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Bilotti K, Keep S, Sikkema AP, Pryor JM, Kirk J, Foldes K, Doyle N, Wu G, Freimanis G, Dowgier G, Adeyemi O, Tabatabaei SK, Lohman GJS, Bickerton E. One-pot Golden Gate Assembly of an avian infectious bronchitis virus reverse genetics system. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307655. [PMID: 39052682 PMCID: PMC11271894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis is an acute respiratory disease of poultry of particular concern for global food security. Investigation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis, via reverse genetics enables deeper understanding of virus biology and a rapid response to emerging variants. Classic methods of reverse genetics for IBV can be time consuming, rely on recombination for the introduction of mutations, and, depending on the system, can be subject to genome instability and unreliable success rates. In this study, we have applied data-optimized Golden Gate Assembly design to create a rapidly executable, flexible, and faithful reverse genetics system for IBV. The IBV genome was divided into 12 fragments at high-fidelity fusion site breakpoints. All fragments were synthetically produced and propagated in E. coli plasmids, amenable to standard molecular biology techniques for DNA manipulation. The assembly can be carried out in a single reaction, with the products used directly in subsequent viral rescue steps. We demonstrate the use of this system for generation of point mutants and gene replacements. This Golden Gate Assembly-based reverse genetics system will enable rapid response to emerging variants of IBV, particularly important to vaccine development for controlling spread within poultry populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bilotti
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Sikkema
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M. Pryor
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Kirk
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ge Wu
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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2
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Patarca R, Haseltine WA. Potential Transcriptional Enhancers in Coronaviruses: From Infectious Bronchitis Virus to SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8012. [PMID: 39125583 PMCID: PMC11311688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses constitute a global threat to human and animal health. It is essential to investigate the long-distance RNA-RNA interactions that approximate remote regulatory elements in strategies, including genome circularization, discontinuous transcription, and transcriptional enhancers, aimed at the rapid replication of their large genomes, pathogenicity, and immune evasion. Based on the primary sequences and modeled RNA-RNA interactions of two experimentally defined coronaviral enhancers, we detected via an in silico primary and secondary structural analysis potential enhancers in various coronaviruses, from the phylogenetically ancient avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) to the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2. These potential enhancers possess a core duplex-forming region that could transition between closed and open states, as molecular switches directed by viral or host factors. The duplex open state would pair with remote sequences in the viral genome and modulate the expression of downstream crucial genes involved in viral replication and host immune evasion. Consistently, variations in the predicted IBV enhancer region or its distant targets coincide with cases of viral attenuation, possibly driven by decreased open reading frame (ORF)3a immune evasion protein expression. If validated experimentally, the annotated enhancer sequences could inform structural prediction tools and antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Patarca
- ACCESS Health International, 384 West Lane, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA;
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - William A. Haseltine
- ACCESS Health International, 384 West Lane, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA;
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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3
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Liang R, Liu K, Li Y, Zhang X, Duan L, Huang M, Sun L, Yuan F, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Adaptive truncation of the S gene in IBV during chicken embryo passaging plays a crucial role in its attenuation. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012415. [PMID: 39078847 PMCID: PMC11315334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Like all coronaviruses, infectious bronchitis virus, the causative agent of infectious bronchitis in chickens, exhibits a high mutation rate. Adaptive mutations that arise during the production of live attenuated vaccines against IBV often decrease virulence. The specific impact of these mutations on viral pathogenicity, however, has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we identified a mutation at the 3' end of the S gene in an IBV strain that was serially passaged in chicken embryos, and showed that this mutation resulted in a 9-aa truncation of the cytoplasmic tail (CT) of the S protein. This phenomenon of CT truncation has previously been observed in the production of attenuated vaccines against other coronaviruses such as the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. We next discovered that the 9-aa truncation in the S protein CT resulted in the loss of the endoplasmic-reticulum-retention signal (KKSV). Rescue experiments with recombinant viruses confirmed that the deletion of the KKSV motif impaired the localization of the S protein to the endoplasmic-reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and increased its expression on the cell surface. This significantly reduced the incorporation of the S protein into viral particles, impaired early subgenomic RNA and protein synthesis, and ultimately reduced viral invasion efficiency in CEK cells. In vivo experiments in chickens confirmed the reduced pathogenicity of the mutant IBV strains. Additionally, we showed that the adaptive mutation altered the TRS-B of ORF3 and impacted the transcriptional regulation of this gene. Our findings underscore the significance of this adaptive mutation in the attenuation of IBV infection and provide a novel strategy for the development of live attenuated IBV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kangchengyin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linqing Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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4
