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Lombardo MS, Armando F, Marek K, Rohn K, Baumgärtner W, Puff C. Persistence of Infectious Canine Distemper Virus in Murine Xenotransplants of Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells after Intratumoral Application. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8297. [PMID: 39125874 PMCID: PMC11311720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses and morbilliviruses in particular, represent an interesting therapeutic approach for tumors with a poor prognosis and frequent resistance to conventional therapies. Canine histiocytic sarcomas (HS) exemplify such a neoplasm in need for new curative approaches. Previous investigations demonstrated a limited success of an acute intratumoral application of canine distemper virus (CDV) on xenotransplanted canine histiocytic sarcoma cells (DH82 cells), while persistently CDV-infected DH82 cell transplants exhibited a complete spontaneous regression. Therefore, the present study focuses on an intratumoral application of persistently CDV vaccine strain Onderstepoort-infected DH82 (DH82 Ond p.i.) cells into non-infected subcutaneous DH82 cell transplants in a murine model. DH82 cell transplants that received 10 applications, two days apart, showed a transient growth retardation as well as larger areas of intratumoral necrosis, lower mitotic rates, and a decreased intratumoral vascularization compared to controls. Viral mRNA was detected in all neoplasms following application of DH82 Ond p.i. cells until 66 days after the last injection. Furthermore, infectious virus was present until 62 days after the last injection. Although complete regression was not achieved, the present application regimen provides promising results as a basis for further treatments, particularly with genetically modified viruses, to enhance the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Sophie Lombardo
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.L.); (F.A.); (W.B.)
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.L.); (F.A.); (W.B.)
- Pathology Unit, Veterinary Medicine Department, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Marek
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.L.); (F.A.); (W.B.)
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.L.); (F.A.); (W.B.)
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.S.L.); (F.A.); (W.B.)
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Marek K, Armando F, Asawapattanakul T, Nippold VM, Plattet P, Gerold G, Baumgärtner W, Puff C. Functional Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Delivered by Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells Persistently Infected with Engineered Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:877. [PMID: 37513724 PMCID: PMC10385001 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response plays a key role in the treatment of malignant tumors. One important molecule promoting humoral and cellular immunity is granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Numerous successful trials have led to the approval of this immune-stimulating molecule for cancer therapy. However, besides immune stimulation, GM-CSF may also accelerate tumor cell proliferation, rendering this molecule a double-edged sword in cancer treatment. Therefore, detailed knowledge about the in vitro function of GM-CSF produced by infected tumor cells is urgently needed prior to investigations in an in vivo model. The aim of the present study was to functionally characterize a persistent infection of canine histiocytic sarcoma cells (DH82 cells) with the canine distemper virus strain Onderstepoort genetically engineered to express canine GM-CSF (CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF). The investigations aimed (1) to prove the overall functionality of the virally induced production of GM-CSF and (2) to determine the effect of GM-CSF on the proliferation and motility of canine HS cells. Infected cells consistently produced high amounts of active, pH-stable GM-CSF, as demonstrated by increased proliferation of HeLa cells. By contrast, DH82 cells lacked increased proliferation and motility. The significantly increased secretion of GM-CSF by persistently CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF-infected DH82 cells, the pH stability of this protein, and the lack of detrimental effects on DH82 cells renders this virus strain an interesting candidate for future studies aiming to enhance the oncolytic properties of CDV for the treatment of canine histiocytic sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marek
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thanaporn Asawapattanakul
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Maria Nippold
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Vetsuisse University Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Gonzales-Viera O, Woolard KD, Keel MK. Lung and lymph node explants to study the interaction between host cells and canine distemper virus. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:44-51. [PMID: 36459718 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV, family Paramyxoviridae) is a widely known fatal disease in unvaccinated dogs and wild carnivores. The virus enters via the respiratory tract and rapidly spreads to the lymphoid organs. To investigate viral entry into these tissues, a dog tissue explant model was developed for lung and lymph nodes. Canine lung explants were cultured with CDV for three days. During this time CDV antigens were visible on alveolar cells, which were CD163-positive and SLAM-positive (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule), demonstrating that they were macrophages. The lymph node explants were maintained for five days. During this time the viral replication increased progressively by each day post infection and syncytia were observed by day three, post exposure. The microscopic distribution of CDV-positive cells in the lymph nodes, including the syncytia, and co-expression of CD163 and SLAM, demonstrated that they were macrophages. These findings suggest that alveolar macrophages are the first cells in the lung to become infected during CDV infection, and lymph node explants showed similar replication rates and virus-cell interactions as seen in experimental live animals. This demonstrates the utility of canine respiratory and lymphoid explant model to evaluate cell entry and viral replication of CDV and other morbilliviruses in dogs or other susceptible carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Gonzales-Viera
