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PATHOGEN SURVEY AND PREDICTORS OF LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE VIRUS INFECTION IN WILD TURKEYS (MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO). J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:537-549. [PMID: 35704504 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Growing populations of Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) may result in increased disease transmission among wildlife and spillover to poultry. Lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV) is an avian retrovirus that is widespread in Wild Turkeys of eastern North America, and infections may influence mortality and parasite co-infections. We aimed to identify individual and spatial risk factors of LPDV in Maine's Wild Turkeys. We also surveyed for co-infections between LPDV and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Salmonella pullorum to estimate trends in prevalence and examine covariance with LPDV. From 2017 to 2020, we sampled tissues from hunter-harvested (n=72) and live-captured (n=627) Wild Turkeys, in spring and winter, respectively, for molecular detection of LPDV and REV. In a subset of captured individuals (n=235), we estimated seroprevalence of the bacteria M. gallisepticum and S. pullorum using a plate agglutination test. Infection rates for LPDV and REV were 59% and 16% respectively, with a co-infection rate of 10%. Seroprevalence for M. gallisepticum and S. pullorum were 74% and 3.4%, with LPDV co-infection rates of 51% and 2.6%, respectively. Infection with LPDV and seroprevalence of M. gallisepticum and S. pullorum decreased, whereas REV infection increased, between 2018 and 2020. Females (64%), adults (72%), and individuals sampled in spring (76%) had higher risks of LPDV infection than males (47%), juveniles (39%), and individuals sampled in winter (57%). Furthermore, LPDV infection increased with percent forested cover (β=0.014±0.007) and decreased with percent agriculture cover for juveniles (β=-0.061±0.018) sampled in winter. These data enhance our understanding of individual and spatial predictors of LPDV infection in Wild Turkeys and aid in assessing the associated risk to Wild Turkey populations and poultry operations.
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Gonnerman M, A. Shea S, Sullivan K, Kamath P, Blomberg E. Variation in eastern wild turkey nesting phenology at their northern range limit. WILDLIFE SOC B 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gonnerman
- University of Maine Department of Wildlife Fisheries and Conservation Biology, 5755 Nutting Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Stephanie A. Shea
- University of Maine School of Food and Agriculture, 5735 Hitchner Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Kelsey Sullivan
- Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, 650 State St Bangor ME 04401 USA
| | - Pauline Kamath
- University of Maine School of Food and Agriculture, 5735 Hitchner Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Erik Blomberg
- University of Maine Department of Wildlife Fisheries and Conservation Biology, 5755 Nutting Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
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Su Q, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Semen-Derived Exosomes Mediate Immune Escape and Transmission of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735280. [PMID: 34659223 PMCID: PMC8517439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes immune-suppression disease in poultry, leading to a significant economic burden worldwide. Recent evidence demonstrated that the REV can enter the semen and then induce artificial insemination, but how the virus gets into semen was little known. Accumulating studies indicated that exosomes serve as vehicles for virus transmission, but the role of exosomes in viral shedding through the semen remains unclear. In this study, exosomes purified from the REV-positive semen were shown with reverse transcription-PCR and mass spectrometry to contain viral genomic RNA and viral proteins, which could also establish productive infections both in vivo and in vitro and escape from the REV-specific neutralizing antibodies. More importantly, compared with the infection caused by free virions, the exosome is more efficient for the virus to ensure effective infection and replication, which can also help the REV compromise the efficacy of the host immune response. In summary, this study demonstrated that semen-derived exosomes can medicate the transmission and immune escape of REV, implicating a novel mechanism for REV entering the semen and leading to vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
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Hofmeister E, Georgousi F, Lund M, Ferro PJ, Flanagan J, Haefele H, Morrow M. Genetic Sequencing of Attwater's Prairie Chicken Avian Poxvirus and Evaluation of Its Potential Role in Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Outbreaks. Avian Dis 2021; 65:414-418. [PMID: 34427416 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to breed Attwater's prairie chickens (APC; Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) in captivity to supplement wild populations of this endangered bird have been negatively affected by infections with Avipoxvirus and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). Because REV can be integrated into the genome of fowlpox virus (FPV) and may be transmitted in that manner, identifying the source of avipox disease in APC is important to mitigate the impact of this virus. Tissue samples from APC were collected from breeding programs in Texas from 2016 to 2020. These samples consisted of 11 skin lesions and three internal organs from a total of 14 different birds that died of unknown causes or were euthanized. Avipoxvirus was detected by PCR and isolation in embryonating chicken eggs in all skin lesion samples but was not detected in internal organs. Using sequence analysis of FPV polymerase and 4b genes, we determined that 10 out of 11 Avipoxvirus detections resided within the fowlpox clade and a single sample resided within the canarypox clade. REV sequences were detected in all FPV positive samples and in all internal organ tissues but were not detected in the sample matching the canarypox clade. Analysis of REV sequences and PCR detection showed the REV infecting APC was consistent with REV-A and had little variability on analysis of the U3 region of the long terminal repeat. The results of this study indicate control of REV in APC breeding colonies may benefit by a vaccination program targeting FPV and REV. However, a commercially available vaccine for REV is not available at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hofmeister
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711,
| | - Fiona Georgousi
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Melissa Lund
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Pamela J Ferro
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostics Laboratory, College Station, TX 77843
| | | | | | - Michael Morrow
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Eagle Lake, TX 77434
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5
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Yang D, Zhao C, Zhang M, Zhang S, Zhai J, Gao X, Liu C, Lv X, Zheng S. Changes in oxidation-antioxidation function on the thymus of chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:483. [PMID: 33308224 PMCID: PMC7731740 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is a retrovirus that causes severe immunosuppression in poultry. Animals grow slowly under conditions of oxidative stress. In addition, long-term oxidative stress can impair immune function, as well as accelerate aging and death. This study aimed to elucidate the pathogenesis of REV from the perspective of changes in oxidative-antioxidative function following REV infection. Methods A total of 80 one-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were randomly divided into a control group (Group C) and an REV-infected group (Group I). The chickens in Group I received intraperitoneal injections of REV with 104.62/0.1 mL TCID50. Thymus was collected on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 49 for histopathology and assessed the status of oxidative stress. Results In chickens infected with REV, the levels of H2O2 and MDA in the thymus increased, the levels of TAC, SOD, CAT, and GPx1 decreased, and there was a reduction in CAT and Gpx1 mRNA expression compared with the control group. The thymus index was also significantly reduced. Morphological analysis showed that REV infection caused an increase in the thymic reticular endothelial cells, inflammatory cell infiltration, mitochondrial swelling, and nuclear damage. Conclusions These results indicate that an increase in oxidative stress enhanced lipid peroxidation, markedly decreased antioxidant function, caused thymus atrophy, and immunosuppression in REV-infected chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,WuXi AppTec (Suzhou)Co., Ltd, 215000, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - XueLi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaonan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China. .,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine Harbin, 150030, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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An outbreak in three-yellow chickens with clinical tumors of high mortality