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Qin Y, Ren J, Yu H, He X, Cheng S, Chen W, Yang Z, Sun F, Wang C, Yuan S, Chen P, Wu D, Ren F, Huang A, Chen J. HOXA-AS2 Epigenetically Inhibits HBV Transcription by Recruiting the MTA1-HDAC1/2 Deacetylase Complex to cccDNA Minichromosome. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306810. [PMID: 38647380 PMCID: PMC11200093 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Persistent transcription of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is critical for chronic HBV infection. Silencing cccDNA transcription through epigenetic mechanisms offers an effective strategy to control HBV. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as important epigenetic regulators, have an unclear role in cccDNA transcription regulation. In this study, lncRNA sequencing (lncRNA seq) is conducted on five pairs of HBV-positive and HBV-negative liver tissue. Through analysis, HOXA-AS2 (HOXA cluster antisense RNA 2) is identified as a significantly upregulated lncRNA in HBV-infected livers. Further experiments demonstrate that HBV DNA polymerase (DNA pol) induces HOXA-AS2 after establishing persistent high-level HBV replication. Functional studies reveal that HOXA-AS2 physically binds to cccDNA and significantly inhibits its transcription. Mechanistically, HOXA-AS2 recruits the MTA1-HDAC1/2 deacetylase complex to cccDNA minichromosome by physically interacting with metastasis associated 1 (MTA1) subunit, resulting in reduced acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9ac) and lysine 27 (H3K27ac) associated with cccDNA and subsequently suppressing cccDNA transcription. Altogether, the study reveals a mechanism to self-limit HBV replication, wherein the upregulation of lncRNA HOXA-AS2, induced by HBV DNA pol, can epigenetically suppress cccDNA transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiPing Qin
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized TreatmentChongqing University Cancer HospitalChongqing400030China
| | - JiHua Ren
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - HaiBo Yu
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Xin He
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - ShengTao Cheng
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - WeiXian Chen
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - FengMing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education)College of Laboratory MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
| | - ChunDuo Wang
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - SiYu Yuan
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Peng Chen
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - DaiQing Wu
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Fang Ren
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - AiLong Huang
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
| | - Juan Chen
- Institute for Viral HepatitisKey Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education)Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010China
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and EngineeringCollege of Biomedical EngineeringChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400016China
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Li J, Lin Y, Wang X, Lu M. Interconnection of cellular autophagy and endosomal vesicle trafficking and its role in hepatitis B virus replication and release. Virol Sin 2024; 39:24-30. [PMID: 38211880 PMCID: PMC10877419 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) produces and releases various particle types, including complete virions, subviral particles with envelope proteins, and naked capsids. Recent studies demonstrate that HBV exploits distinct intracellular membrane trafficking pathways, including the endosomal vesicle trafficking and autophagy pathway, to assemble and release viral and subviral particles. Herein, we summarize the findings about the distinct roles of autophagy and endosomal membrane trafficking and the interaction of both pathways in HBV replication, assembly, and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Yong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany.
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Adugna A. Histomolecular characterisation of hepatitis B virus induced liver cancer. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2485. [PMID: 37902197 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated liver cancer is the third most prevalent cancer-related cause of death worldwide. Different studies have been done on the histomolecular analysis of HBV induced-liver cancer including epigenetics which are dynamic molecular mechanisms to control gene expression without altering the host deoxyribonucleic acid, genomics characterise the integration of the viral genome with host genome, proteomics characterise how gene modifies and results overexpression of proteins, glycoproteomics discover different glyco-biomarker candidates and show glycosylation in malignant hepatocytes, metabolomics characterise how HBV impairs a variety of metabolic functions during hepatocyte immortalisation, exosomes characterise immortalised liver cells in terms of their differentiation and proliferation, and autophagy plays a role in the development of hepatocarcinogenesis linked to HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Adugna
- Medical Microbiology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Duchemin NJ, Loonawat R, Yeakle K, Rosenkranz A, Bouchard MJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor affects hepatitis B virus transcripts and genome levels as well as the expression and subcellular location of the hepatitis B virus core protein. Virology 2023; 586:76-90. [PMID: 37490813 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Globally, a chronic-hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) is often elevated in HCC, including HBV-associated HCC. Previous studies have suggested that the expression of the HIF1 subunit, HIF1α, is elevated in HBV-infected hepatocytes; however, whether HIF1 activity affects the HBV lifecycle has not been fully explored. We used a liver-derived cell line and ex vivo cultured primary hepatocytes as models to determine how HIF1 affects the HBV lifecycle. We observed that HIF1 elevates HBV RNA transcript levels, core protein levels, core protein localization to the cytoplasm, and HBV genome replication. Attenuating the transcription activity of HIF1 blocked HIF1-mediated effects on the HBV lifecycle. Our studies show that HIF1 regulates various stages of the HBV lifecycle in hepatocytes and could be a therapeutic target for blocking HBV replication and the development of HBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Duchemin
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetic Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Ronak Loonawat
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Kyle Yeakle
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetic Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Andrea Rosenkranz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetic Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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Li X, Wang HY, Gao F, Guo FF, Wang XN, Pan YX, Bai GQ. Tenofovir alters the immune microenvironment of pregnant women with hepatitis B virus infection: Evidence from single-cell RNA sequencing. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110245. [PMID: 37163920 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother-to-child is the main route of the transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Tenofovir fumarate (TDF) antiviral treatment has become the most extensive choice worldwide. However, the effects of TDF treatment on the immune function of pregnant women remains unclear. Here we investigate the effect of TDF treatment on the immune microenvironment of pregnant women with HBV infection using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). METHODS Three HBV-infected pregnant women were treated with TDF and six samples were collected before and after the treatment. In total, 68,200 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were extracted for 10 × scRNA-seq. The cells were clustered using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and unbiased computational informatics analysis. RESULTS The analysis identified four-cell subtypes, including T cells, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and B cells, and unraveled the developmental trajectory and maturation of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell subtypes. The cellular state and molecular features of the effector/memory T cells revealed a significant increase in the inflammatory state of CD4+ T cells and the cytotoxic characteristics of CD8+ T cells. Additionally, after TDF treatment, the monocytes showed a tendency for M1 polarization, and the cytotoxicity of NK cells was enhanced. Furthermore, the analysis of intercellular communication revealed the interaction of various subtypes of cells and the heterogeneous expression of key signal pathways. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study reveal significant differences in cellular subtypes and molecular characteristics of PBMCs of pregnant women with HBV infection before and after TDF treatment and demonstrate the recovery of immune response after treatment. These findings could help develop immune intervention measures to control HBV during pregnancy and the puerperium period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Gene Joint Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Clinical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan-Fan Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Na Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi-Xia Pan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gui-Qin Bai
- Gene Joint Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Li X, Zhu Q, Ye B, Zhu C, Dong Y, Ni Q. JNK/c-Jun pathway activation is essential for HBx-induced IL-35 elevation to promote persistent HBV infection. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24860. [PMID: 36916737 PMCID: PMC10098067 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoregulation plays pivotal roles during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Studies have shown that Interleukin (IL)-35 is an important molecule associated with inadequate immune response against HBV. However, the mechanisms involved in the up-regulation of IL-35 expression during persistent HBV infection remain unknown. METHODS In this study, we constructed a plasmid expressing the HBV X protein (pCMV-HBx) to evaluate the relationship between HBx and IL-35. Activation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway was analyzed and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing and luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine whether c-Jun could regulate IL-35 transcription. RESULTS HBx can significantly activate IL-35 promoter in both LO2 and HepG2 cells compared to the control plasmid (pCMV-Tag2) using the dual-luciferase assay. Whereas other viral proteins, such as S, preS1, the core protein, had no significant effect on IL-35 expression. Similarly, WB and qRT-PCR also showed that HBx can significantly promote IL-35 expression at protein and mRNA levels in the aforementioned cells. The relevant pathway mechanism showed that the expression of JNK and c-Jun genes was significantly higher in transfected cells carrying pCMV-HBx than in the pCMV-Tag2-transfected and -untransfected cells. WB analysis revealed that phosphorylated JNK and c-Jun were overexpressed after HBx action. Conversely, the addition of the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway inhibitor could significantly suppress HBx-induced IL-35 expression in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS A novel molecular mechanism of HBV-induced IL-35 expression was revealed, which involves JNK/c-Jun signaling in up-regulating IL-35 expression via HBx, resulting in transactivation of the IL-35 subunit EBI3 and p35 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuejiao Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Diaz O, Vidalain PO, Ramière C, Lotteau V, Perrin-Cocon L. What role for cellular metabolism in the control of hepatitis viruses? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033314. [PMID: 36466918 PMCID: PMC9713817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B, C and D viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV, respectively) specifically infect human hepatocytes and often establish chronic viral infections of the liver, thus escaping antiviral immunity for years. Like other viruses, hepatitis viruses rely on the cellular machinery to meet their energy and metabolite requirements for replication. Although this was initially considered passive parasitism, studies have shown that hepatitis viruses actively rewire cellular metabolism through molecular interactions with specific enzymes such as glucokinase, the first rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. As part of research efforts in the field of immunometabolism, it has also been shown that metabolic changes induced by viruses could have a direct impact on the innate antiviral response. Conversely, detection of viral components by innate immunity receptors not only triggers the activation of the antiviral defense but also induces in-depth metabolic reprogramming that is essential to support immunological functions. Altogether, these complex triangular interactions between viral components, innate immunity and hepatocyte metabolism may explain why chronic hepatitis infections progressively lead to liver inflammation and progression to cirrhosis, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this manuscript, we first present a global overview of known connections between the innate antiviral response and cellular metabolism. We then report known molecular mechanisms by which hepatitis viruses interfere with cellular metabolism in hepatocytes and discuss potential consequences on the innate immune response. Finally, we present evidence that drugs targeting hepatocyte metabolism could be used as an innovative strategy not only to deprive viruses of key metabolites, but also to restore the innate antiviral response that is necessary to clear infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Diaz
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VIRal Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VIRal Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Ramière
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VIRal Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VIRal Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Perrin-Cocon
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VIRal Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Replication from cccDNA via AMPK Activation and AKT/mTOR Suppression. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030498. [PMID: 35336076 PMCID: PMC8950817 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), which is involved in the calcium signaling pathway, is an important regulator of cancer cell proliferation, motility, growth, and metastasis. The effects of CaMKII on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication have never been evaluated. Here, we found that phosphorylated, active CaMKII is reduced during HBV replication. Similar to other members of the AMPK/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway associated with HBV replication, CaMKII, which is associated with this pathway, was found to be a novel regulator of HBV replication. Overexpression of CaMKII reduced the expression of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), HBV RNAs, and replicative intermediate (RI) DNAs while activating AMPK and inhibiting the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Findings in HBx-deficient mutant-transfected HepG2 cells showed that the CaMKII-mediated AMPK/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was independent of HBx. Moreover, AMPK overexpression reduced HBV cccDNA, RNAs, and RI DNAs through CaMKII activation. Although AMPK acts downstream of CaMKII, AMPK overexpression altered CaMKII phosphorylation, suggesting that CaMKII and AMPK form a positive feedback loop. These results demonstrate that HBV replication suppresses CaMKII activity, and that CaMKII upregulation suppresses HBV replication from cccDNA via AMPK and the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, activation or overexpression of CaMKII may be a new therapeutic target against HBV infection.
