1
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Awazu A, Takemoto D, Watanabe K, Sakamoto N. Possibilities of skin coat color-dependent risks and risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma and deafness of domestic cats inferred via RNA-seq data. Genes Cells 2023; 28:893-905. [PMID: 37864512 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome data of skin cells from domestic cats with brown, orange, and white coats were analyzed using a public database to investigate the possible relationship between coat color-related gene expression and squamous cell carcinoma risk, as well as the mechanism of deafness in white cats. We found that the ratio of the expression level of genes suppressing squamous cell carcinoma to that of genes promoting squamous cell carcinoma might be considerably lower than the theoretical estimation in skin cells with orange and white coats in white-spotted cat. We also found the possibility of the frequent production of KIT lacking the first exon (d1KIT) in skin cells with white coats, and d1KIT production exhibited a substantial negative correlation with the expression of SOX10, which is essential for melanocyte formation and adjustment of hearing function. Additionally, the production of d1KIT was expected to be due to the insulating activity of the feline endogenous retrovirus 1 (FERV1) LTR in the first intron of KIT by its CTCF binding sequence repeat. These results contribute to basic veterinary research to understand the relationship between cat skin coat and disease risk, as well as the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Awazu
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaichi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoaki Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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2
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CHAMBERS JK, ITO S, UCHIDA K. Feline papillomavirus-associated Merkel cell carcinoma: a comparative review with human Merkel cell carcinoma. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1195-1209. [PMID: 37743525 PMCID: PMC10686778 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare skin tumor that shares a similar immunophenotype with Merkel cells, although its origin is debatable. More than 80% of human MCC cases are associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus infections and viral gene integration. Recent studies have shown that the clinical and pathological characteristics of feline MCC are comparable to those of human MCC, including its occurrence in aged individuals, aggressive behavior, histopathological findings, and the expression of Merkel cell markers. More than 90% of feline MCC are positive for the Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV2) gene. Molecular changes involved in papillomavirus-associated tumorigenesis, such as increased p16 and decreased retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53 protein levels, were observed in FcaPV2-positive MCC, but not in FcaPV2-negative MCC cases. These features were also confirmed in FcaPV2-positive and -negative MCC cell lines. The expression of papillomavirus E6 and E7 genes, responsible for p53 degradation and Rb inhibition, respectively, was detected in tumor cells by in situ hybridization. Whole genome sequencing revealed the integration of FcaPV2 DNA into the host feline genome. MCC cases often develop concurrent skin lesions, such as viral plaque and squamous cell carcinoma, which are also associated with papillomavirus infection. These findings suggest that FcaPV2 infection and integration of viral genes are involved in the development of MCC in cats. This review provides an overview of the comparative pathology of feline and human MCC caused by different viruses and discusses their cell of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soma ITO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Mack ZE, Caserta LC, Renshaw RW, Nakagun S, Gerdes RS, Diel DG, Childs-Sanford SE, Peters-Kennedy J. Histopathologic and molecular characterization of Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 1 and Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 2 infection in North American porcupines ( Erethizon dorsatum). Vet Pathol 2023; 60:898-904. [PMID: 37264637 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231176564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 1 (EdPV1) and Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 2 (EdPV2) are associated with cutaneous papillomas in North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum). This study defined gross, histopathologic, and molecular characteristics of viral papillomas in 10 North American porcupines submitted to the New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center. Investigation for the presence of EdPV1 and EdPV2 DNA via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in 9 of the 10 (90.0%) porcupines, and all porcupines were investigated for the detection and localization of EdPV1 and EdPV2 E6 and E7 nucleic acid via chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in 2 porcupines. Papillomas were diagnosed on the muzzle (n = 4), caudal dorsum (n = 1), upper lip (n = 1), chin (n = 1), gingiva (n = 2), and nasal planum (n = 1). Histologically, the lesions consisted of hyperplastic epidermis or epithelium with orthokeratotic keratin, prominent keratohyalin granules, and intranuclear inclusion bodies. PCR identified EdPV1 in 6 of 9 samples and EdPV2 in the remaining 3 samples. NGS resulted in 100% genome coverage of EdPV1 and 76.20% genome coverage of EdPV2 compared with GenBank reference sequences, with 99.8% sequence identity to the complete EdPV2 L1 gene of a novel subtype recently identified in France. Hybridization patterns in 9 of the 10 (90.0%) porcupines were characterized by strong nuclear signals in the superficial epidermis, with strong nuclear and punctate cytoplasmic signals in the stratum spinosum and basale. In one animal, CISH suggested dual EdPV1 and EdPV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Mack
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | - Shotaro Nakagun
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Rhea S Gerdes
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Diego G Diel
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
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4
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Munday JS, Gedye K, Knox MA, Pfeffer H, Lin X. Genetic characterisation of Felis catus papillomavirus type 7, a rare infection of cats that may be associated with skin cancer. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109813. [PMID: 37478511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Six Felis catus papillomavirus (FcaPV) types have been fully sequenceed from domestic cats including some that have been associated with the development of neoplasia. A sequence from a novel FcaPV type was amplified from a basal cell carcinoma that contained unusual histological evidence of PV infection and intense p16CDKN2A protein (p16) immunostaining. The entire 7467 bp genome was amplified using 'outward facing' primers. The PV was designated FcaPV7 and contained putative coding regions that were predicted to produce five early proteins and two late ones. The ORF L1 showed 77% similarity to that of FcaPV6. As the novel PV also showed greater than 60% similarity to three other feline Tau-PV types, FcaPV7 is proposed to be classified within this genus. Specific primers were designed but did not amplify FcaPV7 DNA from any of 60 samples from the mouth and skin of cats. FcaPV7 appears to rarely infect cats. However, FcaPV7 may be associated with skin cancer in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Kristene Gedye
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A Knox
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Xiaoxiao Lin
- Massey Genome Service, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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5
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Parisi F, Fonti N, Millanta F, Freer G, Pistello M, Poli A. Exploring the link between viruses and cancer in companion animals: a comprehensive and comparative analysis. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:40. [PMID: 37386451 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is estimated that 15% of human neoplasms globally are caused by infectious agents, with new evidence emerging continuously. Multiple agents have been implicated in various forms of neoplasia, with viruses as the most frequent. In recent years, investigation on viral mechanisms underlying tumoral transformation in cancer development and progression are in the spotlight, both in human and veterinary oncology. Oncogenic viruses in veterinary medicine are of primary importance not only as original pathogens of pets, but also in the view of pets as models of human malignancies. Hence, this work will provide an overview of the main oncogenic viruses of companion animals, with brief notes of comparative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Niccolò Fonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Freer
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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6
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Altamura G, Borzacchiello G. Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma and Felis catus papillomavirus: is it time to walk the path of human oncology? Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148673. [PMID: 37266382 PMCID: PMC10229798 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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7