caused by the coinfection of reticuloendotheliosis virus and Marek's disease virus: a speculated reticuloendotheliosis virus contamination plays an important role in the case. Poult Sci 2020; 100:19-25. [PMID: 33357681 PMCID: PMC7772669 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both reticuloendotheliosis and Marek's disease are neoplastic diseases of chickens caused by reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and Marek's disease virus (MDV), respectively. The infection of REV or MDV may lead to clinical tumors and also result in immunosuppression and easily allow secondary infection by other pathogens. Here, we investigated a breeder flock of three-yellow chickens in southern China that had been vaccinated with CVI988/Rispens at hatching and had experienced depression, weakness, reduction in weight gain, and an increased death rate after 120 d of age. The morbidity and mortality were 20% and 10%, respectively, at 140 d of age when this infection was diagnosed. The necropsy of the birds revealed significant tumor-like lesions in the heart, liver, spleen, and ceca. Peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor-like tissues were sampled for PCR detection and for histopathological observation, for virus isolation and the subsequent immunofluorescent assay on the cell cultures and for gene sequencing of the isolated viruses. A REV isolate GX18NNR1 and a MDV isolate GX18NNM5 were both recovered from the sampled bird. Further phylogenetic analysis based on the env gene of REV and the meq gene of MDV demonstrated that GX18NNR1 was closely related to the reference REV strain MD-2, which was isolated from a contaminated commercial turkey herpesvirus vaccine. In addition, the GX18NNM5 was found to belong to the Chinese very virulent MDV strains' cluster. The coinfection of REV and MDV may contribute to tumor outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality in three-yellow chicken flocks.
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Detection of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus in Muscovy Ducks, Wild Turkeys, and Chickens in Brazil. J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:631-635. [DOI: 10.7589/2019-04-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Chacón RD, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, De la Torre DI, de Sá LRM, Piantino Ferreira AJ. An atypical clinicopathological manifestation of fowlpox virus associated with reticuloendotheliosis virus in commercial laying hen flocks in Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2923-2935. [PMID: 32519513 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fowlpox (FP) is a common epitheliotropic disease in chickens that is usually controlled by live attenuated vaccines. However, there have been some reports of outbreaks of FP in recent years, even in vaccinated flocks, presenting as atypical lesions and feathering abnormalities in chickens. These findings can be associated with fowlpox virus (FPV) with the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) integrated into its genome. In the present study, outbreaks of atypical FP were explored in vaccinated commercial laying hen flocks to determine the nature of the causative agent by histopathologic and molecular approaches. FPV and REV were detected and classified into subclade A1 of the genus Avipoxvirus and subtype 3 of REV (REV3), respectively. Additionally, heterogeneous populations of FPV with partial (containing only a remnant long terminal repeat-LTR) or total (all functional genes) integration of REV were identified by heterologous PCRs and detected considering reference integration sites. These results indicate the mechanism of chimeric genome FPV-REV associated with outbreaks and atypical clinicopathological manifestations in commercial laying hens for the first time in Brazil and in South America. In addition, this study demonstrates the emergence of REV integrated in the FPV genome in Brazilian chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Inter-units Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David I De la Torre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian R M de Sá
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li K, Liu Y, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Nair V, Liu C, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Qi X, Cui H, Gao L, Wang X. Prevention of Avian Retrovirus Infection in Chickens Using CRISPR-Cas9 Delivered by Marek's Disease Virus. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:343-353. [PMID: 32650233 PMCID: PMC7340974 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is an avian retrovirus that causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive, and runting-stunting syndrome in avian hosts. The co-infection of REV and Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic herpesvirus in chickens, further increases disease severity and reduces MDV vaccine efficacy. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system has successfully been used against pathogens in mammalian cells. However, the large size of the CRISPR-Cas9 coding sequences makes its in vivo delivery challenging. Here, following the design of a panel of single-guided RNAs targeting REV, we demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 can efficiently mediate the editing of the long terminal repeats of REV, resulting in the inhibition of viral protein expression. The CRISPR-Cas9 system disrupts the integrated proviral genome and provides defense against new viral infection and replication in chicken cells. Moreover, by constructing recombinant MDV carrying CRISPR-Cas9 components using an attenuated MDV vaccine strain as the vector, we efficiently delivered the CRISPR-Cas9 system into chickens, and the MDV-delivered CRISPR-Cas9 drastically reduced REV viral load and significantly diminished REV-associated symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first study establishing avian retrovirus resistance in chickens utilizing herpesvirus-delivered CRISPR-Cas9, which provides a novel and effective strategy against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zengkun Xu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Changjun Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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Liu J, Li H, Liu B, Zhao B, Zhang P, Yu X, Ning Z. Emergence of spontaneously occurring neoplastic disease caused by reticuloendotheliosis virus in breeding Muscovy ducks in China, 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1442-1446. [PMID: 32068970 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) has a wide range of avian hosts leading to reticuloendotheliosis, and its characteristic of vertical transmission makes it to be one of the most important diseases in breeder avian populations. Up to date, reports on neoplastic disease caused by REV in breeding ducks are few. Here, spontaneously occurring neoplastic disease caused by REV in breeding Muscovy ducks was reported in Guangdong province, China. The most significant gross lesions of sick ducks were tumour-bearing liver and enlarged spleen. Histopathological examination found proliferation of malignant lymphoreticular cells in the liver and reticuloendothelial cells in the spleen. REV strain, CH-GD2019, was successfully isolated using DF-1 cells, and the presence of REV was confirmed by PCR detection and transmission electron microscopy. The length of complete proviral genome is 8,238 nucleotides. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that CH-GD2019 was closely related to chicken-origin REV strains circulating in China. The results will provide a basic data for better understanding of REV in breeding ducks and suggest that REV from chickens may be a threat to ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huizi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boyang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingqian Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengtao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianglong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Detection and Molecular Characterization of a Natural Coinfection of Marek's Disease Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus in Brazilian Backyard Chicken Flock. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040092. [PMID: 31756886 PMCID: PMC6958383 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) and the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are two of the primary oncogenic viruses that significantly affect chickens. In Brazil, there have been no previous published reports on the presence of field REV alone or in coinfection. This retrospective study analyzes samples from a case of lymphoproliferative lesions from a backyard chicken flock. MDV and REV were detected by PCR and classified as MDV1 and REV3, respectively, through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on the glycoprotein B (gB) genes for MDV and the polymerase (pol) and envelope (env) genes for REV. Real-time PCR reactions were performed for MDV to rule out the presence of the Rispens vaccine strain. This is the first report of the presence of REV in coinfection with a MDV clinical case in Brazil and the first molecular characterization of REV in South America. This study highlights the importance of molecular diagnosis for REV and MDV in poultry. In addition, this study highlights the distribution of these two viruses worldwide and the latent risk of them solely or in coinfection to this part of the world.
