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Malone M, Maeyama A, Ogden N, Perry KN, Kramer A, Bates C, Marble C, Orlando R, Rausch A, Smeraldi C, Lowey C, Fees B, Dyson HJ, Dorrell M, Kast-Woelbern H, Jansma AL. The effect of phosphorylation efficiency on the oncogenic properties of the protein E7 from high-risk HPV. Virus Res 2024; 348:199446. [PMID: 39127239 PMCID: PMC11375142 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes tumors in part by hijacking the host cell cycle and forcing uncontrolled cellular division. While there are >200 genotypes of HPV, 15 are classified as high-risk and have been shown to transform infected cells and contribute to tumor formation. The remaining low-risk genotypes are not considered oncogenic and result in benign skin lesions. In high-risk HPV, the oncoprotein E7 contributes to the dysregulation of cell cycle regulatory mechanisms. High-risk E7 is phosphorylated in cells at two conserved serine residues by Casein Kinase 2 (CK2) and this phosphorylation event increases binding affinity for cellular proteins such as the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (pRb). While low-risk E7 possesses similar serine residues, it is phosphorylated to a lesser degree in cells and has decreased binding capabilities. When E7 binding affinity is decreased, it is less able to facilitate complex interactions between proteins and therefore has less capability to dysregulate the cell cycle. By comparing E7 protein sequences from both low- and high-risk HPV variants and using site-directed mutagenesis combined with NMR spectroscopy and cell-based assays, we demonstrate that the presence of two key nonpolar valine residues within the CK2 recognition sequence, present in low-risk E7, reduces serine phosphorylation efficiency relative to high-risk E7. This results in significant loss of the ability of E7 to degrade the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein, thus also reducing the ability of E7 to increase cellular proliferation and reduce senescence. This provides additional insight into the differential E7-mediated outcomes when cells are infected with high-risk verses low-risk HPV. Understanding these oncogenic differences may be important to developing targeted treatment options for HPV-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Malone
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Ava Maeyama
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Naomi Ogden
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Kayla N Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Kramer
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Bates
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Camryn Marble
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Orlando
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Amy Rausch
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Smeraldi
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Connor Lowey
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Bronson Fees
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - H Jane Dyson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Michael Dorrell
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Kast-Woelbern
- Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA.
| | - Ariane L Jansma
- Department of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, 92126, CA, USA.
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2
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Chen B, Wang Y, Wu Y, Xu T. Effect of HPV Oncoprotein on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Tumor Cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:987-1004. [PMID: 38284713 DOI: 10.2174/0115680096266981231215111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
High-risk HPV infection accounts for 99.7% of cervical cancer, over 90% of anal cancer, 50% of head and neck cancers, 40% of vulvar cancer, and some cases of vaginal and penile cancer, contributing to approximately 5% of cancers worldwide. The development of cancer is a complex, multi-step process characterized by dysregulation of signaling pathways and alterations in metabolic pathways. Extensive research has demonstrated that metabolic reprogramming plays a key role in the progression of various cancers, such as cervical, head and neck, bladder, and prostate cancers, providing the material and energy foundation for rapid proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells allows for the rapid generation of ATP, aiding in meeting the high energy demands of HPV-related cancer cell proliferation. The interaction between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and its associated cancers has become a recent focus of investigation. The impact of HPV on cellular metabolism has emerged as an emerging research topic. A significant body of research has shown that HPV influences relevant metabolic signaling pathways, leading to cellular metabolic alterations. Exploring the underlying mechanisms may facilitate the discovery of biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of HPV-associated diseases. In this review, we introduced the molecular structure of HPV and its replication process, discussed the diseases associated with HPV infection, described the energy metabolism of normal cells, highlighted the metabolic features of tumor cells, and provided an overview of recent advances in potential therapeutic targets that act on cellular metabolism. We discussed the potential mechanisms underlying these changes. This article aims to elucidate the role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in reshaping cellular metabolism and the application of metabolic changes in the research of related diseases. Targeting cancer metabolism may serve as an effective strategy to support traditional cancer treatments, as metabolic reprogramming is crucial for malignant transformation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqing Chen
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yichao Wang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yishi Wu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Bel Haj Rhouma R, Ardhaoui M, Othman H, Ben Jemia Z, Zine El Abidine A, Fehri E, Ouerheni K, Laassili T, Tounsi H, Guizani I, Boubaker MS, Ennaifer E. The E6 gene polymorphism of Human papillomavirus 16 in relation to the risk of cervical cancer in Tunisian women. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 116:105536. [PMID: 38048896 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is the most prevalent HPV type worldwide and in Tunisia and the major carcinogenic HPV type found in cervical precancers and cancers. Previous studies have reported that genetic diversity of HPV16-E6 oncoprotein might be associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia progression. In this study we aimed to investigate the prevalence of HPV-16 E6 variants in precancerous lesions in Tunisian population to assess potential correlation with disease severity. Positive HPV cervical samples were obtained from the Laboratory of Anatomy Pathology of Pasteur Institute of Tunis. Cytological study was performed to identify cervical precancerous lesions. HPVs were typed using Reverse Line Hybridization. Only samples with HPV-16 single infection were selected for HP16-E6 genetic diversity investigation. HPV-16 E6 gene amplification was performed by PCR using specific primers and sequenced by Sanger Sequencing. The multiple alignment of generated sequences was performed using MEGAX software. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum Likehood method. The ternary complex of E6, E6AP and p53 core domain was used to perform in silico point mutations and thermodynamic calculations to assess stability and binding affinity. Genetic analysis of Tunisian E6-HPV16 sequences showed the presence of three lineages: European (A), African (C) and Asian American (D). Interestingly, the EUR variants were identified as the dominant lineage of HPV-16 and HPV-16 E6 350 G (L83V) was the most detected mutation in precancerous lesions. Modelling data showed that African variants induced the largest destabilizing effect on E6 structure and decreasing thereby in the affinity toward E6AP. Therefore, women infected with European variants are associated with low and high intraepithelial lesions. The findings give useful information for personalized decision algorithms of intra-epithelial cervical neoplasia in Tunisian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahima Bel Haj Rhouma