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Ito S, Chambers JK, Sumi A, Omachi T, Haritani M, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Genomic integration and expression of Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 oncogenes in feline Merkel cell carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:21-34. [PMID: 36384374 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221139197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV2) in feline Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) has been previously hypothesized. In this study, the expression and localization of FcaPV2 oncogene mRNA, the integration of FcaPV2 genes, and p53 mutations in feline MCC were examined by RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH), whole genome sequencing (WGS), and Sanger DNA sequencing, respectively. Furthermore, the morphological and molecular characteristics of FcaPV2-positive (FMX-MCC01) and FcaPV2-negative (AS-MCC01) MCC cell lines were compared in vitro and in vivo using immunofluorescence, ISH, xenotransplantation into mice, and immunohistochemistry. ISH for FcaPV2 E6/E7 detected viral RNA in 18/21 FcaPV2-positive MCC and not in 1/1 FcaPV2-negative MCC. WGS of 2 FcaPV2-positive cases revealed the integration of FcaPV2 genes in both cases. In cultured cells and xenograft tissues of FMX-MCC01, most cells were positive for E6/E7 by ISH and p16CDKN2A, a few cells were positive for the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), and all cells were negative for p53. In cultured cells and xenograft tissues of AS-MCC01, all cells were negative for p16CDKN2A, most cells were positive for pRb, and some cells were positive for p53. Missense mutations in p53 were identified in 8/10 FcaPV2-positive and 1/1 FcaPV2-negative MCC. These results suggest that the expression of integrated FcaPV2 oncogenes might be associated with reduced expression of the tumor suppressor proteins pRb and p53 and might contribute to the development of feline MCC. On the other hand, p53 mutations may be involved in both FcaPV2-positive and FcaPV2-negative MCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Ito
- The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ayumi Sumi
- The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Munday JS, Hunt H, Orbell G, Pfeffer H. Detection of a Novel Papillomavirus Type within a Feline Cutaneous Basal Cell Carcinoma. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120671. [PMID: 36548831 PMCID: PMC9783550 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4 cm diameter exophytic mass was excised from the left flank of a 10-year-old domestic short-haired cat. Histology of the superficial aspects of the mass revealed epidermal cells arranged in nests and trabeculae while the deeper parts of the mass consisted of small round cells arranged in sheets or bundles of elongate spindle-shaped cells. A diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was made. Approximately 40% of the cells throughout the neoplasm contained prominent papillomaviral (PV)-induced cell changes. The BCC recurred three months after excision and grew rapidly. At this time a smaller mass was observed on the thorax. Due to the rapid recurrence of the BCC, the cat was euthanatized. As in the initial mass, histology of the recurrent mass revealed pleomorphic cells that often contained PV-induced cell changes. In contrast, the thoracic mass appeared as a more typical BCC and contained no histological evidence of PV infection. A novel PV DNA sequence was amplified from the flank BCC. While the sequence was most (75.1%) similar to Felis catus papillomavirus (FcaPV) 6, the level of similarity between the sequences is consistent with a novel PV type. No PV DNA was amplifiable from the thoracic mass. The case is unique due to the histological features of the BCC and the presence of a putative novel PV type. Observations from the present case add to the number of PV types associated with disease in cats as well as increasing the spectrum of PV-induced lesions in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-6-356-9099; Fax: +64-6-350-5714
| | - Hayley Hunt
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Geoff Orbell
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology Ltd., Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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9
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Munday JS, Knight CG, Luff JA. Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses: A comparative review. Part 2: Pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. Vet J 2022; 288:105898. [PMID: 36152994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are well recognized to cause pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases in humans. Similarly, there is increasing evidence that PVs play a significant role in the development of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases of the haired skin of dogs and cats, and the mucosa of horses. As the mechanisms by which PVs cause neoplasia are well studied in humans, it is valuable to compare the PV-induced neoplasms of humans with similar PV-associated neoplasms in the companion animal species. In the second part of this comparative review, the pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases thought to be caused by PVs in humans, dogs, cats, and horses are described. This includes PV-induced cutaneous plaques, cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and mucosal SCCs within the four species. The review concludes with a discussion about the potential use of vaccines to prevent PV-induced diseases of dogs, cats, and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Cameron G Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Luff
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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10
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Pathological Similarities in the Development of Papillomavirus-Associated Cancer in Humans, Dogs, and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182390. [PMID: 36139250 PMCID: PMC9495210 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Papillomavirus (PV) infection affects many species, including humans and domestic animals, such as dogs and cats. Some of these infections involve the development of cancer due to the presence of PV. There are similarities in the pathology of these three PV-associated cancers, which may provide crucial insights into cancer development in these species, extrapolating both markers and possible treatment in the three species. For example, the oncoproteins E5, E6, and E7 are the main causes of the development of cancer associated with PV, and the possible therapies associated with the blockage or reduction of these oncoproteins can be of great benefit for the reduction and/or elimination of cancer associated with PV. Thus, our review focuses on the similarities in the context of pathology and biomarkers in canine, feline, and human cancers associated with PV. We review the main biomarkers, E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins, and their overexpression in Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and human papillomavirus and their association with the development of cancer. Furthermore, we also discuss that a potential treatment for PV-related cancer is the reduction or blocking of these oncoproteins. Abstract Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and human papillomavirus are nonenveloped viruses that share similarities in the initiation and development of cancer. For instance, the three species overexpress the oncoproteins E6 and E7, and Canis familiaris and human papillomavirus overexpress the E5 oncoprotein. These similarities in the pathophysiology of cancer among the three species are beneficial for treating cancer in dogs, cats, and humans. To our knowledge, this topic has not been reviewed so far. This review focuses on the information on cancer research in cats and dogs comparable to that being conducted in humans in the context of comparative pathology and biomarkers in canine, feline, and human cancer. We also focus on the possible benefit of treatment associated with the E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins for cancer in dogs, cats, and humans.
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11
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Rolph KE, Cavanaugh RP. Infectious Causes of Neoplasia in the Domestic Cat. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090467. [PMID: 36136683 PMCID: PMC9506438 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasingly, cancers are being linked to infections with viruses, bacteria, and parasites in human medicine. This review summarises the current literature regarding neoplasia occurring in association with infectious diseases in domestic cats. To date, most studies have focused on the role of viruses, especially feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in association with lymphoma, or the role of papillomavirus in cutaneous and oral neoplasms in cats. Recently, there has been a focus on a potential role of mouse mammary tumour virus in feline mammary carcinoma and lymphoma and studies assessing the potential role of gammaherpes virus and hepadnaviruses in feline neoplasia. Additionally, there has been some focus on potential bacterial and parasitic associations with neoplasia; including reports assessing potential associations between Helicobacter species and gastrointestinal neoplasms, and case reports of neoplasia in association with Platynosomum fastosum and Opisthorchis viverrini. Abstract In recent years, growing attention has been paid to the influence/role of infectious diseases in tumour development and progression. Investigations have demonstrated that some infectious organisms can have a direct role in the development of neoplasia, whereas others can predispose to neoplasia by alterations in the immune response, or by creating a pro-inflammatory environment. Feline leukaemia virus was one of the first infectious agents recognised as an oncogenic organism, and along with feline immunodeficiency virus has received the most attention. Since the discovery of this retrovirus, several other organisms have been associated with neoplastic processes in cats, these include gammaherpes virus, mouse mammary tumour virus, papillomaviruses, hepadnavirus, Helicobacter species, and the parasitic infections Platynosomum fastosum and Opisthorchis viverrini. This review summarises the findings to date.