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Salarnia F, Behboudi E, Shahramian I, Moradi A. Novel X gene point mutations in chronic hepatitis B and HBV related cirrhotic patients. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 97:105186. [PMID: 34920100 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HBx is a multifunctional modulator viral protein with key roles in various biological processes such as signal transduction, transcription, proliferation, and cell apoptosis. Also, HBx has an important role in the progression of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to determine mutations in X gene, enhancer II (EnhII), and basal core promoter (BCP) of genotype D of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in cirrhotic and chronic HBV patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 68 cases with chronic HBV (cHBV) and 50 cases with HBV related cirrhosis. Serum samples were obtained for genomic DNA extraction. Semi-nested PCR was used to amplify the HBx region. Point mutations in the HBx region were detected by sequencing. RESULT Novel mutations were detected, including C1491G, C1500T, G1613T, and G1658T in the N-terminal of the X gene. The frequency of C1481T/G1479A, T1498C, C1500T, G1512A, A1635T, C1678T, A1727T, and A1762T/ G1764A/ C1773T was significantly higher in cirrhotic patients compared to chronically HBV infected ones. A higher rate of A1635T, C1678T, A1727T, A1762T, G1764A, and C1773T was observed in cirrhotic patients. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that the frequency of mutations in the basal-core promoter, enhancer II, and regulatory region of the HBx gene was more seen in cirrhotic patients than in chronic HBV cases. Novel mutations were detected in the HBx gene, causing amino acid substitutions; however, the clinical impact of these novel mutations is yet to be cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Salarnia
- Department of Microbiology, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
| | - Emad Behboudi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Iraj Shahramian
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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Abstract
Cellular activities are finely regulated by numerous signaling pathways to support specific functions of complex life processes. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Each step of viral replication is ultimately governed by the interaction of a virus with its host cells. Because of the demands of viral replication, the nutritional needs of virus-infected cells differ from those of uninfected cells. To improve their chances of survival and replication, viruses have evolved to commandeer cellular processes, including cell metabolism, augmenting these processes to support their needs. This article summarizes recent findings regarding virus-induced alterations to major cellular metabolic pathways focusing on how viruses modulate various signaling cascades to induce these changes. We begin with a general introduction describing the role played by signaling pathways in cellular metabolism. We then discuss how different viruses target these signaling pathways to reprogram host metabolism to favor the viral needs. We highlight the gaps in understanding metabolism-related virus-host interactions and discuss how studying these changes will enhance our understanding of fundamental processes involved in metabolic regulation. Finally, we discuss the potential to harness these processes to combat viral diseases, as well as other diseases, including metabolic disorders and cancers.
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Bhutta MS, Gallo ES, Borenstein R. Multifaceted Role of AMPK in Viral Infections. Cells 2021; 10:1118. [PMID: 34066434 PMCID: PMC8148118 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens often exploit host cell regulatory and signaling pathways to ensure an optimal environment for growth and survival. Several studies have suggested that 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular serine/threonine kinase, plays a significant role in the modulation of infection. Traditionally, AMPK is a key energy regulator of cell growth and proliferation, host autophagy, stress responses, metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial homeostasis, fatty acid β-oxidation and host immune function. In this review, we highlight the modulation of host AMPK by various viruses under physiological conditions. These intracellular pathogens trigger metabolic changes altering AMPK signaling activity that then facilitates or inhibits viral replication. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the regulation of AMPK signaling following infection can shed light on the development of more effective therapeutic strategies against viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimoona Shahid Bhutta
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
| | - Elisa S. Gallo
- Board-Certified Dermatologist and Independent Researcher, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
| | - Ronen Borenstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
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Abstract
This review provides epidemiological and translational evidence for milk and dairy intake as critical risk factors in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Large epidemiological studies in the United States and Europe identified total dairy, milk and butter intake with the exception of yogurt as independent risk factors of HCC. Enhanced activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a hallmark of HCC promoted by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). mTORC1 is also activated by milk protein-induced synthesis of hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), abundant constituents of milk proteins. Over the last decades, annual milk protein-derived BCAA intake increased 3 to 5 times in Western countries. In synergy with HBV- and HCV-induced secretion of hepatocyte-derived exosomes enriched in microRNA-21 (miR-21) and miR-155, exosomes of pasteurized milk as well deliver these oncogenic miRs to the human liver. Thus, milk exosomes operate in a comparable fashion to HBV- or HCV- induced exosomes. Milk-derived miRs synergistically enhance IGF-1-AKT-mTORC1 signaling and promote mTORC1-dependent translation, a meaningful mechanism during the postnatal growth phase, but a long-term adverse effect promoting the development of HCC. Both, dietary BCAA abundance combined with oncogenic milk exosome exposure persistently overstimulate hepatic mTORC1. Chronic alcohol consumption as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two HCC-related conditions, increase BCAA plasma levels. In HCC, mTORC1 is further hyperactivated due to RAB1 mutations as well as impaired hepatic BCAA catabolism, a metabolic hallmark of T2DM. The potential HCC-preventive effect of yogurt may be caused by lactobacilli-mediated degradation of BCAAs, inhibition of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase via production of intestinal medium-chain fatty acids as well as degradation of milk exosomes including their oncogenic miRs. A restriction of total animal protein intake realized by a vegetable-based diet is recommended for the prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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13
