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Wadey C, Rockman S. Analysing the Potency of a Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Using Reference Antisera from Heterologous Strains. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:596. [PMID: 38932325 PMCID: PMC11209104 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The potency of inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine is harmonised by establishing the haemagglutinin (HA) content using the compendial single radial diffusion (SRD) method. SRD reagents (antigens and antisera) are prepared, calibrated and distributed by regulatory agencies as standards for potency testing, following the biannual World Health Organization (WHO) announcements of the virus strains suitable for inclusion in the vaccine. The generation of a homologous hyperimmune sheep antiserum constrains the time to vaccine release. This study tests the application of heterologous antisera to determine the potency of influenza vaccine compared to that of a standard homologous antiserum. The results indicate that the selected heterologous sheep antisera directed to seasonal H1N1, H3N2 or B Victoria virus strains can be used to determine the accurate potency of inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines. Individually selected antisera could be useful for two to fourteen seasons. A limitation to the heterologous antiserum approach is the diversity of each individual serum, indicating that the empirical determination of a specific serum is required. This application has the potential to enable the earlier availability of a seasonal vaccine and reduce animal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Rockman
- CSL Seqirus, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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2
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Stein AN, Mills CW, McGovern I, McDermott KW, Dean A, Bogdanov AN, Sullivan SG, Haag MDM. Relative Vaccine Effectiveness of Cell- vs Egg-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine Against Test-Confirmed Influenza Over 3 Seasons Between 2017 and 2020 in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae175. [PMID: 38698895 PMCID: PMC11064727 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza vaccine viruses grown in eggs may acquire egg-adaptive mutations that may reduce antigenic similarity between vaccine and circulating influenza viruses and decrease vaccine effectiveness. We compared cell- and egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccines (QIVc and QIVe, respectively) for preventing test-confirmed influenza over 3 US influenza seasons (2017-2020). Methods Using a retrospective test-negative design, we estimated the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of QIVc vs QIVe among individuals aged 4 to 64 years who had an acute respiratory or febrile illness and were tested for influenza in routine outpatient care. Exposure, outcome, and covariate data were obtained from electronic health records linked to pharmacy and medical claims. Season-specific rVE was estimated by comparing the odds of testing positive for influenza among QIVc vs QIVe recipients. Models were adjusted for age, sex, geographic region, influenza test date, and additional unbalanced covariates. A doubly robust approach was used combining inverse probability of treatment weights with multivariable regression. Results The study included 31 824, 33 388, and 34 398 patients in the 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020 seasons, respectively; ∼10% received QIVc and ∼90% received QIVe. QIVc demonstrated superior effectiveness vs QIVe in prevention of test-confirmed influenza: rVEs were 14.8% (95% CI, 7.0%-22.0%) in 2017-2018, 12.5% (95% CI, 4.7%-19.6%) in 2018-2019, and 10.0% (95% CI, 2.7%-16.7%) in 2019-2020. Conclusions This study demonstrated consistently superior effectiveness of QIVc vs QIVe in preventing test-confirmed influenza over 3 seasons characterized by different circulating viruses and degrees of egg adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Stein
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, CSL Seqirus, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ian McGovern
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, CSL Seqirus, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alex Dean
- Real World Evidence, Veradigm, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Sheena G Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mendel D M Haag
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, CSL Seqirus, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Heider A, Wedde M, Dürrwald R, Wolff T, Schweiger B. Molecular characterization and evolution dynamics of influenza B viruses circulating in Germany from season 1996/1997 to 2019/2020. Virus Res 2022; 322:198926. [PMID: 36096395 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza B viruses are responsible for significant disease burden caused by viruses of both the Yamagata- and Victoria-lineage. Since the circulating patterns of influenza B viruses in different countries vary we investigated molecular properties and evolution dynamics of influenza B viruses circulating in Germany between 1996 and 2020. A change of the dominant lineage occurred in Germany in seven seasons in over past 25 years. A total of 676 sequences of hemagglutinin coding domain 1 (HA1) and 516 sequences of neuraminidase (NA) genes of Yamagata- and Victoria-lineage viruses were analyzed using time-scaled phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Yamagata-lineage viruses are more diverse than the Victoria-lineage viruses and could be divided into nine genetic groups whereas