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA; California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS), Davis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - M Kevin Keel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
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Multiple Receptors Involved in Invasion and Neuropathogenicity of Canine Distemper Virus: A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071520. [PMID: 35891500 PMCID: PMC9317347 DOI: 10.3390/v14071520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine distemper virus (CDV) is a morbillivirus that infects a broad range of terrestrial carnivores, predominantly canines, and is associated with high mortality. Similar to another morbillivirus, measles virus, which infects humans and nonhuman primates, CDV transmission from an infected host to a naïve host depends on two cellular receptors, namely, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM or CD150) and the adherens junction protein nectin-4 (also known as PVRL4). CDV can also invade the central nervous system by anterograde spread through olfactory nerves or in infected lymphocytes through the circulation, thus causing chronic progressive or relapsing demyelination of the brain. However, the absence of the two receptors in the white matter, primary cultured astrocytes, and neurons in the brain was recently demonstrated. Furthermore, a SLAM/nectin-4-blind recombinant CDV exhibits full cell-to-cell transmission in primary astrocytes. This strongly suggests the existence of a third CDV receptor expressed in neural cells, possibly glial cells. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of CDV receptors, highlighting the unidentified glial receptor and its contribution to pathogenicity in the host nervous system. The reviewed studies focus on CDV neuropathogenesis, and neural receptors may provide promising directions for the treatment of neurological diseases caused by CDV. We also present an overview of other neurotropic viruses to promote further research and identification of CDV neural receptors.
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Marek K, Armando F, Nippold VM, Rohn K, Plattet P, Brogden G, Gerold G, Baumgärtner W, Puff C. Persistent Infection of a Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cell Line with Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus Expressing Vasostatin or Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116156. [PMID: 35682834 PMCID: PMC9181094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine histiocytic sarcoma (HS) represents a neoplasia with poor prognosis. Due to the high metastatic rate of HS, there is urgency to improve treatment options and to prevent tumor metastases. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA (ssRNA (-)) virus with potentially oncolytic properties. Moreover, vasostatin and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are attractive molecules in cancer therapy research because of their anti-angiogenetic properties and potential modulation of the tumor microenvironment. In the present study, an in vitro characterization of two genetically engineered viruses based on the CDV strain Onderstepoort (CDV-Ond), CDV-Ondneon-vasostatin and CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF was performed. Canine histiocytic sarcoma cells (DH82 cells) were persistently infected with CDV-Ond, CDV-Ondneon, CDV-Ondneon-vasostatin and CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF and characterized on a molecular and protein level regarding their vasostatin and GM-CSF production. Interestingly, DH82 cells persistently infected with CDV-Ondneon-vasostatin showed a significantly increased number of vasostatin mRNA transcripts. Similarly, DH82 cells persistently infected with CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF displayed an increased number of GM-CSF mRNA transcripts mirrored on the protein level as confirmed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. In summary, modified CDV-Ond strains expressed GM-CSF and vasostatin, rendering them promising candidates for the improvement of oncolytic virotherapies, which should be further detailed in future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marek
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.M.); (F.A.); (V.M.N.); (C.P.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.M.); (F.A.); (V.M.N.); (C.P.)
| | - Vanessa Maria Nippold
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.M.); (F.A.); (V.M.N.); (C.P.)
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Vetsuisse University Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Graham Brogden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.B.); (G.G.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.B.); (G.G.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.M.); (F.A.); (V.M.N.); (C.P.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.M.); (F.A.); (V.M.N.); (C.P.)
