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Li Y, Wang L, Chen S. An overview of the progress made in research into the Mpox virus. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 39318037 DOI: 10.1002/med.22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Mpox is a zoonotic illness caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus family. Although a few cases have been reported outside Africa, it was originally regarded as an endemic disease limited to African countries. However, the Mpox outbreak of 2022 was remarkable in that the infection spread to more than 123 countries worldwide, causing thousands of infections and deaths. The ongoing Mpox outbreak has been declared as a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. For a better management and control of the epidemic, this review summarizes the research advances and important scientific findings on MPXV by reviewing the current literature on epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, prevention and treatment measures, and animal models of MPXV. This review provides useful information to raise awareness about the transmission, symptoms, and protective measures of MPXV, serving as a theoretical guide for relevant institutions to control MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology in Genomic Modification & Editing and Application, Medical Innovation Technology Transformation Center of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound lmaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianrong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology in Genomic Modification & Editing and Application, Medical Innovation Technology Transformation Center of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound lmaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Tan M, Zhang R, Shen T, Li A, Hou X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Zhang B, Sun P, Gong X, Li L, Wu J, Wu J, Zhang R, Liu B. Systematic evaluation of the induction of efficient neutralizing antibodies by recombinant multicomponent subunit vaccines against monkeypox virus. Vaccine 2024; 42:126384. [PMID: 39321566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), which has symptoms similar to smallpox, is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). From 1 January 2022 to 31 March 2024, 117 countries, territories, or areas reported 95,226 laboratory-confirmed cases of Mpox (including 185 deaths) to the World Health Organization. However, as there is no licensed specific MPXV vaccine available globally, the vaccines currently used for mpox prevention are mostly smallpox vaccines. Thus, the rapid development of safe and effective vaccines is urgently required. In the present study, the key MPXV proteins A35, B6R, E8L, A29, M1R, and H3L were expressed and prepared using a prokaryotic expression system (Escherichia coli) and a eukaryotic expression system (yeast), and the fusion antigens A35-A29 and A35-M1R were constructed based on the dimerization characteristics of the A35 protein. By combining the antigens with aluminum hydroxide and CpG adjuvants in different combinations, we developed nine multicomponent MPXV subunit vaccine candidates. Each antigen (10 μg) and fusion antigen (20 μg) were used to immunize the mice. The first two doses produced a mean titer of 10(Petersen et al., 2016 [5]), and the third dose maintained the same potent antibody-specific response as the previous two immunizations. The protective activity of different antigen combinations was determined using the cell neutralization test of vaccinia virus (VACV), which showed that the subunit vaccine candidates with two to six components (MPXV6/5/4/3a/3b/Fa/2a) had good neutralizing activity, and antigens A35 and M1R could produce neutralizing antibodies against VACV. The neutralizing antibody titer of the fusion antigen MPXVFa (A35-M1R), detected 2 weeks after the second booster dose, was comparable with that of MPXV2a (A35 and M1R). The A35-M1R fusion protein not only provided a high level of protection as a protective antigen but also simplified the preparation of candidate antigens. In summary, we systematically investigated the different protective antigen candidates of MPXV that have been widely studied and provided critical insights into the key protective antigen composition for vaccines, thus establishing a technical and theoretical foundation for the development of MPXV subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China; College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China; Medical College, Hubei Enshi College, Enshi, Hubei 445000, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tingbo Shen
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China; College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China
| | - Ai Li
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xuchen Hou
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Runfeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China; Huangshi Biomedicine Industry and Technology Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China.