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Wang M, Bo Z, Zhang C, Guo M, Wu Y, Zhang X. Deciphering the Genetic Variation: A Comparative Analysis of Parental and Attenuated Strains of the QXL87 Vaccine for Infectious Bronchitis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1784. [PMID: 38929403 PMCID: PMC11200882 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The QXL87 live attenuated vaccine strain for infectious bronchitis represents the first approved QX type (GI-19 lineage) vaccine in China. This strain was derived from the parental strain CK/CH/JS/2010/12 through continuous passage in SPF chicken embryos. To elucidate the molecular mechanism behind its attenuation, whole-genome sequencing was conducted on both the parental and attenuated strains. Analysis revealed 145 nucleotide mutations in the attenuated strain, leading to 48 amino acid mutations in various proteins, including Nsp2 (26), Nsp3 (14), Nsp4 (1), S (4), 3a (1), E (1), and N (1). Additionally, a frameshift mutation caused by a single base insertion in the ORFX resulted in a six-amino-acid extension. Subsequent comparison of post-translational modification sites, protein structure, and protein-protein binding sites between the parental and attenuated strains identified three potential virulence genes: Nsp2, Nsp3, and S. The amino acid mutations in these proteins not only altered their conformation but also affected the distribution of post-translational modification sites and protein-protein interaction sites. Furthermore, three potential functional mutation sites-P106S, A352T, and L472F, all located in the Nsp2 protein-were identified through PROVEAN, PolyPhen, and I-Mutant. Overall, our findings suggest that Nsp2, Nsp3, and S proteins may play a role in modulating IBV pathogenicity, with a particular focus on the significance of the Nsp2 protein. This study contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying IBV attenuation and holds promise for the development of safer live attenuated IBV vaccines using reverse genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (Z.B.); (C.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Zongyi Bo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (Z.B.); (C.Z.); (M.G.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (Z.B.); (C.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (Z.B.); (C.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (Z.B.); (C.Z.); (M.G.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (Z.B.); (C.Z.); (M.G.)
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5
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Xu G, Deng Y, Li Y, Zuo Z, Li D, Ma S. S2 subunit plays a critical role in pathogenesis of TW-like avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:110010. [PMID: 38306768 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the critical role of the S gene in determining pathogenesis of TW-like avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), we generated two recombinant IBVs (rGDaGD-S1 and rGDaGD-S2) by replacing either the S1 or S2 region of GD strain with the corresponding regions from an attenuated vaccine candidate aGD strain. The virulence and pathogenicity of these recombinant viruses was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated the mutations in the S2 region led to decreased virulence, as evidenced by reduced virus replication in embryonated chicken eggs and chicken embryonic kidney cells as well as observed clinical symptoms, gross lesions, microscopic lesions, tracheal ciliary activity, and viral distribution in SPF chickens challenged with recombinant IBVs. These findings highlight that the S2 subunit is a key determinant of TW-like IBV pathogenicity. Our study established a foundation for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying IBV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Yuping Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Yang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Zonghui Zuo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Daowen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Shuhui Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China.
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6
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Keep S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Webb I, Fones A, Kirk J, Britton P, Bickerton E. The spike protein of the apathogenic Beaudette strain of avian coronavirus can elicit a protective immune response against a virulent M41 challenge. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297516. [PMID: 38265985 PMCID: PMC10807761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The avian Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes major economic losses in the poultry industry as the aetiological agent of infectious bronchitis, a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. IBV causes major economic losses to poultry industries across the globe and is a concern for global food security. IBV vaccines are currently produced by serial passage, typically 80 to 100 times in chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) to achieve attenuation by unknown molecular mechanisms. Vaccines produced in this manner present a risk of reversion as often few consensus level changes are acquired. The process of serial passage is cumbersome, time consuming, solely dependent on the supply of CEE and does not allow for rapid vaccine development in response to newly emerging IBV strains. Both alternative rational attenuation and cell culture-based propagation methods would therefore be highly beneficial. The majority of IBV strains are however unable to be propagated in cell culture proving a significant barrier to the development of cell-based vaccines. In this study we demonstrate the incorporation of a heterologous Spike (S) gene derived from the apathogenic Beaudette strain of IBV into a pathogenic M41 genomic backbone generated a recombinant IBV denoted M41K-Beau(S) that exhibits Beaudette's unique ability to replicate in Vero cells, a cell line licenced for vaccine production. The rIBV M41K-Beau(S) additionally exhibited an attenuated in vivo phenotype which was not the consequence of the presence of a large heterologous gene demonstrating that the Beaudette S not only offers a method for virus propagation in cell culture but also a mechanism for rational attenuation. Although historical research suggested that Beaudette, and by extension the Beaudette S protein was poorly immunogenic, vaccination of chickens with M41K-Beau(S) induced a complete cross protective immune response in terms of clinical disease and tracheal ciliary activity against challenge with a virulent IBV, M41-CK, belonging to the same serogroup as Beaudette. This implies that the amino acid sequence differences between the Beaudette and M41 S proteins have not distorted important protective epitopes. The Beaudette S protein therefore offers a significant avenue for vaccine development, with the advantage of a propagation platform less reliant on CEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isobel Webb
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Kirk
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
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7