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12
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Munday JS, Hardcastle M, Dally N. In situ squamous cell carcinoma of the gingiva and nictitating membrane associated with Felis catus papillomavirus type 3 in a cat. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:463-466. [DOI: 10.1177/03009858221079667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are common cancers of cats. While papillomaviruses (PVs) are an important cause of human OSCCs, there is currently little evidence that PVs cause squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the mouth or other mucosal surfaces in cats. In the present cat, in situ carcinomas developed on the gingiva and nictitating membrane. Neoplastic cells within both cancers contained prominent PV-induced cellular changes consistent with those caused by Felis catus PV3 (FcaPV3), and FcaPV3 DNA was amplified from both cancers. Neoplasms also contained intense nuclear and cytoplasmic p16CDKN2A protein (p16) immunolabeling, suggesting PV-induced degradation of retinoblastoma protein. The molecular and histological features strongly suggested the cancers were caused by FcaPV3 infection. This is the first report of an association between PV infection and the development of an in situ carcinoma of the mucosa of cats. The identification of these lesions suggests that PVs might cause a proportion of OSCCs, and SCCs from other mucosal surfaces, in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naomi Dally
- Pakuranga Vet Clinic & Cattery, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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ALTAMURA G, CUCCARO B, ELENI C, STROHMAYER C, BRANDT S, BORZACCHIELLO G. Investigation of multiple <i>Felis catus</i> papillomavirus types (-1/-2/-3/-4/-5/-6) DNAs in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma: a multicentric study. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:881-884. [PMID: 35431284 PMCID: PMC9246691 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a possible association of Felis catus
papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV-2) DNA with feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC). In
this study, type-specific PCR targeting two genes (L1/E6 or E1/E6) of
FcaPV-1/-2/-3/-4/-5/-6 was performed to detect viral DNA in a large amount of FOSCC
samples collected in Italy and Austria. FcaPV-1/-2/-3/-4/-5 were detected in 7/113 (6.2%),
7/93 (7.5%), 6/113 (5.3%), 1/113 (0.9%) and 2/113 (1.8%) specimens, respectively, with
different prevalences in Italian vs. Austrian samples, whilst FcaPV-6
went undetected. Our results confirms that FcaPV-2 is the most prevalent in FOSCC,
followed by FcaPV-1/-3 and suggest that FcaPVs have variable circulation rates in European
countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro ALTAMURA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Bianca CUCCARO
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Claudia ELENI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’
| | | | - Sabine BRANDT
- University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Giuseppe BORZACCHIELLO
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II
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14
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Okumura N, Koizumi I, Iwata Y, Yoneya S, Koba R, Kondo H, Shibuya H. Cutaneous papilloma and multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1726-1729. [PMID: 34544958 PMCID: PMC8636867 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin lesions possibly caused by Papillomavirus infections in two four-toed hedgehogs are described. In case 1, there was a papillary mass on the right hind limb. Histologically, the mass
was consistent with a viral papilloma. In the other case, multifocal papillary masses with erosions and ulcers were found throughout the body, mainly on the extremities. Histology showed
continuative lesions composed of acanthosis, Bowenoid in situ carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, with abrupt transitions between the lesions. In both cases,
keratinocytes in the granular layer infrequently had features of koilocytes and intranuclear inclusion bodies, and immunohistochemical staining was positive for anti-human papillomavirus
antibody. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first pathological documentation of possibly papillomavirus-associated skin lesions in four-toed hedgehogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naka Okumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Iori Koizumi
- Koizumi Nest Animal Hospital, 3-24 Betto, Yahata Nishi, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 806-0062, Japan
| | - Yuki Iwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shion Yoneya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryota Koba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shibuya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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15
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Papillomaviruses in Domestic Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081664. [PMID: 34452528 PMCID: PMC8402708 DOI: 10.3390/v13081664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are well established to cause hyperplastic papillomas (warts) in humans and animals. In addition, due to their ability to alter cell regulation, PVs are also recognized to cause approximately 5% of human cancers and these viruses have been associated with neoplasia in a number of animal species. In contrast to other domestic species, cats have traditionally been thought to less frequently develop disease due to PV infection. However, in the last 15 years, the number of viruses and the different lesions associated with PVs in cats have greatly expanded. In this review, the PV life cycle and the subsequent immune response is briefly discussed along with methods used to investigate a PV etiology of a lesion. The seven PV types that are currently known to infect cats are reviewed. The lesions that have been associated with PV infections in cats are then discussed and the review finishes with a brief discussion on the use of vaccines to prevent PV-induced disease in domestic cats.
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16
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Chang CY, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Sugiura K, Kukimoto I, Chang HW, Haga T. Comparison of prevalence of Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 in squamous cell carcinomas in cats between Taiwan and Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1229-1233. [PMID: 34135244 PMCID: PMC8437716 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Felis catus papillomavirus (FcaPV), especially type 2 (FcaPV2) is considered as one of the causative agents in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in cats. However, our previous study detected FcaPV3 and FcaPV4, but not FcaPV2 in feline SCCs collected in Japan, suggesting that the prevalence of FcaPV2 in SCC may vary depending on geographic locations. To evaluate this hypothesis, two conventional PCR reactions targeting E1 and E7 genes were performed to detect FcaPV2 in feline SCC samples collected in Taiwan and Japan. While 46.9% (23/49) of feline SCC cases from Taiwan were PCR positive for FcaPV2, only 8.6% (3/35) cases from Japan were positive. Our result suggests that the prevalence of FcaPV2 in feline SCCs may depend on the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chia Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Iwao Kukimoto
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan
| | - Hui Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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17
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Gushino Y, Chang CY, Chang HW, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Haga T. Full-genome characterization of a novel Felis catus papillomavirus 4 subtype identified in a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of a domestic cat. Virus Genes 2021; 57:380-384. [PMID: 34037953 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes two full-genome sequences of Felis catus papillomavirus type 4 (FcaPV4) identified in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of two domestic cats. Two full-genome sequences of FcaPV4 were detected and characterized by PCR and sequencing. The L1 nucleotide sequence homology of one case showed 95.70% sequence identity to the reference FcaPV4, suggesting that this isolate should be classified as a subtype. Reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) of two oncogenes, E6 and E7 was performed to confirm mRNA expression. Expression of E6 and E7 mRNA was detected in both cases, suggesting that FcaPV4 contributes to the development of SCC. This is the first report of FcaPV4 subtype. The present study will update the genomic features of FcaPV4 and contribute to deepening our knowledge about the etiological roles of FcaPV4 in feline cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuka Gushino
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Altamura G, Degli Uberti B, Galiero G, De Luca G, Power K, Licenziato L, Maiolino P, Borzacchiello G. The Small Molecule BIBR1532 Exerts Potential Anti-cancer Activities in Preclinical Models of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Through Inhibition of Telomerase Activity and Down-Regulation of TERT. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:620776. [PMID: 33553285 PMCID: PMC7855307 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.620776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase activity (TA) is a main feature of cancer, contributing to cell immortalization by causing telomeres dysfunction. BIBR1532 is a potent telomerase inhibitor that showed potential anti-tumor activities in several types of cancer, by triggering replicative senescence and apoptosis. In a previous work, we detected, for the first time, TERT expression and TA in preclinical models of feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC); therefore, we aimed at extending our investigation by testing the effects of treatment with BIBR1532, in order to explore the role of telomerase in this tumor and foreshadow the possibility of it being considered as a future therapeutic target. In the present study, treatment of FOSCC cell lines SCCF1, SCCF2, and SCCF3 with BIBR1532 resulted in successful inhibition of TA, with subsequent cell growth stoppage and decrease in cell viability. Molecular data showed that up-regulation of cell cycle inhibitor p21, unbalancing of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and down-regulation of survival gene Survivin were mostly involved in the observed cellular events. Moreover, BIBR1532 diminished the expression of TERT and its transcriptional activator cMyc, resulting in the down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phospho-ERK/ERK ratio, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-1/-2 and−9, likely as a consequence of an impairment of TERT extra-telomeric functions. Taken together, our data suggest that BIBR1532 exerts multiple anti-cancer activities in FOSCC by inhibiting telomerase pathway and interfering with signaling routes involved in cell proliferation, cell survival, and invasion, paving the way for future translational studies aimed at evaluating its possible employment in the treatment of this severe tumor of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Galiero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Luca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Licenziato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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19
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Altamura G, Tommasino M, Borzacchiello G. Cutaneous vs. Mucosal Tropism: The Papillomavirus Paradigm Comes to an " and". Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588663. [PMID: 33162966 PMCID: PMC7591498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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20
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Quinlan S, May S, Weeks R, Yuan H, Luff JA. Abrogation of Constitutive and Induced Type I and Type III Interferons and Interferon-Stimulated Genes in Keratinocytes by Canine Papillomavirus 2 E6 and E7. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060677. [PMID: 32585804 PMCID: PMC7354437 DOI: 10.3390/v12060677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous papillomaviruses can cause severe, persistent infections and skin cancer in immunodeficient patients, including people with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). A similar phenotype is observed in a canine model of XSCID; these dogs acquire severe cutaneous papillomavirus infections that can progress to cancer in association with canine papillomavirus type 2 (CPV2). This canine model system provides a natural spontaneous animal model for investigation of papillomavirus infections in immunodeficient patients. Currently, it is unknown if CPV2 can subvert the innate immune system and interfere with its ability to express antiviral cytokines, which are critical in the host defense against viral pathogens. The aim of the current study was to determine if the oncogenes E6 and E7 from CPV2 interfere with expression of antiviral cytokines in keratinocytes, the target cells of papillomavirus infections. We determined that E6 but not E7 interferes with the constitutive expression of some antiviral cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-β and the IFN-stimulated gene IFIT1. Both E6 and E7 interfere with the transcriptional upregulation of the antiviral cytokines in response to stimulation with the dsDNA Poly(dA:dT). In contrast, while E6 also interferes with the transcriptional upregulation of antiviral cytokines in response to stimulation with the dsRNA Poly(I:C), E7 interferes with only a subset of these antiviral cytokines. Finally, we demonstrated that E7 but not E6 abrogates signaling through the type I IFN receptor. Taken together, CPV2 E6 and E7 both impact expression of antiviral cytokines in canine keratinocytes, albeit likely through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Quinlan
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (S.Q.); (S.M.); (R.W.)
| | - Susan May
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (S.Q.); (S.M.); (R.W.)
| | - Ryan Weeks
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (S.Q.); (S.M.); (R.W.)