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; High Institute of Sciences and Technology of Environments of Borj-Cedria, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Monia Ardhaoui
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houcemeddine Othman
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Biology of Human Reproduction, Farhat Hached University Teaching Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zeineb Ben Jemia
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Zine El Abidine
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Fehri
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Ouerheni
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thalja Laassili
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Tounsi
- Department of Human and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Med Samir Boubaker
- Department of Human and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Ennaifer
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR16IPT04), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Human and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Trejo-Cerro O, Broniarczyk J, Kavcic N, Myers M, Banks L. Identification and characterisation of novel potential phospho-acceptor sites in HPV-16 E7. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 16:200270. [PMID: 37659653 PMCID: PMC10500460 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have described functional regulation of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), E6 and E7 oncoproteins via posttranslational modifications (PTMs). However, how these PTMs modulate the activity of E6 and E7, particularly in their targeting of cellular proteins, is not completely understood. In this study, we show that HPV16 E7 can be phosphorylated by casein kinase I (CKI) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). This principal phosphorylation occurs at threonine residues 5 and 7 with a more minor role for residues 19-20 in the N-terminal region of 16 E7. Intriguingly, whilst mutational analyses suggest that residues 5 and 7 may be dispensable for the transformation of primary baby rat kidney cells by E7, intact residues 19 and 20 are required. Furthermore, negative charges at these residues (TT19-20DD) enhance the pRb-E7 interaction and cells display increased proliferation and invasion capacities. Using a proteomic approach with a phosphorylated peptide spanning the TT19-20 region of HPV16 E7, we have identified a panel of new, phospho-specific E7 interacting partners. These results shed new light on the complexity of N-terminal phosphorylation of E7 and how this can contribute towards expanding the repertoire of E7 targeted pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Trejo-Cerro
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Justyna Broniarczyk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy; Department of Molecular Virology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Nezka Kavcic
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michael Myers
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy.
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Skelin J, Tomaić V. Comparative Analysis of Alpha and Beta HPV E6 Oncoproteins: Insights into Functional Distinctions and Divergent Mechanisms of Pathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:2253. [PMID: 38005929 PMCID: PMC10674601 DOI: 10.3390/v15112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represent a diverse group of DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells of mucosal and cutaneous tissues, leading to a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes. Among various HPVs, alpha (α) and beta (β) types have garnered significant attention due to their associations with human health. α-HPVs are primarily linked to infections of the mucosa, with high-risk subtypes, such as HPV16 and HPV18, being the major etiological agents of cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. In contrast, β-HPVs are predominantly associated with cutaneous infections and are commonly found on healthy skin. However, certain β-types, notably HPV5 and HPV8, have been implicated in the development of non-melanoma skin cancers in immunocompromised individuals, highlighting their potential role in pathogenicity. In this review, we comprehensively analyze the similarities and differences between α- and β-HPV E6 oncoproteins, one of the major drivers of viral replication and cellular transformation, and how these impact viral fitness and the capacity to induce malignancy. In particular, we compare the mechanisms these oncoproteins use to modulate common cellular processes-apoptosis, DNA damage repair, cell differentiation, and the immune response-further shedding light on their shared and distinct features, which enable them to replicate at divergent locations of the human body and cause different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Li T, Yang Z, Zhang C, Wang S, Mei B. Genetic variation of E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 16 from central China. Virol J 2023; 20:217. [PMID: 37759219 PMCID: PMC10537582 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is an important factor in the development of cervical cancer, and human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is the most common HR-HPV type worldwide. The oncogenic potential of HPV-16 is closely related to viral sequence variation. METHODS In order to clarify the variant characteristics of HPV-16 E6 and E7 genes in central China, E6 and E7 sequences of 205 HPV-16 positive samples were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. PCR products of E6 and E7 genes were further sequenced and subjected to variation analysis, phylogenetic analysis, selective pressure analysis and B-cell epitope prediction. RESULTS Twenty-six single nucleotide variants were observed in E6 sequence, including 21 non-synonymous and 5 synonymous variants. Twelve single nucleotide variants were identified in E7 sequence, including 6 non-synonymous and 6 synonymous variants. Four new variants were found. Furthermore, nucleotide variation A647G (N29S) in E7 was significantly related to the higher risk of HSIL and cervical cancer. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the E6 and E7 sequences were all distributed in A lineage. No positively selected site was found in HPV-16 E6 and E7 sequences. Non-conservative substitutions in E6, H31Y, D32N, D32E, I34M, L35V, E36Q, L45P, N65S and K75T, affected multiple B-cell epitopes. However, the variation of E7 gene had little impact on the corresponding B-cell epitopes (score < 0.85). CONCLUSION HPV-16 E6 and E7 sequences variation data may contribute to HR-HPV prevention and vaccine development in Jingzhou, central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Sutong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Bing Mei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China.