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Li X, Liu X, Wang W. IL-35: A Novel Immunomodulator in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:614847. [PMID: 33777929 PMCID: PMC7990793 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.614847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a risk factor for liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the progression of HBV-related diseases. It has been well acknowledged that host immune response was closely related to the clinical outcomes of patients with HBV infection. As the factors closely related to the immunomodulatory process, cytokines are crucial in the cell-cell communication and the host responses to HBV infection. Recently, a newly discovered cytokine, designated as interleukin-35 (IL-35), has been proved to be essential for the progression of chronic HBV infection, the development of cirrhosis, the transformation of cirrhosis to HCC, and the metastasis of HCC. Specifically, it showed various biological activities such as inhibiting the HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) proliferation and cytotoxicity, deactivating the immature effector T-cells (Teffs), as well as delaying the proliferation of dendritic cells. It regulated the immune responses by acting as a “brake” on the activation of Teffs, which subsequently played important roles in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases and malignancies. In this review, we focused on the most recent data on the relationship between IL-35 and chronic HBV infection, LC and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefen Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Zhao X, Fan H, Chen X, Zhao X, Wang X, Feng Y, Liu M, Li S, Tang H. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Polymerase Restrains Viral Replication Through the CREB1/HOXA Distal Transcript Antisense RNA Homeobox A13 Axis. Hepatology 2021; 73:503-519. [PMID: 32314410 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been associated with infection and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related diseases, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS We obtained HBV-HCC lncRNA profiles by deep sequencing and found HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA (HOTTIP) to be significantly up-regulated. RT-qPCR indicated that HOTTIP is highly expressed in HBV-positive hepatoma tissue and induced by HBV in vitro. Virological experiments showed that HOTTIP significantly suppresses the generation of hepatitis B viral surface antigen, hepatitis B viral e antigen and HBV replication. Homeobox A13 (HOXA13), a downstream factor of HOTTIP, was found to bind to HBV enhancer I and X promotor to repress the production of HBV pregenome RNA (pgRNA) and total RNA as well as HBV replication, suggesting that HOXA13 mediates HOTTIP-induced suppression of HBV replication. More interestingly, HBV DNA polymerase (DNA pol) binds to and stabilizes cAMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 (CREB1) mRNA to facilitate translation of the protein, which, in turn, binds to the regulatory element of HOTTIP to promote its expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that HBV DNA pol attenuates HBV replication through activation of the CREB1-HOTTIP-HOXA13 axis. These findings shed light on the mechanism by which HBV restrains replication to contribute to persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Zhao
- Tianjin Life Science Research CenterTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation BiologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Hongxia Fan
- Tianjin Life Science Research CenterTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation BiologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xi Chen
- Tianjin Life Science Research CenterTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation BiologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- Tianjin Life Science Research CenterTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation BiologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xu Wang
- Tianjin Life Science Research CenterTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation BiologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yujie Feng
- Tianjin Life Science Research CenterTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation BiologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Min Liu
- Tianjin Life Science Research CenterTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation BiologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Shengping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern ChinaDepartment of Hepatobiliary OncologySun Yat-sen UniversityCancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Hua Tang
- Tianjin Life Science Research CenterTianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation BiologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical EpigeneticsDepartment of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
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15
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Lin Y, Zhao Z, Huang A, Lu M. Interplay between Cellular Autophagy and Hepatitis B Virus Replication: A Systematic Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092101. [PMID: 32942717 PMCID: PMC7563265 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a conserved process in which cells break down and destroy old, damaged, or abnormal proteins and other substances in the cytoplasm through lysosomal degradation, occurs via autophagosome formation and aids in the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis. Autophagy is closely associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and assembly. Currently, HBV infection is still one of the most serious public health issues worldwide. The unavailability of satisfactory therapeutic strategies for chronic HBV infection indicates an urgent need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HBV infection. Increasing evidence has shown that HBV not only possesses the ability to induce incomplete autophagy but also evades autophagic degradation, indicating that HBV utilizes or hijacks the autophagy machinery for its own replication. Therefore, autophagy might be a crucial target pathway for controlling HBV infection. The definite molecular mechanisms underlying the association between cellular autophagy and HBV replication require further clarification. In this review, we have summarized and discussed the latest findings on the interplay between autophagy and HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (M.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-236-848-6780 (Y.L.); Tel.: +49-2017233530 (M.L.); +49-2017235929 (M.L.)
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.)
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Z.Z.); (A.H.)
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (M.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-236-848-6780 (Y.L.); Tel.: +49-2017233530 (M.L.); +49-2017235929 (M.L.)