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12
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Alfaki SH, Hussien MO, Elsheikh FM, Taha KM, Elbrissi AH, El Hussein ARM. Serological and molecular identification of Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in chickens in Sudan. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:508-511. [PMID: 31347279 PMCID: PMC6868445 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is a gammaretrovirus that belongs to the family of Retroviridae. The infection can result in immunosuppression, runting syndrome, high mortality, acute reticular cell neoplasia or T- and/ or B-cell lymphoma, in a variety of domestic and wild birds. The disease is widespread around the world. No related data have been reported in Sudan about the disease. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of REV antibodies and DNA in local and commercial breeds of chickens older than 20 weeks from June 2014 to February, 2017. METHODS A total of 460 sera samples and 150 (50 liver and 100 spleen) tissue samples were collected from local and commercial breeds of chickens older than 20 weeks and screened for anti-REV antibodies in four states of Sudan using a commercial REV antibody ELISA test kit (IDEXX). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect REV DNA in tissue samples in Khartoum State. RESULTS The results revealed that the overall seroprevalence of REV was 74.6% among local and commercial chicken breeds, but in commercial it was 79.5% (190/239) and 69.2% in local breeds (153/221). One hundred and fifty tissue samples of chickens (50 liver, 100 spleen) were tested using PCR for detection of REV using primer sets of the conserved region in envelope glycoprotein (env) gene with a band length of 850 bp. Five out of 50 (10%) liver samples were RE provirus DNA positive detected by PCR, whereas 15 out of 100 (15%) spleen samples were PCR positive. Univariate analysis revealed there was a difference (p ≤ 0.05) between locality and breed of chickens and seropositivity to REV. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of the disease was high in Sudan and more studies are needed to evaluate the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima H Alfaki
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation (ARRC), Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohammed O Hussien
- Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Fadwa M Elsheikh
- Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Khalid M Taha
- Atbara Veterinary Research Laboratory (AVRL), Atbara, Sudan
| | - Atif H Elbrissi
- Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdel Rahim M El Hussein
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation (ARRC), Khartoum, Sudan
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13
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Niedringhaus KD, Nemeth NM, Sellers HS, Brown JD, Fenton HMA. Multicentric Round Cell Neoplasms and Their Viral Associations in Wild Turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo) in the Southeastern United States. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:915-920. [PMID: 31345138 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819864306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple oncogenic viruses, including lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), have been detected in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). The prevalence of infection with these viruses appears to be more common than overt disease; thus, data on the manifestation of associated disease in wild turkeys are scarce. Diagnostic records from wild turkeys submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study from 1980 to 2017 were reviewed to identify cases of neoplasia. Neoplasia was reported in 59 of 851 (6.9%) wild turkeys submitted. Of the cases of neoplasia tested by polymerase chain reaction, LPDV was detected in 34 of 58 (59%), REV in 10 of 39 (26%), both viruses in 3 of 39 (8%), and no retroviruses detected in 5 of 39 (13%) turkeys. The most common gross lesions observed among turkeys with neoplasms were emaciation (30/40; 75%); nodules in the skin (26/59; 44%), liver (17/59; 29%), or spleen (9/59; 15%); and splenomegaly (14/59; 24%). Microscopically, nodules were composed of pleomorphic round cells with large eccentric nuclei and prominent nucleoli resembling lymphocytes or lymphoblasts (57/59; 97%) except for 2 cases, one of myeloid cell origin and the other with primarily spindloid cells. This study indicates the need to characterize the pathogenesis and potential health threat posed by REV and LPDV to wild turkeys. Experimental infection studies and the development of additional diagnostic tests to confirm the role of retroviruses in lymphoproliferative disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Niedringhaus
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Holly S Sellers
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Justin D Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Heather M A Fenton
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Government of The Northwest Territories, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Canada
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14
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Thontiravong A, Wannaratana S, Sasipreeyajan J. Genetic characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens in Thailand. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2432-2438. [PMID: 30668827 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes an immunosuppressive, runting, and oncogenic disease in poultry, posing a significant threat to the poultry industry. In Thailand, an unidentified disease associated with runting-stunting syndrome and neoplasia, resembling REV infection, has been continuously observed in several chicken farms. However, REV infection in Thailand has never been reported. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and genetic characteristics of REVs in chickens in Thailand from 2013 to 2016. Of the 130 clinical samples obtained from 29 chicken farms from 9 provinces located in the major chicken-raising regions of Thailand, including the central, eastern, northern, and northeastern parts of Thailand, 51 samples (39.23%) and 21 farms (72.41%) were REV-positive. REV-positive samples were detected in all 9 provinces tested. Our results demonstrated that REV was extensively distributed in the major chicken-raising regions of Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequence showed that Thai REV was most closely related to Chinese, Taiwanese, and the US REV strains isolated from different avian species and clustered into REV subtype III. This finding indicates that REV subtype III was predominantly circulated in Thai chicken flocks. This study is the first report on REV infection in chickens in Thailand. Our findings raise the awareness of REV as another causative agent of runting and oncogenic disease in chickens in Thailand and highlight the wide distribution of REV infection among chickens worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suwarak Wannaratana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-Ok, Chonburi 20110, Thailand
| | - Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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15
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Changes in apoptosis, proliferation and T lymphocyte subtype on thymic cells of SPF chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:87-94. [PMID: 31048099 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), an avian retrovirus is able to infect a variety of birds and can cause immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of thymic lymphocytes apoptosis, proliferation and T cell subtype with immunosuppression. In this study, a hundred and twenty one-day old SPF chickens were randomly divided into control groups (group C) and a REV infection groups (group I). The chickens of group I received intraperitoneal injections of REV with 104.62/0.1 ml TCID50. On day 14, 21, 28 and 35 post-inoculation, the chickens of C group and I group were sacrificed by cardiac puncture blood collection, and the thymic lymphocytes was sterile collected. The proliferation ability of lymphocytes was tested by Cell Counting Kit-8. Flow cytometry was performed to detect apoptosis, cell cycle stage and the change in T cell subtype. The RNA genome copy numbers of REV virus were detected using real-time PCR. Real-time PCR and western blotting were performed to analyze the expression of CyclinD1 and Bcl-2. Our results showed that REV genome copy number steadily declined, the proliferation potential of thymic lymphocytes was inhibited, lymphocytes apoptosed, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ decreased and the expression of CyclinD1 and Bcl-2 were firstly inhibited, then rapidly recovered. Thus, immunosuppression lead by REV is closely related to the change of T cell subtype, apoptosis, and proliferation of thymic lymphocytes.