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Jennifer A. Luff
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (S.Q.); (S.M.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Altamura G, Martano M, Licenziato L, Maiolino P, Borzacchiello G. Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) Expression, Telomerase Activity, and Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)-1/-2/-9 in Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines Associated With Felis catus Papillomavirus Type-2 Infection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:148. [PMID: 32292795 PMCID: PMC7118734 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity contributes to cell immortalization by avoiding telomere shortening at each cell division; indeed, its catalytic subunit telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is overexpressed in many tumors, including human oral squamous cell carcinoma (hOSCC). In these tumors, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a group of zinc-dependent endopeptidases involved in cell migration, contribute to invasive potential of cancer cells. A proportion of hOSCC is associated with infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPVs), whose E6 oncogene enhances TERT and MMPs expression, thus promoting cancer progression. Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is a malignant tumor with highly invasive phenotype; however, studies on telomerase activity, TERT, and MMPs expression are scarce. In this study, we demonstrate telomerase activity, expression of TERT, and its transcriptional activator cMyc along with expression of MMP-1, -2, and -9 in FOSCC-derived cell lines SCCF2 and SCCF3, suggesting a contribution by these pathways in cell immortalization and invasion in these tumors. Recent studies suggest that a sub-group of FOSCC as well as SCCF2 and SCCF3 are associated with Felis catus PV type-2 (FcaPV-2) infection. However, in this work, FcaPV-2 E6 gene knock-down caused no shift in either TERT, cMyc, or MMPs levels, suggesting that, unlike its human counterpart, the viral oncogene plays no role in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Licenziato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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22
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Altamura G, Cardeti G, Cersini A, Eleni C, Cocumelli C, Bartolomé Del Pino LE, Razzuoli E, Martano M, Maiolino P, Borzacchiello G. Detection of Felis catus papillomavirus type-2 DNA and viral gene expression suggest active infection in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:494-501. [PMID: 31989718 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) infection is associated with development of epithelial cancer in different species, including domestic cat (Felis catus). Felis catus PV type-2 (FcaPV-2) is considered the causative agent of a proportion of feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), through the transforming properties of its E6 and E7 oncogenes. However, the possible role of FcaPVs in the aetiology of feline oral SCC (FOSCC) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the presence and gene expression of FcaPV-2 in FOSCC samples. We detected FcaPV-2 DNA in 10/32 (31%) of the analysed FOSCC by the use of PCR methods. Importantly, viral mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in 7/10 (70%) of DNA positive samples. In particular, FcaPV-2 L1, E2 and E6E7 genes were found to be expressed in 5/10 (50%), 3/10 (33%) and 5/10 (50%) samples, respectively. Viral DNA was also detected in non neoplastic oral ulcerative lesions (ULs) (4/11, 36%); qPCR suggested a difference in viral load between ULs and FOSCCs, particularly in those expressing E6E7, although it was not statistically significant. These data suggest, but do not definively prove, a possible role of FcaPV-2 in the development of a proportion of FOSCC. Moreover, L1 and E2 gene expression results indicate that FcaPV-2 infection associated with these tumours may possibly be productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Eleni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Cocumelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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23
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Carrai M, Van Brussel K, Shi M, Li CX, Chang WS, Munday JS, Voss K, McLuckie A, Taylor D, Laws A, Holmes EC, Barrs VR, Beatty JA. Identification of A Novel Papillomavirus Associated with Squamous Cell Carcinoma in A Domestic Cat. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010124. [PMID: 31968684 PMCID: PMC7019393 DOI: 10.3390/v12010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses infect the skin and mucosal surfaces of diverse animal hosts with consequences ranging from asymptomatic colonization to highly malignant epithelial cancers. Increasing evidence suggests a role for papillomaviruses in the most common cutaneous malignancy of domestic cats, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Using total DNA sequencing we identified a novel feline papillomavirus in a nasal biopsy taken from a cat presenting with both nasal cavity lymphoma and recurrent squamous cell carcinoma affecting the nasal planum. We designate this novel virus as Felis catus papillomavirus 6 (FcaPV6). The complete FcaPV6 7453 bp genome was similar to those of other feline papillomaviruses and phylogenetic analysis revealed that it was most closely related to FcaPV3, although was distinct enough to represent a new viral type. Classification of FcaPV6 in a new genus alongside FcaPVs 3, 4 and 5 is supported. Archived excisional biopsy of the SCC, taken 20 months prior to presentation, was intensely positive on p16 immunostaining. FcaPV6, amplified using virus-specific, but not consensus, PCR, was the only papillomavirus detected in DNA extracted from the SCC. Conversely, renal lymphoma, sampled at necropsy two months after presentation, tested negative on FcaPV6-specific PCR. In sum, using metagenomics we demonstrate the presence of a novel feline papillomavirus in association with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Carrai
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (K.V.B.); (K.V.); (A.M.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Kate Van Brussel
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (K.V.B.); (K.V.); (A.M.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Mang Shi
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.S.); (C.-X.L.); (W.-S.C.); (E.C.H.)
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ci-Xiu Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.S.); (C.-X.L.); (W.-S.C.); (E.C.H.)
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wei-Shan Chang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.S.); (C.-X.L.); (W.-S.C.); (E.C.H.)
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John S. Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Katja Voss
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (K.V.B.); (K.V.); (A.M.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Alicia McLuckie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (K.V.B.); (K.V.); (A.M.); (V.R.B.)
| | - David Taylor
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Rd, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia;
| | - Andrew Laws
- Wentworth Falls Animals Hospital, 1/295-297 Great Western Highway, Wentworth Falls, NSW 2782, Australia;
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.S.); (C.-X.L.); (W.-S.C.); (E.C.H.)
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (K.V.B.); (K.V.); (A.M.); (V.R.B.)
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Julia A. Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (K.V.B.); (K.V.); (A.M.); (V.R.B.)
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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24
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Thomson NA, Howe L, Weidgraaf K, Thomas DG, Young V, Ward VK, Munday JS. Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 virus-like particle vaccine is safe and immunogenic but does not reduce FcaPV-2 viral loads in adult cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 213:109888. [PMID: 31307673 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV-2) commonly infects the skin of domestic cats and has been associated with the development of skin cancer. In the present study, a FcaPV-2 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine was produced and assessed for vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and impact on FcaPV-2 viral load. This is the first report of the use of a papillomavirus VLP vaccine in domestic cats. The FcaPV-2 VLP vaccine was given to ten adult cats that were naturally infected with FcaPV-2, and a further ten naturally infected cats were sham vaccinated as a control group. The rationale for vaccinating cats already infected with the virus was to induce neutralizing antibody titers that could prevent reinfection of new areas of skin and reduce the overall viral load, as has been demonstrated in other species. Reducing the overall FcaPV-2 viral load could reduce the risk for subsequent PV-associated cancer. The vaccine in this study was well-tolerated, as none of the cats developed any signs of local reaction or systemic illness. In the treatment group, the geometric mean anti-papillomavirus endpoint antibody titers increased significantly following vaccination from 606 (95% CI 192-1913) to 4223 (2023-8814), a 7.0-fold increase, although the individual antibody response varied depending on the level of pre-existing antibodies. Despite the immunogenicity of the vaccine, there was no significant change in FcaPV-2 viral load in the treatment group compared to the control group, over the 24 week follow-up period. A possible reason is that FcaPV-2 was already widespread in the basal skin layer of these adult cats and so preventing further cells from becoming infected had no impact on the overall viral load. Therefore, these results do not support the use of a FcaPV-2 VLP vaccine to reduce the risk for PV-associated cancer in cats in which FcaPV-2 infection is already well established. However, these results justify future studies in which the vaccine is administered to younger cats prior to FcaPV-2 infection becoming fully established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neroli A Thomson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand.
| | - Laryssa Howe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Karin Weidgraaf
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - David G Thomas
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Vivienne Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Vernon K Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
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25
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Tsuzuki M, Wei Z, Kok MK, Ishiyama D, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Dong J, Shimakura H, Haga T. Identification of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2 from bovine anogenital fibropapillomas. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1000-1005. [PMID: 31155549 PMCID: PMC6656810 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) is a well-known pathogen associated with epithelial and mucosal neoplastic diseases. In contrast to human PVs, characterization of animal PVs from the aspect of
anogenital neoplasm is still on a learning curve. In the present study, two vulval and one anal warts, histologically diagnosed as fibropapillomas, excised from dairy cattle were analyzed.