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Wang C, Hou B. A pathogenic and recombinant infectious bronchitis virus variant (CK/CH/GX/202109) with multiorgan tropism. Vet Res 2023; 54:54. [PMID: 37400928 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite vaccine use, novel strains and variants of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have emerged continuously, leading to economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. This study aimed to characterize the IBV isolate CK/CH/GX/202109 from three yellow broilers in Guangxi, China. Recombination was shown to have occurred in regions of the 1ab gene. Compared to the whole genome of ck/CH/LGX/130530, which is genotypically related to tl/CH/LDT3-03, the 202109 strain had 21 mutations. The pathological assessment showed that this variant caused 30% and 40% mortality in 1-day-old chicks infected with oral and ocular inoculum, respectively. Nephritis, enlarged proventriculus, inflammation of the gizzard, and atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius were also observed at both 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Viral loads in the trachea, proventriculus, gizzard, kidney, bursa, and cloacal swabs were higher at 7 dpi than at 14 dpi. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that this virus exhibited multiple organ tropisms capable of infecting the trachea, proventriculus, gizzard, kidney, bursa, ileum, jejunum, and rectum. Almost none of the 1-day-old infected chicks seroconverted until 14 dpi. While the virus was found in the ileum, jejunum, and rectum in the 28-day-old ocular group, the majority of 28-day-old infected chickens seroconverted at 10 dpi. These study findings demonstrate that recombination events and mutations during the evolution of IBV may greatly alter tissue tropism and emphasize the need for the continued surveillance of novel strains and variants in order to control this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bo Hou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, Fujian Province, China.
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Li SY, Shen YX, Xiang XL, Li YX, Li NL, Wang AD, Cui M, Han XF, Huang Y, Xia J. The conserved L1089 in the S2 subunit of avian infectious bronchitis virus determines viral kidney tropism by disrupting virus-cell fusion. Vet Microbiol 2023; 277:109619. [PMID: 36525909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The virulence of avian gamma-coronavirus infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) for the kidney has led to high mortality in dominant-genotype isolations, but the key sites of viral protein that determine kidney tropism are still not fully clear. In this study, the amino acid sequences of the S2 subunit of IBVs with opposing adaptivity to chicken embryonic kidney cells (CEKs) were aligned to identify putative sites associated with differences in viral adaptability. The S2 gene and the putative sites of the non-adapted CN strain were introduced into the CEKs-adapted SczyC30 strain to rescue seven mutants. Analysis of growth characteristics showed that the replacement of the entire S2 subunit and the L1089I substitution in the S2 subunit entirely abolished the proliferation of recombinant IBV in CEKs as well as in primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells. Pathogenicity assays also support the decisive role of this L1089 for viral nephrotropism, and this non-nephrotropic L1089I substitution significantly attenuates pathogenicity. Analysis of the putative cause of proliferation inhibition in CEKs suggests that the L1089I substitution affects neither virus attachment nor endocytosis, but instead fails to form double-membrane vesicles to initiate the viral replication and translation. Position 1089 of the IBV S2 subunit is conservative and predicted to lie in heptad repeat 2 domains. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the L1089I substitution alters the nephrotropism of parent strain by affecting virus-cell fusion. These findings provide crucial insights into the adaptive mechanisms of IBV and have applications in the development of vaccines and drugs against IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Xi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Xue-Lian Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Nian-Ling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
| | - An-Dong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Min Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
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9
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Quinteros JA, Noormohammadi AH, Lee SW, Browning GF, Diaz‐Méndez A. Genomics and pathogenesis of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:496-512. [PMID: 35978541 PMCID: PMC9804484 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a member of the family Coronaviridae, together with viruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of the COVID-19 global pandemic). In this family of viruses, interspecies transmission has been reported, so understanding their pathobiology could lead to a better understanding of the emergence of new serotypes. IBV possesses a single-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome about 27.6 kb in length that encodes several non-structural and structural proteins. Most functions of these proteins have been confirmed in IBV, but some other proposed functions have been based on research conducted on other members of the family Coronaviridae. IBV has variable tissue tropism depending on the strain, and can affect the respiratory, reproductive, or urinary tracts; however, IBV can also replicate in other organs. Additionally, the pathogenicity of IBV is also variable, with some strains causing only mild clinical signs, while infection with others results in high mortality rates in chickens. This paper extensively and comprehensibly reviews general aspects of coronaviruses and, more specifically, IBV, with emphasis on protein functions and pathogenesis. The pathogenicity of the Australian strains of IBV is also reviewed, describing the variability between the different groups of strains, from the classical to the novel and recombinant strains. Reverse genetic systems, cloning and cell culture growth techniques applicable to IBV are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- JA Quinteros
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Present address:
Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y VeterinariasUniversidad Viña del Mar, Agua Santa 7055 2572007Viña del MarChile
| | - AH Noormohammadi
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneWerribeeVictoriaAustralia
| | - SW Lee
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - GF Browning
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - A Diaz‐Méndez
- Asia‐Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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10
