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Kim SY, Kwak JS, Jung W, Kim MS, Kim KH. Compensatory mutations in the matrix protein of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVa in response to artificial mutation of two amino acids (D62A E181A). Virus Res 2023; 326:199067. [PMID: 36754291 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of rhabdoviruses locates between the inner line of the viral envelope and the nucleocapsids core and plays an important role in viral replication. In the present study, we aimed to rescue a mutant of VHSV genotype IVa that has artificial mutations in the M protein (M-D62A E181A). However, most rescued recombinant viruses unexpectedly showed non-targeted secondary mutations in the M protein. Therefore, this study was conducted to know whether the targeted artificial mutation can lead to specific non-targeted secondary mutations in the M protein and whether the secondary mutations are compensatory for the targeted artificial mutations. Experiments were conducted to rescue three kinds of M protein mutants (rVHSV-M-D62A, -E181A, and -D62A E181A), and rVHSV-M-E181A and rVHSV-M-D62A E181A without the secondary mutations were rescued only from IRF-9 gene-knockout EPC cells. Recombinant VHSVs having only targeted mutation(s) (rVHSV-M-D62A, -E181A, and -D62A E181A) showed slower CPE progression and retarded growth compared to rVHSV-wild. Although the sites of secondary mutations were changed in every transfection experiment to generate recombinant VHSVs, the positions of the secondary mutations were not random. Some amino acid residues in the M protein showed more frequent mutations than others, and the changed amino acid residues were always the same. EPC cells infected with rVHSV-M-D62A E181A showed significantly higher type I interferon response and NF-κB activity, and the inhibitory activity against type I interferon response and NF-κB activity in other recombinant VHSVs having secondary mutations in M gene were similar to those of rVHSV-wild. In conclusion, the present results showed that VHSV actively responded to the artificial mutation of M protein through the secondary mutations, and those secondary mutations occurred when the artificial mutations were deleterious to viral replication and protein stability. Furthermore, most secondary mutations in recombinant viruses compensated for the deleterious effect of the engineered mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, South Korea
| | - Jun Soung Kwak
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Wonyeong Jung
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea.
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Alencar ALF, Kwon SR, Rasmussen TB, Mérour E, Olesen NJ, Cuenca A. Modifications of the nucleoprotein of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus showed gain of virulence in intraperitoneally infected rainbow trout. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1369-1383. [PMID: 34002876 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) is the cause of an important listed disease in European rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture and can be present in a wide range of fish species, including marine fish, which can act as viral reservoir. Recent studies revealed putative genetic virulence markers of VHSV to rainbow trout highlighting the roles of the nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein and non-virion protein. Using reverse genetics, we produced recombinant viruses by introducing parts of or the entire nucleoprotein from a high-virulent isolate VHSV into a low-virulent backbone. Furthermore, we also made recombinant viruses by introducing residue modifications in the nucleoprotein that seem to play a role in virulence. Rainbow trout challenged with these recombinant viruses (rVHSVs) by intraperitoneal injection (IP) developed clinical signs and showed lower survival when compared to the parental rVHSV whereas fish challenged by immersion did not show clinical signs except for the high-virulent control. The mutations did not influence the viral growth in cell culture. The recombinant viruses and parental recombinant were unable to replicate and show cytopathic effect in EPC cells whereas the high-virulent control was well adapted in all the fish cell lines tested. We showed evidence that corroborates with the hypothesis that the nucleoprotein has virulence motifs associated with VHSV virulence in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luiza Farias Alencar
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark - DTU Aqua, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Se Ryun Kwon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Korea
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Mérour
- VIM, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Versailles, France
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark - DTU Aqua, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark - DTU Aqua, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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Panzarin V, Cuenca A, Gastaldelli M, Alencar ALF, Pascoli F, Morin T, Blanchard Y, Cabon J, Louboutin L, Ryder D, Abbadi M, Toffan A, Dopazo CP, Biacchesi S, Brémont M, Olesen NJ. VHSV Single Amino Acid Polymorphisms (SAPs) Associated With Virulence in Rainbow Trout. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1984. [PMID: 32983011 PMCID: PMC7493562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) is an OIE notifiable pathogen widespread in the Northern Hemisphere that encompasses four genotypes and nine subtypes. In Europe, subtype Ia impairs predominantly the rainbow trout industry causing severe rates of mortality, while other VHSV genotypes and subtypes affect a number of marine and freshwater species, both farmed and wild. VHSV has repeatedly proved to be able to jump to rainbow trout from the marine reservoir, causing mortality episodes. The molecular mechanisms regulating VHSV virulence and host tropism are not fully understood, mainly due to the scarce availability of complete genome sequences and information on the virulence phenotype. With the scope of identifying in silico molecular markers for VHSV virulence, we generated an extensive dataset of 55 viral genomes and related mortality data obtained from rainbow trout experimental challenges. Using statistical association analyses that combined genetic and mortality data, we found 38 single amino acid polymorphisms scattered throughout the complete coding regions of the viral genome that were putatively involved in virulence of VHSV in trout. Specific amino acid signatures were recognized as being associated with either low or high virulence phenotypes. The phylogenetic analysis of VHSV coding regions supported the evolution toward greater virulence in rainbow trout within subtype Ia, and identified several other subtypes which may be prone to be virulent for this species. This study sheds light on the molecular basis for VHSV virulence, and provides an extensive list of putative virulence markers for their subsequent validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Panzarin
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, EURL for Fish and Crustacean Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michele Gastaldelli
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Anna L F Alencar
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, EURL for Fish and Crustacean Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Thierry Morin
- Unit of Viral Diseases in Fish, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Plouzané, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- Unit of Viral Diseases in Fish, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Plouzané, France
| | - Lénaïg Louboutin
- Unit of Viral Diseases in Fish, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Plouzané, France
| | - David Ryder
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Carlos P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Stéphane Biacchesi
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michel Brémont
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Niels J Olesen
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, EURL for Fish and Crustacean Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Zebrafish as a Model for Fish Diseases in Aquaculture. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080609. [PMID: 32726918 PMCID: PMC7460226 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of zebrafish as a model for human conditions is widely recognized. Within the last couple of decades, the zebrafish has furthermore increasingly been utilized as a model for diseases in aquacultured fish species. The unique tools available in zebrafish present advantages compared to other animal models and unprecedented in vivo imaging and the use of transgenic zebrafish lines have contributed with novel knowledge to this field. In this review, investigations conducted in zebrafish on economically important diseases in aquacultured fish species are included. Studies are summarized on bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases and described in relation to prophylactic approaches, immunology and infection biology. Considerable attention has been assigned to innate and adaptive immunological responses. Finally, advantages and drawbacks of using the zebrafish as a model for aquacultured fish species are discussed.
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Kim MS, Kim KH. Genetically engineered viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:11-15. [PMID: 31622675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) has been one of the major causes of mortality in a wide range of freshwater and marine fishes worldwide. Although various types of vaccines have been tried to prevent VHSV disease in cultured fishes, there are still no commercial vaccines. Reverse genetics have made it possible to change a certain regions on viral genome in accordance with the requirements of a research. Various types of VHSV mutants have been generated through the reverse genetic method, and most of them were recovered to investigate the virulence mechanisms of VHSV. In the reverse genetically generated VHSV mutants-based vaccines, high protective efficacies of attenuated VHSVs and single-cycle VHSV particles have been reported. Furthermore, the application of VHSV for the delivery tools of heterologous antigens including not only fish pathogens but also mammalian pathogens has been studied. As not much research has been conducted on VHSV mutants-based vaccines, more studies on the enhancement of immunogenicity, vaccine administration routes, safety to environments are needed for the practical use in aquaculture farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kim
- Department of Integrative Bio-industrial Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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Modelling viral infections using zebrafish: Innate immune response and antiviral research. Antiviral Res 2017; 139:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kavaliauskis A, Arnemo M, Speth M, Lagos L, Rishovd AL, Estepa A, Griffiths G, Gjøen T. Protective effect of a recombinant VHSV-G vaccine using poly(I:C) loaded nanoparticles as an adjuvant in zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:248-257. [PMID: 27084059 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a constant need to increase the efficiency of vaccines in the aquaculture industry. Although several nano-based vaccine formulations have been reported, to the best of our knowledge so far only one of them have been implemented in the industry. Here we report on chitosan-poly(I:C) nanoparticles (NPs) that could be used as a non-specific adjuvant in antiviral vaccines