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Aggarwal T, Kondabagil K. Assembly and Evolution of Poxviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:35-54. [PMID: 38801570 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxvirus assembly has been an intriguing area of research for several decades. While advancements in experimental techniques continue to yield fresh insights, many questions are still unresolved. Large genome sizes of up to 380 kbp, asymmetrical structure, an exterior lipid bilayer, and a cytoplasmic life cycle are some notable characteristics of these viruses. Inside the particle are two lateral bodies and a protein wall-bound-biconcave core containing the viral nucleocapsid. The assembly progresses through five major stages-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane alteration and rupture, crescent formation, immature virion formation, genome encapsidation, virion maturation and in a subset of viruses, additional envelopment of the virion prior to its dissemination. Several large dsDNA viruses have been shown to follow a comparable sequence of events. In this chapter, we recapitulate our understanding of the poxvirus morphogenesis process while reviewing the most recent advances in the field. We also briefly discuss how virion assembly aids in our knowledge of the evolutionary links between poxviruses and other Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Kiran Kondabagil
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
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Guan L, Wen X, Zhang Z, Wang L, Zhang X, Yang M, Wang S, Qin Q. Grouper Rab1 inhibits nodovirus infection by affecting virus entry and host immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109136. [PMID: 37839541 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Rab1, a GTPase, is present in all eukaryotes, and is mainly involved in vesicle trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, thereby regulating many cellular activities and pathogenic infections. However, little is known of how Rab1 functions in fish during virus infection. Groupers (Epinephelus spp.) are high in economic value and widely cultivated in China and Southeast Asia, although they often suffer from diseases. Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), a highly pathogenic RNA virus, is a major pathogen in cultured groupers, and causes huge economic losses. A series of host cellular proteins involved in RGNNV infection was identified. However, the impact of Rab1 on RGNNV infection has not yet been reported. In this study, a novel Rab1 homolog (EcRab1) from Epinephelus coioides was cloned, and its roles during virus infection and host immune responses were investigated. EcRab1 encoded a 202 amino acid polypeptide, showing 98% and 78% identity to Epinephelus lanceolatus and Homo sapiens, respectively. After challenge with RGNNV or poly(I:C), the transcription of EcRab1 was altered both in vitro and in vivo, implying that EcRab1 was involved in virus infection. Subcellular localization showed that EcRab1 was displayed as punctate structures in the cytoplasm, which was affected by EcRab1 mutants. The dominant negative (DN) EcRab1, enabling EcRab1 to remain in the GDP-binding state, caused EcRab1 to be diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm. Constitutively active (CA) EcRab1, enabling EcRab1 to remain in the GTP-binding state, induced larger cluster structures of EcRab1. During the late stage of RGNNV infection, some EcRab1 co-localized with RGNNV, and the size of EcRab1 clusters was enlarged. Importantly, overexpression of EcRab1 significantly inhibited RGNNV infection, and knockdown of EcRab1 promoted RGNNV infection. Furthermore, EcRab1 inhibited the entry of RGNNV to host cells. Compared with EcRab1, overexpression of DN EcRab1 or CA EcRab1 also promoted RGNNV infection, suggesting that EcRab1 regulated RGNNV infection, depending on the cycles of GTP- and GDP-binding states. In addition, EcRab1 positively regulated interferon (IFN) immune and inflammatory responses. Taken together, these results suggest that EcRab1 affects RGNNV infection, possibly by regulating host immunity. Our study furthers the understanding of Rab1 function during virus infection, thus helping to design new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Guan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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Tan R, Shen J, Xu T, Pan X. Rab1A functioned as a binding protein involved in Macrobrachium rosenbergii Taihu virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109239. [PMID: 37992912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Macrobrachium rosenbergii Taihu virus (MrTV) is a virulent pathogen that mainly threatens M. rosenbergii larvae. Rab proteins, which are essential for controlling intracellular membrane trafficking, are hijacked by multiple viruses to complete their life cycle. In this paper, we studied the function of M. rosenbergii Rab1A (MrRab1A) in the MrTV infection. Upon MrTV infection, the transcription level of MrRab1A was significantly up-regulated, indicating MrRab1A was a MrTV responsive gene and might be important for MrTV infection. Co-IP and co-localization assays revealed that MrRab1A could directly bind with MrTV and its capsid protein VP3. Moreover, the in vivo neutralization assay demonstrated that pre-incubation of MrTV with recombinant MrRab1A could partially block MrTV infection. These findings indicated that MrRab1A functioned as a virus-binding protein involved in MrTV infection, which shed new light on the mechanism of MrTV infection and provided a potential target for developing anti-MrTV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiang Tan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jinyu Shen
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Pan
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China.
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Carriazo S, Abasheva D, Duarte D, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD. SCARF Genes in COVID-19 and Kidney Disease: A Path to Comorbidity-Specific Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16078. [PMID: 38003268 PMCID: PMC10671056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has killed ~7 million persons worldwide. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the most common risk factor for severe COVID-19 and one that most increases the risk of COVID-19-related death. Moreover, CKD increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), and COVID-19 patients with AKI are at an increased risk of death. However, the molecular basis underlying this risk has not been well characterized. CKD patients are at increased risk of death from multiple infections, to which immune deficiency in non-specific host defenses may contribute. However, COVID-19-associated AKI has specific molecular features and CKD modulates the local (kidney) and systemic (lung, aorta) expression of host genes encoding coronavirus-associated receptors and factors (SCARFs), which SARS-CoV-2 hijacks to enter cells and replicate. We review the interaction between kidney disease and COVID-19, including the over 200 host genes that may influence the severity of COVID-19, and provide evidence suggesting that kidney disease may modulate the expression of SCARF genes and other key host genes involved in an effective adaptive defense against coronaviruses. Given the poor response of certain CKD populations (e.g., kidney transplant recipients) to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and their suboptimal outcomes when infected, we propose a research agenda focusing on CKD to develop the concept of comorbidity-specific targeted therapeutic approaches to SARS-CoV-2 infection or to future coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Carriazo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- RICORS2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Daria Abasheva
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Deborah Duarte
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- RICORS2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (D.D.)