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16
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Langton M, Pandelia ME. Hepatitis B Virus Oncoprotein HBx Is Not an ATPase. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:16772-16778. [PMID: 32685845 PMCID: PMC7364715 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
HBx is the smallest gene product of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and an oncogenic stimulus in chronic infections leading to liver disease. HBx interacts and interferes with numerous cellular processes, but its modes of action remain poorly understood. It has been invoked that HBx employs nucleotide hydrolysis to regulate molecular pathways or protein-protein interactions. In the present study, we reinvestigate the (d)NTP hydrolysis of recombinant HBx to explore its potential as a biochemical probe for antiviral studies. For our investigations, we employed existing soluble constructs (i.e., GST-HBx, MBP-HBx) and engineered new fusion proteins (i.e., DsbC-HBx, NusA-HBx), which are shown to serve as better systems for in vitro research. We performed mutational scanning of the computationally predicted NTP-binding domain, which includes residues associated with clinical cases. Steady-state and end-point activity assays, in tandem with mass-spectrometric analyses, reveal that the observed hydrolysis of all alleged HBx substrates, ATP, dATP, and GTP, is contingent on the presence of the GroEL chaperone, which preferentially copurifies as a contaminant with GST-HBx and MBP-HBx. Collectively, our findings provide new technical standards for recombinant HBx studies and reveal that nucleotide hydrolysis is not an operant mechanism by which HBx contributes to viral HBV carcinogenesis.
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17
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Sun TZ, Mu D. Multi-scale modeling identifies the role of p53-Gys2 negative feedback loop in cellular homeostasis. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2020; 17:3260-3273. [PMID: 32987529 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 is a tumor suppressor and strictly controlled p53 protein abundance coordinates cellular outcomes in response to various stresses. The glycogen synthase 2 (Gys2) and p53 generates a novel negative feedback circuit in which p53 represses Gys2 expression whereas Gys2 can stabilize p53 by competitive binding with MDM2. However, the dynamic role of p53-Gys2 negative feedback is still elusive. In current work, we recapitulated the main experimental findings using multi-scale modeling and emphasized the pivotal role of p53-Gys2 negative feedback loop to main cellular homeostasis. The multi-scale modeling strategy was used to simulate both in vitro and in vivo experimental findings. We found that expression of a key oncoprotein HBx may facilitate cancer progression. Gys2 overexpression can inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma progression whereas Gys2 knockdown advanced cancer development. We also applied oscillatory and impulse disturbance to p53 signaling pathway and the results showed that optimal p53-Gys2 negative feedback loop was highly resistant to oscillatory or impulse disturbances. Instead, the canonical p53-MDM2 negative feedback circuit can significantly affect the dynamics of p53 and therefore effectively shaped pulsatile patterns. Therefore, the dual negative feedback loops in p53 signaling can provide features of both robustness and tunability. These dynamic features are critical for cellular homeostasis against tumor progression in p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
| | - Dan Mu
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
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18
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Wang X, Lin Y, Kemper T, Chen J, Yuan Z, Liu S, Zhu Y, Broering R, Lu M. AMPK and Akt/mTOR signalling pathways participate in glucose-mediated regulation of hepatitis B virus replication and cellular autophagy. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13131. [PMID: 31746509 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing consensus indicates that host metabolism plays a vital role in viral infections. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs in hepatocytes with active glucose metabolism and may be regulated by cellular metabolism. We addressed the question whether and how glucose regulates HBV replication in hepatocytes. The low glucose concentration at 5 mM significantly promoted HBV replication via enhanced transcription and autophagy when compared with higher glucose concentrations (10 and 25 mM). At low glucose concentration, AMPK activity was increased and led to ULK1 phosphorylation at Ser 555 and LC3-II accumulation. By contrast, the mTOR pathway was activated by high glucose concentrations, resulting in reduced HBV replication. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin reversed negative effects of high glucose concentrations on HBV replication, suggesting that low glucose concentration promotes HBV replication by stimulating the AMPK/mTOR-ULK1-autophagy axis. Consistently, we found that glucose transporters inhibition using phloretin also enhanced HBV replication via increased AMPK/mTOR-ULK1-induced autophagy. Surprisingly, the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose reduced HBV replication through activating the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway also at the low glucose concentrations. Our study reveals that glucose is an important factor for the HBV life cycle by regulating HBV transcription and posttranscriptional steps of HBV replication via cellular autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Wang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yong Lin
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thekla Kemper
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jieliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Liu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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19
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Reprogramming of cellular metabolic pathways by human oncogenic viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 39:60-69. [PMID: 31766001 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses, like all viruses, relies on host metabolism to provide the metabolites and energy needed for virus replication. Many DNA tumor viruses and retroviruses will reprogram metabolism during infection. Additionally, some viral oncogenes may alter metabolism independent of virus replication. Virus infection and cancer development share many similarities regarding metabolic reprogramming as both processes demand increased metabolic activity to produce biomass: cell proliferation in the case of cancer and virion production in the case of infection. This review discusses the parallels in metabolic reprogramming between human oncogenic viruses and oncogenesis.