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Kaba G, Stevenson A, Sakyi SA, Konney TO, Bhatia R, Titiloye NA, Oppong SA, Agyemang-Yeboah F, Cuschieri K, Graham SV. Diversity of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and naturally occurring E6/E7 DNA polymorphisms of HPV-16 in Ghana. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 15:200261. [PMID: 37179021 PMCID: PMC10209332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogene expression is essential for cervical carcinogenesis. Evidence exists that E6/E7 variants may have different transforming activities while the risk of HPV-16 variants (A/D) differs by race/ethnicity. We determined the type-specific diversity of HPV infection in women with high grade cervical disease or cervical cancer in Ghana and investigated naturally occurring E6/E7 DNA variants in this population. HPV genotyping was carried out on 207 cervical swab samples collected from women referred to a gynaecology clinic at two teaching hospitals in Ghana. HPV-16, HPV-18 and HPV-45 were detected in 41.9%, 23.3% and 16.3% of cases respectively. HPV-16 E6/E7 DNA sequencing was performed in 36 samples. Thirty samples contained E6/E7 variants of the HPV-16-B/C lineage. 21/36 samples were of the HPV-16C1 sublineage variant and all contained the E7 A647G(N29S) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). This study reveals the diversity of E6/E7 DNA and the dominance of HPV16 B/C variants in cervicovaginal HPV infection in Ghana. Type-specific HPV diversity analysis indicates that most Ghanaian cervical disease cases are vaccine preventable. The study provides an important baseline from which for the impact of vaccine and antivirals on clinically relevant HPV infection and associated disease can be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Kaba
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Andrew Stevenson
- Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Samuel Asamoah Sakyi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Thomas Okpoti Konney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ramya Bhatia
- Scottish HPV Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Nicholas A Titiloye
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel A Oppong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Agyemang-Yeboah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kate Cuschieri
- Scottish HPV Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Sheila V Graham
- Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, UK.
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8
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Dizanzo MP, Bugnon Valdano M, Basukala O, Banks L, Gardiol D. Novel effect of the high risk-HPV E7 CKII phospho-acceptor site on polarity protein expression. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1015. [PMID: 36153517 PMCID: PMC9509620 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) base their transforming potential on the action of both E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins, which perform cooperative or antagonistic actions and thus interfere with a variety of relevant cellular targets. Among them, the expression of some PDZ-containing polarity proteins, as DLG1 and hScrib, is altered during the HPV life cycle and the consequent malignant transformation. Together with the well-established interference of E6 with PDZ proteins, we have recently shown that E7 viral oncoprotein is also responsible for the changes in abundance and localization of DLG1 observed in HPV-associated lesions. Given that the mechanisms involved remained only partially understood, we here thoroughly analyse the contribution of a crucial E7 post-translational modification: its CKII-dependent phosphorylation. Moreover, we extended our studies to hScrib, in order to investigate possible conserved regulatory events among diverse PDZ targets of HPV. Methods We have acutely analysed the expression of DLG1 and hScrib in restrictive conditions for E7 phosphorylation by CKII in epithelial culture cells by western blot and confocal fluorescence microscopy. We made use of genome-edited HPV-positive cells, specific inhibitors of CKII activity and transient expression of the viral oncoproteins, including a mutant version of E7. Results We here demonstrate that the functional phosphorylation of E7 oncoprotein by the CKII cellular kinase, a key regulatory event for its activities, is also crucial to counteract the E6-mediated degradation of the PDZ-polarity protein DLG1 and to promote its subcellular redistribution. Moreover, we show that the CKII-dependent phosphorylation of E7 is able to control the expression of another PDZ target of HPV: hScrib. Remarkably, we found this is a shared feature among different oncogenic HPV types, suggesting a common path towards viral pathogenesis. Conclusions The present study sheds light into the mechanisms behind the misexpression of PDZ-polarity proteins during HPV infections. Our findings stress the relevance of the CKII-mediated regulation of E7 activities, providing novel insights into the joint action of HPV oncoproteins and further indicating a conserved and most likely crucial mechanism during the viral life cycle and the associated transformation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10105-5.