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- RICORS2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (D.D.)
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Yang X, Hu C, Yang X, Yang X, Hu X, Wang X, Liu C, Yuan Y, Du S, Wang PG, Lin J. Evaluation and comparison of immune responses induced by two Mpox mRNA vaccine candidates in mice. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29140. [PMID: 37800627 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of Mpox virus (MPXV) from May 2022 was once declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization. Vaccines play an important role in prevention of infectious diseases, and mRNA vaccine technology was proved to be a safe and effective platform with successful application in defense of coronavirus disease 2019. In this study, based on A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R of MPXV, we developed two MPXV mRNA vaccine candidates, designated as MPXfus and MPXmix. The MPXfus was one-component, in which these four antigen proteins were linked in tandem by flexible linker and encoded by an individual mRNA as a fusion protein. The MPXmix was multicomponent containing four mRNA, and each mRNA encoded one antigen protein respectively. Mice were immunized with equal quality of MPXfus or MPXmix, delivered by lipid nanoparticles for evaluation and comparison of the immune responses induced by these two MPXV vaccine candidates. Results of immune response analyses indicated that both MPXfus and MPXmix could elicit high-level of antigen-specific antibodies and robust cellular immune response in mice. Moreover, results of virus neutralization assays suggested that sera from MPXfus- or MPXmix-immunized mice possessed high neutralizing activities against vaccinia virus. In addition, titers of antigen-specific antibody, levels of cellular immune response, and activities of neutralizing antibody against vaccinia virus induced by MPXfus and MPXmix presented no significant difference. In summary, this study provides valuable insights for further clinical development of one-component and multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates for the prevention of MPXV and other orthomyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidan Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
| | - Congxia Hu
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuetao Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jihui Lin
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Yang X, Yang X, Du S, Hu C, Yang X, Wang X, Hu X, Rcheulishvili N, Wang PG, Lin J. A Subunit Vaccine Candidate Composed of Mpox Virus A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R Elicits Robust Immune Response in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1420. [PMID: 37766097 PMCID: PMC10537547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With no specific antiviral drugs and preventive vaccines against Mpox virus (MPXV), the epidemic has led to the declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As a developmental direction for new vaccines, studies of subunit vaccines based upon MPXV antigen proteins are lacking. In this study, A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R of MPXV were expressed and purified from a prokaryotic system. The four MPXV antigen proteins in combination were mixed with aluminum hydroxide or CpG7909 as adjuvant, and subsequently used to inoculate mice. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry analyses, and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays indicated that A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R elicited high-level antigen-specific antibodies and CD4+ T cells-based cellular immune response in mice. Moreover, the results of virus neutralization assays suggested that sera from the mice immunized with four proteins elicited high neutralizing activities against the vaccinia virus. Notably, the results of ELISA, ELISPOT, and virus neutralization assays also showed that the CpG7909 adjuvant was more effective in inducing an immune response compared with the aluminum adjuvant. In summary, this study offers valuable insights for further studies of subunit vaccine candidates for the prevention of MPXV and other orthomyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.H.); (X.Y.)
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xidan Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.H.); (X.Y.)
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China;
| | - Congxia Hu
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiu Yang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.H.); (X.Y.)
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (X.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (X.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Nino Rcheulishvili
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (X.W.); (X.H.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (X.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Jihui Lin
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.H.); (X.Y.)
- Pengbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China;
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Leão TL, Lourenço KL, de Oliveira Queiroz C, Serufo ÂV, da Silva AM, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, da Fonseca FG. Vaccinia virus induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates unfolded protein responses through the ATF6α transcription factor. Virol J 2023; 20:145. [PMID: 37434252 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell responses to different stress inducers are efficient mechanisms that prevent and fight the accumulation of harmful macromolecules in the cells and also reinforce the defenses of the host against pathogens. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is an enveloped, DNA virus, belonging to the Poxviridae family. Members of this family have evolved numerous strategies to manipulate host responses to stress controlling cell survival and enhancing their replicative success. In this study, we investigated the activation of the response signaling to malformed proteins (UPR) by the VACV virulent strain-Western Reserve (WR)-or the non-virulent strain-Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA). METHODS Through RT-PCR RFLP and qPCR assays, we detected negative regulation of XBP1 mRNA processing in VACV-infected cells. On the other hand, through assays of reporter genes for the ATF6 component, we observed its translocation to the nucleus of infected cells and a robust increase in its transcriptional activity, which seems to be important for virus replication. WR strain single-cycle viral multiplication curves in ATF6α-knockout MEFs showed reduced viral yield. RESULTS We observed that VACV WR and MVA strains modulate the UPR pathway, triggering the expression of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones through ATF6α signaling while preventing IRE1α-XBP1 activation. CONCLUSIONS The ATF6α sensor is robustly activated during infection while the IRE1α-XBP1 branch is down-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Lima Leão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Karine Lima Lourenço
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cid de Oliveira Queiroz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ângela Vieira Serufo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Aristóbolo Mendes da Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edel F Barbosa-Stancioli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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10
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Chao TY, Cheng YY, Wang ZY, Fang TF, Chang YR, Fuh CS, Su MT, Su YW, Hsu PH, Su YC, Chang YC, Lee TY, Chou WH, Middeldorp JM, Saraste J, Chen MR. Subcellular Distribution of BALF2 and the Role of Rab1 in the Formation of Epstein-Barr Virus Cytoplasmic Assembly Compartment and Virion Release. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0436922. [PMID: 36602343 PMCID: PMC9927466 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04369-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replicates its genome in the nucleus and undergoes tegumentation and envelopment in the cytoplasm. We are interested in how the single-stranded DNA binding protein BALF2, which executes its function and distributes predominantly in the nucleus, is packaged into the tegument of virions. At the mid-stage of virus replication in epithelial TW01-EBV cells, a small pool of BALF2 colocalizes with tegument protein BBLF1, BGLF4 protein kinase, and the cis-Golgi marker GM130 at the perinuclear viral assembly compartment (AC). A possible nuclear localization signal (NLS) between amino acids 1100 and 1128 (C29), which contains positive charged amino acid 1113RRKRR1117, is able to promote yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-LacZ into the nucleus. In addition, BALF2 interacts with the nucleocapsid-associated protein BVRF1, suggesting that BALF2 may be transported into the cytoplasm with nucleocapsids in a nuclear egress complex (NEC)-dependent manner. A group of proteins involved in intracellular transport were identified to interact with BALF2 in a proteomic analysis. Among them, the small GTPase Rab1A functioning in bi-directional trafficking at the ER-Golgi interface is also a tegument component. In reactivated TW01-EBV cells, BALF2 colocalizes with Rab1A in the cytoplasmic AC. Expression of dominant-negative GFP-Rab1A(N124I) diminished the accumulation of BALF2 in the AC, coupling with attenuation of gp350/220 glycosylation. Virion release was significantly downregulated by expressing dominant-negative GFP-Rab1A(N124I). Overall, the subcellular distribution of BALF2 is regulated through its complex interaction with various proteins. Rab1 activity is required for proper gp350/220 glycosylation and the maturation of EBV. IMPORTANCE Upon EBV lytic reactivation, the virus-encoded DNA replication machinery functions in the nucleus, while the newly synthesized DNA is encapsidated and transported to the cytoplasm for final virus assembly. The single-stranded DNA binding protein BALF2 executing functions within the nucleus was also identified in the tegument layer of mature virions. Here, we studied the functional domain of BALF2 that contributes to the nuclear targeting and used a proteomic approach to identify novel BALF2-interacting cellular proteins that may contribute to virion morphogenesis. The GTPase Rab1, a master regulator of anterograde and retrograde endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi trafficking, colocalizes with BALF2 in the juxtanuclear concave region at the midstage of EBV reactivation. Rab1 activity is required for BALF2 targeting to the cytoplasmic assembly compartment (AC) and for gp350/220 targeting to cis-Golgi for proper glycosylation and virion release. Our study hints that EBV hijacks the bi-directional ER-Golgi trafficking machinery to complete virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Chao