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20
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Qu C, Zhang S, Li Y, Wang Y, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Mitochondria in the biology, pathogenesis, and treatment of hepatitis virus infections. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2075. [PMID: 31322806 PMCID: PMC6771966 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis virus infections affect a large proportion of the global population. The host responds rapidly to viral infection by orchestrating a variety of cellular machineries, in particular, the mitochondrial compartment. Mitochondria actively regulate viral infections through modulation of the cellular innate immunity and reprogramming of metabolism. In turn, hepatitis viruses are able to modulate the morphodynamics and functions of mitochondria, but the mode of actions are distinct with respect to different types of hepatitis viruses. The resulting mutual interactions between viruses and mitochondria partially explain the clinical presentation of viral hepatitis, influence the response to antiviral treatment, and offer rational avenues for novel therapy. In this review, we aim to consider in depth the multifaceted interactions of mitochondria with hepatitis virus infections and emphasize the implications for understanding pathogenesis and advancing therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Qu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shaoshi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yijin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Abstract
This review discusses the current state of the viral metabolism field and gaps in knowledge that will be important for future studies to investigate. We discuss metabolic rewiring caused by viruses, the influence of oncogenic viruses on host cell metabolism, and the use of viruses as guides to identify critical metabolic nodes for cancer anabolism. We also discuss the need for more mechanistic studies identifying viral proteins responsible for metabolic hijacking and for in vivo studies of viral-induced metabolic rewiring. Improved technologies for detailed metabolic measurements and genetic manipulation will lead to important discoveries over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani K Thaker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James Ch'ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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22
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Li Y, Fu Y, Hu X, Sun L, Tang D, Li N, Peng F, Fan XG. The HBx-CTTN interaction promotes cell proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma via CREB1. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:405. [PMID: 31138777 PMCID: PMC6538608 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus-encoded X protein (HBx) acts as a tumor promoter during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, probably by regulating the expression of host proteins through protein–protein interaction. A proteomics approach was used to identify HBx-interacting proteins involved in HBx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. We validated the proteomics findings by co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy. We performed cell proliferation, migration assays and cell cycle analyses in HCC cells. Finally, we confirmed the clinical significance of our findings in samples from patients. We found that cortactin (CTTN) is a novel HBx-interacting protein, and HBx regulates the expression of CTTN in the HCC cell lines MHCC-LM3 and HepG2. Mechanistically, by upregulating the expression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB1) and its downstream targets, such as cyclin D1 and MMP-9, the effects of the HBx-CTTN interaction on the enhancement of cellular proliferation and migration were maintained by inhibiting cell cycle arrest. In addition, we demonstrated that the levels of CTTN and CREB1 were closely correlated in clinical samples from HBV-infected patients with HCC. Overall, our data suggests that HBx contributes to cell migration and proliferation of HCC cells by interacting with CTTN and regulating the expression of CTTN and CREB1. Therefore, the HBx/CTTN/CREB1 axis is a potential novel therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongming Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingwang Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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23
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The Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase as a Potential Target of Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050647. [PMID: 31083406 PMCID: PMC6562911 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most frequent cancer worldwide with a very high recurrence rate and very dismal prognosis. Diagnosis and treatment in HCC remain difficult, and the identification of new therapeutic targets is necessary for a better outcome of HCC treatment. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) is an essential intracellular energy sensor that plays multiple roles in cellular physiology and the pathological development of chronic diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the important regulation of AMPK in HCC. This review aims to comprehensively and critically summarize the role of AMPK in HCC. Methods: Original studies were retrieved from NCBI database with keywords including AMPK and HCC, which were analyzed with extensive reading. Results: Dysregulation of the kinase activity and expression of AMPK was observed in HCC, which was correlated with survival of the patients. Loss of AMPK in HCC cells may proceed cell cycle progression, proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion through different oncogenic molecules and pathways. Conclusions: We identified several AMPK activators which may possess potential anti-HCC function, and discussed the clinical perspective on the use of AMPK activators for HCC therapy.
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24
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Wang X, Huo B, Liu J, Huang X, Zhang S, Feng T. Hepatitis B virus X reduces hepatocyte apoptosis and promotes cell cycle progression through the Akt/mTOR pathway in vivo. Gene 2019; 691:87-95. [PMID: 30630095 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X (HBx), a viral onco-protein encoded by HBV, can promote oncogenesis of HCC. However, the mechanism of HBx in hepatocarcinogenesis is still unclear. In this study, we establish a new mouse model with normal immune system to investigate the role of HBx and its functional mechanisms under normal immune function. The animal model was established by injecting HBx-EGFP-14-19 cells into the hepatic portal vein of KM mice. To verify the mouse model, the expression of HBx in the liver tissue of mice was detected by qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The apoptosis index was calculated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and the expression levels of apoptosis-related and cell cycle-related factors were measured. Moreover, expression of proteins in the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway was detected in HBx-EGFP-14-19 mice with and without use of an Akt inhibitor. The results showed the HBx was successfully overexpressed in liver of KM mice. After overexpressing HBx, the apoptosis index was downregulated in HBx-EGFP-14-19 liver tissue, and the expression levels of caspase-9 and Bad were reduced, but Bcl-xl was increased in HBx-EGFP-14-19 liver tissue. Overexpression of HBx increased the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclinD1 and cyclinE. Moreover, compared with the low-level HBx group, p-Akt and p-mTOR were increased in the livers of mice with high levels of HBx. However, inactivation of apoptosis by overexpression of HBx was abolished by the treatment with an Akt inhibitor. These results indicate that HBx can induce anti-apoptosis mechanisms in hepatocytes in vivo, which is mediated by the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bennian Huo