Victoria-lineage viruses presented six genetic groups. Comparative phylogenetic analyses of both the HA and NA segments together revealed a number of inter-lineage as well as inter- and intra-clade reassortants. We identified key amino acid substitutions in major HA epitopes such as in four antigenic sites and receptor-binding sites (RBS) and in the regions close to them, with most substitutions in the 120-loop of both lineage viruses. Altogether, seventeen substitutions were fixed over time within the Yamagata-lineage with twelve of them in the antigenic sites. Thirteen substitutions were identified within the Victoria-lineage, with eleven of them in the antigenic sites. Moreover, all Victoria-lineage viruses of the 2017/2018 season were characterized by a deletion of two amino acids at the position 162-163 in the antigenic site of HA1. The viruses with triple deletion Δ162-164 were found in Germany since season 2018/2019. We highlighted the interplay between substitutions in the glycosylation sites and RBS and antigenic epitope during HA evolution. The results obtained underscore the need for continuous monitoring of circulating influenza B viruses. Early detection of strains with genetic and antigenic variation is essential to predict the circulation patterns for the following season. Such information is important for the development of optimal vaccines and strategies for prevention and control of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Heider
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Marianne Wedde
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- Division of Influenza Viruses and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, Seestrasse 10, Berlin 13353, Germany
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4
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Rosu ME, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Hauser BM, Smith DJ, Herfst S, Fouchier RAM. Substitutions near the HA receptor binding site explain the origin and major antigenic change of the B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211616119. [PMID: 36215486 PMCID: PMC9586307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211616119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus primarily infects humans, causing seasonal epidemics globally. Two antigenic variants-Victoria-like and Yamagata-like-were detected in the 1980s, of which the molecular basis of emergence is still incompletely understood. Here, the antigenic properties of a unique collection of historical virus isolates, sampled from 1962 to 2000 and passaged exclusively in mammalian cells to preserve antigenic properties, were determined with the hemagglutination inhibition assay and an antigenic map was built to quantify and visualize the divergence of the lineages. The antigenic map revealed only three distinct antigenic clusters-Early, Victoria, and Yamagata-with relatively little antigenic diversity in each cluster until 2000. Viruses with Victoria-like antigenic properties emerged around 1972 and diversified subsequently into two genetic lineages. Viruses with Yamagata-like antigenic properties evolved from one lineage and became clearly antigenically distinct from the Victoria-like viruses around 1988. Recombinant mutant viruses were tested to show that insertions and deletions (indels), as observed frequently in influenza B virus hemagglutinin, had little effect on antigenic properties. In contrast, amino-acid substitutions at positions 148, 149, 150, and 203, adjacent to the hemagglutinin receptor binding site, determined the main antigenic differences between the Early, Victoria-like, and Yamagata-like viruses. Surprisingly, substitutions at two of the four positions reverted in recent viruses of the Victoria lineage, resulting in antigenic properties similar to viruses circulating ∼50 y earlier. These data shed light on the antigenic diversification of influenza viruses and suggest there may be limits to the antigenic evolution of influenza B virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miruna E. Rosu
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
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5
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Evolution of Type B Influenza Virus Using a Mass Spectrometry Based Phylonumerics Approach. Evol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-021-09535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Rivas MJ, Alegretti M, Cóppola L, Ramas V, Chiparelli H, Goñi N. Epidemiology and Genetic Variability of Circulating Influenza B Viruses in Uruguay, 2012-2019. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E591. [PMID: 32325860 PMCID: PMC7232498 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality during interpandemic periods in the human population. Two phylogenetically distinct IBV lineages, B/Yamagata and B/Victoria, co-circulate worldwide and they present challenges for vaccine strain selection. Until the present study, there was little information regarding the pattern of the circulating strains of IBV in Uruguay. A subset of positive influenza B samples from influenza-like illness (ILI) outpatients and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) inpatients detected in sentinel hospitals in Uruguay during 2012-2019 were selected. The sequencing of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes showed substitutions at the amino acid level. Phylogenetic analysis reveals the co-circulation of both lineages in almost all seasonal epidemics in Uruguay, and allows recognizing a lineage-level vaccine mismatch in approximately one-third of the seasons studied. The epidemiological results show that the proportion of IBV found in ILI was significantly higher than the observed in SARI cases across different groups of age (9.7% ILI, 3.2% SARI) and patients between 5-14 years constituted the majority (33%) of all influenza B infection (p < 0.05). Interestingly, we found that individuals >25 years were particularly vulnerable to Yamagata lineage infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Rivas
