPIV3) is a newly emerging pathogenic respiratory agent infecting both young and adult goats, and it was identified in eastern China in 2013. Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be important modulators of the intricate virus-host interactions. In order to elucidate the role of miRNAs in madin-darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells during CPIV3 infection. In this study, we performed high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze small RNA libraries in CPIV3-infected and mock-infected MDBK cells. The results showed that a total of 249 known and 152 novel candidate miRNAs were differentially expressed in MDBK cells after CPIV3 infection, and 22,981 and 22,572 target genes were predicted, respectively. In addition, RT-qPCR assay was used to further confirm the expression patterns of 13 of these differentially expressed miRNAs and their mRNA targets. Functional annotation analysis showed these up- and downregulated target genes were mainly involved in MAPK signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, focal adhesion, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and apoptosis, et al. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the comparative expression of miRNAs in MDBK cells after CPIV3 infection. Our finding provides information concerning miRNAs expression profile in response to CPIV3 infection, and offers clues for identifying potential candidates for antiviral therapies against CPIV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Li Mao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Zhong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinqin Ji
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Leilei Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Jieyuan Jiang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
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16
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Wu X, Zhang LL, Yin LB, Fu YJ, Jiang YJ, Ding HB, Chu ZX, Shang H, Zhang ZN. Deregulated MicroRNA-21 Expression in Monocytes from HIV-Infected Patients Contributes to Elevated IP-10 Secretion in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1122. [PMID: 28955339 PMCID: PMC5601991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent activation and inflammation impair immune response and trigger disease progression in HIV infection. Emerging evidence supports the supposition that excessive production of interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), a critical inflammatory cytokine, leads to immune dysfunction and disease progression in HIV infection. In this study, we sought to elucidate the cause of the upregulated production of IP-10 in HIV infection and explore the underlying mechanisms. Bolstering miR-21 levels using mimics resulted in the obvious suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IP-10 in monocyte leukemia cells THP-1 and vice versa. The analysis of the primary monocytes of HIV patients revealed significantly less miR-21 than in healthy controls; this was opposite to the tendency of IP-10 levels in plasma. The secretion of IP-10 due to LPS stimulation was not affected by miR-21 modulation in the differentiated THP-1 macrophages (THP-1-MA). We found a novel switch, IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), which triggers the expression of IP-10 and is significantly upregulated during the differentiation of THP-1 into THP-1-MA. The inhibition of ISG15 can restore the regulation of IP-10 by miR-21. In summary, IP-10 expression in monocytes is regulated by miR-21, whereas in macrophages, this fine-tuning is attenuated by the enhanced expression of ISG15. This study paves the way to a comprehensive understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of IP-10, a key point in immune intervention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Le-Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Bo Yin
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Chu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Liu F, Liu C, Hu X, Shang Y, Wu L. MicroRNA-21: A Positive Regulator for Optimal Production of Type I and Type III Interferon by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:947. [PMID: 28871250 PMCID: PMC5567078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the major producers of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) that play essential roles in host antiviral immunity. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, noncoding RNAs that can modulate many immune processes. Although molecular regulation of type I IFN production by pDCs has been studied extensively, the regulation of type III IFN production has not been studied thoroughly, particularly at posttranscriptional level. We show here that miR-21 is an essential positive regulator for the production of both IFN-α and IFN-λ by pDCs and for promoting host defense against viral infection. miR-21 was markedly upregulated in toll-like receptor (TLR)-activated pDCs and was crucial for TLR7/9 ligand- or herpesvirus-induced production of IFN-α and IFN-λ by pDCs. miR-21-deficient pDCs produced significantly lower levels of IFN-α and IFN-λ on activation than those by wild-type pDCs. Impaired antiviral immune responses were also observed in miR-21-deficient mice. Mechanistically, we identified phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) as the major target of miR-21 in pDCs, and miR-21 deficiency resulted in increased expression of PTEN that suppressed TLR-mediated activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling in pDCs. Hence, our findings provide evidence that miR-21 positively regulates both IFN-α and IFN-λ production and identify an important role for miR-21 in regulating the function of pDCs and in host antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxi Liu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Li Wu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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18