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Schwarz S, Spitzbarth I, Baumgärtner W, Lehmbecker A. Cryopreservation of Canine Primary Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons and Its Impact upon Susceptibility to Paramyxovirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051058. [PMID: 30823498 PMCID: PMC6429404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, isolated post mortem from adult dogs, could provide a promising tool to study neuropathogenesis of neurotropic virus infections with a non-rodent host spectrum. However, access to canine DRG is limited due to lack of donor tissue and the cryopreservation of DRG neurons would greatly facilitate experiments. The present study aimed (i) to establish canine DRG neurons as an in vitro model for canine distemper virus (CDV) infection; and (ii) to determine whether DRG neurons are cryopreservable and remain infectable with CDV. Neurons were characterized morphologically and phenotypically by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and functionally, by studying their neurite outgrowth and infectability with CDV. Cryopreserved canine DRG neurons remained in culture for at least 12 days. Furthermore, both non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved DRG neurons were susceptible to infection with two different strains of CDV, albeit only one of the two strains (CDV R252) provided sufficient absolute numbers of infected neurons. However, cryopreserved DRG neurons showed reduced cell yield, neurite outgrowth, neurite branching, and soma size and reduced susceptibility to CDV infection. In conclusion, canine primary DRG neurons represent a suitable tool for investigations upon the pathogenesis of neuronal CDV infection. Moreover, despite certain limitations, cryopreserved canine DRG neurons generally provide a useful and practicable alternative to address questions regarding virus tropism and neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schwarz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Becker K, Cana A, Baumgärtner W, Spitzbarth I. p75 Neurotrophin Receptor: A Double-Edged Sword in Pathology and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:786-801. [PMID: 29940812 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818781930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR is a major neurotrophin receptor involved in manifold and pleiotropic functions in the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). Although known for decades, its entire functions are far from being fully elucidated. Depending on the complex interactions with other receptors and on the cellular context, p75NTR is capable of performing contradictory tasks such as mediating cell death as well as cell survival. In parallel, as a prototype marker for certain differentiation stages of Schwann cells and related CNS aldynoglial cells, p75NTR has recently gained increasing notice as a marker for cells with proposed regenerative potential in CNS diseases, such as demyelinating disease and traumatic CNS injury. Besides its pivotal role as a marker for transplantation candidate cells, recent studies in canine neuroinflammatory CNS conditions also highlight a spontaneous endogenous occurrence of p75NTR-positive glia, which potentially play a role in Schwann cell-mediated CNS remyelination. The aim of the present communication is to review the pleiotropic functions of p75NTR in the CNS with a special emphasis on its role as an immunohistochemical marker in neuropathology. Following a brief illustration of the expression of p75NTR in neurogenesis and in developed neuronal populations, the implications of p75NTR expression in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are addressed. A special focus is put on the role of p75NTR as a cell marker for specific differentiation stages of Schwann cells and a regeneration-promoting CNS population, collectively referred to as aldynoglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armend Cana
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Neal JW, Gasque P. The role of primary infection of Schwann cells in the aetiology of infective inflammatory neuropathies. J Infect 2016; 73:402-418. [PMID: 27546064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous different pathogens are responsible for infective peripheral neuropathies and this is generally the result of the indirect effects of pathogen infection, namely anti pathogen antibodies cross reacting with epitopes on peripheral nerve, auto reactive T cells attacking myelin, circulating immune complexes and complement fixation. Primary infection of Schwann cells (SC) associated with peripheral nerve inflammation is rare requiring pathogens to cross the Blood Peripheral Nerve Barrier (BPNB) evade anti-pathogen innate immune pathways and invade the SC. Spirochetes Borrelia bourgdorferi and Trepomema pallidum are highly invasive, express surface lipo proteins, but despite this SC are rarely infected. However, Trypanosoma cruzi (Chaga's disease) and Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy are two important causes of peripheral nerve infection and both demonstrate primary infection of SC. This is due to two novel strategies; T. cruzi express a trans-silalidase that mimics host neurotrophic factors and infects SC via tyrosine kinase receptors. M. leprae demonstrates multi receptor SC tropism and subsequent infection promotes nuclear reprogramming and dedifferentiation of host SC into progenitor stem like cells (pSLC) that are vulnerable to M. leprae infection. These two novel pathogen evasion strategies, involving stem cells and receptor mimicry, provide potential therapeutic targets relevant to the prevention of peripheral nerve inflammation by inhibiting primary SC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Neal
- Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
| | - P Gasque
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale de l'OI (LICE-OI), Centre recherche Immuno-clinique des agents pathogènes de l'OI (CRIC-AP OI) Pôle Biologie Santé, Hôpital Félix Guyon, CHU de la Réunion, Reunion.