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16
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Gao C, Zhai J, Dang S, Zheng S. Analysis of alternative splicing in chicken embryo fibroblasts in response to reticuloendotheliosis virus infection. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:585-594. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1511047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- Laboratory Pathological Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhai
- Laboratory Pathological Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengyuan Dang
- Laboratory Pathological Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- Laboratory Pathological Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Zhai J, Gao C, Fu L, Jing L, Dang S, Zheng S. Integrative Analyses of Transcriptome Sequencing Identify Functional miRNAs in the Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts Cells Infected With Reticuloendotheliosis Virus. Front Genet 2018; 9:340. [PMID: 30233638 PMCID: PMC6128223 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we found a much higher proportion of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) were in active cell division phase than that of control cells which indicated that REV can affect the fate of CEF. So, we performed high-throughput sequencing and transcriptomic analysis to identify functional miRNAs, in order to figure out the possible mechanism in the interaction of REV with CEF. In total, 50 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified. Then target genes of DEmiRNAs were predicted and identified by transcriptome profile results. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment were conducted to analyze the identified target genes of miRNAs which showed that metabolism, cell cycle, and apoptosis were the most related pathways involved in infection of REV. We analyzed the genes related to cell cycle which indicated that CyclinD1-CDK6 complex played an important role in regulating the transition of the cell cycle from G1 phase to S phase during REV infection. Fluorescence microscope identification showed that REV inhibited the apoptosis of CEF which was in accordance with transcriptome results. A novel miRNA, named novel-72 was found, KEGG analysis was conducted to predict the biological function of its target genes which showed that those target genes were significantly enriched in mTOR signaling pathway and functioned to promote cell cycle and cell growth during the REV infection. In conclusion, REV could induce the up-regulation of cell metabolism, cell cycle and mTOR signaling pathway while inhibit apoptosis of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhai
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lisheng Fu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Long Jing
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shengyuan Dang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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18
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Song H, Bae Y, Park S, Kwon H, Lee H, Joh S. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of four immunosuppressive viruses in chicken. J Virol Methods 2018; 256:6-11. [PMID: 29476761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) methods to detect chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), and Marek's disease virus (MDV), and a reverse transcription (RT)-LAMP assay to detect infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), were developed. The CIAV-LAMP, REV-LAMP, MDV-LAMP, and IBDV-RT-LAMP methods were performed using four sets of six primers targeting the VP1 gene of CIAV, the gp90 gene of REV, the Meq gene of MDV, and the VP2 gene of IBDV. The results (a change in color) were observed visually. The methods showed high specificity and sensitivity. The detection limits were 50 genomic copies of CIAV, 16 genomic copies of REV, 20 genomic copies of MDV, and 250 genomic copies of IBDV. When used to test clinical samples, the results of the LAMP assays were in 100% agreement with a previously described PCR. Therefore, the LAMP assays are simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and specific methods for detecting four immune-suppressive viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeSoon Song
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, HyukSin 8-ro, GimCheon, Republic of Korea
| | - YouChan Bae
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, HyukSin 8-ro, GimCheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SeokChan Park
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, HyukSin 8-ro, GimCheon, Republic of Korea
| | - HyukMan Kwon
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, HyukSin 8-ro, GimCheon, Republic of Korea
| | - HeeSoo Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, HyukSin 8-ro, GimCheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SeongJoon Joh
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, HyukSin 8-ro, GimCheon, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Su Q, Li Y, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. The experimental transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus by cock semen. J Gen Virol 2017; 99:253-257. [PMID: 29256850 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following artificial insemination, the egg-laying rate of a large-scale breeder chicken flock declined by10-15 %. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis detected the presence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in semen from the breeder cocks used. Six REV strains were successfully isolated from semen randomly extracted from those cocks. Additionally, the whole sequence of SDAUR-S1 was sequenced and analysed. Cock models with continuous production of REV-positive semen were established by intravenous injection with SDAUR-S1. Eggs were then collected from hens after artificial insemination with REV-positive semen, for virus detection. The positive REV antibody rate for egg albumen was 58.3 % and the REV-positive rate for hatched embryos was 8.3 %, which suggested not only that REV can infect cock semen, but can also infect the offspring. In conclusion, the present study is the first to report on the isolation, genome analysis and transmission of REV in cock semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
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20
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Yang Y, Zhao J, Ma Z, Xu M, Xue J, Zhang G. Serological survey of Reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in chickens in China in 2005 to 2015. Poult Sci 2017; 96:3893-3895. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Khairy WOA, Qian K, Shao H, Ye J, Qin A. Identification of two conserved B-cell epitopes in the gp90 of reticuloendothelial virus using peptide microarray. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:107-111. [PMID: 29102104 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the gp90 protein of Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) plays vital roles in virus neutralization, so detailed analysis of REV-gp90 epitopes is important for the development of epitope based marker vaccines and diagnostic tools for REV infections. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) namely 6C12 and 09980 were used to map the epitopes in REVgp90 using peptide microarray and ELISA. Peptide microarray revealed that mAbs 6C12 and 09980 recognized 216YHPLA220 and 230DPQTSDILEA239 motifs, respectively. This result was confirmed by ELISA using synthetic peptides. Moreover, homology analysis indicated that mAbs defined epitopes are highly conserved among REV strains used in this study. The mAbs and their epitopes identified in this study may have potential applications in development of diagnostic techniques and epitope-based marker vaccines for control of REV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiaam O A Khairy
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North 13314, Sudan.