PCR and sequencing revealed that bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and BPV-2 were detected from anal and vulval fibropapillomas, respectively. Immunohistochemistry detected PV antigen in
a few differentiated keratinocytes of one vulval case. Reverse-transcriptase PCR detected the early region, but not the late region of BPV mRNA in all three cases. The present study will
provide new insight into the relationship between BPV and anogenital papilloma in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masano Tsuzuki
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Zhu Wei
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, 88, Shenglidong Street, Weifang 261061, China.,The Co-constructing State Key Laboratory of Three Rivers Sources Ecology and Plateau Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, 25 Ningda Road, Xining 810016, China
| | - Mun Keong Kok
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Dai Ishiyama
- Yachiyo Branch Office, Western Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federated Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 2-5-12 Midorigaoka, Yachiyo-shi, Chiba 276-0049, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jianbao Dong
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, 88, Shenglidong Street, Weifang 261061, China.,The Co-constructing State Key Laboratory of Three Rivers Sources Ecology and Plateau Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, 25 Ningda Road, Xining 810016, China
| | - Hidekatsu Shimakura
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Munday JS, Sharp CR, Beatty JA. Novel viruses: Update on the significance of papillomavirus infections in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:409-418. [PMID: 30477386 PMCID: PMC10814418 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18808105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Prior to 1990 papillomaviruses (PVs) were not recognised to infect or cause disease in domestic cats. Since this time, the use of histology, immunohistochemistry and, more recently, molecular techniques has revealed that PVs almost certainly cause feline viral plaques and Bowenoid in situ carcinomas, oral papillomas and feline sarcoids. In addition, there is increasing evidence that PVs play a significant role in the development of feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, one of the most common skin cancers of cats. Recent studies have also revealed that most cats are asymptomatically infected with PVs. This raises a critical question that is currently unanswered: why do only a small proportion of infected cats develop disease? In the future it may be possible to prevent PV-induced diseases by using a vaccine to prevent PV infection. Alternatively, novel therapies may be developed that prevent PVs from causing clinical disease by stimulating the host immune response. CLINICAL CHALLENGES A recognition of the skin diseases caused by PVs is important to more accurately predict disease progression. Unfortunately, there are currently no non-surgical treatments that have been proven to be beneficial in cats and clinical management of PV-induced skin disease in cats can be challenging. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE PVs have a worldwide distribution and negatively impact feline health and welfare globally. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at clinicians, especially those who regularly treat cats with skin disease. The review will also be useful to oncologists and researchers who have an interest in how cancer develops in cats. EVIDENCE BASE In producing this update the authors have drawn on recently published peer-reviewed literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410 New Zealand
| | - Claire R Sharp
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia
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Tore G, Dore GM, Cacciotto C, Accardi R, Anfossi AG, Bogliolo L, Pittau M, Pirino S, Cubeddu T, Tommasino M, Alberti A. Transforming properties of ovine papillomaviruses E6 and E7 oncogenes. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:14-22. [PMID: 30827380 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies suggest that cutaneous papillomaviruses (PVs) might be involved in skin carcinogenesis. However, only a few animal PVs have been investigated regard to their transformation properties. Here, we investigate and compare the oncogenic potential of 2 ovine Delta and Dyokappa PVs, isolated from ovine skin lesions, in vitro and ex vivo. We demonstrate that both OaPV4 (Delta) and OaPV3 (Dyokappa) E6 and E7 immortalize primary sheep keratinocytes and efficiently deregulate pRb pathway, although they seem unable to alter p53 activity. Moreover, OaPV3 and OaPV4-E6E7 expressing cells show different shape, doubling time, and clonogenic activities, providing evidence for a stronger transforming potential of OaPV3 respect to OaPV4. Also, similarly to high-risk mucosal and cutaneous PVs, the OaPV3-E7 protein, constantly expressed in sheep squamous cell carcinomas, binds pRb with higher affinity compared to the E7 encoded by OaPV4, a virus associated to fibropapilloma. Finally, we found that OaPV3 and OaPV4-E6E7 determine upregulation of the pro-proliferative proteins cyclin A and cdk1 in both human and ovine primary keratinocytes. Collectively, results provide evidence for implication of ovine PVs in cutaneous proliferative lesions and skin cancer progression, and indicate sheep as a possible animal model for the study of cutaneous lesions and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica Tore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Gian Mario Dore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosita Accardi
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Antonio G Anfossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Luisa Bogliolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Pittau
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy; Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pirino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy; Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Italy.
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28
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Altamura G, Power K, Martano M, Degli Uberti B, Galiero G, De Luca G, Maiolino P, Borzacchiello G. Felis catus papillomavirus type-2 E6 binds to E6AP, promotes E6AP/p53 binding and enhances p53 proteasomal degradation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17529. [PMID: 30510267 PMCID: PMC6277439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
E6 from high risk human papillomaviruses (HR HPVs) promotes ubiquitination and degradation of p53 tumour suppressor by mediating its binding to ubiquitin ligase E6AP in a ternary complex, contributing to cell transformation in cervical cancer. We have previously shown that Felis catus papillomavirus type −2 (FcaPV-2) E6 is expressed in feline squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and displays the ability to bind p53 and decrease its protein levels in transfected CRFK cells. However, the mechanism of p53 downregulation has not yet been characterized. Here we show that FcaPV-2 E6 bound to E6AP, which in turn was bound by p53 exclusively in cells expressing the viral oncoprotein (CRFKE6). Furthermore, p53 was highly poly-ubiquitinated and underwent accumulation upon E6AP gene knockdown in CRFKE6. Half-life experiments and proteasome inhibition treatments indicated that down-regulation of p53 protein in CRFKE6 was due to accelerated proteasomal degradation. E6AP/p53 binding was also demonstrated in two feline SCC cell lines expressing FcaPV-2 E6, where p53 protein levels and poly-ubiquitination degree were proportional to E6 mRNA levels. The data obtained in both artificial and spontaneous in vitro models suggest that FcaPV-2 E6 degrades p53 through a molecular mechanism similar to HR HPVs, possibly contributing to the development of feline SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal productions - University of Naples Federico II - Via Veterinaria 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal productions - University of Naples Federico II - Via Veterinaria 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal productions - University of Naples Federico II - Via Veterinaria 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Barbara Degli Uberti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, Naples, 80055, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, Naples, 80055, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Luca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, Naples, 80055, Italy
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal productions - University of Naples Federico II - Via Veterinaria 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal productions - University of Naples Federico II - Via Veterinaria 1, Naples, 80137, Italy.