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Wang X, Wu CX, Song XR, Chen HC, Liu ZF. Comparison of pseudorabies virus China reference strain with emerging variants reveals independent virus evolution within specific geographic regions. Virology 2017; 506:92-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Yang S, Pei Y, Zhao A. iTRAQ-based Proteomic Analysis of Porcine Kidney Epithelial PK15 cells Infected with Pseudorabies virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45922. [PMID: 28374783 PMCID: PMC5379687 DOI: 10.1038/srep45922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the most important pathogens of swine, resulting in severe economic losses to the pig industry. To improve our understanding of the host responses to PRV infection, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantitatively identify the differentially expressed cellular proteins in PRV-infected PK15 cells. In total, relative quantitative data were identified for 4333 proteins in PRV and mock- infected PK15 cells, among which 466 cellular proteins were differentially expressed, including 234 upregulated proteins and 232 downregulated proteins. Bioinformatics analysis disclosed that most of these differentially expressed proteins were involved in metabolic processes, cellular growth and proliferation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton. Moreover, expression levels of four representative proteins, beta-catenin, STAT1, GRB2 and PCNA, were further confirmed by western blot analysis. This is the first attempt to analyze the protein profile of PRV-infected PK15 cells using iTRAQ technology, and our findings may provide valuable information to help understand the host response to PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yue Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ayong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
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20
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Li Y, Zheng G, Zhang Y, Yang X, Liu H, Chang H, Wang X, Zhao J, Wang C, Chen L. MicroRNA analysis in mouse neuro-2a cells after pseudorabies virus infection. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:430-440. [PMID: 28130759 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alpha herpesvirus can enter the mammalian nervous system, causing Aujezsky's disease. Previous studies have reported an alteration of microRNA (miRNA) expression levels during PRV infections. However, knowledge regarding miRNA response in nervous cells to PRV infection is still unknown. To address this issue, small RNA libraries from infected and uninfected mouse neuroblastoma cells were assessed after Illumina deep sequencing. A total of eight viral miRNA were identified, and ten host miRNAs showed significantly different expression upon PRV infection. Among these, five were analyzed by stem-loop RT-qPCR, which confirmed the above data. Interestingly, these viral miRNAs were mainly found in the large latency transcript region of PRV, and predicted to target a variety of genes, forming a complicated regulatory network. Moreover, ten cellular miRNAs were expressed differently upon PRV infection, including nine upregulated and one downregulated miRNAs. Host targets of these miRNAs obtained by bioinformatics analysis belonged to large signaling networks, mainly encompassing calcium signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and other nervous-associated pathways. These findings further highlighted miRNA features in nervous cells after PRV infection and contributed to unveil the underlying mechanisms of neurotropism as well as the neuropathogenesis of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guanmin Zheng
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hongying Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hongtao Chang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chuanqing Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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21
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Yan W, Chen C, Chen H. Estrogen Downregulates miR-21 Expression and Induces Inflammatory Infiltration of Macrophages in Polymyositis: Role of CXCL10. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1631-1641. [PMID: 26873848 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to explore the role of estrogen in inducing inflammatory infiltration of macrophages in polymyositis (PM) through downregulation of miR-21, which could further inhibit the expression of C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10). Biopsies were collected from 20 PM patients before and after treatment of glucocorticoid. Additionally, peritoneal macrophages were isolated from male SD model rats (n = 40). Creatine kinase (CK) and CXCL10 and nuclear factor-kappa (NF-κB) expressions were tested using immunosorbent and immunocytochemical assays. We also conducted transwell assay to observe invasive abilities of cells; RT-PCR and western blot were intended to semi-quantify miR-21 and CXCL10 expressions in vitro and in vivo. Compared with the control group, serum creatine kinase (S-CK) was upregulated