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Cheng
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Yun Wang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Fang Fang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ruei Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shane Fuh
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Tzu Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Wei Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yau Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Chou
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaap M. Middeldorp
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
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11
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Jiang C, Diao F, Ma Z, Zhang J, Bai J, Nauwynck H, Jiang P, Liu X. Autophagy induced by Rab1a-ULK1 interaction promotes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication. Virus Res 2023; 323:198989. [PMID: 36306941 PMCID: PMC10194350 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an arterivirus from the Nidovirales order, continues to be a threat to the swine industry worldwide causing reproductive failure and respiratory disease in pigs. Previous studies have demonstrated that autophagy plays a positive role in PRRSV replication. However, its mechanism is less clearly understood. Herein, we report first that the protein level of Rab1a, a member of the Ras superfamily of GTPases, is upregulated during PRRSV infection. Subsequently, we demonstrate that Rab1a enhances PRRSV replication through an autophagy pathway as evidenced by knocking down the autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) gene, the key adaptor of autophagy. Importantly, we reveal that Rab1a interacts with ULK1 and promotes ULK1 phosphorylation dependent on its GTP-binding activity. These data indicate that PRRSV utilizes the Rab1a-ULK1 complex to initiate autophagy, which, in turn, benefits viral replication. These findings further highlight the interplay between PRRSV replication and the autophagy pathway, deepening our understanding of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feifei Diao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zicheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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12
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Papukashvili D, Rcheulishvili N, Liu C, Wang X, He Y, Wang PG. Strategy of developing nucleic acid-based universal monkeypox vaccine candidates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050309. [PMID: 36389680 PMCID: PMC9646902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Until May 2022, zoonotic infectious disease monkeypox (MPX) caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) was one of the forgotten viruses considered to be geographically limited in African countries even though few cases outside of Africa were identified. Central and West African countries are known to be endemic for MPXV. However, since the number of human MPX cases has rapidly increased outside of Africa the global interest in this virus has markedly grown. The majority of infected people with MPXV have never been vaccinated against smallpox virus. Noteworthily, the MPXV spreads fast in men who have sex with men (MSM). Preventive measures against MPXV are essential to be taken, indeed, vaccination is the key. Due to the antigenic similarities, the smallpox vaccine is efficient against MPXV. Nevertheless, there is no specific MPXV vaccine until now. Nucleic acid vaccines deserve special attention since the emergency approval of two messenger RNA (mRNA)-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in 2020. This milestone in vaccinology has opened a new platform for developing more mRNA- or DNA-based vaccines. Certainly, this type of vaccine has a number of advantages including time- and cost-effectiveness over conventional vaccines. The platform of nucleic acid-based vaccines gives humankind a huge opportunity. Ultimately, there is a strong need for developing a universal vaccine against MPXV. This review will shed the light on the strategies for developing nucleic acid vaccines against MPXV in a timely manner. Consequently, developing nucleic acid-based vaccines may alleviate the global threat against MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunjiao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Kaynarcalidan O, Moreno Mascaraque S, Drexler I. Vaccinia Virus: From Crude Smallpox Vaccines to Elaborate Viral Vector Vaccine Design. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1780. [PMID: 34944596 PMCID: PMC8698642 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various vaccinia virus (VACV) strains were applied during the smallpox vaccination campaign to eradicate the variola virus worldwide. After the eradication of smallpox, VACV gained popularity as a viral vector thanks to increasing innovations in genetic engineering and vaccine technology. Some VACV strains have been extensively used to develop vaccine candidates against various diseases. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a VACV vaccine strain that offers several advantages for the development of recombinant vaccine candidates. In addition to various host-restriction genes, MVA lacks several immunomodulatory genes of which some have proven to be quite efficient in skewing the immune response in an unfavorable way to control infection in the host. Studies to manipulate these genes aim to optimize the immunogenicity and safety of MVA-based viral vector vaccine candidates. Here we summarize the history and further work with VACV as a vaccine and present in detail the genetic manipulations within the MVA genome to improve its immunogenicity and safety as a viral vector vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (O.K.); (S.M.M.)