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29
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Altamura G, Borzacchiello G. HPV related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: New evidences for an emerging spontaneous animal model. Oral Oncol 2018; 88:84. [PMID: 30616801 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
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30
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Malignant transformation of canine oral papillomavirus (CPV1)-associated papillomas in dogs: An emerging concern? PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2018; 6:83-89. [PMID: 30414951 PMCID: PMC6260289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Canine oral papillomavirus (CPV1, also known as COPV), the most common cause of non-neoplastic papillomas, has not been shown to cause squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Furthermore, malignant transformation of benign papillomas to SCC has only been reported in a single group of dogs with severe combined immunodeficiency infected with CPV2. Here, we report a series of 7 dogs with benign CPV1-associated papillomas with histologic evidence of CPV1 causing malignant transformation to carcinoma in situ and ultimately SCC. Expression of p53 and p16 proteins in CPV1-infected cells within the benign papillomas and lesions that progressed into SCC also supported an association between papillomavirus and malignant transformation. Moreover, our retrospective analysis indicated that while there have been increased numbers of viral papillomas with malignant transformation, the number of annually diagnosed canine viral papillomas has remained constant over the past decade in our laboratory. We speculate that either an altered host immunity from increased usage of immunosuppressive drugs or changing environmental factors, e.g. increase exposure to UV radiation, may cause an increased oncogenic potential of this “low-risk” virus. This study aims to raise awareness of the malignant potential of CPV1 and to encourage further investigations into the cause of this suspected change in its oncogenic potential.
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31
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Oh YI, Cheon DS, Lee JK, Choi MH, Hwang SY, Kim HW, Kang BJ, Youn HY. Detection of Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 within multicentric basosquamous carcinoma in a domestic cat. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1445-1449. [PMID: 29998924 PMCID: PMC6160893 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was presented with a 3-year history of multiple nonpruritic, ulcerated, plaque-like skin lesions but no other clinical signs. A systemic examination revealed mild lymphadenopathy. Histopathologic analysis of the skin lesions revealed multicentric basosquamous carcinoma (BSC). Immunohistochemical analysis, PCR, and sequencing detected Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV-2) within the tumors. As BSC is rare in cats, clinical behavior has not been established. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to demonstrate detection of FcaPV-2 within a BSC in a domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-In Oh
- Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital, Seongnam-si 13590, Republic of Korea.,Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jung-Keun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, U.S.A.,IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook ME 04092, U.S.A
| | - Mi-Hyun Choi
- Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital, Seongnam-si 13590, Republic of Korea.,Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Hwang
- Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital, Seongnam-si 13590, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kim
- Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital, Seongnam-si 13590, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Jae Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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32
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Mazzei M, Forzan M, Carlucci V, Anfossi AG, Alberti A, Albanese F, Binanti D, Millanta F, Baroncini L, Pirone A, Abramo F. A study of multiple Felis catus papillomavirus types (1, 2, 3, 4) in cat skin lesions in Italy by quantitative PCR. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:772-779. [PMID: 28948904 PMCID: PMC11104150 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17732255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate, by quantitative PCR (qPCR), the presence of papillomavirus in feline viral plaques (VPs), Bowenoid in situ carcinoma (BISC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and actinic keratosis (AK). Methods Twenty-nine cases with previously established diagnoses of feline VPs, BISC, invasive SCC and AK were selected from a dermatopathological database. A critical re-evaluation of diagnosis was performed by defining clear criteria toward carcinomatous vs non-carcinomatous, in situ vs invasive (if carcinomatous) and viral vs actinic. Cases were evaluated for p16 immunolocalisation. The presence of the target viral genes for Felis catus papillomavirus (FcaPV)-1, FcaPV-2, FcaPV-3 and FcaPV-4 was determined by qPCR. The data generated ΔΔCq values, which represent a normalised measure of DNA viral quantity. Samples with a positive ΔΔCq value were submitted to sequence analysis. Results Four VPs, 19 BISCs, four SCCs and one case of AK were included. By ΔΔCq analysis we found that all VPs were positive for FcaPV-1 or FcaPV-2; eight BISCs were positive for FcaPV-1, FcaPV-2 and FcaPV-4. FcaPV-2 was the most prevalent among the group of VPs and BISCs. Conclusions and relevance Using the ΔΔCq method we report the first evidence of FcaPV-1, FcaPV-2 and FcaPV-4 in Italy. FcaPV-2 was the most frequently detected; to a lesser extent, FcaPV-1 and FcaPV-4 were detected in the examined samples. FcaPV-3 was never associated with viral-induced lesions by ΔΔCq investigation. Compared with conventional PCR the ΔΔCq method has the advantage of establishing a possible role of the virus in the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mazzei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Forzan
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vito Carlucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio G Anfossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Diana Binanti
- Private Veterinary Laboratory ‘AbLab’, Sarzana, Italy
| | | | - Lisa Baroncini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Pirone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Abramo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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33
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Sparger EE, Murphy BG, Kamal FM, Arzi B, Naydan D, Skouritakis CT, Cox DP, Skorupski K. Investigation of immune cell markers in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:52-62. [PMID: 30078599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common oral cancer in the cat and presents as a locally aggressive lesion for which an effective therapeutic protocol remains elusive. Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) shares many clinical characteristics with human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Accordingly, present studies were conducted to determine similarities for immune markers shared by feline OSCC and human HNSCC. Biopsies harvested from a feline patient cohort-1 (n = 12) were analyzed for lymphoid cell infiltrates by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results revealed unique patterns of T cell infiltration involving both neoplastic epithelium and stroma that were detected in most patient tumor biopsies (92%) examined by IHC staining for CD3. Intratumoral B cell infiltrates were detected within tumor stroma only, based on IHC staining for CD79a and CD20 for all patients within the same cohort-1. Infiltration of tumors by a regulatory CD4 T cell subset (Tregs) defined by expression of the forkhead transcription factor FoxP3, was also detected in biopsies from 57% of patients and involved infiltration of neoplastic epithelium and stroma. Patient biopsies were also examined for expression of immunomodulator cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and revealed positive but weak staining of neoplastic epithelium in a significant proportion of cases (75%). Interestingly, COX-2 expression was detected in both neoplastic epithelium and stroma. Blood collected from a second cohort of feline OSCC patients (n = 9) revealed an increased frequency of circulating CD4+FoxP3+ T cells when compared to healthy adult controls (n = 7) (P = 0.045), although frequencies of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells were comparable between patients and healthy pet cat controls. Lastly, biopsies from feline OSCC patients were characterized for histologic subtype using a classification scheme previously described for human HNSCC. This analysis revealed the conventional subtype as the predominant variant (75%) with conventional subtypes split evenly between well differentiated and moderately differentiated carcinomas. Two cases were classified as papillary and one case as basaloid subtypes. Correlations between subtype, immune marker scores or circulating Treg frequencies and clinical characteristics or outcome were not detected, most likely due to small patient numbers within patient cohorts. However, findings from these studies provide a preliminary step in the characterization of immune and histologic markers that will be critical to defining prognostic immune markers for feline OSCC and potential targets for testing of immunotherapeutics also relevant to human HNSCC in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Brian G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Farina Mustaffa Kamal
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Diane Naydan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chrisoula T Skouritakis
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Darren P Cox
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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34