in aquaculture. We have characterized the physical parameters of the NPs, studied the in vivo and in vitro bio-distribution of fluorescent NPs and verified NP uptake by zebrafish leucocytes. We used the zebrafish model to test the protective efficiency of the recombinant glycoprotein G (rgpG) of VHSV compared to inactivated whole virus (iV) against VHSV using NPs as an adjuvant in both formulations. In parallel we tested free poly(I:C) and rgpG (pICrgpG), and free chitosan and rgpG (CSrgpG) vaccine formulations. While the iV group (with NP adjuvant) provided the highest overall survival, all vaccine formulations with poly(I:C) provided a significant protection against VHSV; possibly through an early induction of an anti-viral state. Our results suggest that chitosan-poly(I:C) NPs are a promising adjuvant candidate for future vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Kavaliauskis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnemo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Speth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Rishovd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Kim SH, Kim M, Choi GE, Lee JH, Kang JH, Evensen Ø, Lee WJ. Stability and efficacy of the 3'-UTR A4G-G5A variant of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) as a live attenuated immersion VHSV vaccine in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Vaccine 2016; 34:1097-102. [PMID: 26772633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is the causative agent of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in fish, a disease that affects a number of teleost fish species including olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In this study, we assessed the safety and efficacy of two recombinant attenuated VHSV strains, termed A4G-G5A and ΔNV, with the purpose to select the most suitable vaccine strain. The virus strains were passaged in two commercially available cell lines, EPC and RTG-2, and the strains were also tested for residual virulence in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The A4G-G5A strain showed an attenuated growth profile in both the EPC and RTG-2 cell lines compared to wild-type (WT) VHSV (JF-09, genotype IVa), whereas the growth profile of ΔNV was comparable to the WT strains in RTG-2 cells in contrast to EPC cells. Moreover, ΔNV had higher residual virulence compared to A4G-G5A and was highly pathogenic to zebrafish. The A4G-G5A strain was chosen as vaccine candidate and tested for efficacy in in vivo fish studies in the target species, olive flounder, using an immersion vaccine scheme. Groups of fish were immunized with 10(2.5), 10(3.5), 10(4.5), and 10(5.5) TCID50/ml of A4G-G5A giving 5-13.3 cumulative percent mortality (CPM) post immunization. Immunization was followed by a challenge experiment using VHSV-WT. The relative percent survival (RPS) in immunized groups ranged from 81.6% to 100%, correlating with vaccination dose. This study demonstrates that while strain A4G-G5A has retained some residual virulence it confers high level of protection in immunized olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Meesun Kim
- BluGen Korea, 106-14, Songjeongjungang-ro 5 beon-gil, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Go-Eun Choi
- BluGen Korea, 106-14, Songjeongjungang-ro 5 beon-gil, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- Fish Breeding Center, NIFS, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ha Kang
- Biotechnology Research Division, NIFS, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Woo-Jai Lee
- BluGen Korea, 106-14, Songjeongjungang-ro 5 beon-gil, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Kavaliauskis A, Arnemo M, Kim SH, Ulanova L, Speth M, Novoa B, Dios S, Evensen Ø, Griffiths GW, Gjøen T. Use of Poly(I:C) Stabilized with Chitosan As a Vaccine-Adjuvant Against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Infection in Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2015; 12:421-31. [PMID: 26509227 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for more efficient viral vaccines in finfish aquaculture worldwide. Here, we report the use of poly(I:C) stabilized with chitosan as an adjuvant for development of better finfish vaccines. The adjuvant was co-injected with inactivated viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) (CSpIC+iV vaccine) in adult zebrafish and its efficiency in protection against VHSV infection was compared to a live, attenuated VHS virus vaccine (aV). Both free and stabilized poly(I:C) were strong inducers of an antiviral state, measured by transcriptional activation of the genes of viral sensors: toll-like receptors, interferons, and interferon-stimulated genes, such as MXa within 48 h after injection. Both the CSpIC+iV and the aV formulations provided a significant protection against VHSV-induced mortality. However, when plasma from survivors was tested for neutralizing antibodies in an in vitro protection assay, we could not demonstrate any protective effect. On the contrary, plasma from aV vaccinated fish enhanced cytopathic effects, indicating that antibody-dependent entry may play a role in this system. Our results show that poly(I:C) is a promising candidate as an adjuvant for fish vaccination against viral pathogens, and that the zebrafish is a promising model for aquaculture-relevant vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Kavaliauskis
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnemo
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo, Norway
| | - Lilia Ulanova
- 3 Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Speth
- 3 Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sonia Dios
- 4 Institute of Marine Research, CSIC , Vigo, Spain
| | - Øystein Evensen
- 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tor Gjøen
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
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