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9
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Trembley JH, Kren BT, Afzal M, Scaria GA, Klein MA, Ahmed K. Protein kinase CK2 – diverse roles in cancer cell biology and therapeutic promise. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:899-926. [PMID: 36114992 PMCID: PMC9483426 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The association of protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II or 2) with cell growth and proliferation in cells was apparent at early stages of its investigation. A cancer-specific role for CK2 remained unclear until it was determined that CK2 was also a potent suppressor of cell death (apoptosis); the latter characteristic differentiated its function in normal versus malignant cells because dysregulation of both cell growth and cell death is a universal feature of cancer cells. Over time, it became evident that CK2 exerts its influence on a diverse range of cell functions in normal as well as in transformed cells. As such, CK2 and its substrates are localized in various compartments of the cell. The dysregulation of CK2 is documented in a wide range of malignancies; notably, by increased CK2 protein and activity levels with relatively moderate change in its RNA abundance. High levels of CK2 are associated with poor prognosis in multiple cancer types, and CK2 is a target for active research and testing for cancer therapy. Aspects of CK2 cellular roles and targeting in cancer are discussed in the present review, with focus on nuclear and mitochondrial functions and prostate, breast and head and neck malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Betsy T Kren
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - George A Scaria
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Mark A Klein
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Trembley JH, Li B, Kren BT, Peltola J, Manivel J, Meyyappan D, Gravely A, Klein M, Ahmed K, Caicedo-Granados E. Identification of high protein kinase CK2α in HPV(+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and correlation with clinical outcomes. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12519. [PMID: 34993017 PMCID: PMC8675248 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) incidence is rising worldwide, especially human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated disease. Historically, high levels of protein kinase CK2 were linked with poor outcomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), without consideration of HPV status. This retrospective study examined tumor CK2α protein expression levels and related clinical outcomes in a cohort of Veteran OPSCC patient tumors which were determined to be predominantly HPV(+). Methods Patients at the Minneapolis VA Health Care System with newly diagnosed primary OPSCC from January 2005 to December 2015 were identified. A total of 119 OPSCC patient tumors were stained for CK2α, p16 and Ki-67 proteins and E6/E7 RNA. CK2α protein levels in tumors and correlations with HPV status and Ki-67 index were assessed. Overall survival (OS) analysis was performed stratified by CK2α protein score and separately by HPV status, followed by Cox regression controlling for smoking status. To strengthen the limited HPV(−) data, survival analysis for HPV(−) HNSCC patients in the publicly available The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PanCancer RNA-seq dataset was determined for CSNK2A1. Results The patients in the study population were all male and had a predominant history of tobacco and alcohol use. This cohort comprised 84 HPV(+) and 35 HPV(−) tumors. CK2α levels were higher in HPV(+) tumors compared to HPV(−) tumors. Higher CK2α scores positively correlated with higher Ki-67 index. OS improved with increasing CK2α score and separately OS was significantly better for those with HPV(+) as opposed to HPV(−) OPSCC. Both remained significant after controlling for smoking status. High CSNK2A1 mRNA levels from TCGA data associated with worse patient survival in HPV(−) HNSCC. Conclusions High CK2α protein levels are detected in HPV(+) OPSCC tumors and demonstrate an unexpected association with improved survival in a strongly HPV(+) OPSCC cohort. Worse survival outcomes for high CSNK2A1 mRNA levels in HPV(−) HNSCC are consistent with historical data. Given these surprising findings and the rising incidence of HPV(+) OPSCC, further study is needed to understand the biological roles of CK2 in HPV(+) and HPV(−) HNSCC and the potential utility for therapeutic targeting of CK2 in these two disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Bin Li
- Otolaryngology Section, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Current affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Roseville Medical Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Roseville, CA, United States of America
| | - Betsy T Kren
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Justin Peltola
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Juan Manivel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Devi Meyyappan
- Hematology and Oncology Section, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Current affiliation: University of Texas Medical Branch, University Blvd, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Amy Gravely
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Mark Klein
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Hematology and Oncology Section, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Emiro Caicedo-Granados
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Otolaryngology Section, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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11
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Amin RM, Raad M, Rao SS, Musharbash F, Best MJ, Amanatullah DF. Survival bias may explain the appearance of the obesity paradox in hip fracture patients. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:2555-2562. [PMID: 34245343 PMCID: PMC8819709 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-06046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Patients with low-energy hip fractures do not follow the obesity paradox as previously reported. In datasets where injury mechanism is not available, the use of age >50 years (as opposed to commonly used >65 years) as a surrogate for a low-energy hip fracture patients may be a more robust inclusion criterion. PURPOSE: In elderly patients with a hip fracture, limited data suggests that obese patients counterintuitively have improved survival compared to normal-weight patients. This "obesity paradox" may be the byproduct of selection bias. We hypothesized that the obesity paradox would not apply to elderly hip fracture patients. METHODS The National Surgical Quality Improvement Project dataset identified 71,685 hip fracture patients ≥50 years-of-age with complete body mass index (BMI) data that underwent surgery. Patients were stratified into under and over 75-year-old cohorts (n=18,956 and 52,729, respectively). Within each age group, patients were stratified by BMI class and compared with respect to preoperative characteristics and 30-day mortality. Significant univariate characteristics (p<0.1) were included in multivariate analysis to determine the independent effect of obesity class on 30-day mortality (p<0.05). RESULTS Multivariate analysis of <75-year-old patients with class-III obesity were more likely to die within 30-days than similarly aged normal-weight patients (OR 1.91, CI 1.06-3.42, p=0.030). Multivariate analysis of ≥75-year-old overweight (OR 0.69, CI 0.62-0.77, p<0.001), class-I obese (OR 0.62, CI 0.51-0.74, p<0.001), or class-II obese (OR=0.69, CI 0.50-0.95, p=0.022) patients were less likely to die within 30-days when compared to similarly aged normal-weight patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that obesity is a risk factor for mortality in low-energy hip fracture patients, but the appearance of the "obesity paradox" in elderly hip fracture patients results from statistical bias that is only evident upon subgroup analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Amin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford Medicine University, 450 Broadway Street, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - M Raad
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S S Rao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F Musharbash
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M J Best
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D F Amanatullah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford Medicine University, 450 Broadway Street, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA.