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Miguel Alegretti
- Departamento de Vigilancia en Salud, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay;
| | - Leticia Cóppola
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Viviana Ramas
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Héctor Chiparelli
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Natalia Goñi
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
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7
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Cueno ME, Iguchi K, Suemitsu K, Hirano M, Hanzawa K, Isoda T, Ueno M, Iguchi R, Otani A, Imai K. Structural insights into the potential changes in receptor binding site found in the 1998-2018 influenza B/Yamagata hemagglutinin: A putative correlation between receptor binding site structural variability and seasonal infection. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 97:107580. [PMID: 32193088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Influenza B virus has two distinct lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) and are associated with seasonal influenza epidemics that cause respiratory illness. Influenza B hemagglutinin (HA) is a major surface glycoprotein with the receptor-binding site (RBS) primarily involved in viral pathogenesis. Generally, influenza B exclusively infects the human population which would insinuate that the structural variability of the influenza B HA RBS rarely changes. However, to our knowledge, the potential impact of variations in the influenza B HA RBS structural variability was not fully elucidated. Throughout this study, we generated models from the transitioning (evolving viral lineage) 1998-2018 influenza B/Yamagata HA, verified the quality of each HA model, performed HA RBS structural variability measurements, superimposed varying HA models for comparison, and designed a phylogenetic tree network for further analyses. We found that measurements of the transitioning HA RBS structural variability were generally maintained and, similarly, measurements of the altered (years that differed from the evolving viral lineage, specifically 2003, 2007, 2017) HA RBS structural variability differed from the transitioning HA RBS. Moreover, we observed that the altered HA RBS structural variability favored the formation of a putative Y202-H191 hydrogen bond which we postulate may increase structural stability, thereby, allowing for a winter infection of the virus. Furthermore, we established that changes in HA RBS structural variability does not influence viral evolution, but putatively seasonal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E Cueno
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan; Immersion Physics Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo, 178-0063, Japan; Immersion Biology Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo, 178-0063, Japan.
| | - Kanako Iguchi
- Immersion Physics Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo, 178-0063, Japan
| | - Kanta Suemitsu
- Immersion Physics Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo, 178-0063, Japan
| | - Marina Hirano
- Immersion Physics Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo, 178-0063, Japan
| | - Kosei Hanzawa
- Immersion Physics Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo, 178-0063, Japan
| | - Takemasa Isoda
- Immersion Biology Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo, 178-0063, Japan
| | - Miu Ueno
- Immersion Biology Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo, 178-0063, Japan
| | - Rinako Iguchi
- Immersion Biology Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo, 178-0063, Japan
| | - Aoi Otani
- Immersion Biology Class, Department of Science, Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, Tokyo, 178-0063, Japan
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
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8
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Plant EP, Manukyan H, Sanchez JL, Laassri M, Ye Z. Immune Pressure on Polymorphous Influenza B Populations Results in Diverse Hemagglutinin Escape Mutants and Lineage Switching. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010125. [PMID: 32168968 PMCID: PMC7157493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations arise in the genomes of progeny viruses during infection. Mutations that occur in epitopes targeted by host antibodies allow the progeny virus to escape the host adaptive, B-cell mediated antibody immune response. Major epitopes have been identified in influenza B virus (IBV) hemagglutinin (HA) protein. However, IBV strains maintain a seasonal presence in the human population and changes in IBV genomes in response to immune pressure are not well characterized. There are two lineages of IBV that have circulated in the human population since the 1980s, B-Victoria and B-Yamagata. It is hypothesized that early exposure to one influenza subtype leads to immunodominance. Subsequent seasonal vaccination or exposure to new subtypes may modify subsequent immune responses, which, in turn, results in selection of escape mutations in the viral genome. Here we show that while some mutations do occur in known epitopes suggesting antibody escape, many mutations occur in other parts of the HA protein. Analysis of mutations outside of the known