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Joshi G, Das A, Verma G, Guchhait P. Viral infection and host immune response in diabetes. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:242-266. [PMID: 38063433 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder disrupting blood sugar regulation, has emerged as a prominent silent pandemic. Uncontrolled diabetes predisposes an individual to develop fatal complications like cardiovascular disorders, kidney damage, and neuropathies and aggravates the severity of treatable infections. Escalating cases of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes correlate with a global upswing in diabetes-linked mortality. As a growing global concern with limited preventive interventions, diabetes necessitates extensive research to mitigate its healthcare burden and assist ailing patients. An altered immune system exacerbated by chronic hyperinflammation heightens the susceptibility of diabetic individuals to microbial infections, including notable viruses like SARS-CoV-2, dengue, and influenza. Given such a scenario, we scrutinized the literature and compiled molecular pathways and signaling cascades related to immune compartments in diabetics that escalate the severity associated with the above-mentioned viral infections in them as compared to healthy individuals. The pathogenesis of these viral infections that trigger diabetes compromises both innate and adaptive immune functions and pre-existing diabetes also leads to heightened disease severity. Lastly, this review succinctly outlines available treatments for diabetics, which may hold promise as preventive or supportive measures to effectively combat these viral infections in the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Joshi
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Anushka Das
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Garima Verma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Prasenjit Guchhait
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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2
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Berber E, Sumbria D, Kokkaya S. A metabolic blueprint of COVID-19 and long-term vaccine efficacy. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2023; 38:15-29. [PMID: 36166711 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligatory protein-coated units and often utilize the metabolic functions of the cells they infect. Viruses hijack cellular metabolic functions and cause consequences that can range from minor to devastating, as we have all witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. For understanding the virus-driven pathogenesis and its implications on the host, the cellular metabolism needs to be elucidated. How SARS-CoV-2 triggers metabolic functions and rewires the metabolism remains unidentified but the implications of the metabolic patterns are under investigation by several researchers. In this review, we have described the SARS-CoV-2-mediated metabolic alterations from in vitro studies to metabolic changes reported in victims of COVID-19. We have also discussed potential therapeutic targets to diminish the viral infection and suppress the inflammatory response, with respect to evidenced studies based on COVID-19 research. Finally, we aimed to explain how we could extend vaccine-induced immunity in people by targeting the immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Berber
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Deepak Sumbria
- College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Rampura Phul, Bathinda, India
| | - Serkan Kokkaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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3
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Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:59-102. [PMID: 36863425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Found in all organisms, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDC) are the keystones of prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy metabolism. In eukaryotic organisms these multi-component megacomplexes provide a crucial mechanistic link between cytoplasmic glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As a consequence, PDCs also influence the metabolism of branched chain amino acids, lipids and, ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). PDC activity is an essential determinant of the metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility of metazoan organisms in adapting to changes in development, nutrient availability and various stresses that challenge maintenance of homeostasis. This canonical role of the PDC has been extensively probed over the past decades by multidisciplinary investigations into its causal association with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, the latter making the PDC an increasingly viable therapeutic target. Here we review the biology of the remarkable PDC and its emerging importance in the pathobiology and treatment of diverse congenital and acquired disorders of metabolic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Translational Sciences, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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4
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Rodrick TC, Siu Y, Carlock MA, Ross TM, Jones DR. Urine Metabolome Dynamics Discriminate Influenza Vaccination Response. Viruses 2023; 15:242. [PMID: 36680282 PMCID: PMC9861122 DOI: 10.3390/v15010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza represents a major and ongoing public health hazard. Current collaborative efforts are aimed toward creating a universal flu vaccine with the goals of both improving responses to vaccination and increasing the breadth of protection against multiple strains and clades from a single vaccine. As an intermediate step toward these goals, the current work is focused on evaluating the systemic host response to vaccination in both normal and high-risk populations, such as the obese and geriatric populations, which have been linked to poor responses to vaccination. We therefore employed a metabolomics approach using a time-course (n = 5 time points) of the response to human vaccination against influenza from the time before vaccination (pre) to 90 days following vaccination. We analyzed the urinary profiles of a cohort of subjects (n = 179) designed to evenly sample across age, sex, BMI, and other demographic factors, stratifying their responses to vaccination as “High”, “Low”, or “None” based on the seroconversion measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) from plasma samples at day 28 post-vaccination. Overall, we putatively identified 15,903 distinct, named, small-molecule structures (4473 at 10% FDR) among the 895 samples analyzed, with the aim of identifying metabolite correlates of the vaccine response, as well as prognostic and diagnostic markers from the periods before and after vaccination, respectively. Notably, we found that the metabolic profiles could unbiasedly separate the high-risk High-responders from the high-risk None-responders (obese/geriatric) within 3 days post-vaccination. The purine metabolites Guanine and Hypoxanthine were negatively associated with high seroconversion (p = 0.0032, p < 0.0001, respectively), while Acetyl-Leucine and 5-Aminovaleric acid were positively associated. Further changes in Cystine, Glutamic acid, Kynurenine and other metabolites implicated early oxidative stress (3 days) after vaccination as a hallmark of the High-responders. Ongoing efforts are aimed toward validating these putative markers using a ferret model of influenza infection, as well as an independent cohort of human seasonal vaccination and human challenge studies with live virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori C. Rodrick