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Siyao Zhang
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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25
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Zhao Y, Xing H, Wang X, Ou W, Zhao H, Li B, Li Y, Duan Y, Zhuang L, Li W, Cheng D, Quan M, Zhang Y, Ji S. Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:6430486. [PMID: 31915709 PMCID: PMC6931017 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6430486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic disease affecting humans globally. During the last few years, the incidence of diabetes has increased and has received more attention. In addition to growing DM populations, DM complications are involving injuries to more organs, such as the heart and cerebral vessel damage. DM complications can reduce quality of life and shorten life spans and eventually also impede social and economic development. Therefore, effective measures to curb the occurrence and development of diabetes assist in improving patients' quality of life, delay the progression of DM in the population, and ease a social burden. The liver is regarded as an important link in the management and control of DM, including the alleviation of glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism and others via glucose storage and endogenous glucose generation from glycogen stored in the liver. Liver cirrhosis is a very common chronic disease, which often lowers the quality of life and decreases life expectancy. According to a growing body of research, diabetes shows a close correlation with hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Moreover, coexistence of liver complications would accelerate the deterioration of patients with diabetes. Liver cirrhosis and diabetes influence each other. Thus, in addition to pharmacological treatments and lifestyle interventions, effective control of cirrhosis might assist in a better management of diabetes. When it comes to different etiologies of liver cirrhosis, different therapeutic methods, such as antiviral treatment, may be more effective. Effective control of cirrhosis might be a strategy for better management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Huichun Xing
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Weini Ou
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Ben Li
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Ying Duan
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Liwei Zhuang
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Danying Cheng
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Min Quan
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Shibo Ji
- Department of Hepatology, Division 3, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University and Teaching Hospital of Peking University, 8 Jingshundong Street, Beijing 100015, China
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26
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Silwal P, Kim JK, Yuk JM, Jo EK. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Host Defense against Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113495. [PMID: 30404221 PMCID: PMC6274990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays diverse roles in various physiological and pathological conditions. AMPK is involved in energy metabolism, which is perturbed by infectious stimuli. Indeed, various pathogens modulate AMPK activity, which affects host defenses against infection. In some viral infections, including hepatitis B and C viral infections, AMPK activation is beneficial, but in others such as dengue virus, Ebola virus, and human cytomegaloviral infections, AMPK plays a detrimental role. AMPK-targeting agents or small molecules enhance the antiviral response and contribute to the control of microbial and parasitic infections. In addition, this review focuses on the double-edged role of AMPK in innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Understanding how AMPK regulates host defenses will enable development of more effective host-directed therapeutic strategies against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
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27
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Meier-Stephenson V, Bremner WTR, Dalton CS, van Marle G, Coffin CS, Patel TR. Comprehensive Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Promoter Region Mutations. Viruses 2018; 10:E603. [PMID: 30388827 PMCID: PMC6265984 DOI: 10.3390/v10110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 250 million people are infected chronically with hepatitis B virus (HBV), the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide. HBV persists, due, in part, to its compact, stable minichromosome, the covalently-closed, circular DNA (cccDNA), which resides in the hepatocytes' nuclei. Current therapies target downstream replication products, however, a true virological cure will require targeting the cccDNA. Finding targets on such a small, compact genome is challenging. For HBV, to remain replication-competent, it needs to maintain nucleotide fidelity in key regions, such as the promoter regions, to ensure that it can continue to utilize the necessary host proteins. HBVdb (HBV database) is a repository of HBV sequences spanning all genotypes (A⁻H) amplified from clinical samples, and hence implying an extensive collection of replication-competent viruses. Here, we analyzed the HBV sequences from HBVdb using bioinformatics tools to comprehensively assess the HBV core and X promoter regions amongst the nearly 70,000 HBV sequences for highly-conserved nucleotides and variant frequencies. Notably, there is a high degree of nucleotide conservation within specific segments of these promoter regions highlighting their importance in potential host protein-viral interactions and thus the virus' viability. Such findings may have key implications for designing antivirals to target these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Meier-Stephenson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming, School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Alberta RNA Research & Training Institute, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - William T R Bremner
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Chimone S Dalton
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Guido van Marle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming, School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Carla S Coffin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming, School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Trushar R Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming, School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Alberta RNA Research & Training Institute, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
- DiscoveryLab, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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28
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Tang X, Yan L, Li H, Du L, Shi Y, Huang F, Tang H. Increased expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase cytoplasmic isoform by hepatitis B virus X protein affects hepatitis B virus replication. J Med Virol 2018; 91:258-264. [PMID: 30168585 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) can stimulate the transcription of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), a rate-determining enzyme in gluconeogenic pathway. Two isoforms of PEPCK exist, a cytoplasmic form (PCK1) and a mitochondrial isoform (PCK2). The current study investigated the direct effect of HBx-stimulated PEPCK on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. We showed that PCK1 rather than PCK2 was upregulated by HBx. We also demonstrated that overexpression of PCK1 decreased HBV replication, whereas inhibition of PCK1-enhanced HBV replication. Furthermore, we found overexpression of PCK1 led to reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), whereas knocking down PCK1 resulted in an increased expression of PGC-1α and PPAR-γ. When PPAR-γ was inhibited, knocking down PCK1 could not induce the apparent enhanced HBV replication. Our data suggested that PCK1 induced by HBx led to decreased HBV replication through the downregulation of PGC-1α and PPAR-γ. Thus, our study demonstrates a negative-feedback loop involving PCK1 and HBV may provide a balanced cell environment for HBV persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Libo Yan