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12
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Gandhi S, Nor Rashid N, Mohamad Razif MF, Othman S. Proteasomal degradation of p130 facilitate cell cycle deregulation and impairment of cellular differentiation in high-risk Human Papillomavirus 16 and 18 E7 transfected cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5121-5133. [PMID: 34169395 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) 16 and 18 are known to cause cervical cancer, which is primarily attributed to E6 and E7 oncoproteins. In addition, recent studies have focused on the vital role of the p130 pocket protein as an oncosuppressor to limit the expression of E2F transcription factors required for cell cycle progression. In view of this, the current study was conducted to investigate the mechanism by which transfection with HPV16/18 E7 leads to the deregulation of the host cell cycle, altering the localisation of p130, and expression of differentiation genes in Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, quantitative-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), and the inhibition of p130 by MG132 inhibitor were employed to investigate the loss of p130 and its disruption in HPV 16/18 E7-transfected HaCaT cells. The HPV16- and HPV18-transformed cells, known as CaSki and HeLa, respectively, were also used to complement the ectopic expressions of E7 in HaCaT cells. Normal keratinocytes displayed higher level of p130 expression than HPV-transformed cells. In addition, the immunofluorescence analysis revealed that both HPV 16/18 E7-transfected HaCaT and HPV-transformed cells exhibited higher level of cytoplasmic p130 compared to nuclear p130. A significant increase in the number of S/G2 phase cells in HPV-transformed cells was also recorded since E7 has been shown to stimulate proliferation through the deactivation of Retinoblastoma Protein (pRB)-dependent G1/S checkpoint. Furthermore, the findings recorded the down-regulation of keratinocyte differentiation markers, namely p130, keratin10, and involucrin. The proteasomal degradation of the exported p130 confirmed the cellular localisation pattern of p130, which was commonly observed in cancerous cells. The findings provide strong evidence that the localisation of nuclear p130 nuclear was disrupted by HPV16/18 E7 led to the deregulation of the cell cycle and the impairment of cellular differentiation ultimately lead to cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasangkary Gandhi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurshamimi Nor Rashid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Drug Design and Development Research Group, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Shatrah Othman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Drug Design and Development Research Group, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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13
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E6/E7 Variants of Human Papillomavirus 16 Associated with Cervical Carcinoma in Women in Southern Mexico. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060773. [PMID: 34203053 PMCID: PMC8233793 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) is the cause of half of all cervical carcinomas (CC) cases. Moreover, mutations in the oncoproteins E6 and E7 are associated with CC development. In this study, E6/E7 variants circulating in southern Mexico and their association with CC and its precursor lesions were evaluated. In total, 190 DNA samples were obtained from scrapes and cervical biopsies of women with HPV 16 out of which 61 are from patients with CC, 6 from patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 68 from patients with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 55 from patients without intraepithelial lesions. For all E7 variants found, the E7-C732/C789/G795 variant (with three silent mutations) was associated with the highest risk of CC (odd ratio (OR) = 3.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.46–9.85). The analysis of E6/E7 bicistron conferred to AA-a*E7-C732/C789/G795 variants revealed the greatest increased risk of CC (OR = 110, 95% CI = 6.04–2001.3), followed by AA-c*E7-C732/C789/G795 and A176/G350*E7-p. These results highlight the importance of analyzing the combinations of E6/E7 variants in HPV 16 infection and suggest that AA-a*E7-C732/C789/G795, AA-c*E7-C732/C789/G795, and A176/G350*E7-p can be useful markers for predicting CC development.