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Cyprian FS, Al-Farsi HF, Vranic S, Akhtar S, Al Moustafa AE. Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Papillomaviruses Interactions and Their Roles in the Initiation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2018; 8:111. [PMID: 29765906 PMCID: PMC5938391 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncoviruses are implicated in around 20% of all human cancers including both solid and non-solid malignancies. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most common oncoviruses worldwide. Currently, it is well established that onco-proteins of EBV (LMP1, LMP2A, and EBNA1) and high-risk HPVs (E5 and E6/E7) play an important role in the initiation and/or progression of several human carcinomas, including cervical, oral, and breast. More significantly, it has been recently pointed out that viral onco-proteins of EBV and high-risk HPVs can be co-present and consequently cooperate to initiate and/or amplify epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is the hallmark of cancer progression and metastasis. This could occur by β-catenin, JAK/STAT/SRC, PI3k/Akt/mTOR, and/or RAS/MEK/ERK signaling pathways, which onco-proteins of EBV and HPVs share. This review presents the most recent advances related to EBV and high-risk HPVs onco-proteins interactions and their roles in the progression of human carcinomas especially oral and breast via the initiation of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Thomson NA, Thomas DG, Weidgraaf K, Munday JS. Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 DNA loads on kittens are transient and do not reflect their susceptibility to infection. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:332-338. [PMID: 28548550 PMCID: PMC11129222 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17710382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV-2) commonly infects the skin of domestic cats, and mounting evidence suggests that the virus could be involved in a subset of feline skin cancers. The reason why some cats develop FcaPV-2-induced disease and others do not is currently unknown. However, it has been shown that kittens in different litters have markedly different FcaPV-2 DNA loads and the aim of this study was to determine whether these differences could be due to inherent differences in susceptibility to infection. Such differences could potentially explain why only a small proportion of cats develop FcaPV-2-associated skin disease. Methods Repeated skin swabs were taken to measure FcaPV-2 DNA loads in queens and kittens in a research colony. The kittens either stayed in their original litters or were moved between litters; eventually, all of the kittens were housed together. A subset of samples was also analysed for FcaPV-2 mRNA. Results While there were initially large differences in FcaPV-2 DNA loads between litters of kittens, these differences disappeared when the kittens were moved between litters or housed together. Importantly, the viral DNA loads changed too rapidly to be due to the acquisition or clearance of infection. In contrast, the differences in viral DNA loads between the different queens were sustained throughout the experiment. FcaPV-2 mRNA was also detected in samples from 1- to 8-day-old kittens. Conclusions and relevance The results suggest that the FcaPV-2 DNA load in a swab sample from an individual kitten largely reflects the overall level of FcaPV-2 shedding in the group of in-contact cats, rather than the infection status of the individual kitten. Therefore, there was no evidence for inherent differences in susceptibility to infection. However, the finding of FcaPV-2 mRNA suggests that at least some kittens do become infected with FcaPV-2 early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neroli A Thomson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David G Thomas
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Karin Weidgraaf
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John S Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Hoggard N, Munday JS, Luff J. Localization of Felis catus Papillomavirus Type 2 E6 and E7 RNA in Feline Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:409-416. [PMID: 29343198 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817750456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Findings from polymerase chain reaction-based methods have suggested a role of Felis catus papillomavirus 2 (FcaPV-2) in the development of feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, because polymerase chain reaction cannot localize deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid within the lesion, it is difficult to differentiate a coincidental FcaPV-2 infection and a causative association. Given that a key event in the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus-induced cancer is the expression of viral E6 and E7 oncogenes, localization of FcaPV-2 E6 and E7 transcription within neoplastic cells in feline SCCs would support a causative role for this papillomavirus. Therefore, RNAscope in situ hybridization was used to localize FcaPV-2 E6 and E7 transcripts in 18 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of cutaneous SCC. Positive signals were present within 5 of 9 samples (56%) from ultraviolet-protected sites and 0 of 9 samples from ultraviolet-exposed sites. In the 4 in situ hybridization-positive samples that contained adjacent hyperplastic skin, hybridization patterns in these regions were characterized by intense nuclear signals within the superficial epidermis and punctate signals within the basal epithelial layers. However, within the 5 SCCs, punctate signals were present within all layers of the epidermis, with progressive loss of intense nuclear signals within the superficial epidermis. This hybridization pattern is consistent with unregulated E6 and E7 transcription and decreased viral replication and is similar to the pattern observed in human papillomavirus-induced cancers as they progress from hyperplastic lesions containing productive infections to nonproductive neoplasms. These findings support a causative role for FcaPV-2 in the pathogenesis of feline SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hoggard
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John S Munday
- 2 Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Luff
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Altamura G, Eleni C, Meoli R, Cardeti G, Friedrich KG, Borzacchiello G. Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a European Lynx (Lynx Lynx): Papillomavirus Infection and Histologic Analysis. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5010001. [PMID: 29301274 PMCID: PMC5876569 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common finding in domestic and wild felids. Only two cases of oral SCC have been reported in Lynx species (Lynx rufus and Lynx canadensis), at mandibular and gingival sites. In this study, we describe the first report of tongue SCC in a 15 years old female European lynx (Lynx lynx), along with viral investigations. Necropsy and histological analysis were performed and the presence of papillomavirus (PV) infection was investigated by ultrastructural and molecular methods. The lardaceous mass at tongue level was histologically diagnosed as moderately differentiated SCC. Typical microscopical features of SCC were also found in the retropharyngeal lymph node and at the pulmonary level. Neither viral DNA by PCR, nor viral particles by transmission electron microscopy were found. Despite that PV infection is associated with Felidae, this work reports the first description of tongue SCC in Lynx species, but no evidence of PV infection, suggesting that PV may not be involved in development of SCC in bobcat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Veterinaria 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Claudia Eleni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Meoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giusy Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Veterinaria 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
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Munday JS, Thomson NA, Henderson G, Fairley R, Orbell GM. Identification of Felis catus papillomavirus 3 in skin neoplasms from four cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:324-328. [PMID: 29284382 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717750852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bowenoid in situ carcinomas (BISCs) are papillomavirus (PV)-induced skin neoplasms that are thought to be caused by Felis catus papillomavirus (FcaPV) 2. As BISCs are typically multiple and can become extensive, they can be difficult to treat. Herein we describe 4 cats that developed skin neoplasms that contained FcaPV-3 DNA. One cat developed multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), 1 a BISC with unusual extension into hair follicles, and 2 developed a single typical-appearing BISC. All neoplasms contained prominent PV-induced cell changes and intense p16CDKN2a protein immunostaining. Results from these 4 cats provide evidence that FcaPV-3 could cause a proportion of feline skin cancers, albeit less frequently than FcaPV-2. Excision of the typical BISCs and the BCCs appeared curative. Although the cat with the unusual BISC was euthanized because of the large size of the lesion, evidence from these 4 cats suggests that skin neoplasms that contain FcaPV-3 DNA may have a less aggressive clinical behavior than those associated with FcaPV-2. A consistent feature of the neoplasms in all 4 cats was the presence of prominent basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies; these inclusions have not been reported in lesions caused by FcaPV-2, to our knowledge, and their detection may allow differentiation between the different PV types and could therefore be a useful prognostic feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Munday, Thomson).,The Gardens Veterinary Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand (Henderson).,Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Christchurch, New Zealand (Fairley).,New Zealand Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Orbell)
| | - Neroli A Thomson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Munday, Thomson).,The Gardens Veterinary Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand (Henderson).,Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Christchurch, New Zealand (Fairley).,New Zealand Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Orbell)
| | - Gidget Henderson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Munday, Thomson).,The Gardens Veterinary Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand (Henderson).,Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Christchurch, New Zealand (Fairley).,New Zealand Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Orbell)
| | - Rob Fairley
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Munday, Thomson).,The Gardens Veterinary Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand (Henderson).,Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Christchurch, New Zealand (Fairley).,New Zealand Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Orbell)
| | - Geoff M Orbell
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Munday, Thomson).,The Gardens Veterinary Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand (Henderson).,Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Christchurch, New Zealand (Fairley).,New Zealand Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Orbell)
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Altamura G, Jebara G, Cardeti G, Borzacchiello G. Felis catus papillomavirus type-2 but not type-1 is detectable and transcriptionally active in the blood of healthy cats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:497-503. [PMID: 29086505 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small DNA viruses that induce benign and/or malignant epithelial tumours in different species, including the domestic cat (Felis catus). To date, five F. catus papillomavirus genotypes have been identified (FcaPV-1 to FcaPV-5). FcaPV-1 is associated with skin and oral benign lesions, while FcaPV-2 infection is widely associated with feline squamous cell carcinomas. Several human and animal PVs have been found in body fluids such as peripheral blood; however, the presence of FcaPVs in non-epithelial tissues has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the presence and gene expression of FcaPV-1 and FcaPV-2 in the blood of healthy cats. We detected FcaPV-2 DNA in 26 of 103 (25%) blood samples. Importantly, FcaPV-2 L1, E2, E6 and E7 genes were found to be expressed in 3 (25%), 11 (92%), 6 (50%) and 5 (42%) of the samples available for mRNA analysis, respectively. FcaPV-1 was not detected in any of the blood samples analysed here. The data obtained in this work suggest active and eventually productive infection of FcaPV-2 in the blood of healthy cats, implying a possible role in intra-individual spreading as well as in vertical and horizontal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Altamura