epitopes revealed that these mutations occurred at the same amino acid position in viruses from each of the two IBV lineages. Interestingly, where the amino acid sequence differed between viruses from each lineage, reciprocal amino acid changes were observed. That is, the virus from the Yamagata lineage become more like the Victoria lineage virus and vice versa. Our results suggest that some IBV HA sequences are constrained to specific amino acid codons when viruses are cultured in the presence of antibodies. Some changes to the known antigenic regions may also be restricted in a lineage-dependent manner. Questions remain regarding the mechanisms underlying these results. The presence of amino acid residues that are constrained within the HA may provide a new target for universal vaccines for IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan P. Plant
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-402-7319
| | - Hasmik Manukyan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jose L. Sanchez
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Public Health Division, Assistant Director for Combat Support (AD-CS), Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD 20904, USA;
| | - Majid Laassri
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
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9
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Abreu RB, Kirchenbaum GA, Clutter EF, Sautto GA, Ross TM. Preexisting subtype immunodominance shapes memory B cell recall response to influenza vaccination. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132155. [PMID: 31794433 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious viral pathogen with more than 200,000 cases reported in the United States during the 2017-2018 season. Annual vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization, with the goal to reduce influenza severity and transmission. Currently available vaccines are about 60% effective, and vaccine effectiveness varies from season to season, as well as between different influenza subtypes within a single season. Immunological imprinting from early-life influenza infection can prominently shape the immune response to subsequent infections. Here, the impact of preexisting B cell memory in the response to quadrivalent influenza vaccine was assessed using blood samples collected from healthy subjects (18-85 years old) prior to and 21-28 days following influenza vaccination. Influenza vaccination increased both HA-specific antibodies and memory B cell frequency. Despite no apparent differences in antigenicity between vaccine components, most individuals were biased toward one of the vaccine strains. Specifically, responses to H3N2 were reduced in magnitude relative to the other vaccine components. Overall, this study unveils a potentially new mechanism underlying differential vaccine effectiveness against distinct influenza subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology and.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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10
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Hönemann M, Martin D, Pietsch C, Maier M, Bergs S, Bieck E, Liebert UG. Influenza B virus infections in Western Saxony, Germany in three consecutive seasons between 2015 and 2018: Analysis of molecular and clinical features. Vaccine 2019; 37:6550-6557. [PMID: 31521415 PMCID: PMC7115636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of annual influenza epidemics and prevailing strains varies worldwide and regional. The majority of vaccines used contained two influenza A strains and only one influenza B strain (trivalent vaccine). AIM The aim of the study was to compare laboratory confirmed influenza B cases during three consecutive years with respect to vaccination history, clinical symptoms and molecular virology. METHODS Partial HA gene sequences were analyzed for lineage determination and complete HA sequence in cases with reported vaccination and in fatal cases. Clinical data were retrieved from patient charts. FINDINGS During the 2015/16 season, 75 influenza B cases were retrieved; 11 in 2016/17, and 274 in 2017/18. The frequency of Yamagata-lineage strains increased from 7.6% to 100%. No difference was detected in the relative frequency of co-morbidities in season 2017/18. 37.7% of the adult patients and 4.5% of pediatric patients were vaccinated against influenza. INTERPRETATION Phylogenetically, Yamagata strains clustered similarly in 2017/2018 when compared to the previous two influenza seasons. While the relative frequency of influenza B cases differed, the clinical symptoms remained similar. CONCLUSION World Health Organization recommendations for the use of tetravalent vaccines that contain two influenza B strains (Yamagata and Victoria) in addition to the two influenza A strains (H1N1 and H3N2) should be implemented in national vaccination guidelines. FUNDING This research was partially supported by the Association of Sponsors and Friends of Leipzig University.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hönemann
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - D Martin
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Pietsch
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Maier
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Bergs
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Bieck
- Kreiskrankenhaus Torgau "J. Kentmann" gGmbH, 04860 Torgau, Germany