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Attenuated Viral Replication of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus with a Novel 82-Nucleotide Deletion in the 5a Gene Indicates a Critical Role for 5a in Virus-Host Interactions. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0140522. [PMID: 35766501 PMCID: PMC9430126 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01405-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that a deletion in γ-coronavirus Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) accessory gene 5a is critical for decreased viral pathogenicity in chickens. Here, we systematically analyzed IBV virus infection: invasion, genome replication, subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) synthesis, protein synthesis, and virion release. The ability of the mutant IBV strain rYN-Δ5a to invade susceptible cells was not significantly different from that of parental rYN. However, compared with rYN, the level of sgmRNA synthesis and genome replication after cell entry by rYN-Δ5a was significantly lower in the early stage, resulting in a significantly lower level of nucleoprotein (N) synthesis and a consequent significantly lower number of offspring viruses released into the supernatant. The detected 5a protein was diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm and perinuclear area. We identified 16 differentially expressed host proteins, 8 of which were found to be host nuclear and cytoplasmic transport-related proteins. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed an interaction between hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged TNPO1, TNPO3, XPO1, XPOT, RanBP1, and EIF2B4 proteins and Flag-tagged 5a protein, and laser confocal microscopy confirmed 5a protein colocalization with these proteins, indicating that 5a protein can cause changes in the host protein localization. These host proteins promote the nuclear localization of N proteins, so we believe that 5a protein can hijack host nucleoplasmic transport-related proteins to help N enter the nucleus. This may involve regulating the cell cycle to promote the optimal intracellular conditions for virus assembly or by participating in the regulation of nucleolar function as a strategy to optimize virus replication. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses (CoVs) have a huge impact on humans and animals. It is important for the prevention and control of the viruses to assess the molecular mechanisms related to virulence attenuation. Here, we systematically analyzed a single cycle of virus infection by γ-CoV IBV lacking accessory protein 5a. We observed that a 5a deletion in the IBV genome affected virus replication and sgmRNA synthesis early in the virus life cycle, leading to decreases in protein synthesis, offspring virus assembly, and virion release in chicken embryonic kidney cells. IBV 5a protein was found to interact with multiple host nuclear and cytoplasmic transport- and translation-related proteins, which can also interact with IBV N and relocate it into the cell nucleus. These findings provide a comprehensive view regarding the importance of IBV accessory protein 5a and an important theoretical basis for studying the interaction between coronavirus and host cell proteins.
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Li S, Fan S, Li N, Shen Y, Xiang X, Chen W, Xia J, Han X, Cui M, Huang Y. The N1038S Substitution and 1153EQTRPKKSV 1162 Deletion of the S2 Subunit of QX-Type Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Can Synergistically Enhance Viral Proliferation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:829218. [PMID: 35432239 PMCID: PMC9006875 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.829218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The S2 subunit of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) plays a critical role in the process of IBV infection. A comparison between the S2 subunit sequence of chicken embryo kidney cell (CEK) adapted virulent QX-like IBV strain SczyC30 (hereafter referred to as zy30) and its CEK-attenuated strain, SczyC100, revealed an N1038S substitution in S2 subunit and a 1154EQTRPKKSV1162 residue deletion in the C-terminus of the S2 subunit. In order to explore whether these two mutations are related to changes in the biological characteristics of IBV, we firstly constructed an infectious clone of zy30 using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), which combines the transcription of infectious IBV genomic RNA in non-susceptible BHK-21 cells with the amplification of rescued virus rzy30 in CEK cells. Then, three recombinant viruses, including an rzy30S2-N1038S strain that contained the N1038S substitution, an rzy30S2-CT9△ strain that contained the 1154EQTRPKKSV1162 deletion, and an rzy30S2-N1038S-CT9△ strain that contained both mutations, were constructed using rescued virus rzy30 as the backbone. The results showed that each mutation did not significantly affect the replication titer in CEK cells but reduced pathogenicity in chickens, while in combination, the N1038S substitution and 1154EQTRPKKSV1162 deletion improved the proliferation efficiency in CEK cells and reduced pathogenicity, compared to rzy30 strain. The contribution made by the 1154EQTRPKKSV1162 deletion in reducing pathogenicity was higher than that of N1038S substitution. Our results revealed that the N1038S substitution and 1154EQTRPKKSV1162 deletion in S2 subunit were deeply involved in the replication efficiency of IBV and contributed to reduction of viral pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shunyi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nianning Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Peng S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Song X, Zou Y, Li L, Zhao X, Yin Z. Current Knowledge on Infectious Bronchitis Virus Non-structural Proteins: The Bearer for Achieving Immune Evasion Function. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:820625. [PMID: 35464391 PMCID: PMC9024134 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.820625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the first coronavirus discovered in the world, which is also the prototype of gamma-coronaviruses. Nowadays, IBV is widespread all over the world and has become one of the causative agent causing severe economic losses in poultry industry. Generally, it is believed that the viral replication and immune evasion functions of IBV were modulated by non-structural and accessory proteins, which were also considered as the causes for its pathogenicity. In this study, we summarized the current knowledge about the immune evasion functions of IBV non-structural and accessory proteins. Some non-structural proteins such as nsp2, nsp3, and nsp15 have been shown to antagonize the host innate immune response. Also, nsp7 and nsp16 can block the antigen presentation to inhibit the adapted immune response. In addition, nsp13, nsp14, and nsp16 are participating in the formation of viral mRNA cap to limit the recognition by innate immune system. In conclusion, it is of vital importance to understand the immune evasion functions of IBV non-structural and accessory proteins, which could help us to further explore the pathogenesis of IBV and provide new horizons for the prevention and treatment of IBV in the future.