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14
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Vats A, Trejo-Cerro O, Thomas M, Banks L. Human papillomavirus E6 and E7: What remains? Tumour Virus Res 2021; 11:200213. [PMID: 33716206 PMCID: PMC7972986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research on the human papillomavirus oncogenes, E6 and E7, have given us huge amounts of data on their expression, functions and structures. We know much about the very many cellular proteins and pathways that they influence in one way or another. However, much of this information is quite discrete, referring to one activity examined under one condition. It is now time to join the dots to try to understand a larger picture: how, where and when do all these interactions occur... and why? Examining these questions will also show how many of the yet obscure cellular processes work together for cellular and tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Vats
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Oscar Trejo-Cerro
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Miranda Thomas
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
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15
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CX-4945 and siRNA-Mediated Knockdown of CK2 Improves Cisplatin Response in HPV(+) and HPV(-) HNSCC Cell Lines. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050571. [PMID: 34070147 PMCID: PMC8158385 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) can be categorized into human papillomavirus (HPV) positive or negative disease. Elevated protein kinase CK2 level and activity have been historically observed in HNSCC cells. Previous studies on CK2 in HNSCC did not generally include consideration of HPV(+) and HPV(−) status. Here, we investigated the response of HPV(+) and HPV(−) HNSCC cells to CK2 targeting using CX-4945 or siRNA downregulation combined with cisplatin treatment. HNSCC cell lines were examined for CK2 expression levels and activity and response to CX-4945, with and without cisplatin. CK2 levels and NFκB p65-related activity were high in HPV(+) HNSCC cells relative to HPV(−) HNSCC cells. Treatment with CX-4945 decreased viability and cisplatin IC50 in all cell lines. Targeting of CK2 increased tumor suppressor protein levels for p21 and PDCD4 in most instances. Further study is needed to understand the role of CK2 in HPV(+) and HPV(−) HNSCC and to determine how incorporation of the CK2-targeted inhibitor CX-4945 could improve cisplatin response in HNSCC.
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16
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Basukala O, Sarabia-Vega V, Banks L. Human papillomavirus oncoproteins and post-translational modifications: generating multifunctional hubs for overriding cellular homeostasis. Biol Chem 2021; 401:585-599. [PMID: 31913845 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are major human carcinogens, causing around 5% of all human cancers, with cervical cancer being the most important. These tumors are all driven by the two HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7. Whilst their mechanisms of action are becoming increasingly clear through their abilities to target essential cellular tumor suppressor and growth control pathways, the roles that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of E6 and E7 play in the regulation of these activities remain unclear. Here, we discuss the direct consequences of some of the most common PTMs of E6 and E7, and how this impacts upon the multi-functionality of these viral proteins, and thereby contribute to the viral life cycle and to the induction of malignancy. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that these modifications, may, in some cases, offer novel routes for therapeutic intervention in HPV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Basukala
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, I-34149Trieste, Italy
| | - Vanessa Sarabia-Vega
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, I-34149Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, I-34149Trieste, Italy
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17
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Arizmendi-Izazaga A, Navarro-Tito N, Jiménez-Wences H, Mendoza-Catalán MA, Martínez-Carrillo DN, Zacapala-Gómez AE, Olea-Flores M, Dircio-Maldonado R, Torres-Rojas FI, Soto-Flores DG, Illades-Aguiar B, Ortiz-Ortiz J. Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer: Role of HPV 16 Variants. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030347. [PMID: 33809480 PMCID: PMC7999907 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is considered one of the hallmarks in cancer and is characterized by increased glycolysis and lactate production, even in the presence of oxygen, which leads the cancer cells to a process called “aerobic glycolysis” or “Warburg effect”. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) favor the Warburg effect through their interaction with a molecule that regulates cellular metabolism, such as p53, retinoblastoma protein (pRb), c-Myc, and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Besides, the impact of the E6 and E7 variants of HPV 16 on metabolic reprogramming through proteins such as HIF-1α may be related to their oncogenicity by favoring cellular metabolism modifications to satisfy the energy demands necessary for viral persistence and cancer development. This review will discuss the role of HPV 16 E6 and E7 variants in metabolic reprogramming and their contribution to developing and preserving the malignant phenotype of cancers associated with HPV 16 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adán Arizmendi-Izazaga
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (N.N.-T.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Hilda Jiménez-Wences
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (H.J.-W.); (D.N.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias, Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Miguel A. Mendoza-Catalán
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (H.J.-W.); (D.N.M.-C.)
| | - Dinorah N. Martínez-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (H.J.-W.); (D.N.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias, Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Ana E. Zacapala-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (N.N.-T.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Roberto Dircio-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias, Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Francisco I. Torres-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Diana G. Soto-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Julio Ortiz-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (H.J.-W.); (D.N.M.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-747-471-0901
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Modeling and Molecular Dynamics of the 3D Structure of the HPV16 E7 Protein and Its Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031400. [PMID: 33573298 PMCID: PMC7866783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic potential of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is predicated on the production of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which are responsible for disrupting the control of the cell cycle. Epidemiological studies have proposed that the presence of the N29S and H51N variants of the HPV16 E7 protein is significantly associated with cervical cancer. It has been suggested that changes in the amino acid sequence of E7 variants may affect the oncoprotein 3D structure; however, this remains uncertain. An analysis of the structural differences of the HPV16 E7 protein and its variants (N29S and H51N) was performed through homology modeling and structural refinement by molecular dynamics simulation. We propose, for the first time, a 3D structure of the E7 reference protein and two of Its variants (N29S and H51N), and conclude that the mutations induced by the variants in N29S and H51N have a significant influence on the 3D structure of the E7 protein of HPV16, which could be related to the oncogenic capacity of this protein.