in PM subjects, but its content decreased after treatment of immunosuppressive substances (e.g., glucocorticoids). Moreover, hormone treatment can significantly increase miR-21 expressions in PM patients (P < 0.05). However, CXCL10 expressions had an opposite tendency compared to miR-21expressions. Results drawn from rat model were consistent with those discovered in PM patients. Moreover, miR-21 transfection could significantly decrease the relative luciferase activity when it was integrated with CXCL10 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) in macrophage. Estrogen treatment can also upregulate the expression of NF-κB in macrophage nucleus. Nonetheless, the upregulated tendency was inhibited by either miR-21 mimics or anti-CXCL10 mAb (P < 0.05). Both macrophage migration and CXCL10 expressions were significantly decreased after applying miR-21 treatments compared with the control group, yet estrogen could enhance macrophage migration and increase CXCL10 expressions (P < 0.05). Immune inhibitors such as glucocorticoids can significantly downregulate miR-21 and upregulate CXCL10, ultimately eliciting the inflammatory infiltration of macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yan
- Department of Neurological Internal Medicine, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, No.42 Yongfeng North Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, People's Republic of China
| | - Caijing Chen
- Department of Neurological Internal Medicine, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, No.42 Yongfeng North Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Department of Neurological Internal Medicine, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, No.42 Yongfeng North Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Miller LC, Bayles DO, Zanella EL, Lager KM. Effects of Pseudorabies Virus Infection on the Tracheobronchial Lymph Node Transcriptome. Bioinform Biol Insights 2016; 9:25-36. [PMID: 26823651 PMCID: PMC4725608 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s30522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study represents the first swine transcriptome hive plots created from gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) data and provides a novel insight into the global transcriptome changes occurring in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) and spanning the swine genome. RNA isolated from draining TBLN from 5-week-old pigs, either clinically infected with a feral isolate of Pseudorabies virus or uninfected, was interrogated using Illumina Digital Gene Expression Tag Profiling. More than 100 million tag sequences were observed, representing 4,064,189 unique 21-base sequences collected from TBLN at time points 1, 3, 6, and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi). Multidimensional statistical tests were applied to determine the significant changes in tag abundance, and then the tags were annotated. Hive plots were created to visualize the differential expression within the swine transcriptome defined by the Broad Institute’s GSEA reference datasets between infected and uninfected animals, allowing us to directly compare different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Miller
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eraldo L Zanella
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
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23
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Huang J, Xu N, Pan J. A SNP in the porcine chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 gene is associated with blood hemoglobin concentration. Anim Genet 2015; 47:134-5. [PMID: 26498738 DOI: 10.1111/age.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ningying Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianzhi Pan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310021, China
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24
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Sarkar N, Panigrahi R, Pal A, Biswas A, Singh SP, Kar SK, Bandopadhyay M, Das D, Saha D, Kanda T, Sugiyama M, Chakrabarti S, Banerjee A, Chakravarty R. Expression of microRNA-155 correlates positively with the expression of Toll-like receptor 7 and modulates hepatitis B virus via C/EBP-β in hepatocytes. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:817-27. [PMID: 25720442 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective recognition of viral infection and successive activation of antiviral innate immune responses are vital for host antiviral defence, which largely depends on multiple regulators, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and microRNAs. Several early reports suggest that specific TLR-mediated immune responses can control hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and express differentially with disease outcome. Considering the versatile function of miR-155 in the TLR-mediated innate immune response, we aimed to study the association between miR-155 and TLRs and their subsequent impact on HBV replication using both a HBV-replicating stable cell line (HepG2.2.15) and HBV-infected liver biopsy and serum samples. Our results showed that miR-155 was suppressed during HBV infection and a subsequent positive correlation of miR-155 with TLR7 activation was noted. Further, ectopic expression of miR-155 in vitro reduced HBV load as evidenced from reduced viral DNA, mRNA and subsequently reduced level of secreted viral antigens (HBsAg and HBeAg). Our results further suggested that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBP-β), a positive regulator of HBV transcription, was inhibited by miR-155. Taken together, our study established a correlation between miR-155 and TLR7 during HBV infection and also demonstrated in vitro that increased miR-155 level could help to reduce HBV viral load by targeting C/EBP-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sarkar