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yik Siu
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael A. Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Drew R. Jones
- Metabolomics Core Resource Laboratory, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
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5
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Zhang P, Pan S, Yuan S, Shang Y, Shu H. Abnormal glucose metabolism in virus associated sepsis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1120769. [PMID: 37124033 PMCID: PMC10130199 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is identified as a potentially lethal organ impairment triggered by an inadequate host reaction to infection (Sepsis-3). Viral sepsis is a potentially deadly organ impairment state caused by the host's inappropriate reaction to a viral infection. However, when a viral infection occurs, the metabolism of the infected cell undergoes a variety of changes that cause the host to respond to the infection. But, until now, little has been known about the challenges faced by cellular metabolic alterations that occur during viral infection and how these changes modulate infection. This study concentrates on the alterations in glucose metabolism during viral sepsis and their impact on viral infection, with a view to exploring new potential therapeutic targets for viral sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - You Shang
- *Correspondence: Huaqing Shu, ; You Shang,
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6
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Dey S, Murmu N, Mondal T, Saha I, Chatterjee S, Manna R, Haldar S, Dash SK, Sarkar TR, Giri B. Multifaceted entrancing role of glucose and its analogue, 2-deoxy-D-glucose in cancer cell proliferation, inflammation, and virus infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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7
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Cui H, Wang Y, Yu B, Wu Y, Zhang G, Guo J, Luo J, Li Q, Li X, He W, Wen W, Liao J, Wang D. Jian-Ti-Kang-Yi decoction alleviates poly(I:C)-induced pneumonia by inhibiting inflammatory response, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating host metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979400. [PMID: 36147321 PMCID: PMC9486163 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Jian-Ti-Kang-Yi decoction (JTKY) is widely used in the treatment of COVID-19. However, the protective mechanisms of JTKY against pneumonia remain unknown. In this study, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a mimic of viral dsRNA, was used to induce pneumonia in mice; the therapeutic effects of JTKY on poly(I:C)-induced pneumonia model mice were evaluated. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative potentials of JTKY were also investigated. Lastly, the metabolic regulatory effects of JTKY in poly(I:C)-induced pneumonia model mice were studied using untargeted metabolomics. Our results showed that JTKY treatment decreased the wet-to-dry ratio in the lung tissue, total protein concentration, and total cell count of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) and Masson staining indicated that the JTKY treatment alleviated the pathological changes and decreased the fibrotic contents in the lungs. JTKY treatment also decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] and increased the levels of immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in the BALF and serum. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the JTKY treatment lowered the ratio of CD86+/CD206+ macrophages in the BALF, decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level, and increased arginase 1 (Arg-1) level in lung. JTKY also lowered CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils in BALF and decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung. Moreover, it also elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and decreased methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) level in lung. Untargeted metabolomic analysis showed that the JTKY treatment could affect 19 metabolites in lung, such as L-adrenaline, L-asparagine, ornithine, and alpha-ketoglutaric acid. These metabolites are associated with the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, butanoate, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle processes. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that treatment with JTKY ameliorated poly(I:C)-induced pneumonia. The mechanism of action of JTKY may be associated with the inhibition of the inflammatory response, the reduction of oxidative stress, and the regulation of the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, TCA cycle, and metabolism of alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and butanoate processes in lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huantian Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bolun Yu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yulin Wu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gaijun Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junli Guo
- Hebei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qin Li
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenju He
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weibo Wen
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Weibo Wen, ; Jiabao Liao, ; Dongqiang Wang,
| | - Jiabao Liao
- Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Weibo Wen, ; Jiabao Liao, ; Dongqiang Wang,
| | - Dongqiang Wang
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Weibo Wen, ; Jiabao Liao, ; Dongqiang Wang,
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8