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Vonsky MS, Runov AL, Gordeychuk IV, Isaguliants MG. Therapeutic Vaccines Against Human Papilloma Viruses: Achievements and Prospects. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:800-816. [PMID: 31509730 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses of high carcinogenic risk (HR HPVs) are major etiological agents of malignant diseases of the cervix, vulva, penis, anal canal, larynx, head, and neck. Prophylactic vaccination against HPV, which mainly covers girls and women under 25, does not prevent vertical and horizontal HPV transmission in infants and children and does not have a therapeutic effect. As a result, a significant proportion of the population is not protected from the HPV infection and development of HPV-associated neoplastic transformation and cancer, which indicates the need for development and introduction of therapeutic HPV vaccines. Unlike prophylactic vaccines aimed at the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies, therapeutic vaccines elicit cellular immune response leading to the elimination of infected and malignant cells expressing viral proteins. The ideal targets for vaccine immunotherapy are highly conserved HR HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 expressed in precancerous and tumor tissues. Here, we describe expression of these proteins during different stages of HPV infection, their antigenic and immunogenic properties, and T-cell epitopes, the response to which correlates with natural regression of HPV-induced neoplastic changes. The review describes patterns of E6 and E7 oncoproteins presentation to the immune system as components of candidate vaccines along with the results of the most promising preclinical trials and animal models used in these trials. Special attention is paid to vaccine candidates which have shown efficacy in clinical trials in patients with HPV-associated neoplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Vonsky
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 197341, Russia
| | - A L Runov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 197341, Russia.,Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - I V Gordeychuk
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia. .,Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M G Isaguliants
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia. .,Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 108819, Russia.,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.,Riga Stradins University, Department of Pathology, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
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20
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Basukala O, Mittal S, Massimi P, Bestagno M, Banks L. The HPV-18 E7 CKII phospho acceptor site is required for maintaining the transformed phenotype of cervical tumour-derived cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007769. [PMID: 31116803 PMCID: PMC6530875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of malignancy, which it achieves through targeting a number of critical cell control pathways. An important element in the ability of E7 to contribute towards cell transformation is the presence of a Casein Kinase II phospho-acceptor site within the CR2 domain of the protein. Phosphorylation is believed to enhance E7 interaction with a number of different cellular target proteins, and thereby increase the ability of E7 to enhance cell proliferation and induce malignancy. However, there is little information on how important this site in E7 is, once the tumour cells have become fully transformed. In this study, we have performed genome editing of the HPV-18 E7 CKII recognition site in C4-1 cervical tumour-derived cells. We first show that mutation of HPV18 E7 S32/S34 to A32/A34 abolishes CKII phosphorylation of E7, and subsequently we have isolated C4-1 clones containing these mutations in E7. The cells continue to proliferate, but are somewhat more slow-growing than wild type cells, reach lower saturation densities, and are also more susceptible to low nutrient conditions. These cells are severely defective in matrigel invasion assays, partly due to downregulation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). Mechanistically, we find that phosphorylation of E7 plays a direct role in the ability of E7 to activate AKT signaling, which in turn is required for optimal levels of MMP secretion. These results demonstrate that the E7 CKII phospho-acceptor site thus continues to play an important role for E7's activity in cells derived from cervical cancers, and suggests that blocking this activity of E7 could be expected to have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Basukala
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Suruchi Mittal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Massimi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Bestagno
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Gheit T. Mucosal and Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus Infections and Cancer Biology. Front Oncol 2019; 9:355. [PMID: 31134154 PMCID: PMC6517478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviridae is a family of small non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with double-stranded circular DNA. More than 200 different human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been listed so far. Based on epidemiological data, a subgroup of alphapapillomaviruses (alpha HPVs) was referred to as high-risk (HR) HPV types. HR HPVs are the etiological agents of anogenital cancer and a subset of head and neck cancers. The cutaneous HPV types, mainly from beta and gamma genera, are widely present on the surface of the skin in the general population. However, there is growing evidence of an etiological role of betapapillomaviruses (beta HPVs) in non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), together with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Studies performed on mucosal HR HPV types, such as 16 and 18, showed that both oncoproteins E6 and E7 play a key role in cervical cancer by altering pathways involved in the host immune response to establish a persistent infection and by promoting cellular transformation. Continuous expression of E6 and E7 of mucosal HR HPV types is essential to initiate and to maintain the cellular transformation process, whereas expression of E6 and E7 of cutaneous HPV types is not required for the maintenance of the skin cancer phenotype. Beta HPV types appear to play a role in the initiation of skin carcinogenesis, by exacerbating the accumulation of UV radiation-induced DNA breaks and somatic mutations (the hit-and-run mechanism), and they would therefore act as facilitators rather than direct actors in NMSC. In this review, the natural history of HPV infection and the transforming properties of various HPV genera will be described, with a particular focus on describing the state of knowledge about the role of cutaneous HPV types in NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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22
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Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16), HPV-18, and HPV-31 E6 Override the Normal Phosphoregulation of E6AP Enzymatic Activity. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01390-17. [PMID: 28835500 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01390-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoproteins recruit the cellular ubiquitin ligase E6AP/UBE3A to target cellular substrates for proteasome-mediated degradation, and one consequence of this activity is the E6 stimulation of E6AP autoubiquitination and degradation. Recent studies identified an autism-linked mutation within E6AP at T485, which was identified as a protein kinase A phosphoacceptor site and which could directly regulate E6AP ubiquitin ligase activity. In this study, we have analyzed how T485-mediated regulation of E6AP might affect E6 targeting of some of its known substrates. We show that modulation of T485 has no effect on the ability of E6 to direct either p53 or Dlg for degradation. Furthermore, T485 regulation has no effect on HPV-16 or HPV-31 E6-induced autodegradation of E6AP but does affect HPV-18 E6-induced autodegradation of E6AP. In cells derived from cervical cancers, we find low levels of both phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated E6AP in the nucleus. However, ablation of E6 results in a dramatic accumulation of phospho-E6AP in the cytoplasm, whereas nonphosphorylated E6AP accumulates primarily in the nucleus. Interestingly, E6AP phosphorylation at T485 confers association with 14-3-3 proteins, and this interaction seems to be important, in part, for the ability of E6 to recruit phospho-E6AP into the nucleus. These results demonstrate that HPV E6 overrides the normal phosphoregulation of E6AP, both in terms of its enzymatic activity and its subcellular distribution.IMPORTANCE Recent reports demonstrate the importance of phosphoregulation of E6AP for its normal enzymatic activity. Here, we show that HPV E6 is capable of overriding this regulation and can promote degradation of p53 and Dlg regardless of the phosphorylation status of E6AP. Furthermore, E6 interaction with E6AP also significantly alters how E6AP is subject to autodegradation and suggests that this is not a simple stimulation of an already-existing activity but rather a redirection of E6AP activity toward itself. Furthermore, E6-mediated regulation of the subcellular distribution of phospho-E6AP appears to be dependent, in part, upon the 14-3-3 family of proteins.