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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22
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Sun GR, Zhang YP, Zhou LY, Lv HC, Zhang F, Li K, Gao YL, Qi XL, Cui HY, Wang YQ, Gao L, Pan Q, Wang XM, Liu CJ. Co-Infection with Marek's Disease Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Increases Illness Severity and Reduces Marek's Disease Vaccine Efficacy. Viruses 2017; 9:E158. [PMID: 28635675 PMCID: PMC5490833 DOI: 10.3390/v9060158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) cause Marek's disease (MD) and reticuloendotheliosis (RE), respectively. Co-infection with MDV and REV is common in chickens, causing serious losses to the poultry industry. However, experimental studies of such co-infection are lacking. In this study, Chinese field strains of MDV (ZW/15) and REV (JLR1501) were used as challenge viruses to evaluate the pathogenicity of co-infection and the influence of MD vaccination in chickens. Compared to the MDV-challenged group, the mortality and tumor rates increased significantly by 20.0% (76.7 to 96.7%) and 26.7% (53.3 to 80.0%), in the co-challenged group, respectively. The protective index of the MD vaccines CVI988 and 814 decreased by 33.3 (80.0 to 47.7) and 13.3 (90.0 to 76.7), respectively. These results indicated that MDV and REV co-infection significantly increased disease severity and reduced the vaccine efficacy. The MDV genome load showed no difference in the feather pulps and spleen, and pathogenicity-related MDV gene expression (meq, pp38, vIL-8, and ICP4) in the spleen significantly increased at some time points in the co-challenged group. Clearly, synergistic pathogenicity occurred between MDV and REV, and the protective efficacy of existing MD vaccines was attenuated by co-infection with Chinese field MDV and REV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Rong Sun
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Lin-Yi Zhou
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Hong-Chao Lv
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yu-Long Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xiao-Le Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Qing Pan
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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23
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Immunoprotection induced by CpG-ODN/Poly(I:C) combined with recombinant gp90 protein in chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 147:1-10. [PMID: 28465147 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study is focused on investigating the immunoprotective effects of CpG-ODN/Poly(I:C) combined with the viral glycoprotein gp90 protein against reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infection in chickens. REV's gp90 gene was amplified from the REV-infected cells and expressed in Escherichia coli (E.coli). The expressed products, upon purification, were inoculated into 7-day-old chickens with PBS, CpG-ODN or Poly(I:C) adjuvant; Two booster inoculations were then conducted, and then each chicken was challenged. The presence of REV-antibodies in serum was determined weekly after the first vaccination. The viremia and immunosuppressive effects of REV infection were also monitored after the challenge. The neutralizing effects of the antisera were tested in vitro. The results showed that the recombinant gene containing REV gp90 gene was expressed into the recombinant protein with a size of 51 Kilo Dalton (KD), which could be recognized by a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the gp90 protein. The viremia and immunosuppressive effects of avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccine caused by REV challenge in CpG-ODN group and in Poly(I:C) group were dramatically decreased. REV antibody with low titers was induced in gp90 group and the inoculated chickens were partly protected. Compared with those in gp90 group, the titers and the positive ratios of REV antibody in CpG+gp90 group were significantly increased, whereas the viremia and immunosuppressive effects of AIV vaccine caused by REV infection were significantly decreased. In the Poly(I:C) +gp90 group, the viremia and immunosuppressive effects caused by REV infection were also dramatically decreased, although REV antibody responses were softly increased. The diluted antisera from the vaccinated chickens in both groups could completely inhibit the replication of REV in chick fibroblast cells (CEF). Hence, it can be concluded that CpG-ODN or the Poly(I:C) adjuvant can enhance the antiviral effects of the REV subunit vaccine against REV infection, which may result from different mechanisms.
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24
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Analysis of the spleen proteome of chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1187-1199. [PMID: 28097424 PMCID: PMC5387025 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), a gammaretrovirus in the family Retroviridae, can result in immunosuppression and subsequent increased susceptibility to secondary infections. In the present study, we identified differentially expressed proteins in the spleens of chickens infected with the REV-A HLJ07I strain, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis on samples from time points coinciding with different phases of the REV life cycle. Differentially expressed proteins were identified using one-dimensional liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (1D LC ESI MS/MS). Comparative analysis of multiple gels revealed that the majority of changes occurred at early stages of infection. In total, 60 protein spots representing 28 host proteins were detected as either quantitatively (false discovery rate [FDR] ≤0.05 and fold change ≥2) or qualitatively differentially expressed at least once during different sampling points. The differentially expressed proteins identified in this study included antioxidants, molecular chaperones, cellular metabolism, formation of the cytoskeleton, signal transduction, cell proliferation and cellar aging. The present findings provide a basis for further studies to elucidate the role of these proteins in REV-host interactions. This could lead to a better understanding of REV infection mechanisms that cause immune suppression.