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Identification of Amino Acids within Nonstructural Proteins 10 and 14 of the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus That Result in Attenuation In Vivo and In Ovo. J Virol 2022; 96:e0205921. [PMID: 35044208 PMCID: PMC8941869 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02059-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious global pathogen prevalent in all types of poultry flocks. IBV is responsible for economic losses and welfare issues in domestic poultry, resulting in a significant risk to food security. IBV vaccines are currently generated by serial passage of virulent IBV field isolates through embryonated hens' eggs. The different patterns of genomic variation accumulated during this process means that the exact mechanism of attenuation is unknown and presents a risk of reversion to virulence. Additionally, the passaging process adapts the virus to replicate in chicken embryos, increasing embryo lethality. Vaccines produced in this manner are therefore unsuitable for in ovo application. We have developed a reverse genetics system, based on the pathogenic IBV strain M41, to identify genes which can be targeted for rational attenuation. During the development of this reverse genetics system, we identified four amino acids, located in nonstructural proteins (nsps) 10, 14, 15, and 16, which resulted in attenuation both in vivo and in ovo. Further investigation highlighted a role of amino acid changes, Pro85Leu in nsp 10 and Val393Leu in nsp 14, in the attenuated in vivo phenotype observed. This study provides evidence that mutations in nsps offer a promising mechanism for the development of rationally attenuated live vaccines against IBV, which have the potential for in ovo application. IMPORTANCE The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the etiological agent of infectious bronchitis, an acute, highly contagious, economically important disease of poultry. Vaccination is achieved using a mixture of live attenuated vaccines for young chicks and inactivated vaccines as boosters for laying hens. Live attenuated vaccines are generated through serial passage in embryonated hens' eggs, an empirical process which achieves attenuation but retains immunogenicity. However, these vaccines have a risk of reversion to virulence, and they are lethal to the embryo. In this study, we identified amino acids in the replicase gene which attenuated IBV strain M41, both in vivo and in ovo. Stability assays indicate that the attenuating amino acids are stable and unlikely to revert. The data in this study provide evidence that specific modifications in the replicase gene offer a promising direction for IBV live attenuated vaccine development, with the potential for in ovo application.
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Nath B, Morla S, Kumar S. Reverse Genetics and Its Usage in the Development of Vaccine Against Poultry Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2411:77-92. [PMID: 34816399 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective and economic way of combating poultry viruses. However, the use of traditional live-attenuated poultry vaccines has problems such as antigenic differences with the currently circulating strains of viruses and the risk of reversion to virulence. In veterinary medicine, reverse genetics is applied to solve these problems by developing genotype-matched vaccines, better attenuated and effective live vaccines, broad-spectrum vaccine vectors, bivalent vaccines, and genetically tagged recombinant vaccines that facilitate the serological differentiation of vaccinated animals from infected animals. In this chapter, we discuss reverse genetics as a tool for the development of recombinant vaccines against economically devastating poultry viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Nath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sudhir Morla
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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Li S, Chen W, Shen Y, Xia J, Fan S, Li N, Luo Y, Han X, Cui M, Zhao Y, Huang Y. Molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus in Southwestern China for the protective efficacy evaluation of four live vaccine strains. Vaccine 2021; 40:255-265. [PMID: 34865877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The high mutation rate of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses a significant threat to the protective efficacy of vaccines. This study aimed at analyzing the S1 genes of IBV field strains isolated in Southwestern China from 2018 to 2020, assessing the pathogenicity of four dominating strains, and evaluating the protective efficacy of four commercial vaccine strains against the endemic representative strains. Thirty-two field strains of IBV were isolated in Southwestern China from 2018 to 2020. Phylogenetic analysis of their S1 genes revealed the nucleotide homology ranged from 64.6% to 100%, and belonged to five genotypes [GI-19 (QX, 53.13%), GI-28 (LDT3-A,15.63%), GI-7 (TW, 12.50%), GI-1 (Mass, 6.23%), GVI-1 (TC07-2, 6.25%)], and two variant groups [variant-3 (3.13%) and variant-5 (3.13%)]. Recombination events between field and vaccine strains or between field strains were identified in the S1 genes of eight IBV field strains. The CK/CH/YNKM/191128 and CK/CH/CQBS/191203 strains of GI-19 showed morbidity rates of 66.7% and 73.7%, respectively, and mortality rates of 13.3% and 33.3%, respectively. Besides, the CK/CH/SCYC/191030 and CK/CH/GZGY/191021 strains of GI-28 caused morbidity rates of 60% and 86.7%, respectively, and mortality rates of 33.3%. The protective efficacy of the four commercial live vaccine strains (4/91, FNO-E55, LDT3-A, and QXL87) ranged from 70% - 100% and reduced tissue lesions against CK/CH/GZGY/191021 and CK/CH/CQBS/191203 strains. LDT3-A strain was the most effective one but