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - R Panigrahi
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - A Pal
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - A Biswas
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - S P Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, India.,Kalinga Gastroenterology Foundation, Beam Diagnostics Premises, Cuttack, India
| | - S K Kar
- Department of Gastroenterology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, India
| | - M Bandopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - D Das
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - D Saha
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - T Kanda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Sugiyama
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Ichikawa, Japan
| | - S Chakrabarti
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, India.,National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - A Banerjee
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - R Chakravarty
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, India
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25
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Sheedy FJ. Turning 21: Induction of miR-21 as a Key Switch in the Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2015; 6:19. [PMID: 25688245 PMCID: PMC4310327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-21 is one of the most highly expressed members of the small non-coding microRNA family in many mammalian cell types. Its expression is further enhanced in many diseased states including solid tumors, cardiac injury, and inflamed tissue. While the induction of miR-21 by inflammatory stimuli cells has been well documented in both hematopoietic cells of the immune system (particularly monocytes/macrophages but also dendritic and T-cells) and non-hematopoietic tumorigenic cells, the exact functional outcome of this elevated miR-21 is less obvious. Recent studies have confirmed a key role for miR-21 in the resolution of inflammation and in negatively regulating the pro-inflammatory response induced by many of the same stimuli that trigger miR-21 induction itself. In particular, miR-21 has emerged as a key mediator of the anti-inflammatory response in macrophages. This suggests that miR-21 inhibition in leukocytes will promote inflammation and may enhance current therapies for defective immune responses such as cancer, mycobacterial vaccines, or Th2-associated allergic inflammation. At the same time, miR-21 has been shown to promote inflammatory mediators in non-hematopoietic cells resulting in neoplastic transformation. This review will focus on functional studies of miR-21 during inflammation, which is complicated by the numerous molecular targets and processes that have emerged as miR-21 sensitive. It may be that the exact functional outcome of miR-21 is determined by multiple features including the cell type affected, the inducing signal, the transcriptomic profile of the cell, which ultimately affect the availability and ability to engage different target mRNAs and bring about its unique responses. Reviewing this data may illustrate that RNA-based oligonucleotide therapies for different diseases based upon miR-21 may have to target the unique and operative miRNA:mRNA interactions’ functionally active in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Sheedy
- TB Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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26
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Li L, Wei Z, Zhou Y, Gao F, Jiang Y, Yu L, Zheng H, Tong W, Yang S, Zheng H, Shan T, Liu F, Xia T, Tong G. Host miR-26a suppresses replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by upregulating type I interferons. Virus Res 2015; 195:86-94. [PMID: 25218480 PMCID: PMC7114497 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in viral infections, especially by modulating the expression of cellular factors essential to viral replication or the host innate immune response to infection. To identify host miRNAs important to controlling porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection, we screened 15 miRNAs that were previously implicated in innate immunity or antiviral functions. Over-expression of the miR-26 family strongly inhibited PRRSV replication in vitro, as shown by virus titer assays, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR assays. MiR-26a inhibited the replication of both type 1 and type 2 PRRSV strains. Mutating the seed region of miR-26 restored viral titers. Luciferase reporters showed that miR-26a does not target the PRRSV genome directly but instead affects the expression of type I interferon and the IFN-stimulated genes MX1 and ISG15 during PRRSV infection. These results demonstrate the important role of miR-26a in modulating PRRSV infection and also support the possibility of using host miR-26a to achieve RNAi-mediated antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Wu Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shen Yang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Tianqi Xia
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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