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14
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Pinto BGG, Oliveira AER, Singh Y, Jimenez L, Gonçalves ANA, Ogava RLT, Creighton R, Schatzmann Peron JP, Nakaya HI. ACE2 Expression Is Increased in the Lungs of Patients With Comorbidities Associated With Severe COVID-19. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:556-563. [PMID: 32526012 PMCID: PMC7377288 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients who died from COVID-19 often had comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic obstructive lung disease. Although angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is crucial for SARS-CoV2 to bind and enter host cells, no study has systematically assessed the ACE2 expression in the lungs of patients with these diseases. Here, we analyzed over 700 lung transcriptome samples of patients with comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and found that ACE2 was highly expressed in these patients, compared to control individuals. This finding suggests that patients with such comorbidities may have higher chances of developing severe COVID-19. Correlation and network analyses revealed many potential regulators of ACE2 in the human lung, including genes related to histone modifications, such as HAT1, HDAC2, and KDM5B. Our systems biology approach offers a possible explanation for increase of COVID-19 severity in patients with certain comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna G G Pinto
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio E R Oliveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Youvika Singh
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Jimenez
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre N A Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L T Ogava
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rachel Creighton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Scientific Platform Pasteur, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Scientific Platform Pasteur, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Pinto BG, Oliveira AE, Singh Y, Jimenez L, Gonçalves ANA, Ogava RL, Creighton R, Peron JPS, Nakaya HI. ACE2 Expression is Increased in the Lungs of Patients with Comorbidities Associated with Severe COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.03.21.20040261. [PMID: 32511627 PMCID: PMC7276054 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.21.20040261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in several thousand deaths worldwide in just a few months. Patients who died from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often had comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic obstructive lung disease. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was identified as a crucial factor that facilitates SARS-CoV2 to bind and enter host cells. To date, no study has assessed the ACE2 expression in the lungs of patients with these diseases. Here, we analyzed over 700 lung transcriptome samples of patients with comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and found that ACE2 was highly expressed in these patients, compared to control individuals. This finding suggests that patients with such comorbidities may have higher chances of developing severe COVID-19. We also found other genes, such as RAB1A, that can be important for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung. Correlation and network analyses revealed many potential regulators of ACE2 in the human lung, including genes related to histone modifications, such as HAT1, HDAC2, and KDM5B. In fact, epigenetic marks found in ACE2 locus were compatible to with those promoted by KDM5B. Our systems biology approach offers a possible explanation for increase of COVID-19 severity in patients with certain comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna G.G. Pinto
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio E.R. Oliveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Youvika Singh
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Jimenez
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre N A. Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L.T. Ogava
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rachel Creighton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron
- Neuroimmune Interactions Laboratory – Department of Immunology – Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. CEP 05508-000
- Scientific Platform Pasteur USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I. Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Song S, Pan Y, Li H, Zhen H. MiR-1202 Exerts Neuroprotective Effects on OGD/R Induced Inflammation in HM Cell by Negatively Regulating Rab1a Involved in TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1120-1129. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Nakatake M, Kurosaki H, Kuwano N, Horita K, Ito M, Kono H, Okamura T, Hasegawa K, Yasutomi Y, Nakamura T. Partial Deletion of Glycoprotein B5R Enhances Vaccinia Virus Neutralization Escape while Preserving Oncolytic Function. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:159-171. [PMID: 31236440 PMCID: PMC6580015 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV) has been utilized in oncolytic virotherapy, but it risks a host antiviral immune response. VV has an extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) form consisting of a normal virion covered with a host-derived outer membrane that enables its spread via circulation while evading host immune mechanisms. However, the immune resistance of EEV is only partial, owing to expression of the surface protein B5R, which has four short consensus repeat (SCR) domains that are targeted by host immune factors. To engineer a more effective virus for oncolytic virotherapy, we developed an enhanced immune-evading oncolytic VV by removing the SCRs from the attenuated strain LC16mO. Although deletion of only the SCRs preserved viral replication, progeny production, and oncolytic activity, deletion of whole B5R led to attenuation of the virus. Importantly, SCR-deleted EEV had higher neutralization resistance than did B5R-wild-type EEV against VV-immunized animal serum; moreover, it retained oncolytic function, thereby prolonging the survival of tumor-bearing mice treated with anti-VV antibody. These results demonstrate that partial SCR deletion increases neutralization escape without affecting the oncolytic potency of VV, making it useful for the treatment of tumors under the anti-virus antibody existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomu Nakatake
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hajime Kurosaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kuwano
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kosuke Horita
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mai Ito
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Kono
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Okamura
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Kosei Hasegawa
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, 1397-1, Yamane, Hidaka-City, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakamura
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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18