still could not completely prohibit IBV shedding. These findings provide a reference for IBV molecular evolution analysis and control of IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wen Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuxi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shunyi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Nianning Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Sichuan Dekon Food and Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, 32 First Section of Lingang Road, Shuangliu District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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Banimohamad‐Shotorbani B, Farajpour H, Sefat F, Khosroshahi SA, Shafaei H, Heidari keshel S. Efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells and cellular products in improvement of symptoms for COVID-19 and similar lung diseases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2168-2183. [PMID: 33629351 PMCID: PMC8014656 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At the end of 2019, respiratory coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) appeared and spread rapidly in the world. Besides several mutations, the outcome of this pandemic was the death up to 15% of hospitalized patients. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy as a therapeutic strategy seemed successful in treatment of several diseases. Not only mesenchymal stromal cells of several tissues, but also their secreted extracellular vesicles and even secretome indicated beneficial therapeutic function. All of these three options were studied for treatment of COVID-19 as well as those respiratory diseases that have similar symptom. Fortunately, most of the outcomes were promising and optimistic. In this paper, we review in-vivo and clinical studies which have been used different sources of mesenchymal stromal cell, secreted extracellular vesicles, and secretome to improve and treat symptoms of COVID-19 and similar lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Banimohamad‐Shotorbani
- Student Research CommitteeUniversity of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Hekmat Farajpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of EngineeringUniversity of BradfordBradfordUK
- School of Engineering, Interdisciplinary Research Center in Polymer Science & Technology (Polymer IRC)University of BradfordBradfordUK
| | - Shiva Ahdi Khosroshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Hajar Shafaei
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Saeed Heidari keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Colina SE, Serena MS, Echeverría MG, Metz GE. Clinical and molecular aspects of veterinary coronaviruses. Virus Res 2021; 297:198382. [PMID: 33705799 PMCID: PMC7938195 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large group of RNA viruses that infect a wide range of animal species. The replication strategy of coronaviruses involves recombination and mutation events that lead to the possibility of cross-species transmission. The high plasticity of the viral receptor due to a continuous modification of the host species habitat may be the cause of cross-species transmission that can turn into a threat to other species including the human population. The successive emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in 2012, and the recent SARS-CoV-2 has incentivized a number of studies on the molecular basis of the coronavirus and its pathogenesis. The high degree of interrelatedness between humans and wild and domestic animals and the modification of animal habitats by human urbanization, has favored new viral spreads. Hence, knowledge on the main clinical signs of coronavirus infection in the different hosts and the distinctive molecular characteristics of each coronavirus is essential to prevent the emergence of new coronavirus diseases. The coronavirus infections routinely studied in veterinary medicine must be properly recognized and diagnosed not only to prevent animal disease but also to promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Emanuel Colina
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Serena
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Echeverría
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - Germán Ernesto Metz
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina.
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An attenuated TW-like infectious bronchitis virus strain has potential to become a candidate vaccine and S gene is responsible for its attenuation. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:109014. [PMID: 33636510 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TW-like infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) with high pathogenicity is becoming the predominant IBV type circulating in China. To develop vaccines against TW-like IBV strains and investigate the critical genes associated with their virulence, GD strain was attenuated by 140 serial passages in specific-pathogen-free embryonated eggs and the safety and efficacy of the attenuated GD strain (aGD) were examined. The genome sequences of GD and aGD were also compared and the effects of mutations in the S gene were observed. The results revealed that aGD strain showed no obvious pathogenicity with superior protective efficacy against TW-like and QX-like virulent IBV strains. The genomes of strains aGD and GD shared high similarity (99.87 %) and most of the mutations occurred in S gene. Recombinant IBV strain rGDaGD-S, in which the S gene was replaced with the corresponding regions from aGD, showed decreased pathogenicity compared with its parental strain. In conclusion, attenuated TW-like IBV strain aGD is a potential vaccine candidate and the S gene is responsible for its attenuation. Our research has laid the foundation for future exploration of the attenuating molecular mechanism of IBV.