| | - U G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Ye F, Chen XJ, Guan WD, Pan SH, Yang ZF, Chen RC. Analysis of influenza B virus lineages and the HA1 domain of its hemagglutinin gene in Guangzhou, southern China, during 2016. Virol J 2018; 15:175. [PMID: 30428893 PMCID: PMC6236879 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have analyzed influenza B virus lineages based on hemagglutinin A (HA) gene sequences in southern China. The present study analyzed the HA gene and the lineages of influenza B virus isolates from Guangzhou during 2016, and compared our results with the WHO-recommended vaccine strain. Methods Ninety patients with influenza B were recruited from the First Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Throat swab specimens of 72 patients had high viral loads. Among these 72 isolates, the HA1 domain of the HA gene in 43 randomly selected isolates was sequenced using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and analyzed using MEGA 5.05. Results Eight of the 90 patients (8.9%) also had influenza A virus infections. Analysis of the 43 influenza B virus isolates indicated that 34 (79.1%) were from the Victoria lineage and 9 (20.9%) were from the Yamagata lineage. A comparison isolates in our Victoria lineage with the B/Brisbane/60/2008 strain indicated 12 mutation sites in the HA1 domain, 4 of which (I132V, N144D, C196S, and E198D) were in antigenic epitopes. A comparison of isolates in our Yamagata lineage with the B/Phuket/3073/2013 stain indicated 5 mutation sites in the HA1 domain, none of which was in an antigenic epitope. None of the isolates had a mutation in regions of the neuraminidase gene (NA) that are known to confer resistance to NA inhibitors. Conclusion In Guangzhou during 2016, most influenza B virus isolates were from the Victoria lineage, in contrast to the vaccine strain recommended by the WHO for this period. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1085-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-da Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Hua Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
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12
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Tsai CP, Tsai HJ. Influenza B viruses in pigs, Taiwan. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 13:91-105. [PMID: 29996007 PMCID: PMC6304316 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza B viruses (IBVs) have never been isolated from natural‐infected pigs in clinical cases, although the susceptibility of domestic pigs to experimental IBV infections had been confirmed as well as IBV‐specific antibodies were detected from pigs under natural and experimental conditions. Objectives We aimed to assess and investigate the activities for infection and circulation of IBVs in pigs. Methods Annual active surveys for influenza have been implemented on swine populations in Taiwan since July 1998. Nasal swabs, trachea, lungs, and blood from pigs were tested using virological and serological assays for influenza. Gene sequences of influenza viral isolates were determined and characterized. Preliminary sero‐epidemiological data for influenza virus were investigated. Results Three strains of IBV were isolated and identified from natural‐infected pigs in 2014. Genetic characterization revealed the highest identities (>99%) of molecular sequence with the contemporary IBVs belonged to the B/Brisbane/60/2008 genetic clade of Victoria lineage in the phylogenetic trees for all 8 genes. IBV‐specific antibodies were detected in 31 (0.2%; 95%CI: 0.1%‐0.2%) of 15 983 swine serum samples from 29 (2.8%; 95%CI: 1.9%‐3.9%) of 1039 farm visits under annual active surveys from 2007 through 2017. Seropositive cases have been found sparsely in 1‐5 of test prefectures every year except 2015 and 2017 as well as scattered loosely over 26 townships/districts of 11 prefectures in Taiwan cumulatively in 11 years. Conclusions Influenza B viruse infections from humans to pigs remained sporadic and accidental currently in Taiwan but might have paved potential avenues for newly emerging zoonotic influenza in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ping Tsai
- Division of Animal Resources, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.,Zoonosis Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Zoonosis Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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13
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Monamele CG, Vernet MA, Njankouo MR, Kenmoe S, Schoenhals M, Yahaya AA, Anong DN, Akoachere JF, Njouom R. Genetic characterization of influenza B virus in Cameroon and high frequency of reassortant strains. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1848-1855. [PMID: 30036447 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Influenza B is broadly divided into B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages based on its genetic and antigenic properties. We describe in this study the first report on genome characterization of type B influenza virus in the Cameroon National Influenza Center (NIC) between 2014 and 2017. Respiratory samples were collected as part of the influenza surveillance activity in the NIC. RNA products were tested for the presence of influenza using the CDC Influenza A/B typing panel. Thirty-five samples positive for influenza B were selected for sequencing three gene segments (HA, NA, and M) and phylogenetic trees were generated by MEGA version 6.0. Nucleotide phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene revealed the presence of three major clades among Cameroonian strains. All Victoria lineages grouped into B/Victoria clade 1A, while, Yamagata lineages grouped into Yamagata clade 2 (2014 strains) and Yamagata clade 3 (2015-2017). We observed a high frequency of reassortant viruses with Yamagata-like HA gene and Victoria-like NA gene (27.4%; 23/84). The results from this study confirm variations in the genome composition of type B influenza virus and emphasize on the relevance of molecular surveillance for spotting peculiar genetic variants of public health and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavely Gwladys Monamele