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Wu TT, Chen C, Chen SM, Xu Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Wang F, Xiao BK, Tao ZZ. Nuclear translocation of telomerase reverse transcriptase is a critical process in lymphatic metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:265-269. [PMID: 25435972 PMCID: PMC4246691 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the predominant functional unit of telomerase and maintains the telomere length and the stability of chromosomes. Recently, TERT has been shown to be a critical factor in a number of other biological processes, including cell proliferation and cancer metastasis. In addition, although numerous studies have been conducted, the subcellular localization of the TERT protein and the association of such with cancer metastasis remains unclear. To investigate the involvement of TERT in in vivo metastasis, quantum dots-based immunofluorescence and western blot analysis were conducted to detect changes in the subcellular localization of TERT in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues and metastatic lymph nodes. To further investigate, metastatic and non-metastatic models of NPC were generated using 5-8F (high metastasis capability) and 6-10B (low metastasis capability) cell lines, respectively. It was found that TERT protein was overexpressed in NPC tissue samples and metastatic lymph nodes and TERT was predominantly located in the cytoplasm of primary NPC tissues, while TERT was predominantly located in the nucleus of the metastatic lymph nodes. The ratio of cytoplasmic TERT/nuclear TERT for the primary tumor of the 6-10B cell line was almost six-fold higher than that of the metastatic lymph nodes of the 5-8F cell line. TERT translocation from the cytoplasm to nucleus may present a critical step in the lymphatic metastasis of NPC. Thus, TERT translocation may be more useful than TERT expression level and telomerase activity for predicting the metastasis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ming Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Kui Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Zhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Transcriptional profiling predicts overwhelming homology of schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and schwann cell-like glia. Glia 2014; 62:1559-81. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Qeska V, Barthel Y, Herder V, Stein VM, Tipold A, Urhausen C, Günzel-Apel AR, Rohn K, Baumgärtner W, Beineke A. Canine distemper virus infection leads to an inhibitory phenotype of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro with reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules and increased interleukin-10 transcription. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96121. [PMID: 24769532 PMCID: PMC4000198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) exhibits a profound lymphotropism that causes immunosuppression and increased susceptibility of affected dogs to opportunistic infections. Similar to human measles virus, CDV is supposed to inhibit terminal differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs), responsible for disturbed repopulation of lymphoid tissues and diminished antigen presenting function in dogs. In order to testify the hypothesis that CDV-infection leads to an impairment of professional antigen presenting cells, canine DCs have been generated from peripheral blood monocytes in vitro and infected with CDV. Virus infection was confirmed and quantified by transmission electron microscopy, CDV-specific immunofluorescence, and virus titration. Flow cytometric analyses revealed a significant down-regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class II and co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in CDV-infected DCs, indicative of disturbed antigen presenting capacity. Molecular analyses revealed an increased expression of the immune inhibitory cytokine interleukin-10 in DCs following infection. Results of the present study demonstrate that CDV causes phenotypical changes and altered cytokine expression of DCs, which represent potential mechanisms to evade host immune responses and might contribute to immune dysfunction and virus persistence in canine distemper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visar Qeska
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Barthel
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika M. Stein
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carola Urhausen
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne-Rose Günzel-Apel
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Jiang Y, Chen C, Chen SM, Wang YQ, Xu Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Xiao BK, Tao ZZ. Telomerase reverse transcriptase promotes the proliferation of human laryngeal carcinoma cells through activation of the activator protein 1. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:75-80. [PMID: 23946780 PMCID: PMC3742814 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TERT is the main functional unit of telomerase, which maintains telomere length and chromosome structure stability. TERT has been shown to act as a key factor in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, via uncharacterized mechanisms. We transfected HEp-2 laryngeal carcinoma cells with a TERT overexpressing adenovirus (Ad-TERT) and TERT shRNA silencing adenovirus (Ad-sh-TERT), and examined the effect on TERT and the AP-1 transcription factor subunits c-Fos and c-Jun using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. TERT mRNA expression was quantified using RT-PCR in 24 human laryngeal carcinoma samples, and TERT protein co-expression with AP-1 was investigated in a human laryngeal carcinoma tissue microarray using quantum-dot based immunofluorescence. The effect of specific ERK and p38 inhibitors on ERK, p38, c-Jun and c-Fos phosphorylation was investigated in TERT-overexpressing HEp-2 cells. TERT overexpression led to increased TERT, c-Jun and c-Fos mRNA and protein expression and increased cell proliferation, while TERT silencing had the opposite effects. TERT mRNA expression levels were positively correlated with c-Fos and c-Jun mRNA in human laryngeal carcinoma tissue. TERT and AP-1 protein were expressed at high levels and positively correlated in laryngeal carcinoma tissues. Treatment of TERT-overexpressing HEp-2 cells with specific p38 and ERK inhibitors indicated that TERT modulates the expression and phosphorylation of the AP-1 subunits c-Jun and c-Fos through the p38 and ERK signaling pathways. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that TERT is capable of promoting cell proliferation via activation of the AP-1 subunits, c-Jun and c-Fos, in laryngeal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P.R. China
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Higginson JR, Barnett SC. The culture of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs)--a distinct glial cell type. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:2-9. [PMID: 20816825 PMCID: PMC3089736 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have become a popular candidate for the transplant-mediated repair of the damaged CNS. In this review a description is made of the origins of these cells and a historical development of their purification and maintenance in culture. In addition, we illustrate the cellular and molecular characteristics of OECs and emphasise that although they share many properties with Schwann cells, they possess several inherent differences which may allow them to be more beneficial for CNS repair. In summary, OECs are distinct glial cells and the detailed understanding of their biological and molecular properties is essential in ensuring their clinical efficacy after cell transplantation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Understanding olfactory ensheathing glia and their prospect for nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (MVLS), Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre (GBRC), 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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