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Yang-chun F, Yuan Z, Cheng-ming L, Yan-chun H, Xiu-min M. Increased HPV L1 gene methylation and multiple infection status lead to the difference of cervical epithelial cell lesion in different ethnic women of Xinjiang, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6409. [PMID: 28328841 PMCID: PMC5371478 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 gene methylation deeply involved in the progression and heterogeneity of cervical cell epithelial lesions. The DNA ploidy also represented the early lesions of cervical cell, and it was associated with different HPV infection status in different ethnic women. So, the research was to explore whether it was possible that HPV L1 gene methylation and HPV infection status as the risk factors to lead to the differences of cervical epithelial cells' lesions in different ethnics women.The flow-through hybridization and gene chip for HPV genotypes test, general characteristics, and cervical exfoliated cell samples were collected from 94 Uygur and 79 Han women with HPV-16 infection. The cases were divided into the single HPV-16 (sHPV-16) infection group and multiple HPV-16 (mHPV-16) infection group in each ethnic women. The DNA ploidy was analyzed by flow cytometry, and the methylation-sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM) was used to test the HPV-16 L1 gene methylation, the results of methylation was segmented into mild methylation, moderate methylation, and severe methylation groups. Multifactor logistic analysis explored the relation between DNA heteroploid and HPV-16 infection status, HPV-16 L1 gene methylation in different ethnic women.The higher proportion of mHPV-16 infection in Uygur than Han women (61.7% vs 38.0%). L1 gene methylation had statistic difference between single and mHPV-16 infection under the same ethnic women. The proportion of DNA heteroploid had statistic difference between different HPV-16 infection status or different L1 gene methylation grades in Han or Uygur women. Both L1 gene methylation and HPV infection status were the risk factors of DNA heteroploid. Compared to the sHPV-16 infection, the odds ratio (OR) of mHPV-16 infection were 4.409 (CI: 1.398-13.910) and 3.279 (CI: 1.069-10.060) in Han and Uygur women. Compared the mild L1 gene methylation, the OR of moderate L1 gene methylation were 3.313 (CI: 1.002-10.952) and 5.075 (CI: 1.385-18.603) in Han and Uygur women, the OR of severe L1 gene methylation were 20.592 (CI: 3.691-114.880) and 63.634 (CI: 10.400-389.368) in Han and Uygur women.The study first reported that HPV L1 gene methylation and HPV infection status were the risk factors to the DNA heteroploid of cervical cell in different ethnics women, HPV L1 gene methylation and infection status should be recommended to the existing system of cervical lesion screening in order to provide better serves for the HPV infected women, especially for the ethnic women with high proportion of severe L1 gene methylation and multiple infection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang-chun
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
- Clinical Laboratory Center
| | - Zhang Yuan
- Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Ma Xiu-min
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
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Nogueira MO, Hošek T, Calçada EO, Castiglia F, Massimi P, Banks L, Felli IC, Pierattelli R. Monitoring HPV-16 E7 phosphorylation events. Virology 2017; 503:70-75. [PMID: 28126639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HPV-16 E7 is one of the key proteins that, by interfering with the host metabolism through many protein-protein interactions, hijacks cell regulation and contributes to malignancy. Here we report the high resolution investigation of the CR3 region of HPV-16 E7, both as an isolated domain and in the full-length protein. This opens the way to the atomic level study of the many interactions in which HPV-16 E7 is involved. Along these lines we show here the effect of one of the key post-translational modifications of HPV-16 E7, the phosphorylation by casein kinase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela O Nogueira
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Tomáš Hošek
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Eduardo O Calçada
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesca Castiglia
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paola Massimi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy
| | - Isabella C Felli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Roberta Pierattelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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