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25
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Yu Z, Gao X, Liu C, Lv X, Zheng S. Analysis of microRNA expression profile in specific pathogen-free chickens in response to reticuloendotheliosis virus infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2767-2777. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Li Y, Cui S, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Genome analysis and pathogenicity of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from a contaminated vaccine seed against infectious bursal disease virus: first report in China. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2809-2815. [PMID: 27609617 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were inoculated with the virus seed of an infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)-attenuated vaccine, and positive reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) antibody levels were subsequently detected in the chicken sera, indicating potential REV contamination of the vaccine. After neutralization with IBDV-positive blood serum, the vaccine was inoculated into DF-1 cells for REV isolation and identification. An REV strain, designated IBD-C1605, was identified using an immunofluorescence assay test. Three pairs of primers were employed for the amplification, cloning and sequencing of three overlapping fragments of the IBD-C1605 genome, and the whole-genome sequence of this isolate was obtained after gene assembly. The genome was 8362 base pairs (nt) in length and its homology with the nucleotide sequences of different reference strains varied between 94.2 and 99.2 %. Isolate IBD-C1605 was inoculated into 1-day-old SPF chickens to observe its pathogenicity. Infection with this organism slowed down the weight gain of SPF chickens and caused atrophy of their immune organs, such as the bursa of Fabricius and thymus gland. Furthermore, the chicken antibody levels decreased significantly after Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus subtype H9 vaccine immunization. This is the first report on the isolation and identification of REV from attenuated vaccine virus seeds in China, and is also the first study on the pathogenicity of REV from a contaminated vaccine in China. Our findings contribute towards a better understanding of the detrimental effects of vaccine contamination with exogenous viruses such as REV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Shuai Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
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Emergence of reticuloendotheliosis virus in pigeons in Guangdong Province, Southern China. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2007-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Deng X, Hu F, Qi X, Gao L, Li K, Gao H, Gao Y, Wang Y, Shen N, Hua Y, Wang X. Construction and characterization of a recombinant reticuloendotheliosis virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2231-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Hu F, Zhao Y, Qi X, Cui H, Gao Y, Gao H, Liu C, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li K, Wang X, Wang Y. Soluble expression and enzymatic activity evaluation of protease from reticuloendotheliosis virus. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 114:64-70. [PMID: 26102339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The protease (PR) encoded by most retroviruses is deeply involved in the lifecycle and infection process of retroviruses by possessing the specificity necessary to correctly cleave the viral polyproteins and host cell proteins. However, as an important representative of avian retroviruses, the enzymatic properties of PR from reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) have not been clearly documented. The recombinant PR, its mutant fused with a His-tag, and its substrate p18-p30 fused with a GST-tag were expressed in the Escherichia coli system as soluble enzymes. The soluble PR and p18-p30 were purified using Ni-NTA His Bind Resin and Glutathione Sepharose 4B, respectively. The enzymatic activity of PR was analyzed using the substrate of p18-p30. The expressed prokaryotic protease has enzyme activity that is dependent on such conditions as temperature, pH, and ions, and its activity can be inhibited by caspase inhibitor and the divalent metal ions Ca(2+) and Ni(2+). In addition, the key role of the residue Thr (amino acids 28) for the enzymatic activity of PR was identified. Furthermore, the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK was confirmed to inhibit the PR enzymatic activity of REV. For the first time, the PR of REV was expressed in the soluble form, and the optimal enzymatic reaction system in vitro was developed and preliminarily used. This study provides essential tools and information for further understanding the infection mechanism of REV and for the development of antiviral drugs treating retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Honglei Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Harbin, China.
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Jiang L, Deng X, Gao Y, Li K, Chai H, Fan Z, Ren X, Wang Q, Zhang L, Yun B, Yin C, Chen Y, Qin L, Gao H, Wang Y, Hua Y, Wang X. First isolation of reticuloendotheliosis virus from mallards in China. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2051-7. [PMID: 24643331 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in many avian hosts worldwide. REV infection has never been reported in mallard ducks, however. To identify REV infection in mallards, we collected 40 mallard duck samples from Jilin Province of China. In this study, the REV strain, DBYR1102, was first isolated from a mallard in China and identified by PCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay and electron microscopy. The gp90 gene and complete LTR of DBYR1102 were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on gp90 genes of REV indicated that the REV strain DBYR1102 is closely related to strain HLJR0901 from northeastern China, the prairie chicken isolate APC-566, and REV subtype III, represented by chick syncytial virus. This new strain is distantly related to two other subtypes of REV, 170A and SNV. Phylogenetic analysis based on the LTR yielded information similar to that obtained with the gp90 genes. The results of this study not only expand our epidemiological understanding of REV in the wild birds of China but also demonstrate the potential role of wild waterfowl in REV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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Xue M, Shi X, Zhao Y, Cui H, Hu S, Cui X, Wang Y. Effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus infection on cytokine production in SPF chickens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83918. [PMID: 24358317 PMCID: PMC3865284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), a gammaretrovirus in the Retroviridae family, can result in immunosuppression and subsequent increased susceptibility to secondary infections. The effects of REV infection on expression of mRNA for cytokine genes in chickens have not been completely elucidated. In this study, using multiplex branched DNA (bDNA) technology, we identified molecular mediators that participated in the regulation of the immune response during REV infection in chickens. Cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression levels were evaluated in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Expression levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly up-regulated while interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-15, IL-17F, IL-18 and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 were markedly decreased in PBMCs at all stages of infection. Compared with controls, REV infected chickens showed greater expression levels of IL-8 in PBMCs 21 and 28 days post infection. In addition, REV regulates host immunity as a suppressor of T cell proliferative responses. The results in this study will help us to understand the host immune response to virus pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Harbin, China
| | - Xingming Shi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Harbin, China
| | - Shunlei Hu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Harbin, China
| | - Xianlan Cui
- Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Harbin, China
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32
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Complete Genome Sequence of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Strain MD-2, Isolated from a Contaminated Turkey Herpesvirus Vaccine. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/5/e00785-13. [PMID: 24092783 PMCID: PMC3790087 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00785-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the complete genomic sequence of a reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) isolated from a contaminated turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine. This report will be helpful for epidemiological studies on REV infection in avian flocks.