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Doolittle LM, Binzel K, Nolan KE, Craig K, Rosas LE, Bernier MC, Joseph LM, Woods PS, Knopp MV, Davis IC. CDP-choline Corrects Alveolar Type II Cell Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Influenza-infected Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 66:682-693. [PMID: 35442170 PMCID: PMC9163648 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0512oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of ARDS in influenza A virus (IAV)-infected mice is associated with inhibition of alveolar type II (ATII) epithelial cell de novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis and administration of the phosphatidylcholine precursor CDP-choline attenuates IAV-induced ARDS in mice. We hypothesized inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis would also impact the function of ATII cell mitochondria. To test this hypothesis, adult C57BL/6 mice of both sexes were inoculated intranasally with 10,000 p.f.u./mouse influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1). Controls were mock-infected with virus diluent. Mice were treated with saline vehicle or CDP-choline (100 μg/mouse, i.p.) once daily from 1-5 days post-inoculation (dpi). ATII cells were isolated by a standard lung digestion protocol at 6 dpi for analysis of mitochondrial function. IAV infection increased uptake of the glucose analog 18F-FDG by the lungs and caused a switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis as a primary means of ATII cell ATP synthesis by 6 dpi. Infection also induced ATII cell mitochondrial depolarization and shrinkage, upregulation of PGC-1α, decreased cardiolipin content, and reduced expression of mitofusin 1, OPA1, DRP1, Complexes I and IV of the electron transport chain, and enzymes involved in cardiolipin synthesis. Daily CDP-choline treatment prevented the declines in oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cardiolipin synthesis resulting from IAV infection but did not fully reverse the glycolytic shift. CDP-choline also did not prevent the alterations in mitochondrial protein expression resulting from infection. Taken together, our data show ATII cell mitochondrial dysfunction following IAV infection results from impaired de novo phospholipid synthesis, but the glycolytic shift does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Doolittle
- OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Katherine Binzel
- OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Wright Center of Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Katherine E Nolan
- The Ohio State University, 2647, Veterinary Biosciences, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Kelsey Craig
- The Ohio State University, 2647, Veterinary Biosciences, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Lucia E Rosas
- The Ohio State University, 2647, Veterinary Biosciences, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Matthew C Bernier
- The Ohio State University, 2647, CCIC Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Facility, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Lisa M Joseph
- The Ohio State University, 2647, Veterinary Biosciences, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Parker S Woods
- The Ohio State University, 2647, Veterinary Biosciences, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael V Knopp
- OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Wright Center of Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Ian C Davis
- OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, Columbus, Ohio, United States;
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9
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Huckestein BR, Alcorn JF. Improving Mitochondrial Function in Viral Infection: Targeting Cellular Metabolism. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 66:598-600. [PMID: 35442855 PMCID: PMC9163644 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0096ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brydie R Huckestein
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 6619, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - John F Alcorn
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States;
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10
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Li S, Zhao F, Ye J, Li K, Wang Q, Du Z, Yue Q, Wang S, Wu Q, Chen H. Cellular metabolic basis of altered immunity in the lungs of patients with COVID-19. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:49-69. [PMID: 35022857 PMCID: PMC8755516 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways drive cellular behavior. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes lung tissue damage directly by targeting cells or indirectly by producing inflammatory cytokines. However, whether functional alterations are related to metabolic changes in lung cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the lung single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) data of several deceased COVID-19 patients and focused on changes in transcripts associated with cellular metabolism. We observed upregulated glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in alveolar type 2 progenitor cells, which may block alveolar epithelial differentiation and surfactant secretion. Elevated inositol phosphate metabolism in airway progenitor cells may promote neutrophil infiltration and damage the lung barrier. Further, multiple metabolic alterations in the airway goblet cells are associated with impaired muco-ciliary clearance. Increased glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and inositol phosphate metabolism not only enhance macrophage activation but also contribute to SARS-CoV-2 induced lung injury. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells may be enhanced by glycerolipid and inositol phosphate metabolism. Glycolytic activation in fibroblasts is related to myofibroblast differentiation and fibrogenesis. Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and glutathione metabolism may also boost the aging, apoptosis and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in pulmonary arterial hypertension. In conclusion, this preliminary study revealed a possible cellular metabolic basis for the altered innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and niche cell function in the lung after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, patients with COVID-19 may benefit from therapeutic strategies targeting cellular metabolism in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Fuxiaonan Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kuan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhongchao Du
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qing Yue
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, 890 Jingu Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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