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Cheng W, He X, Jia H, Chen G, Wang C, Zhang J, Jing Z. Development of a SYBR Green I real-time PCR for detection and quantitation of orthopoxvirus by using Ectromelia virus. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 38:45-50. [PMID: 29224776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is the causative agent of mousepox, which has devastating effects in laboratory-mouse colonies and causes economic loss in biomedical research. More importantly, ECTV has been extensively used as an excellent model for studies of the pathogenesis and immunobiology of human smallpox. A rapid and sensitive SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR assay was developed and used for the detection and quantitation of orthopoxvirus by using ECTV in this study. Primers targeted to the highly conserved region of major core protein P4b gene of orthopoxvirus were designed and the standard plasmid was constructed. This assay was able to detect a minimum of 10 copies of standard DNA and 5 TCID50 units of ECTV. In addition, no cross-reactions were observed with two DNA viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and swine pseudorabies virus, and one RNA virus, vesicular stomatitis virus. Furthermore, intra- and inter-assay variability data showed that this method had a highly reproducibility and reliability. Moreover, the current assay was faster and had a higher sensitivity for detection of ECTV genomic DNA in cell cultured and clinical test samples. Therefore, the high sensitivity and reproducibility of this SYBR Green real-time PCR approach is a more effective method than the conventional PCR for ECTV diagnosis and quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Guohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
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19
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Lin J, Wang C, Liang W, Zhang J, Zhang L, Lv H, Dong W, Zhang Y. Rab1A is required for assembly of classical swine fever virus particle. Virology 2017; 514:18-29. [PMID: 29128753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rab1A belongs to the small Rab GTPase family and is involved in the lifecycle of numerous viruses. Here, knockdown of Rab1A inhibited CSFV growth. Further study revealed that Rab1A depletion decreased intracellular and extracellular CSFV titers, but did not affect intracellular virus genome copies and E2 protein expression within a virus lifecycle, which suggested that Rab1A is required for CSFV particle assembly rather than for genome replication or virion release. This was proofed by blocking the spread of virus using neutralizing antibodies, through which the negative effects of Rab1A knockdown on multi-cycle replication of CSFV were eliminated. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy assays showed that Rab1A bound to CSFV NS5A protein, indicating that Rab1A and viral NS5A proteins may work cooperatively during CSFV particle assembly. In conclusion, this study demonstrated for the first time that Rab1A is required for CSFV particle assembly and binds to viral particle assembly-related NS5A protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chengbao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wulong Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Longxiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Quan Y, Song Q, Wang J, Zhao L, Lv J, Gong S. MiR-1202 functions as a tumor suppressor in glioma cells by targeting Rab1A. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317697565. [PMID: 28443461 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317697565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of microRNAs correlates with the development and progression of human cancers by targeting downstream proteins. MiR-1202 is downregulated in ovarian cancer and clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma; however, its role in glioma remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression and the role of miR-1202 and to elucidate its regulatory mechanism in glioma. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure miR-1202 expression in both glioma tissues and cell lines. The findings showed that the miR-1202 expression decreased dramatically in clinical glioma tissues and cell lines, and miR-1202 expression was inversely correlated with the expression of Rab1A. Using bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays, we identified Rab1A as a novel and direct target of miR-1202. In vitro, overexpression of miR-1202 inhibited glioma cell proliferation and induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis through targeting Rab1A, whereas suppression of miR-1202 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. Similarly, silencing Rab1A with small interfering RNA also suppressed glioma cell growth and induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. Taken together, our data indicate that miR-1202 suppresses proliferation and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis through targeting and inhibiting Rab1A in glioma cells. These results suggest miR-1202 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Quan
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Song
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jvbo Wang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- 3 Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Lv
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shouping Gong
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
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Vaccinia Virus Uses Retromer-Independent Cellular Retrograde Transport Pathways To Facilitate the Wrapping of Intracellular Mature Virions during Virus Morphogenesis. J Virol 2016; 90:10120-10132. [PMID: 27581988 PMCID: PMC5105650 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01464-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus (VACV), undertake a complex cytoplasmic replication cycle which involves morphogenesis through four distinct virion forms and includes a crucial wrapping step whereby intracellular mature virions (IMVs) are wrapped in two additional membranes to form intracellular enveloped virions (IEVs). To determine if cellular retrograde transport pathways are required for this wrapping step, we examined VACV morphogenesis in cells with reduced expression of the tetrameric tethering factor known as the GARP (Golgi-associated retrograde pathway), a central component of retrograde transport. VACV multistep replication was significantly impaired in cells transfected with small interfering RNA targeting the GARP complex and in cells with a mutated GARP complex. Detailed analysis revealed that depletion of the GARP complex resulted in a reduction in the number of IEVs, thereby linking retrograde transport with the wrapping of IMVs. In addition, foci of viral wrapping membrane proteins without an associated internal core accumulated in cells with a mutated GARP complex, suggesting that impaired retrograde transport uncouples nascent IMVs from the IEV membranes at the site of wrapping. Finally, small-molecule inhibitors of retrograde transport strongly suppressed VACV multistep growth in vitro and reduced weight loss and clinical signs in an in vivo murine model of systemic poxviral disease. This work links cellular retrograde transport pathways with the morphogenesis of poxviruses and identifies a panel of novel inhibitors of poxvirus replication. IMPORTANCE Cellular retrograde transport pathways traffic cargo from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network and are a key part of the intracellular membrane network. This work reveals that the prototypic poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) exploits cellular retrograde transport pathways to facilitate the wrapping of intracellular mature virions and therefore promote the production of extracellular virus. Inhibition of retrograde transport by small-molecule inhibitors reduced the replication of VACV in cell culture and alleviated disease in mice experimentally infected with VACV. This research provides fundamental new knowledge about the wrapping step of poxvirus morphogenesis, furthers our knowledge of the complex cellular retrograde pathways, and identifies a new group of antipoxvirus drugs.