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33
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Protection of chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus infection by DNA vaccination. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A DNA vaccine expressing ENV and GAG offers partial protection against reticuloendotheliosis virus in the prairie chicken (Tympanicus cupido). J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:251-61. [PMID: 23805542 DOI: 10.1638/2011-0229r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), an avian oncogenic gammaretrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release the endangered Attwater's prairie chicken (Tympanicus cupido attwateri). The aim of this study was to develop a DNA vaccine that protects the birds against REV infection. A plasmid was constructed expressing fusion proteins of REV envelope (env) and VP22 of Gallid herpesvirus 2 or REV gag and VP22. Birds vaccinated with these recombinant plasmids developed neutralizing antibodies; showed delayed replication of virus; and had significantly less infection of lymphocytes, specifically CD4+ lymphocytes. Although the vaccine did not prevent infection, it offered partial protection. Birds in field conditions and breeding facilities could potentially benefit from increased immunity when vaccinated.
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Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from wild birds in Northeast China. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:68-75. [PMID: 23845736 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the status of reticuloendotheliosis (RE) infection of wild birds in China, 585 samples from wild birds collected in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces China were investigated and analyzed. The sampled birds represent 3 orders and more than 40 species. Virus isolation and PCR amplification showed that some of the wild birds were infected with REV, and 10 REV strains were isolated. The gp90 gene from each of the 10 REV strains was amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that the gp90 genes of the 10 REV strains isolated in this study were more similar at the nucleotide level with the northeast Chinese strains HLJR0901 and HLJR0801 and some REV strains found in the US and Taiwan than with the early Chinese REV isolate HA9901. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the gp90 genes of the 10 REV strains were more similar to the REV subtype III-representing strain (CSV) than to strains 170A (subtype I) or SNV (subtype II). This is the first study to investigate the status of wild birds infected with REV. The results of this paper will not only provide necessary information for further understanding the evolution of REV, but they also identify the potential role of wild birds in REV transmission and furthers our understanding of the ecology of REV in wild bird species.
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36
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Li K, Gao H, Gao L, Qi X, Gao Y, Qin L, Wang Y, Wang X. Enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity in chickens against reticuloendotheliosis virus by DNA prime-protein boost vaccination. Vaccine 2013; 31:1944-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Wu NH, Tsai WT, Chen HW, Wang LC, Wang CH. Detection of Anti-Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Antibody by Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Expression Envelope Protein. Avian Dis 2013; 57:71-5. [DOI: 10.1637/10290-062512-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Identification of a conserved B-cell epitope on reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope protein by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185456 PMCID: PMC3504085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gp90 protein of avian reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (REV-A) is an important envelope glycoprotein, which is responsible for inducing protective antibody immune responses in animals. B-cell epitopes on the gp90 protein of REV have not been well studied and reported. Methods and Results This study describes the identification of a linear B-cell epitope on the gp90 protein by screening a phage-displayed 12-mer random peptide library with the neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) A9E8 directed against the gp90. The mAb A9E8 recognized phages displaying peptides with the consensus motif SVQYHPL. Amino acid sequence of the motif exactly matched 213SVQYHPL219 of the gp90. Further identification of the displayed B cell epitope was conducted using a set of truncated peptides expressed as GST fusion proteins and the Western blot results indicated that 213SVQYHPL219 was the minimal determinant of the linear B cell epitope recognized by the mAb A9E8. Moreover, an eight amino acid peptide SVQYHPLA was proven to be the minimal unit of the epitope with the maximal binding activity to mAb A9E8. The REV-A-positive chicken serum reacted with the minimal linear epitopes in Western blot, revealing the importance of the eight amino acids of the epitope in antibody-epitope binding activity. Furthermore, we found that the epitope is a common motif shared among REV-A and other members of REV group. Conclusions and Significance We identified 213SVQYHPL219 as a gp90-specific linear B-cell epitope recognized by the neutralizing mAb A9E8. The results in this study may have potential applications in development of diagnostic techniques and epitope-based marker vaccines against REV-A and other viruses of the REV group.