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Stevenson-Leggett P, Keep S, Bickerton E. Treatment with Exogenous Trypsin Expands In Vitro Cellular Tropism of the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E1102. [PMID: 33003350 PMCID: PMC7600076 DOI: 10.3390/v12101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly contagious and economically important respiratory disease in poultry. In the laboratory, most IBV strains are restricted to replication in ex vivo organ cultures or in ovo and do not replicate in cell culture, making the study of their basic virology difficult. Entry of IBV into cells is facilitated by the large glycoprotein on the surface of the virion, the spike (S) protein, comprised of S1 and S2 subunits. Previous research showed that the S2' cleavage site is responsible for the extended tropism of the IBV Beaudette strain. This study aims to investigate whether protease treatment can extend the tropism of other IBV strains. Here we demonstrate that the addition of exogenous trypsin during IBV propagation in cell culture results in significantly increased viral titres. Using a panel of IBV strains, exhibiting varied tropisms, the effects of spike cleavage on entry and replication were assessed by serial passage cell culture in the presence of trypsin. Replication could be maintained over serial passages, indicating that the addition of exogenous protease is sufficient to overcome the barrier to infection. Mutations were identified in both S1 and S2 subunits following serial passage in cell culture. This work provides a proof of concept that exogenous proteases can remove the barrier to IBV replication in otherwise non-permissive cells, providing a platform for further study of elusive field strains and enabling sustainable vaccine production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (P.S.-L.); (S.K.)
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20
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Zhao J, Zhang K, Cheng J, Jia W, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Replicase 1a gene plays a critical role in pathogenesis of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Virology 2020; 550:1-7. [PMID: 32853833 PMCID: PMC7440038 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an important pathogen threatening poultry production worldwide. Here, two recombinant IBVs (rYN-1a-aYN and rYN-1b-aYN) were generated in which ORF1a or ORF1b of the virulent YN genome were replaced by the corresponding regions from the attenuated strain aYN. The pathogenicity and virulence of rIBVs were evaluated in ovo and in vivo. The results revealed that mutations in the ORF1a gene during passage in embryonated eggs caused the decreased pathogenicity of virulent IBV YN strain, proven by determination of virus replication in ECEs and CEK cells, the observation of clinical signs, gross lesions, microscopic lesions, tracheal ciliary activity and virus distribution in chickens following exposure to rIBVs. However, mutations in ORF1b had no obvious effect on virus replication in both ECEs and CEK cells, or pathogenicity in chickens. Our findings demonstrate that the replicase 1a gene of avian coronavirus IBV is a determinant of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Keran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinlong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Genetic sequence changes related to the attenuation of avian infectious bronchitis virus strain TW2575/98. Virus Genes 2020; 56:369-379. [PMID: 32232712 PMCID: PMC7103903 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The attenuated avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), derived from a wild strain (TW2575/98w) in chicken embryos after 75 passages, is designed as a commercial vaccine strain (TW2575/98vac) to control the disease in Taiwan. The differences in viral infectivity, replication efficiency, and genome sequences between TW2575/98w and TW2575/98vac were determined and compared. TW2575/98vac caused earlier death of chicken embryos and had higher viral replication efficiency. Thirty amino acid substitutions resulting from 44 mutated nucleotides in the viral genome were found in TW2575/98vac. All of the molecular variations lead to attenuation, found in TW2575/98, were not observed consistently in the other IBVs (TW2296/95, Ark/Ark-DPI/81, the Massachusetts strain, GA98/CWL0470/98, and CK/CH/LDL/97I) and vice versa. After further comparisons and evaluations from three aspects: (1) longitudinal analysis on the timing of variations appeared in specific homologous strain passages, (2) horizontal evaluations with the amino acid changes between wild and vaccine strains among the other 5 IBVs, and (3) inspection on alterations in the chemical characteristics of substituted amino acid residues in viral proteins, four amino acid substitutions [V342D in p87, S1493P and P2025S in HD1, as well as F2308Y in HD1(P41)] were selected as highly possible candidates for successful TW2575/98w attenuation. Our findings imply that molecular variations, which contribute to the successful attenuation of different IBVs, are diverse and not restricted to a fixed pattern or specific amino acid substitutions in viral proteins. In addition, four amino acid changes within the replicase gene-encoded proteins might be associated with TW2575/98 virus virulence.