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Systems Biology-Based Investigation of Cellular Antiviral Drug Targets Identified by Gene-Trap Insertional Mutagenesis. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005074. [PMID: 27632082 PMCID: PMC5025164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses require host cellular factors for successful replication. A comprehensive systems-level investigation of the virus-host interactome is critical for understanding the roles of host factors with the end goal of discovering new druggable antiviral targets. Gene-trap insertional mutagenesis is a high-throughput forward genetics approach to randomly disrupt (trap) host genes and discover host genes that are essential for viral replication, but not for host cell survival. In this study, we used libraries of randomly mutagenized cells to discover cellular genes that are essential for the replication of 10 distinct cytotoxic mammalian viruses, 1 gram-negative bacterium, and 5 toxins. We herein reported 712 candidate cellular genes, characterizing distinct topological network and evolutionary signatures, and occupying central hubs in the human interactome. Cell cycle phase-specific network analysis showed that host cell cycle programs played critical roles during viral replication (e.g. MYC and TAF4 regulating G0/1 phase). Moreover, the viral perturbation of host cellular networks reflected disease etiology in that host genes (e.g. CTCF, RHOA, and CDKN1B) identified were frequently essential and significantly associated with Mendelian and orphan diseases, or somatic mutations in cancer. Computational drug repositioning framework via incorporating drug-gene signatures from the Connectivity Map into the virus-host interactome identified 110 putative druggable antiviral targets and prioritized several existing drugs (e.g. ajmaline) that may be potential for antiviral indication (e.g. anti-Ebola). In summary, this work provides a powerful methodology with a tight integration of gene-trap insertional mutagenesis testing and systems biology to identify new antiviral targets and drugs for the development of broadly acting and targeted clinical antiviral therapeutics. Infectious diseases result in millions of deaths and cost billions of dollars annually. Hence, there is urgency for developing more innovative and effective antiviral therapeutics. In this study, we used libraries of randomly mutagenized cells to discover cellular genes that are essential for the replication of 10 distinct cytotoxic mammalian viruses. We herein reported over 700 candidate cellular genes, over 20% of which were independently selected by multiple viruses in one or more cell types. Using systems biology-based analysis, we found that host genes associated with viral replication tended to occupy central hubs in the human protein interactome and to be ancient genes with low evolutionary rates, compared to non-virus-associated genes. Cell cycle phase-specific sub-network analysis showed that host cell cycle program played important roles during viral replication by regulating specific cell cycle phases. Moreover, we presented novel evidences to suggest that host genes supporting viral replication were frequently implicated in Mendelian and orphan diseases, or played critical roles in cancer. Importantly, we found approximately 110 new putative druggable antiviral targets by merging genome-wide gene-trap insertional mutagenesis, drug-gene network, and bioinformatics data. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the use of a computable representation of genetic testing to effectively identify new potential antiviral indications for existing drugs. In summary, this study presents new and important methodologies for developing broadly active antiviral therapeutics.
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miR-15b-5p induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma, both in vitro and in vivo, by suppressing Rab1A. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16227-38. [PMID: 26023735 PMCID: PMC4599266 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), aberrant expression of miRNAs correlates with tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration by targeting downstream proteins. miR-15b levels are reported increased in HCC tissues; however, they negatively correlate to HCC recurrence. Our aim was to understand the reason for this phenomenon. We used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to measure miR-15b-5p expression in both HCC tissues and HCC cell lines. Our results were consistent with the report. Using bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays, we identified Rab1A as a novel and direct target of miR-15b-5p. Inhibiting the function of Rab1A with shRab1A also inhibited the growth of HCC cells and induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis. Similarly, suppressing Rab1A by overexpression of miR-15b-5p also inhibited cell growth and induced ERS and apoptosis. Moreover, re-expression of Rab1A rescued the miR-15b-5p -induced ERS, apoptosis, and growth inhibition in HCC cells. In vivo assays were further performed to testify them. Taken together, our data suggest that miR-15b-5p induces ERS, apoptosis, and growth inhibition by targeting and suppressing Rab1A, acting as a tumor suppressor gene in HCC. This finding suggests a novel relation among Rabs, miRNAs, and apoptosis.
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