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Wei K, Sun Z, Zhu S, Guo W, Sheng P, Wang Z, Zhao C, Zhao Q, Zhu R. Probable congenital transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus caused by vaccination with contaminated vaccines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43422. [PMID: 22912872 PMCID: PMC3422243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminated vaccine is one unexpected and potential origin of virus infection. In order to investigate the most likely cause of disease in a broiler breeder company of Shandong Province, all 17 batches of live-virus vaccines used in the affected flocks and 478 tissue samples were tested by dot-blot hybridization, nested PCR, and IFA. The results suggested the outbreak of disease was most probably due to the vaccination of REV-contaminated MD-CVI988/Rispens vaccines and ND-LaSota+IB-H120 vaccines. Furthermore, the REV was probably transmitted to the commercial chickens through congenital transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biological Product, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biological Product, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shufen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Product, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biological Product, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Biological Product, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zunmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Product, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Product, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Product, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Product, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Li K, Gao H, Gao L, Qi X, Gao Y, Qin L, Wang Y, Wang X. Development of an indirect ELISA for serological detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus using the gp90 protein expressed in Pichia pastoris. J Virol Methods 2012; 180:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Li K, Gao H, Gao L, Qi X, Gao Y, Qin L, Wang Y, Wang X. Recombinant gp90 protein expressed in Pichia pastoris induces a protective immune response against reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens. Vaccine 2012; 30:2273-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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42
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Li K, Gao H, Gao L, Qi X, Qin L, Gao Y, Xu Y, Wang X. Development of TaqMan real-time PCR assay for detection and quantitation of reticuloendotheliosis virus. J Virol Methods 2012; 179:402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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43
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Weli SC, Tryland M. Avipoxviruses: infection biology and their use as vaccine vectors. Virol J 2011; 8:49. [PMID: 21291547 PMCID: PMC3042955 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avipoxviruses (APVs) belong to the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily of the Poxviridae family. APVs are distributed worldwide and cause disease in domestic, pet and wild birds of many species. APVs are transmitted by aerosols and biting insects, particularly mosquitoes and arthropods and are usually named after the bird species from which they were originally isolated. The virus species Fowlpox virus (FWPV) causes disease in poultry and associated mortality is usually low, but in flocks under stress (other diseases, high production) mortality can reach up to 50%. APVs are also major players in viral vaccine vector development for diseases in human and veterinary medicine. Abortive infection in mammalian cells (no production of progeny viruses) and their ability to accommodate multiple gene inserts are some of the characteristics that make APVs promising vaccine vectors. Although abortive infection in mammalian cells conceivably represents a major vaccine bio-safety advantage, molecular mechanisms restricting APVs to certain hosts are not yet fully understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge relating to APVs, including classification, morphogenesis, host-virus interactions, diagnostics and disease, and also highlights the use of APVs as recombinant vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Weli
- National Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
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Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus. J Virol Methods 2010; 168:82-6. [PMID: 20435068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for rapid detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was developed. The method used a set of two pairs of primers to amplify the pol gene for detecting REV, showing high specificity and sensitivity. The REV LAMP method did not cross-react with common avian DNA viruses (Marek's disease virus, chicken anaemia virus, avian leucosis virus of subgroup J). Additionally, the assay could detect different REV strains and had a detection limit of five copies and therefore a higher sensitivity than traditional PCR methods. Furthermore, the efficiency of LAMP for detection REV in clinical samples was comparable to PCR and viral isolation. The procedure of LAMP is simple and does not rely on any special equipment. The detection of REV by LAMP will be useful for detecting and controlling reticuloendotheliosis.
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Drechsler Y, Bohls RL, Smith R, Silvy N, Lillehoj H, Collisson EW. An avian, oncogenic retrovirus replicates in vivo in more than 50% of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from an endangered grouse. Virology 2009; 386:380-6. [PMID: 19237181 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reoccurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), an avian oncogenic retrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release an endangered grouse, the Attwater's prairie chicken (Tympanicus cupido attwateri). REV infection of these birds in breeding facilities was found to result in significant decreases in the CD4(+) and increases in the CD8(+) lymphocyte populations, although experimental infection of birds resulted in only increases in the CD8(+) lymphocytes. Because our indirect immunofluorescent assay readily detected infection of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes, a triple labeling flow cytometric procedure was developed to quantify the individual lymphocytes infected in vivo with REV. Lymphocytes were gated with a biotinylated pan-leukocyte marker bound to streptavidin R-PE-Cy5. Chicken CD4 or CD8 specific mouse MAb directly labeled with R-PE identified the phenotype and with permeabilizing of cells, infection was indirectly labeled with rabbit IgG specific for the REV gag polypeptide and FITC conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody. More than 50% of the total lymphocytes and of the total CD4(+) or CD8(+) lymphocytes supported in vivo viral expression in all infected birds examined. Remarkably, this level of infection was detected in the absence of visible clinical signs of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Drechsler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Lin CY, Chen CL, Wang CC, Wang CH. Isolation, identification, and complete genome sequence of an avian reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from geese. Vet Microbiol 2008; 136:246-9. [PMID: 19131189 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring lymphoreticular tumors in geese have been found from time to time in Taiwan, but their etiology has not been determined except through morphological descriptions. This study observed a reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infection occurring in a white Roman goose (Anser anser) farm in Yunlin, Taiwan in 2006. These geese showed growth-retarded and nodular lymphoma-like tumors in the liver, lung, kidney, and pancreas. Thirty blood samples were taken for REV detection and 21 (70%) of them contained REV genetic sequences using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Virus isolation was attempted from 11 blood samples by inoculating the buffy coat onto DF1 cells. Nine (81%) REVs were isolated after three blind passages. The complete proviral sequence from one isolate was determined for phylogenetic analysis by direct sequencing using overlapping PCR products. The length of the provial genome is 8284 nucleotides. By comparing with other published REV complete sequences, the nucleotide percent identity ranged from 93.5% to 99.8% with most LTR varieties, ranging from 74.9% to 99.8%. The present isolated goose REV is most close to REV APC-566, a REV isolated from Attwater's Prairie chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yao Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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47
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Barbosa T, Zavala G, Cheng S, Villegas P. Full genome sequence and some biological properties of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain APC-566 isolated from endangered Attwater's prairie chickens. Virus Res 2006; 124:68-77. [PMID: 17098316 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 10/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes runting, high mortality, immunosuppression, and chronic neoplasia associated with T and/or B cell lymphomas in a variety of domestic and wild birds, including Attwater's prairie chickens (APC) (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri). The complete proviral sequence of a recent REV isolate from APC (REV APC-566) was determined. This virus was isolated from an APC maintained in captivity in a reproduction program intended to avoid its extinction. REV APC-566 was determined to be oncogenic in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), chickens (Gallus gallus) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Immune responses against bacteria and viruses were significantly reduced in turkeys infected with REV APC-566. The proviral genome is 8286 nucleotides in length and exhibits a genetic organization characteristic of replication-competent gammaretroviruses. The REV APC-566 provirus contains two identical long terminal repeats (LTR) and a complete set of genes including gag, gag-pol and env. As previously reported, alignments with other REV sequences showed high similarity with sequences found in the gag and pol genes from other REVs. The REV APC-566 env gene showed high nucleotide sequence homology with REV sequences inserted in fowl poxvirus (99.8%), and with spleen necrosis virus (SNV) (95.1%). Sequences coding for a previously reported immunosuppressive peptide contained in the transmembrane region of the env gene are well conserved among all REV sequences analyzed. The LTR was the most divergent region, exhibiting various deletions and insertions. REV APC-566 has a unique insertion of 23 bp in U3 and shares deletions of 19 and 5 bp with chicken syncytial virus and REV inserts in fowlpox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Barbosa
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
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