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Institute Pasteur International Network, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marie-Astrid Vernet
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Institute Pasteur International Network, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Mohamadou Ripa Njankouo
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Institute Pasteur International Network, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Institute Pasteur International Network, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Matthieu Schoenhals
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Institute Pasteur International Network, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ali Ahmed Yahaya
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Damian Nota Anong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | | | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Institute Pasteur International Network, Yaounde, Cameroon
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14
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De Grazia S, Lanave G, Bonura F, Urone N, Cappa V, Li Muli S, Pepe A, Gellért A, Banyai K, Martella V, Giammanco GM. Molecular evolutionary analysis of type-1 human astroviruses identifies putative sites under selection pressure on the capsid protein. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 58:199-208. [PMID: 29288011 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstV) are important enteric pathogens that can be classified into eight sero/genotypes (HAstV-1 to -8). Although the various HAstV types show global spread, type-1 strains tend to be predominant. Molecular analysis of the genomic region encoding the capsid protein (ORF2) has revealed discrete sequence variation, with different lineages within each HAstV type and at least three major lineages have been identified within HAstV-1. Longitudinal epidemiological surveillance has revealed temporal shift of the various HAstV-1 lineages. Metadata analysis of HAstV-1 sequences available in the databases also revealed temporal shifts of the circulation of HAstV-1 lineages, suggesting possible antigenic-related mechanisms of selection at the sub-genotype level. By comparison of HAstV-1 capsid sequences, lineage-defining residues under positive selection were identified. Structural analysis of HAstV-1 capsid allowed identifying at least six residues exposed on the virion surface. Two residues were located in the VP34 (shell region) whilst four residues were mapped in the VP25/27 (protruding region) of HAstV capsid protein, in proximity of the putative receptor binding S site. These findings suggest that mechanisms similar to those observed and/or hypothesized for other enteric viruses are also shaping the evolution of HAstVs, with intra-typic diversification being a possible mechanism to decrease the antigenic pressure to which these viruses are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Grazia
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Floriana Bonura
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Noemi Urone
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cappa
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Li Muli
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Pepe
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Akos Gellért
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest H-1143, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Banyai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest H-1143, Hungary
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Giammanco
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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15
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Nguyen LT, Nishi T, Shichinohe S, Chu DH, Hiono T, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Selection of antigenic variants of an H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in vaccinated chickens. Virology 2017; 510:252-261. [PMID: 28756116 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination-primed immunity in poultry has been suggested for selection of antigenically drifted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In this study, we performed two consecutive passage studies of an H5N1 HPAIV in vaccinated chickens, namely, study-I and study-II, to select antigenic variants under immune pressure from the vaccination. In study-I, nine consecutive passages of a wild-type H5N1 HPAIV were carried out in chickens vaccinated with the homologous challenge strain. Antigenically drifted variants with mutations at position 179 in the hemagglutinin (HA) were selected after three passages. Similarly, in study-II, a vaccination-mediated antigenic variant isolated in study-I was used as the vaccine and challenge strain to confirm further antigenic drift after updating the vaccine; after the third passage, additional antigenic variants with a mutation at position 256 in the HA were selected. Thus, our study demonstrated the contribution of vaccination in the selection of antigenic variants of H5 HPAIVs in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Thanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 street, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shichinohe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Duc-Huy Chu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
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