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22
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Yan S, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Cheng J, Zhang G. Pathogenicity and genome changes in QX-like infectious bronchitis virus during continuous passaging in embryonated chicken eggs. Virus Res 2020; 281:197911. [PMID: 32142742 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) remains a major problem in the global poultry industry despite the many available vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines are the most effective means of preventing IB and are traditionally generated by serial passaging of a wild strain in embryonated chicken eggs. In this study, the SZ isolate of the QX-like infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was continuously passaged in chicken embryos for 250 passages. We compared the pathogenicity of different passages (SZ50, SZ100, SZ150, SZ200 and SZ250) of strain SZ by clinical signs, gross lesions, viral load, tissue tropism, weight gain and tracheal ciliary activity. As the passaging increased in the chicken embryos, the strain lost its ability to infect many organs, and the viral pathogenicity gradually decreased. We also found 23 genomic variations of the QX-like strain SZ throughout the passaging process by further analyzing its complete genome sequence. This work offers valuable insight for IBV vaccine development and further research on the IBV attenuation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Lachheb J, Turki A, Nsiri J, Fathallah I, El Behi I, Larbi I, Ghram A. Molecular characterization of a unique variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Tunisia. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4338-4345. [PMID: 31265109 PMCID: PMC7107247 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is responsible of significant economic losses for poultry industry around the world, through evolution of its pathogenicity, inadequacy of vaccines, and virus evasion. Such evasion is related to the unstable nature of its RNA, in particular the S glycoprotein encoding gene, which raises great challenges with regard to the control of the disease, along with the lack of proof reading mechanisms of the RNA polymerase. The emergence of new variants might be a reason for the endemic outbreaks that are being reported in Tunisia, in addition to poor vaccination techniques and ineffective prophylactic programs. In the present study, partial nucleotide sequences of the S1 glycoprotein gene and the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of 2 Tunisian isolates, TN1011/16 and TN1012/16, identified in 2016, were determined. Specific mutations were found in S1 gene as well as in 3'UTR region. Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 nucleotide sequences showed that both isolates are closely related to the Algerian strains, and formed a common cluster within the genotype I. In addition, these isolates were non-recombinant ones, confirming that they are unique variants. Based on their S1 gene sequences, TN1011/16 and TN1012/16 strains were distant from the H120 vaccine strain, commercially used in Tunisia along with the variant vaccine 793B type (4/91). A comparison between nucleotide sequences of their 3'UTR region and S1 gene showed a difference in IBV classification. The obtained results have confirmed that the IBVsequence continues to drift and brings valuable information in relation with its evolution, vaccine development and better control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihene Lachheb
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Turki
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen Fathallah
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
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24
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Antigenic and Pathogenic Characteristics of QX-Type Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains Isolated in Southwestern China. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121154. [PMID: 31847269 PMCID: PMC6950461 DOI: 10.3390/v11121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The QX-type avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is still a prevalent genotype in Southwestern China. To analyze the antigenicity and pathogenicity characteristics of the dominant genotype strains (QX-type), S1 gene sequence analysis, virus cross-neutralization tests, and pathogenicity test of eight QX-type IBV isolates were conducted. Sequence analysis showed that the nucleotide homology between the eight strains was high, but distantly related to H120 and 4/91 vaccine strains. Cross-neutralization tests showed that all eight strains isolated from 2015 and 2017 belonged to the same serotype, but exhibited antigenic variations over time. The pathogenicity test of the five QX-type IBV isolates showed that only three strains, CK/CH/SC/DYW/16, CK/CH/SC/MS/17, and CK/CH/SC/GH/15, had a high mortality rate with strong respiratory and renal pathogenicity, whereas CK/CH/SC/PZ/17 and CK/CH/SC/DYYJ/17 caused only mild clinical symptoms and tissue lesions. Our results indicate that the prevalent QX-type IBVs displayed antigenic variations and pathogenicity difference. These findings may provide reference for research on the evolution of IBV and vaccine preparation of infectious bronchitis (IB).
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Zhao X, Jiang Y, Cheng X, Yu Y, Gao M, Zhou S. Pathogenicity of a QX-like strain of infectious bronchitis virus and effects of accessory proteins 3a and 3b in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108464. [PMID: 31767070 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
QX-like genotype infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has become prevalent in recent years. Few studies have reported the effects of accessory proteins 3a and 3b on pathogenicity in vivo. We developed a reverse genetics system to manipulate the genome of a QX-like IBV strain IBYZ. Recombinant viruses rIBYZ-ScAUG3a, rIBYZ-ScAUG3b and rIBYZ-ScAUG3ab were generated. These viruses do not express the accessory proteins 3a, 3b, or 3ab due to a mutation in the AUG start codons. In SPF embryonated eggs, the recombinant viruses grew to the same viral load as parental strain rIBYZ. The pathogenicity of rIBYZ and recombinant viruses was examined in 1-day-old SPF chickens. In SPF chickens, rIBYZ-ScAUG3a had a lower mortality than rIBYZ. The clinical signs, gross lesions and histopathological changes of rIBYZ-ScAUG3a group were comparable to those of rIBYZ group. However, viral distribution and viral shedding showed that the viral loads of rIBYZ-ScAUG3a were lower than those of rIBYZ in tissue samples and swab specimens. The rIBYZ-ScAUG3b and rIBYZ-ScAUG3ab strains showed attenuated pathogenicity compared to rIBYZ, as no chickens died and all the parameters tested were considerably low. This study indicates that the absence of accessory proteins 3a and 3b in IBV lead to attenuated pathogenicity in chickens. Protein 3b has a greater effect on pathogenicity than protein 3a. These findings may be used in vaccination trials for the development of a new live-attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Zhao
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyan Gao
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, People's Republic of China.
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