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feijun Huang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Medical School of Basic and Forensic Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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29
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Khan M, Imam H, Siddiqui A. Subversion of cellular autophagy during virus infection: Insights from hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. LIVER RESEARCH 2018; 2:146-156. [PMID: 31803515 PMCID: PMC6892584 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-eating process, in which the damaged or excessed cell organelles and misfolded protein aggregates are removed from the cellular microenvironment. Autophagy is generally thought of as a pro-survival mechanism which is not only important for balancing energy supply at times of nutrient deprivation but also in the removal of various stress stimuli to ensure homeostasis. In addition to the target materials of "self" origin, autophagy can also eliminate intracellular pathogens and acts as a defense mechanism to curb infections. In addition, autophagy is linked to the host cell's innate immune response. However, viruses have evolved various strategies to manipulate and overtake host cell machinery to establish productive replication and maintain infectious process. In fact, replication of many viruses has been found to be autophagy-dependent and suppression of autophagy can potentially affect the viral replication. Thus, autophagy can either serve as an anti-viral defense mechanism or a pro-viral process that supports viral replication. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are known to co-opt cellular autophagy process as a pro-viral tool. Both viruses also induce mitophagy, which contributes to the establishment of chronic hepatitis. This review focuses on the roles of autophagy and mitophagy in the chronic liver disease pathogenesis associated with HBV and HCV infections.
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30
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The role of HBV-induced autophagy in HBV replication and HBV related-HCC. Life Sci 2018; 205:107-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Hensel KO, Cantner F, Bangert F, Wirth S, Postberg J. Episomal HBV persistence within transcribed host nuclear chromatin compartments involves HBx. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:34. [PMID: 29933745 PMCID: PMC6015472 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In hepatocyte nuclei, hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes occur episomally as covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The HBV X protein (HBx) is required to initiate and maintain HBV replication. The functional nuclear localization of cccDNA and HBx remains unexplored. Results To identify virus–host genome interactions and the underlying nuclear landscape for the first time, we combined circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) with RNA-seq and ChIP-seq. Moreover, we studied HBx-binding to HBV episomes. In HBV-positive HepaRG hepatocytes, we observed preferential association of HBV episomes and HBx with actively transcribed nuclear domains on the host genome correlating in size with constrained topological units of chromatin. Interestingly, HBx alone occupied transcribed chromatin domains. Silencing of native HBx caused reduced episomal HBV stability. Conclusions As part of the HBV episome, HBx might stabilize HBV episomal nuclear localization. Our observations may contribute to the understanding of long-term episomal stability and the facilitation of viral persistence. The exact mechanism by which HBx contributes to HBV nuclear persistence warrants further investigations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0204-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai O Hensel
- Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge,, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Franziska Cantner
- Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Felix Bangert
- Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirth
- Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jan Postberg
- Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany. .,Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448, Witten, Germany.
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32
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Role of HBx in hepatitis B virus persistence and its therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 30:32-38. [PMID: 29454995 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a significant risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The HBx protein is required for virus replication, but the lack of robust infection models has hindered our understanding of HBx functions that could be targeted for antiviral purposes. We briefly review three properties of HBx: its binding to DDB1 and its regulation of cell survival and metabolism, to illustrate how a single viral protein can have multiple effects in a cell. We propose that different functions of HBx are needed, depending on the changing hepatocyte environment encountered during a chronic virus infection, and that these functions might serve as novel therapeutic targets for inhibiting hepatitis B virus replication and the development of associated diseases.
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33
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Simillion C, Semmo N, Idle JR, Beyoğlu D. Robust Regression Analysis of GCMS Data Reveals Differential Rewiring of Metabolic Networks in Hepatitis B and C Patients. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7040051. [PMID: 28991180 PMCID: PMC5746731 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About one in 15 of the world’s population is chronically infected with either hepatitis virus B (HBV) or C (HCV), with enormous public health consequences. The metabolic alterations caused by these infections have never been directly compared and contrasted. We investigated groups of HBV-positive, HCV-positive, and uninfected healthy controls using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of their plasma and urine. A robust regression analysis of the metabolite data was conducted to reveal correlations between metabolite pairs. Ten metabolite correlations appeared for HBV plasma and urine, with 18 for HCV plasma and urine, none of which were present in the controls. Metabolic perturbation networks were constructed, which permitted a differential view of the HBV- and HCV-infected liver. HBV hepatitis was consistent with enhanced glucose uptake, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway metabolism, the latter using xylitol and producing threonic acid, which may also be imported by glucose transporters. HCV hepatitis was consistent with impaired glucose uptake, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway metabolism, with the tricarboxylic acid pathway fueled by branched-chain amino acids feeding gluconeogenesis and the hepatocellular loss of glucose, which most probably contributed to hyperglycemia. It is concluded that robust regression analyses can uncover metabolic rewiring in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Simillion
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nasser Semmo
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jeffrey R Idle
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Samuel J. and Joan B. Williamson Institute, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, 11201 New York, NY, USA.
| | - Diren Beyoğlu
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Samuel J. and Joan B. Williamson Institute, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, 11201 New York, NY, USA.
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