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - G Jebara
- Unit of Immunology, Environmental Microbiology and Carcinogenesis (IMEC), Science Faculty of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - G Cardeti
- Electron Microscopy and Special Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M.Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - G Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Genomic characterisation of Felis catus papillomavirus type 5 with proposed classification within a new papillomavirus genus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Eleni C, Corteggio A, Altamura G, Meoli R, Cocumelli C, Rossi G, Friedrich KG, Di Cerbo P, Borzacchiello G. Detection of Papillomavirus DNA in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Multiple Papillomas in Captive Reptiles. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:23-26. [PMID: 28735666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that cause mucocutaneous tumours including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in man. In animals, evidence supports a causal role for PVs in the development of cutaneous and oral SCC in some species. In reptiles, three cases of papilloma or fibropapilloma have been associated with PV infection, but no association has been reported to date with SCC. Two cases of cutaneous epithelial tumours, multiple papillomas in a spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx acanthinura) and SCC in a Dumeril's boa (Acrantophis dumerili), were investigated by polymerase chain reaction. PV DNA was amplified from samples of both lesions. Typical microscopical features suggestive of PV infection (e.g. the presence of koilocytes) were observed in the lesions from the spiny-tailed lizard. This is the first report of an association between PV and SCC in reptiles. Further studies are needed to better clarify the role of PVs in these species and to characterize the PV strains involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eleni
- Laboratory of Anatomo-histopathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Corteggio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Veterinaria 1, Naples, Italy
| | - G Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Veterinaria 1, Naples, Italy
| | - R Meoli
- Laboratory of Anatomo-histopathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, Rome, Italy
| | - C Cocumelli
- Laboratory of Anatomo-histopathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Via Appia Nuova 1411, Rome, Italy
| | - G Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, Matelica, Italy
| | - K G Friedrich
- Fondazione Bioparco di Roma, Viale del Giardino Zoologico 20, Rome, Italy
| | - P Di Cerbo
- Fondazione Bioparco di Roma, Viale del Giardino Zoologico 20, Rome, Italy
| | - G Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Veterinaria 1, Naples, Italy
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Munday JS, Thomson NA, Luff JA. Papillomaviruses in dogs and cats. Vet J 2017; 225:23-31. [PMID: 28720294 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) cause disease in both dogs and cats. In dogs, PVs are thought to cause oral papillomatosis, cutaneous papillomas and canine viral pigmented plaques, whereas PVs have been rarely associated with the development of oral and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in this species. In cats, PVs are currently thought to cause oral papillomas, feline viral plaques, Bowenoid in situ carcinomas and feline sarcoids. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that PVs may also be a cause of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell carcinomas in cats. These diseases are discussed in this review. Additionally, there is a brief overview of PV biology, including how these viruses cause disease. Diagnostic techniques and possible methods to prevent PV infection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Neroli A Thomson
- Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer A Luff
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Munday JS, Marshall S, Thomson NA, Kiupel M, Heathcott RW, French A. Multiple viral plaques with sebaceous differentiation associated with an unclassified papillomavirus type in a cat. N Z Vet J 2017; 65:219-223. [PMID: 28358996 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1313146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS A 15-year-old neutered male domestic short-haired cat was presented due to multiple 0.5-2 cm-diameter crusting plaques in the left preauricular region, over the bridge of nose, and in the right periocular region. The plaques did not appear to cause discomfort. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS Biopsy samples of four plaques were examined histologically. Three plaques consisted of well-demarcated foci of mild epidermal hyperplasia overlying markedly hyperplastic sebaceous glands. Approximately 60% of the hyperplastic cells contained a large cytoplasmic vacuole that ranged from being clear to containing prominent grey-blue fibrillar material. The fourth plaque was composed solely of epidermal hyperplasia, consistent with previous descriptions of feline viral plaques. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Papillomavirus DNA was amplified from all four plaques using PCR. A single DNA sequence was amplified from the plaques with sebaceous differentiation. This sequence was identical to the FdPV-MY sequence previously suggested to be from a putative unclassified papillomavirus type. Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 sequences were amplified from the plaque typical of feline viral plaques. Immunohistochemistry to detect p16CDKN2A protein (p16) showed marked immunostaining throughout the hyperplastic epidermis and adnexal structures within the plaques with sebaceous differentiation. DIAGNOSIS Multiple feline viral plaques with variable sebaceous differentiation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Feline viral plaques with sebaceous differentiation have not been previously reported in cats. The presence of unique cell changes within these lesions, the detection of an unclassified papillomavirus type, and the p16 immunostaining within these plaques suggest that they may have been caused by the papillomavirus that contains the FdPV-MY sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Munday
- a Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - S Marshall
- b Veterinary Associates , Hastings , New Zealand
| | - N A Thomson
- a Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - M Kiupel
- c Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation/Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - R W Heathcott
- a Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - A French
- d New Zealand Veterinary Pathology Ltd , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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Munday JS, Gwyther S, Thomson NA, Malik R. Bilateral pre-auricular papillary squamous cell carcinomas associated with papillomavirus infection in a domestic cat. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:232-e58. [PMID: 27981678 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous papillary squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are extremely rare in humans and have not been reported in any nonhuman species. In humans, oral papillary SCCs are often caused by papillomavirus infection and have a more favourable prognosis than other SCC subtypes. CASE A 10-year-old ginger and white domestic short hair cat had a 12 month history of symmetrical, roughly circular, exophytic 2 cm diameter masses in both pre-auricular regions. Surgical excision was performed, although with only narrow margins. METHODS AND RESULTS Histology of both masses revealed a proliferation of neoplastic keratinocytes arranged in numerous filiform projections that were supported by fibrovascular stalks. Although the cells were confined to the epidermis predominantly, nests of neoplastic cells were visible within the superficial dermis. The neoplastic cells demonstrated significant atypia with a variable nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio and a high mitotic index. A papillary subtype SCC was diagnosed. Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV-2) was the only papillomavirus detected in the masses and FcaPV-2 E6/E7 gene expression and p16CDKN2A protein immunostaining were detected. Six months after surgery neither recurrence nor further masses had developed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first cutaneous papillary SCC reported in a nonhuman species. Papillary SCCs may be a rare manifestation of FcaPV-2 infection in cats. The unusual location of the SCCs suggests that both papillomavirus infection and ultraviolet light exposure could have contributed to neoplasia development. Evidence from this single case suggests that papillary SCCs may have a more favourable prognosis than conventional SCCs in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Stacy Gwyther
- Bungendore Vet Surgery, 112b Molonglo Street, Bungendore, New South Wales, 2621, Australia
| | - Neroli A Thomson
- Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, Conference Centre B22, Regimental Drive, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 E6 oncogene enhances mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt activation but not EGFR expression in an in vitro feline model of viral pathogenesis. Vet Microbiol 2016; 195:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gil da Costa RM, Peleteiro MC, Pires MA, DiMaio D. An Update on Canine, Feline and Bovine Papillomaviruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1371-1379. [PMID: 27615361 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, a growing number of papillomaviruses have been identified, which cause a wide range of lesions in domestic and wild animals. Papillomavirus-induced lesions may have a great impact on animal health, and some diseases observed in farm animals are associated with significant economic losses. This concise review brings together recent advancements on animal papillomavirus research, providing the scientific community and veterinary practitioners with an update on this rapidly evolving field. Among others, bovine, canine and feline papillomaviruses (BPV, CPV and FcaPV) are most extensively discussed, in view of the recent discovery of new viral types and their worldwide importance for animal health. Feline papillomaviruses 2 is an emerging, highly prevalent pathogen in domestic cats, associated with a subset of malignant skin lesions. Aspects related to cross-species infection by BPV and its environmental co-factors are also addressed. Animal papillomaviruses are also fascinating models for studying molecular and cell biology and have recently inspired some major breakthroughs. Overall, it is clear that additional, international and systematic efforts are needed to clarify which lesions are caused by which viral types and to develop experimental models for studying animal papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gil da Costa
- LEPABE, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, CI-IPOP, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - M C Peleteiro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CIISA, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M A Pires
- Veterinary Sciences Department, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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